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JOHN LEE'S GUIDE DEPOT,

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TWO DOORS WEST OF LOWTHER ARCADE, Where an extensive Collection of Guides, Hand-Books, Maps, Dictionaries in all Languages, and Interpreters useful for Travellers upon the Continent or elsewhere, can be obtained, and also every Infor- mation calculated to render a Summer's Tour economical and interesting.

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GALIGNANI'S

NEW PARIS GUIDE.

PRINTED BY CRAPELET, 9, RUE DE VAUGIRARD.

NEW PARIS GUIDE,

CONTAINING

AN ACCURATE STATISTICAL AND HISTORICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALL THE INSTITUTIONS, PUDLIC EDIFICES, CURIOSITIES, ETC., OF THE CAPITAL ; AN ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS AFFECTING FOREIGNERS; HIGHLY USEFUL COMPARATIVE TABLES OF FRENCH AND ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES; MONEY; THERMOMETRICAL SCALES, ETC.; A TABLE OF FRENCH AND ENGLISH CUSTOMS DUTIES ; INFORMATION FOR TRAVELLERS; A DIRECTORY OF PARISIAN BANKERS, TRADESMEN, ETC.

TO WHICH IS ADDED

A DESCRIPVIOIV OF TIME ENVIRONS.

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All RANGED ON AN ENTIRELY NEW PLAN.

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PUBLISHED BY A. AND W. GALIGNANI AND Co.,

RUE VIVIENNE, NO. 18.

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, AND Co.

AND SOLD ALSO BY G. F. CRUCHLEY, 8i, FLEET-STREET, AND J. LEE, 440, STRAND.

1844.

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Paris, within the last few years, has undergone so many and such important alterations, as to astonish even the resident, in his comparison of what the capital was at a very recent period with what it is at the present moment. These changes have demanded from the publishers of this new and enlarged edition Of the Paris Guide more than ordinary attention, and a careful verification of the whole, by the latest inspection of all the public monuments, institutions, and improvements both of the metropolis and of its vicinity.

In minutely detailing modern Paris, we have not forgotten the ancient parts of the City, which abound in remains of the middle ages, and of the epoch of the renaissance des arts. Old Paris, though rarely explored by strangers, or even by natives, will abundantly repay the visit of the antiquary and the artist; and this interesting class of sights, which is passed over too lightly, or not at all noticed, in most Guides, has here been particularly attended to.

The Guides hitherto composed are generally quite unworthy of the matter they treat of; but in the present work there will be found condensed an immense quantity of valuable and inte- resting information, books of the first authority having been consulted on the history and antiquities of Paris ; while personal knowledge has supplied with great accuracy the account of all that now meets the eye in this metropolis. In the collection of this information, and in the compilation of this work, neither time nor expense has been spared.

Paris is one of the great centres not only of French but of continental intellect ; from its press the most valuable and nu- merous publications are constantly issuing; it takes the lead in scientific research and discovery, and has every claim to be considered a magnificent and wonderful city. Its superb and beautiful collections of ancient and modern art, with an admi- rable spirit of generous liberality, are thrown gratuitously open not only to natives, but particularly and at all seasons to fo- reigners. In every branch of knowledge lectures are delivered gratis by the most eminent professors, and the traveller who has paid the least attention to the fine arts becomes, on ar- riving in Paris, in some measure identified with them j even the

11

PREFACE.

public amusements of the capital tend to the improvement of the mind, and the advance of civilization.

The metropolis is naturally salubrious, and the purity of its atmosphere may be at once ascertained by viewing it from an elevated situation. How unlike the view from the top of St. Paul's in London, with its canopy of fogs and clouds, and its sickly sunbeams ! There, every building is blackened with smoke, and the eye looks down upon obscuring vapours and mists; but if Paris be seen from the towers of Notre Dame, the Pantheon, the Arc de Triomphe de 1'Etoile, the Dome of the Invalides, or the heights of Montmartre, the panorama is com- plete; there is no indistinctness or confusion in the prospect; every palace, church, and public edifice stands distinctly before the eye, and, interspersed with the foliage of the gardens and the boulevards, the whole forms a prospect at once grand and beautiful. It need hardly be added that this lively metropolis is the most attractive emporium of pleasure and literature in the world, and, at the same time, the cheapest for the advan- tages it presents ; circumstances which render it the general rendezvous for all nations of the globe.

In the arrangement of this book, a plan has been adopted, which has been deemed best calculated not only to increase the simplicity and perspicuity of the account, but also to save the visitor much useless expenditure of time and exertion. Whatever relates to the institutions and general statistics of Paris has been put into the Introduction; while each building is described in the arrondissement in which it occurs, and the arrondissement itself is placed in its regular order among the rest of the same divisions of the capital. The visitor is supposed to start from the central point of the Place Vendome, to study his map of Paris with care, and then to go through the arron- dissements, inspecting their contents in the order in which they are arranged in this work, or omitting some according to his taste and inclination. By so doing he will see every thing in a comparatively short space of time, and will pass over nothing that is really worthy of being examined by the tourist. By a reference to the Index, where all the objects described in the body of the work are carefully classified, the reader may easily see, at one glance, the whole of any particular class of things of which he may be in search. There are, however, many per- sons who visit Paris for only a few days, and who therefore have not time to inspect all the arrondissements of the town in detail, as they are here treated. To such persons a list of places that are absolutely indispensable to be seen, by any one

PREFACE.

iii

who would at all wish to know Paris, will not be unacceptable ; and it is therefore here subjoined, arranged in the order which is the most convenient for the saving of time. The visitor is strongly recommended, as a general reference, to consult the article headed "Stranger's Diary " in the English newspaper, Galignani's Messenger, which is taken in at all the principal cafes, restaurants, etc., or may be subscribed for by the day or month, and where whatever is to be seen on the day of publi- cation is always mentioned, with all necessary information con- cerning it.

LIST OF PLACES THAT MUST BE SEEN BY A STRANGER.

Palace of the Tuileries and Trium- phal Arch of the Carrousel.

The Louvre and all its Museums.

Column of the Place Vendome.

Palace and Galleries of the Palais Royal.

Triumphal Arch at the Barriere do l'Eloile.

Obelisk of Luxor and the Place de

la Concorde. Chapelle Expiatoire. Church of the Madeleine. Church of Notre Dame de Lorette. Exchange.

Bibliotheque Royale. Halle au Ble. Church of St. Eustache. -Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. Hotel de Ville. Cathedral of Notre Dame.

Cemetery of Pere La chaise.

Abattoir of Popincourt.

Column of the Place de la Bastille.

Garden of Plants and its Museums.

Halle aux Vins.

Manufactory of the Gobelins.

Pantheon.

Church of St. Etienne du Mont. Palace of the Luxembourg, Picture

Gallery, and Chamber of Peers. Church of St. Sulpice. Church of St. Germain des Pres. Ecole des Beaux Arts. The Mint. MusCe d'Artillerie. Palais du Quai d'Orsay. Chamber of Deputies. Hotel des Invalides and Tomb of

Napoleon. Artesian Well of Grenelle.

St. Cloud. Neuilly. Sevres - Porcelaine Manufactory. Fontainebleau. Versailles. Abbey of St. Denis.

The stranger in Paris is also strongly advised to attend high mass at the cathedral of Notre Dame, or at the churches of St. Roch, St. Eustache, or Notre Dame de Lorette, at 11 any Sunday morning, if he would witness an imposing spectacle, and be gratified with excellent music. Of course no one will omit going to the French Opera.

As much time may be saved by knowing the days and hours when the various public institutions, museums, libraries, etc., can be visited, the reader is particularly recommended to con- sult the chapter on Public Institutions, page 72. The way for the visitor to proceed to obtain tickets where they are required is to address a letter to the proper person, who is indicated

iv

PREFACE.

in each case throughout the work, in the following terms; taking care at the same time either to leave it at his residence, or to send it, franked, by post. He will then receive in a day or two the special permission desired. - This form of applica- tion will serve :

M. [giving his title, etc.]

J'ai Vhonneur de vous prier de me faire adresser un billet pour [name number of persons], pour visiter [insert name of place]. Mon sejour a Paris etant tres-court, je vous serai fort oblige de vouloir Men le faire le plus tot possible.

Je vous prie, M. [repeat title, etc.] d'agreer d'avance

mes remerciments en me m e temps que mes salutations les plus empressees.

[Sign name with address very clearly written.]

We are sorry to have to say that considerable negligence exists in some of the public offices with regard to applications of this kind, the letters not being delivered to the proper func- tionary so soon as they ought to be. It is indeed high time that the competent authorities should interfere to check the negli- gence of their clerks, etc. If there are not sufficient persons in the public offices to allow of the applications of foreigners being duly and promptly attended to, more should be employed. Much delay and vexation have been several times occasioned; and the best way for the stranger who does not receive a speedy reply to his letter is to call for it in person at the office of the functionary to whom it refers. To this it may be added, that while a due degree of caution is observed in granting leave to visit the interior of the prisons, the hospitals and other chari- table institutions are thrown open, not only to the curious, but also to the necessitous stranger, with a liberality that cannot be too highly commended.

The visitor of Paris who is inclined to go to a boarding-house should be very careful to choose one of respectability : and we feel it our duty to caution the public against a kind of esta- blishment that is apt to deceive foreigners, and which has be- come very prevalent in this capital since the abolition by law of public gambling-houses. Many persons have opened tables- d'hote and boarding-houses, under cover of which card-playing to a considerable extent is carried on in the evening, and the unwary visitor may be easily inveigled to play, and to lose sums to a large amount. They are frequented by persons of both sexes, of fashionable exterior, but of very indifferent character.

PREFACE.

V

The best way for persons visiting Versailles, is to leave Paris, not later than 9 in the morning, either on Saturday, Sunday, Monday, or Tuesday (those being the only days when the inte- rior of the palace is open to the public), and to proceed by the Versailles and Meudon railroad, the station-house of which at Versailles is the nearest to the palace. This will give time to allow of a cursory glance being given to the exterior of the palace, and at 10 o'clock, the time of opening the doors, visitors can enter at once and inspect the interior without being annoyed by the crowd. After seeing the historical galleries, and the gardens, the stranger may visit the Trianons, which require a ticket, and to return to Paris the Versailles and St. Cloud rail- road should be taken, by which means two magnificent views of Paris and the neighbouring country will have been obtained, one from the south by the former railroad, the other from the west and northwest by the latter.

Hitherto a visit to Fontainebleau was too often omitted on account of the distance ; but since the opening of the Corbeil railroad, it can be performed with ease and rapidity. The visitor on leaving Paris by the first (in summer 7 and in winter 8 or 9 o'clock) train, and taking a public conveyance at Cor- beil, will be in Fontainebleau by 11 to 1 o'clock. Care must be taken to ask for a place by the Fontainebleau coaches from Corbeil at the station in Paris before starting. By this means a priority of places will be insured all the way to Fontainebleau ; but, even if this be omitted, small vehicles d volonte may be obtained at Corbeil, in case of the coaches being full, for the price of which a bargain must be made, and the visitor will then be conveyed to Fontainebleau, only not quite so quickly and comfortably as by the regular coaches. Previous to going to the palace, especial care should be taken to secure a place back to Corbeil by the latest conveyance. The magnificent palace, more sumptuous in its decorations than Versailles, and with its park and gardens forming altogether the finest sight of the kind in France, may then be fully inspected. Though the visitor will have passed through part of the famous forest of Fontainebleau in approaching the town, a second day, if it can be afforded, will be well spent in visiting its romantic beauties and rocky scenery.

A very agreeable excursion, for those who can devote the time to it, may be made by hiring a carriage and going to Chan- tilly, Compiegne, Mortfontaine, and Ermenonville. It will oc- cupy about three days, and will take the visitor to some of the most picturesque spots in this part of the country.

VI

PREFACE.

It has been often remarked that the English stranger, on arriving in Paris, is at a loss to choose among the multiplicity of good things presented to his taste by the carles of the res- taurants at which he dines, some of which contain three or four hundred dishes. The following brief list, therefore, of some of the better - and including several of the more decidedly na- tional - of the French dishes, will be well received, it is hoped, by the gastronomic traveller.

Soups (Potage).

A la julienne. Au riz et a la puree.

Au macaroni. Puree aux croutons.

Meats (

Beefsteak, au beurre d'anchois. Filet de boeuf, au vin de Madere Fricandeau, sauce tomate. Ris, pique a la financiere. Ditto, a la poulette. Tete de veau, en matelotte.

Poultry

Chapon, au gros sel. Poulet, a la Marengo. Ditto, en fricassee. Ditto, a la tartare. Ditto, en Mayonnaise. Ditto, saute aux champignons. Supreme de volaille.

Game

Perdreau, en salmi aux truffes. Ditto, roti.

Pastry (

Vol-au-vent, a la financiere. Ditto, de saumon. Ditto de ris de veau aux truffes Ditto, de turbot a la bechamelle

Fish (

Turbot, sauce aux huitres. Ditto, sauce au capres. Saumon, sauce aux capres. Ditto, a la Genevoise. Truite, en Mayonnaise. Eperlan, au gratin. Ditto, frit.

[ Yiande).

Tete de veau, en tortue. . Cotelettc de mouton, a la Sou- bise.

Ditto, sautees aux truffes. Rognons, au vin de Champagne.

{Volaille).

Coquille a la financiere. Croquettes de volaille. Salade de volaille. Ditto, a la Mayonnaise. Ragout a la financiere. Canneton de Rouen roti. Foic gras, en caisse.

[Gibier ).

Caille, a la financiere aux truffes. Ditto, roti.

Patisserie).

Vol-au-vent, de filet de volaille aux truffes. , Pates de foie gras.

Poisson J.

Sole, au gratin. Ditto, a la Normande. Filet de sole, a la maitre d'h6tel. Matelotte de carpe et d'anguille. Anguille, a la tartare. Bechamelle de poisson Coquille aux huitres.

PREFACE,

vii

Side Dishes (Entremets).

Coquille, aux champignons. Omelette, aux fines herbes. Macaroni, au gratin. Artichauts, a la barigoule.

Choux Hours, au Parmesan. Ditto, frits.

Sweet Ditto (Entremets au Sucre).

Beignets de pomme. Charlotte , aux confitures.

Ditto d'abricots. Ditto, russe, aux fraises.

Omelette soufflee. Croquettes de riz.

Ditto, aux confitures. Meringue, aux confitures.

Charlotte de pomme. Ditto, glacee.

Red.

Baune.

Pomard.

Nuits.

Vol nay.

Chambertin.

Romanee.

Hermitage

Wines ( Tins).

Cote-Rotie. Medoc.

Ghateau-Margaux. Pichon. Mouton. Laflitte.

White Chablis.

Liqueurs.

Meursalt. Saint Peray. Hermitage. Sauterne. Champagne.

Sweet Wines. Lunel. Frontignan.

Eau de Vie ; Kirclwasser ; Anisette ; Curacoa ; Marasquin ; Absinthe; Creme de Moka ; Creme de Noyaux ; Creme de Cafe; Huile de Vanille; Huile de Rose; Liqueurs cles lies.

The facilities of introduction and of social intercourse which Paris affords to distinguished strangers far exceed those of any other capital. A presentation at court must of course be sought through the usual medium, that of the ambassador of the country to which the applicant may belong. This ceremony once over, invitations to the splendid hospitalities of the Tui- leries, to the dinners, the concerts, and the balls given by their majesties, are of easy attainment to foreigners of distinction. In addition to these brilliant reunions, on certain public occasions the M receptions" are of a much more comprehensive descrip- tion, comprising every presentable rank and class within certain but very extended limits. Of these general presentation days the fete da roi (May 1 ) and the first of the new year are among the principal, when the ministers, foreign ambassadors, and gentlemen in any manner connected with public affairs, attend with their ladies to pay their respects to their Majesties and the royal family. This ceremony, which is somewhat peculiar,

V1U

PREFACE.

takes place as follows. The ladies are placed in two lines, be- tween which the whole of the royal family pass, with the King at their head. Two aides-de-camp, who go hefore the Sovereign, announce to his Majesty the names of the ladies, one after the other, as he advances. The King usually makes a few observa- tions to each lady as he passes, and the royal family follow his example to any they may happen to know. The King and the royal family afterwards retire to an adjoining apartment, where they place themselves near the entrance. The Queen, Madame Adelaide, and the younger branches of the family, stand in a row, while the gentlemen defile before them. The aides-de- camp in the same manner as before announce the names and titles of all the gentlemen as they enter. They pass before the King, Queen, and royal family, bowing to them severally as they pass, and make their exit by an opposite door. The King usually addresses a few words to each in passing, as, " Je suis charme, Messieurs, de vous voir." A few courteous expressions are also used by her Majesty. The whole company are of course in uniform or court dress, and, with the various orders, the entire ceremony is splendid in the extreme. Descending, however, from royalty, the stranger in Paris will find that the greater part of the resident families in fashionable, official, or professional life, and not a few of the foreign, domiciled for a longer or shorter time, receive, from the commencement to the close of the winter season, once a- week or fortnight, in the evening, between the hours of nine and twelve. Most of the eminent savans and men of letters, chief librarians, and direct- ors of the great literary and scientific institutions, of the re- sident peers and deputies, and especially the coryphaeus of each political sect, have likewise their soirees. And, in addi- tion, are the numberless private balls and occasional parties, to which personal respectability and suitable acquaintance ensure easy access. What we may call more public and still more advantageous are the evening receptions of the Ministers of State, the presidents of the two Chambers, the ecclesiastical dignitaries, the chiefs of the national guard, the prefect of the Seine, the higher municipal functionaries, and even the direc- tors and principal artistes of the royal theatres. In the course of a month the prominent persons of every department of political, literary, and fashionable life may be seen at the various soirees, so as to content the curiosity of a well-bred stranger of liberal tastes and active social habits. Your host does not spontaneously serve as introducer; considering the multitude of foreigners circulating, the task would indeed be

PREFACE.

is

impossible; but a request suffices for the formation of a cursory acquaintance, which is often improved into an agreeable inti- macy. At these assemblages long visits and long " talks" are not bon ton; it is the custom to attend several the same even- ing. The name of the guest is usually announced at the door of the salon; after a salutation of the hosts, movement within and exit are entirely free. Whoever wishes to be presented at the soiree of a minister does best to seek the auspices of the diplo- matic representative of his country, who ushers the elite only, and with a discrimination universally expected. Few stran- gers are welcome whose names and pretensions have not been duly submitted, or whose ushers do not enjoy high considera- tion with his excellency. There may be toleration, but cordi- ality or complacency is wanting in every other case. The most brilliant salons are those of the President of the Council, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and the Minister of Marine. The foreign legations and agents, and the superior officers, in full uniform, along with strangers of rank, and natives and envoys from all regions in costume, who frequent them, produce an exceedingly dazzling and diversified effect. Passing from the halls of Marshal Soult, where all descriptions of dignitaries and foreign personages congregate, to those of the Minister of Public Instruction, filled with civic and university functionaries in black suits, you are struck with the contrast in the scene - regimentals, arms, stars, cordons, turbans, bournoufs, in the one, and in the other a sable uniformity, relieved only by a red ribbon in the button-hole. A refined and amiable courtesy marks the department of nearly all the entertainers. The number of ladies that figure at the Ministerial soirees is compa- ratively small ; yet most of the female members of the families of those eminent men appear also during an hour, and of course in the richest attire. Little converse, however, takes place ; a passing bow, or a few sentences from a half-bent familiar acquaintance, is the most that politeness or gallantry can consistently bestow on these occasions. The public balls of a benevolent nature, such as those for the British Charitable, Fund, the Ancient Bourbon Civil List, the exiled Poles, afford op- portunity, at the cost of twenty francs the ticket, of seeing the haut ton of foreign society and the old French noblesse from the several quarters of the capital, and the towns and chateaux in the environs.

The Medical School of Paris is now so frequently resorted to by foreigners, more especially by the English and Americans,

X

PREFACE .

thai some few remarks on its constitution may not be useless.

A student who purposes graduating in Paris must fulfil the following conditions : he must have attained the age of 18; he must pursue his studies during four years; and at the com- mencement of every third month he must inscribe his name at the bureau of the Faculty. On first presenting himself, he must produce the registration of his birth, with the authorisation of his parents or guardians for the step he is taking. It is moreover necessary, as a preliminary to his medical studies, that he have already obtained the diploma of a bachelor of letters; and, further, that before he can be admitted to take his first exa- mination, he shall have the diploma of a bachelor of science. Those who have graduated elsewhere, and who wish for the diploma of the French school, must be furnished with a degree in letters or science, and must submit to the examinations prescribed by the Faculty. The number of inscriptions de- pend upon the time the candidate has already spent in me- dical study. If six years have been so employed, no inscrip- tion is necessary ; if a shorter time, at least two thirds of the inscriptions will be required. The school is open to persons of every nation and creed.

The examinations, five in number, are conducted in French, and in the following order: - At the end of the first year, chemistry, physics, and botany ; 2d year, anatomy and physio- logy; 3d year, external and internal pathology; 4lh year, hygiene, medical jurisprudence, pharmacy, materia medica, and therapeutics. The 5th and last examination is practical; it is conducted at the bed-side. Two cases are selected by the exa- minors, at either the Hotel Dieu or La Charite, on which the student is expected to give the diagnosis, prognosis, and treat- ment. The candidate for medical honours is moreover required to write a thesis, the subject of which may be selected by himself.

The expense of a medical education in Paris is trifling com- pared with that of the British schools. All the lectures at the Ecole de Medecine, and most of those at the Ecole Pratique, are public and gratuitous ; nor is any payment made for hos- pital attendance. Gratuitous lectures are also given at the Jardin des Plantes, at the College de France, and at the Sorbonne, on general science and on subjects having a relation to medicine. The principal payments required during the course of study are, for each inscription 50 fr.; these are 16 in number; a fee of 30fr. to the examining professors; and the expense attending the thesis, which must be printed : this will of course depend

PREFACE.

xi

upon its length and upon the number of copies. The usual charge is from 200 fr. to 250 fr. The Ecole Pratique is a kind of supplementary school : it is here and at the establishment of Clamart that the dissections are pursued. For these, including a proper supply of subjects during the whole season, a payment of 30 fr. is expected. Many of the courses at the Ecole Pratique are public ; for others a small fee, from lOfr. to 30fr., is required.

The subjects treated of by the professors at this school are the following : anatomy and surgery, both practical and de- scriptive, by Chassaignac, Maisonneuve, Malgaigne, Denonvilliers; pathological anatomy, by Barth and Pigne ; anatomy and phy- siology of the nervous system, by Longet; internal pathology, by Monneret, Tessier, and Gendrhi; midwifery, by De Paul, Cazeau, Chailly St. Honore; pharmacy, by Bouchardat; ban- daging and minor operations in surgery, by Ribail and Thivet; diseases of the eye, by Sichel and Desmarres; deformities, by Bouvier; microscope, by Donne and Gruby. These courses are all excellent. Between the lecturers on anatomy and surgery the student has scarcely a choice. The lessons of Barth on morbid anatomy are well worth the student's attention. Longet's course on the nervous system is highly instructive, and the very best exposition of a difficult subject we have ever met with. Demonstrations are given in another course of the functions of the particular nerves. The lecturers on midwifery are about equal. Ribail's course on bandaging is very useful to students who wish to acquire the ready use of the hand. The clinical lessons of Sichel and Desmarres are excellent. Their dispensaries are resorted to by poor patients from all quarters of Paris. An acquaintance with the microscope is now almost as essential to a medical man as a knowledge of the laws of chemistry ; every pupil will therefore do well to attend either the course of Donne or Gruby. The former treats more especially of the animal fluids and secretions; the latter treats of both the fluids and solids in the healthy and morbid state. Gruby's in- jected preparations are perhaps unequalled. At the hospitals private lessons are given on percussion, auscultation, and the diagnosis of disease, by the internes (clinical clerks) ; these are very instructive, and are generally conducted by gentlemen of considerable talent.

The medical session commences early in November, and finishes with the month of July. Many of the private courses con- tinue until September : dissections are not allowed to be pur- sued in the summer, but operative surgery is permitted. Every hospital is open to the student, with the exception of the Hotel

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PREFACE.

Dieu and Hdpital des Cliniques, and these may be followed on obtaining a ticket from the bureau of the hospital or from that of the Faculty. The visit is made by the medical officers at an early hour, usually at seven. Such an arrangement may suit the convenience of the physician, as it gives him the whole day for the exercise of the more profitable part of his profession, but to the poor hospital patients it must be any thing but desirable. Many of these necessarily pass feverish and sleepless nights, and it is only towards morning that they begin to forget their sufferings in sleep. In another point of view the selection of this early hour for visiting the sick is objectionable; the more formidable symptoms of many diseases, which become increased as the evening approaches, experience a remission towards morning.

A peculiar feature of the medical school of Paris is the "con- cours." All medical appointments, from the lowest to the highest, are determined by this test. A series of subjects is se- lected by the Faculty, on which the competitors are obliged to treat both in writing and orally : these are determined by lot; each lesson is delivered in public and before the Faculty, and it must occupy an hour. Each candidate must moreover write a thesis on a subject selected by the judges, and defend it pub- licly against his opponents. The concours is a severe trial, and though it affords a fair opportunity for the display of talent, it is nevertheless open to some objections. The more ready may sometimes appear to greater advantage than his less fluent although more highly gifted rival, and thus impose upon the judges : examples indeed are not wanting of such a result. It is moreover to be feared, that the professors may sometimes allow private feelings to influence their better judgment. Setting aside, however, these objections, the concours possesses one great advantage - it is a test, and, if not altogether perfect, it is infinitely superior to the system pursued in England, where "preferment too often goes by favour," and the ignorance of the aspirant is only discovered when it is too late to apply the remedy.

From this slight sketch of the medical school of Paris, it is evident that ft possesses some advantages over that of Great Britain. The most striking is the small cost at which a first-rate education may be obtained, and the circumstance that a man, however lowly his origin, and however humble his worldly advantages in other respects, may yet rise to the summit of his profession by industry and talent alone, a fact which is strik- ingly illustrated by the career of most of the leading members

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xiii

of the profession in this country. The facilities for the study of practical anatomy and operative surgery are certainly unequalled in any other school, and it is perhaps chiefly on this account that Paris is so much resorted to hy students of other countries. The diagnosis of disease is in general pursued with more care and method here than elsewhere, and the manner of interro- gating patients and drawing up their cases is worthy imitation. In the application of remedies, on the other hand, the French physicians have yet much to learn ; the expectant system seems to he gradually giving way to one equally objectionable, and medicines are now occasionally prescribed in doses which no British practitioner would think of employing.

Great advantages are offered in the study of special pa- thology, hospitals being set apart for patients afflicted with diseases of the skin, those peculiar to infancy and old age, scro- fula, calculus, syphilis, and mental derangement ; and perhaps in no other country will the student have equal opportunities of observing these affections. A season may indeed be well spent in Paris at the Hospital St. Louis, one of the largest in Europe, and chiefly dedicated to cutaneous and scrofulous diseases.

Any correction which may suggest itself to the reader, in consequence of the changes which are necessarily of continual occurrence in a capital like Paris, will be gladly received by the Publishers.

NEW PARIS GUIDE.

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.

PASSPORTS. - Before leaving England it is necessary lo be furnished with a passport, which is to be procured from the French Ambassador, at the office, (>, Poland-street. The name of the applicant, his address, and the road he intends to take, must be stated, and on the following day the passport is delivered, gratis. The hours of application are from 1 to 3 o'clock. Passports may also be procured from the French con- suls at Dover, Brighton, Portsmouth, Southampton, and other British sea-ports ; but at these places there is a charge of 5s. On arriving at a French port, the passports are demanded by the police-officers, and immediately sent on to Paris ; a tem- porary passport, for which 2fr. are charged, is then given to the tourist, and will serve him till he reaches the capital. A few days after reaching Paris, the temporary passport must be presented at the Prefecture of Police, Quai des Orfevres, where the original one will be returned. If only a short stay is to be made in Paris, the passport should be (to save time) counter- signed immediately, and the next place intended to* be visited specified in it; if a long one, the original passport can be left at the prefecture till within a few days of departure. In his excursions through Paris, the tourist will do well to carry his passport about him, as it will obtain him admission to several museums, and may be very useful as a measure of precaution on many occasions. Previous to leaving Paris the passport must be sent to the British ambassador, 39, rue du Faubourg St. Honore, to be countersigned, from 11 to 2. It is then to be taken to the Prefecture of Police, open from 11 to 4, where it is again countersigned ; and this is all that will be requisite for a traveller returning to England.

Those persons, however, who cross the frontier in other directions - to Italy especially - should be careful to have their

£t 1

2

INTRODUCTION.

passports strictly en regie, and properly countersigned. For the residence of the different Ambassadors, see the Directory at the end of the Guide.

CONVEYANCES. - Correct information respecting conveyances to France may be obtained at most of the coach and packet offices in London. The Brighton, Southampton, and Dover trains leave several times a-day to meet the different packets.

The two most agreeable passages from England to France are from Southampton to Havre, or from Brighton to Dieppe or Havre. From Havre the traveller has the choice of the steam-packet or the diligence to Rouen, and from thence there are two conveyances : the steam-packet, which however runs only during the summer months, and takes 12 hours to reach the capital, and the railroad, by which the journey is performed in 4 hours. The diligence offices having now entered into an arrangement with the railroad company, travellers from Havre or Dieppe make part of the trip by the railroad, the route in great part traversing a portion of the country rich in beautiful scenery.

Steam and Sailing Packets. - Splendid steam-packets leave the Tower-stairs for Calais, Boulogne, and Havre almost every day, particularly during the summer months. Several packets start daily from Dover and Folkestone, while there are others two or three times a-week from Brighton for Dieppe or Havre, and others which run almost daily from Southampton to Havre. From Southampton there are boats to the Channel islands, St. Malo, etc. Steamers may also be obtained from Ramsgate to Boulogne, but these generally only make the passage during the summer months.

Public Coaches. - Diligences are the usual conveyances in France; they carry generally 15 to 18 passengers, and contain four kinds of places - the coupe, which holds three ; interieur, six; rotonde, six ; and banquette, three. Places in the coupe are the dearest, but are very comfortable; those on the banquette, which is situated on the top of the vehicle, are only to be re- commended during summer to persons desirous of seeing the country. Each passenger is allowed to carry from 401b. to 501b. of luggage ; all above that quantity is charged by weight. It is customary on taking a place to pay one-half of the fare, and a receipt is given, on which is indicated the day and hour of departure. All the places are numbered, and the precise seat the traveller is to occupy is mentioned on his receipt. The conducteur (corresponding to an English guard) takes care that every passenger shall occupy his assigned place by calling

ROUTES TO PARIS.

3

each in his turn to enter the vehicle. The diligences start at different hours of the day, but generally in the morning and evening.

Malles-Postes, corresponding to the English mail, offer a cheap and excellent way of travelling for persons who wish to economise time, the service under the Post-office control being admirably performed. Each malle carries two or three passen- gers, who are allowed 501b. of luggage. Places by the mail are much in request; they should consequently be applied for se- veral days before-hand. The fares are charged at the rate of 1 fr. 75 c. the myriametre (about 6 miles). The malles leave Paris every evening at six o'clock, and arrive in Paris between 5 and 6 in the morning. Places are booked at the General Post- office, rue Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Paris, and at the same office in the different towns from which they start.

All parcels sent to the continent must have annexed to them a written declaration of their contents and value, with the name and address of the person sending them.

The following is a list of the various routes from the coast to Paris, taken from the Livre de Poste, with the relative distances indicated in myriametres and kilometres : -

I. Route from Dieppe to Paris, through Rouen and Pontoise.

M. K,

1 5 1 1 1

Ormonville. 3 Totes. 2 Les Cambres. 7 Rouen.-Cathedral, Church of St. Ouen, Statue of Joan of Arc, Museum, Bridge, Quays.

1 La Forge-Feret.

2 Fleury sur Andelle.

l 1

0 9 Ecoufs.

1 5 Thilliers.

1 7 Magny.

1 2 Bordeau de Vigny.

1 4 Pontoise.

1 0 Herblay.

1 2 Courbevove.

0 9 Paris.

17 m. 8 k.

II. Route from Dieppe to Paris, through Gisors.

If. K.

2 Bois Robert. 7 Pommereval. 4 Forges.

1 Gournay.

2 Talmontiers.

1 4 Gisors. 1 9 Chars.

M. K.

1 8 Pontoise. 1 0 Herblay. 1 2 Courbevoye. 0 9 Paris.

10 m. 8 k.

4

INTRODUCTION.

III. Route from Calais to Paris, by Abbeville and Beauvais.

M

l 3

0 8

1 3 1 5 0 8

K .

0 9

Haul Buisson.

Marquise.

Boulogne sur Mer.

Samer.

Cormont.

Montreuil.

Nampont.

Bernay.

Nouvioii.

Abbeville. - Fine Church.

Airaines.

Camps.

M. K.

1 3 Poix.

1 4 Grandvilliers.

1 0 Marseilles sur Oise.

1 9 Beauvais. - Cathedral.

1 5 Noailles.

1 3 Puiseux.

1 0 Beaumont sur Oise.

1 2 Moiselles.

1 3 St. Denis. - Abbey Church. 0 9 Paris.

27 myriametres.

IV. Route from Calais to Paris, through St. Omer and Amiens.

M. K.

1 9 Flers.

1 3 Breteuil.

1 8 St. Just.

1 C) Clermont.

1 0 Laigneville.

1 2 Chantilly. - Chateau.

1 0 Luzarches.

1 1 Ecouen. - Chateau.

0 9 St. Denis. - Abbey Church.

0 9 Paris.

28 m. 2 k.

M. K.

1 0 Ardres.

0 8 La Becousse.

1 8 St. Omer. - Churches. 1 9 Aire.

1 3 Lilliers. 1 1 Pernes. 1 3 St. Pol. 1 3 Frevent. 1 4 Doullens. 1 4 Talmas.

1 G Amiens. - Splendid Ca- thedral.

V. Route from Havre to Paris, through Rouen and St. Germain. ( Lower road. )

M. K.

l fi La Botte.

1 9 Lillebonne.

1 5 Caudebec. - Church.

1 G Duclair.

2 0 Rouen.

1 1 Port St. Ouen. 1 7 Louviers. 1 4 Gaillon. 1 4 Vernon. 1 1 Bonnieres.

M. Jv.

1 3 Mantes. - Church. 1 5 Meulan.

0 8 Triel.

1 1 St. Germain en Laye.-

Chateau. 1 4 Courbevoye. 0 9 Paris.

22 m. 3 k.

VI. Route from Ostend to Paris, through Lille.

Posts.

4 J Fumes.

2f Bousbrugge.

2| Ypres. - hotel de Ville.

4 Lille.-Citadel, Manufactures

M. k.

1 4 Pont a Marcq.

1 9 Douai. - Arsenal.

1 6 Bacencheul.

1 1 Cambrai.-Cathed., Citadel.

POSTING REGULATIONS.

5

M. K.

1 1 Bonavy.

1 2 Fins.

1 5 Peronne.

1 2 Marche-le-Pot.

0 7 Fonches.

0 9 Roye.

1 2 Conchy les Pots. 0 7 Cuvilly.

0 7 Gonrnay sur Aronde.

l 0 Bois de Liluis. 1 2 Pont St. Maxence. 1 2 Senlis. - Cathedral.

0 9 La Chapelle en Serval.

1 0 Louvres. 1 3 Bourget. 1 1 Paris.

M. K.

14 p. 22 m. 8 k.

A complete list of conveyances from Paris to the principal places in France would be too long for insertion in this work. Diligences to all parts of France and foreign countries may be found, and all necessary information obtained, at the office of the Messageries Royales, 22, rue Notre Dame des Victoires, near the Exchange; at the Messageries Generates of Laffitle, Caillard, and Co., 18, rue de Grenelle St. Honore, and 130, rue St. Ho- nore ; and at the various coach-offices in the rue du Bouloy, rue du faubourg St. Denis, No. 50, etc.

Posting. - As a carriage cannot, in France, be changed at every stage, the traveller must hire a conveyance for the whole journey. The charge varies ; but one from the coast to Paris may generally be had for about 100 fr. They are called caliches or berlines, on four wheels, which will carry three, four, or six persons. Carriages for long journeys are much more rea- sonable, and should be hired at so much per day, generally from 7 to 10 fr. In hiring a carriage, it is important to have written on the receipt that all repairs which may be required on the road shall be paid for by the person who lets it, and to get receipts for all such disbursements. On arriving at Paris or elsewhere, a hired carriage should be immediately sent ac- cording to the direction received on engaging it, in order to avoid disputes.

Posting in France being under the direction of the govern- ment, there is only one place at each stage or in each town for changing horses. This place is seldom an inn ; but the posti- lion will conduct the traveller to any place he is ordered. The business of posting is well managed. The postilions do not drive so fast as in England ; but there is no danger whatever of their being drunk, or racing against each other. There are no turnpike-gates in France; and the charge of posting and paying the postilion is fixed. They seldom put more than three horses to a carriage, and those generally abreast, with one postilion, except when the carriage has a pole ; it then has four horses,

6

INTRODUCTION.

but the number of the postilions, whether one or two, is at the option of the traveller. It is therefore advisable for travellers who take their own carriage to have shafts instead of a pole, as this makes a considerable difference in the expense of posting. In some places where the roads are bad, or the distances great, an extra horse is obligatory, except for certain carriages, to which the extra horse could not be yoked without danger; the traveller may then agree with the post-master to have stronger horses instead of an extra one, the charge for which he never- theless pays.

The post-houses being under the control of the government, a stranger can seldom be imposed upon, as a book is published every year by authority called the Livre de Poste, which has an alphabetical list of all the post-roads in France, with their principal lateral communications, and the number of posts on each road. Affixed to it is a map of France, on which the dis- tances are all carefully marked. The Livre de Poste also con- tains the rules and regulations for posting, some of which we shall here insert, together with tables of the rate of posting. This book, nevertheless, will be found of the greatest utility, and will prevent imposition. It costs 4 fr.

Regulations relative to posting. - Post-masters appointed by government are alone permitted to furnish horses to travellers. - The post-master must constantly reside at or near the post- house. - A postilion under 16 years of age cannot be hired. - Travellers are requested to enter every complaint they may have against the postilion or master, in a book which is kept at each post-house, and is regularly examined by the inspectors. - The post-master is answerable for any accident that may occur from the carelessness of the postilion or restiveness of the horses. - Travellers are supplied in the exact order in which they, or their couriers, arrive; no exception being made, ex- cept in favour of mails or couriers with despatches. - No post- carriage may pass another on the road, unless some accident happens to that which goes before.

The rate of posting, from Jan. 1, 1840, as fixed by the go- vernment, is 2 fr. per myriametre (1) for each horse : and as many horses are paid for as there are persons in the carriage, except in those cases specified in the following table. On ar- riving at certain privileged places, formerly called "postes royales," and on departing from them, an extra charge of from

(i) In l myriam. are 10 kilom., each of the latter being 10,935 yards. The myriametre, therefore, which has superseded the "poste" on French roads, is about 0 1/4 English miles.

POSTING REGULATIONS.

7

1 to 4 kilometres is demanded; while, on entering or leaving Paris, 8 kilometres must be paid. (See Livre de Poste for par- ticulars.) Supplementary fixed charges are also made at cer- tain towns, in consequence of the road being very hilly, or for other causes; and sometimes an extra horse called a ckeval de renfort is put on, on account of the nature of the country. The remuneration of the postilions, as fixed by the legal tariff, is 1 fr. per myriametre; but 2 fr. are generally given, unless tra- vellers have reason to be dissatisfied, and then they have it in their power to punish insolence or carelessness in the posti- lions by giving the minimum price accorded them bylaw.

The following table shows the number of horses required, and the charge per myriametre : -

I. Chaises de Poste, Cabriolets, or Caleches, with one seat and a pole.

No. of Persons,

1, 2 3

No. of Horses.

2 3

Charge per Myrianielre,

4fr. 6fr.

No. of Postilions.

1

i

Total Price.

5fr. 7fr.

For each person exceeding two, lfr. 50c. extra. II. Limonieres, i. e. four-wheeled vehicles with shafts. 1, 2, 3 | 3 | Gfr. | i | 7fr. For every person exceeding three, lfr. 50c. extra. III. Berlines, or carriages with two seats and pole. 1, 2, 3, 4 | 4 | 8fr. | 2 | lOfr. For a fifth person, lfr. 50c. extra. 6 | 6 | 12fr. | 2 | I4fr.

For carriages requiring 3 horses travellers may only take 2, but 1 franc 10 sous additional is paid. Travellers when using even four horses are not obliged to take two postilions. One franc ten sous extra must be paid (per myriametre) for each person exceeding G ; more than 6 horses cannot be put to a carriage. One child under 10 years old is not reckoned. Two children, of 10 years and under, reckon for one person, except when one or both are under 3 years. Ten sous is paid for each child of 10 and under, above 2, except under 3 years old.

A slow but pleasant mode of travelling, for some persons, is to make a bargain with a man called a voiturier, who keeps car- riages and horses, and will convey travellers with the same car-

8

INTRODUCTION.

riage and horses to any place, and defray all their expenses on the road, for a fixed sum. The inconvenience of this mode of conveyance is, that the traveller must set off every morning very early, and stop, in the middle of the day, for at least two hours, to refresh the horses. The distance performed daily is from 35 to 45 miles. Such carriages will carry a great deal of luggage, and are convenient for a family. The expense is ge- nerally 25 fr. a-day for the journey, and as much for the voi- turier to return; so that, if the journey lasts live days, the ex- pense will he ahout 250 fr. ; but different bargains may be made in different places. Return carriages of this description may sometimes be met with on reasonable terms. The driver expects 1 or 2 fr. a-day. Another way of travelling in France is to ride on horseback, which is called a-franc-etrier. The rider must then have a postilion to attend him; this mode how- ever is used only for couriers, persons with despatches, or ama- teurs of rough riding.

CARRIAGES, HACKNEY-COACHES, CABRIOLETS. - Voitures de remise (glass coaches) may be hired by the day or month, at from 20 to 30 fr. a-day, or from 400 to 500 fr. a-month. They will go a certain distance out of Paris, but must be back again be- fore midnight, unless a particular agreement be made. Glass coaches may also be had at 2 fr. an hour, and with a small ad- ditional charge a lad is given to go behind the carriage. Their stations are in divers parts of Paris.

In the hackney-coaches, called fiacres, a drive from any part of Paris to another without stopping is 30 sous, from six in the morning to midnight; but they may be taken by the hour, and then the first hour is 45 sous, and each following hour 35 sous. It is customary to give the coachman a few sous above his fare. From midnight to six in the morning the drive is 2 fr., the hour 3 fr. For coupes with two horses, carrying four persons, or small chariots with one horse, holding two persons, and some- times three, the charge is, for a drive 25 sous ; first hour 35 sous, each following hour 30 sous. Cabriolets with two or four wheels generally go faster than the fiacres, but they are not always a good shelter against rain. The charge for a drive is 20 sous from six in the morning to midnight; the first hour 30, and each following hour 25 sous. From midnight to six in the morning, the drive for the small fiacres or cabriolets is 33 sous, and the hour 2 fr. 10 sous. Reyond the barrieres, and within the continuous wall of the fortifications, these carriages can only be taken by the hour, the fares being - fiacres 2 fr. 50 c. ; coupes and small fiacres 2 fr. ; and cabriolets 1 fr. 7'5 <?. For dis-

HACKNEY - COACHES, CABRIOLETS, ETC.

9

tances beyond the continuous wall the fares increase 50 c. the hour. There are also cabriolets de la regie or de remise, for which 30 sous are paid for the drive ; but by the hour the charge is 40 sous. After midnight the fares are 50 sous a-drive, and 65 sous an hour. Asa measure of precaution, on hiring all these vehicles, it is necessary to mention whether the party engages them a la course or a Vheure; otherwise the drivers can de- mand the price of a" course" for each stoppage. In the latter case, the vehicle is for the time at the entire disposal of the per- son hiring it. To avoid disputes, the traveller should show the driver the time by his watch, or by the clocks now set up, for the public convenience, in the inspectors* boxes, to be found at the different stands throughout the capital. After the first hour, charges are made for fractions of time, and not for full hours. - The driver is bound to give a printed card with his number, which it is well to preserve, in case of forgetting anything in the coach. All vehicles are numbered both within and without; and in case of any accident or insolence, immediate redress, and with little trouble, can always be had at the Bureau de la Police pour les voitures publiques, 31, rue Guenegaud. It is unnecessary to make a personal application, as a complaint by letter is promptly attended to.

No driver of any voiture de place is obliged to take a fare out of Paris to any distance, unless he chooses. - The price must be agreed on beforehand. (1)

Besides those for the interior service of Paris, there are ve- hicles on a different construction for the environs. Those which go to St. Cloud, Versailles, and St. Germain, constantly start from the Place du Carrousel. There are others, popularly called coucous, which generally hold nine persons, the driver sitting on a kind of box outside; they have no fixed charge, which however is mostly moderate, except on festival occa- sions, when they increase their demand. Those for St. Denis, the valley of Montmorency, Enghien-les-Bains, etc., are to be found at the Plat d'Etain, rue St. Martin, and at the Porte St. Denis. Those for Vincennes, and all the east, Place de la

(l) The number of public carriages authorised by the police is 2670, which are thus classed : - 733 cabriolets de place, 441 coupes, 913 fia- cres, 125 voitures supplementaires, 125 cabriolets de l'exterieur, and 333 omnibuses. - The taxes levied on these vehicles are - for a cabriolet 2i5 fr. ; coupe 130 fr. ; coach 150 fr. ; supplementary vehicle 50 fr. ; ca- briolet de l'exterieur 115 fr. ; omnibus 400 fr. - The amount levied by the city of Paris on these 2670 public carriages amounted to 419,485 fr. The expense of maintaining 85 offices for the superintendence of the various stands was 112,200 fr.

40

INTRODUCTION.

Bastille. Those for Sceaux, and all the south, are in the rue d'Enfer. (1)

l OMNIBUS. - There are numerous sets of omnibuses established in Paris, which go to all parts of the town, and at all hours be- tween 8 in the morning and 11 at night. We give below a list of these vehicles, with their names, and the lines which they take. Their price is fixed at G sous, for all distances ; and all of them, as will be seen, correspond with similar vehicles crossing their own lines, by means of which persons wishing to deviate from the direct line of communication may do so, without any additional charge.

OMNIBUS. From the Madeleine to Bercy, by the Boulevards and Quai de la Rapee. - From the Carrousel to Passy, by the Quais. - From the Barriere du Roule to the Boulevard des Filles du Calvaire, by the rue St. Honore, Carrousel, Quartiers St. Denis, St. Martin, and the Marais. - From the Boulevard des Capucines to the Barriere du Trdne, by the Quartiers St. Honore, St. Denis, and the Marais. - From the Odeon to the Barriere Blanche, by the faubourg St. Germain, Carrousel, and the Chaussee d'Antin. - From the Boulevard de la Madeleine to the bridge of Neuilly, by the faubourg St. Honore and the Barriere du Roule. - (All these lines correspond reciprocally, as also with the Tricycles.)

DAMES-REUNIES. From the Place du Carrousel to Pere Lachaise, by the Quais and the Quartier St. Anloine - From the Place St. Sulpice to La Villeite, by the rue and faubourg St. Martin. - (These lines corre- spond reciprocally, as also with the Citadines.

TRICYCLES. From the end of the rue de Clery, to the Barriere de Sevres, by the Palais Royal, rues du Bac and Sevres. - (In correspon- dence with the Omnibus.)

FAVORITES. From the rue Lafayette, to the Ecole de Medecine, by the Place des Victoires and Pont Neuf. From the Barriere des Martyrs to the Gobelins, by the rue Montmartre, Pont Neuf, and Jardin des Plantes. - From the Barriere St. Denis to the Barriere d'Enfer, by the Palais de Justice. - From the Bains de Tivoli to the Barriere de Sevres, by the rue Neuve des Petits Champs, Place des Victoires, Pont Neuf, and rue de Sevres. - (In correspondence with the Citadines.)

ORLEANAISES. From the Place de l'Oratoire to the Barriere de la Rapee, by the Quais. - From the Louvre to the Barriere de l'Etoile and Neuilly, by the ruedeRivoli and Champs Elysees. - tin correspondence with the Bearnaises and Batignollaises.)

DILIGENTES. From the rue St. Lazare, No. 72, to the Barriere de Charenton, by the Quartiers St. Honore and St. Antoine. - From the rue St. Honore, near the Palais Royal, to the Barriere de Monceaux, by the rue de Rivoli and rue Neuve des Mathurins. - (In correspondence with the Bearnaises, Hirondelles, Dames-Francaises, and Citadines.)

BEARNAISES. From the Place de la Bourse to St. Sulpice, by the

(l) Other starting-places may be found by referring to Ejnvirons of Paris.

OMNIBUSES, RAILROADS.

Pont Neuf. - From the Invalides to the Place de la Bastille, by the fau- bourg St. Germain and He St. Louis. - (In correspondence with the Di- ligentes, Orleanaises, Hirondelles, and Dames-Rcunies.)

CITADINES. From the Place de Greve to Belleville, by the rue du Temple - From the Place des Petits Peres to Belleville, by the Quar- tiers St. Martin and St. Denis. - From the Porte St. Martin to the Cham- ber of Deputies, by the Bourse, Palais Royal, and rue de Rivoli. - (In correspondence with the Favorites.)

BAT1GNOLLAISES. From the Batignolles to the Cloitre St. Honore, by the rues de la Chaussee d'Antin and St. Roch. - (In correspondence with the Orleanaises, Hirondelles, Diligentes, and Parisiennes.)

HIRONDELLES. From the ruede l'Oursine to the Place Cadet, by the He St. Louis, the Marais, and Boulevard St. Denis. - From the Bar- riere de Rochechouart to that of St. Jacques, by the Bourse, rue St. Honore, Pont au Change, Quarlier St. Jacques, and Pantheon. - (In cor- respondence with the Batignollaises, Parisiennes, Bearnaises, and Dili- gentes.)

PARISIENNES. From the Barriere de Vaugirard to the Quai de la Tournelle, by the Place St. Sulpice and Quai des Augustins. - From the Odeon to the Barriere Poissonniere, by the rue de Grenelle, Pont de la Concorde, and Chaussee d'Antin. - From the Boulevard St. Martin, to the Barriere du Mont Parnasse, by the rue St. Denis, Place des Victoires, Pont Neuf and Croix Rouge. - (In correspondence with the Hirondelles.)

GAZELLES. From the rue des Pyramides, Place du Carrousel, Pont NTeuf, Quai de la Tournelle, Chemin de Fer d'Orleans.

CONSTANTINES. From the Barriere de Long-Champs, to La Vil- lette, by the Avenue de Neuilly, Chaussee d'Antin, faubourg Montmartre, and rue Lafayette.

RAILROADS. - There are six at present in operation, with stations in Paris : - 1. The Rouen railroad, opened in May 1843 (to be continued to Havre), communicating with the steamers which ply on the Seine between Rouen and Havre. - 2. The Or- leans railroad, opened in May 1843, and communicating with the steamers on the Loire to Tours, Nantes, and thence to Bor- deaux. - 3. The Corbeil railroad, opened in September 1840 (a branch of the Orleans line), communicating with the coaches running to Fontainebleau. - 4. The St. Germain railroad, opened in August 1837, being the first; stopping at Pecq, and in communication with the steamers running from Pecq to Rouen. - 5. The Versailles railroad on the northern bank of the Seine, opened in August 1839, communicating with St. Cloud and intermediate places. - G. The Versailles railroad on the southern bank of the Seine, opened in September 1840, and running by Meudon and Sevres, from whence it passes parallel to that of the northern bank, along the mainline of road to Ver- sailles. The prices and hours of departure, which vary accord- ing to the season, may be known on application for the printed

Ml

INTRODUCTION.

tickets given gratis at the respective stations. These are for the 1st, 4th, and 6th, at 120, rue St. Lazare; for the 2nd and 3rd, rue Neuve de la Gare, near the Pont d'Austerlitz; and for the 5th, outside the barriere du Maine. Connecting omnibuses for these railways may be found at different points of Paris.

The great northern railroad, to connect Lille, Boulogne, and Calais with Paris, will, it is to be hoped, judging from the dispo- sition of the Government and the reiterated wishes of the public, soon open a speedy and agreeable communication between France and England. - The loans placed at the disposal of Go- vernment for railroad companies by votes of the Legislature in 1837, 39, 40, 42, amount to 51 millions.

COCHES. - Passage-boats, called coches d'eau, are established on the upper part of the river, to convey travellers or goods to any village or town on the banks of the Seine, and into Bur- gundy. Their offices are at No. 1, rue Bretonvilliers, lie Saint Louis. They set out from the Port St. Bernard at 7 in the morn- ing from 1st April to 1st October, and at 8 during the remainder of the year. They travel, however, very slowly, and never have good company on board.

STEAM-BOATS. - Several steamers leave the Place de la Greve for Montereau, every day during summer, and vice versa, by Corbeil, Melun, and Fontainebleau. (1) They carry passengers, luggage, and goods. The charge is moderate. A steam-boat leaves Pecq, near St. Germain, for Rouen, every day in sum- mer; the office is at 4, rue de Rivoli, whence an omnibus starts every morning in summer at 6, which conveys travellers to the St. Germain railway, by which they are forwarded to Pecq. By this transfer, four hours of circuitous river navigation are saved.

POST-OFFICE. - The administration of post-letters is con- ducted at the General Post-office in the rues Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Coq Heron ; also at 14 auxiliary bureaux, called bureaux d'arrondissement, situated as follows : - Boulevard Beaumarchais ; a la Salpetriere, boulevard de l'Hopital; 35, rue des Fosses St. Victor ; 171, rue div Faubourg St. Antoine; at the Hotel de Yille; Gl, rue St. Andre des Arts; 2, rue deBeaune; 12, rue St. Honore; 5, rue du Grand Chantier; 23, rue de l'fichi- quier; 24, rue Deseze; 59, rue de P,onthieu; 5, rue Bourda- loue; and 4, Place de la Bourse; likewise at 258 smaller offices dependent on the preceding, called Boite aux lettres; and at 4 privileged bureaux; the bureau de la Maison du Roi, 243, Place du Palais Royal ; the bureau at the Chambre des Pairs ;

(l) The boats land passengers at Valvins, and omnibuses take them lo Fontainebleau.

1»0S.T-0FFICE.

«3

the bureau at Hie Chambre des Deputes ; and the letter-box at the Exchange. The Petite Poste was established in 17G0. The charge for a letter within Paris, not exceeding the weight al- lowed, is three sous. The Boites aux lettres of the letters for Paris are cleared 7 times a-day; viz. - 1\ and 10 in the morn- ing, at noon, and at 2, 3f, 4£, and 8 in the evening. The Bu- reaux d'arrondissement at 8 and 10£ before noon, and at \2\, 2£, 4, 5, and 8} after. The box at the General Post-office at 5j, 8J, 9, and 11, in the morning, and at 1, 3, 5, 5j, and 1) in the evening. The distributions of letters take place at 7, 9-J-, 12, 2, 4, and 0> o'clock. On Sundays and holidays, the 6th and 7th clearances of the boxes do not take place, and the same is the case with the 0th distribution, but the last clearance is fixed for the Boite aux lettres at 5^ in the evening, for the bureaux d'ar- rondissement at G, and the General Post-office at G^- in the evening. For the banlieue (including all places within 12 or 15 leagues of the capital) there are two general posts every day, except on the routes to Bercy, La Villette, St. Germain, and Versailles, which have four posts daily. There are also corre- sponding deliveries in Paris from these places.

Letters for foreign countries, and for the departments, are received at the bureaux d'arrondissement till 4 o'clock, and at the General Post-office till 5 o'clock, except on Sundays and holidays, when the Exchange is shut ; the General Post-office is then closed at 3 o'clock, letters being received there till that hour, and till half-past 2 in all the other quarters of Paris.

The following is a list of the foreign countries for which letters must be paid as far as the French frontier : - French colonies ; United States ; Spain and Portugal, with their colonies; Bohemia ; Gallicia; Moldavia; Upper and Lower Austria, with the de- pendent countries; Turkey and its European possessions; the islands of the Archipelago ; and the Levant. From this list are excepted Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople, whither letters may be sent without paying the postage.

Letters for England are sent from Paris daily by Estafette, and arrive in London the next day but one. Letters from Eng- land are sent to Paris by the same means, and in the same time; and are received every day except Tuesday, a blank caused by the London post-office being closed on Sunday. By the treaty recently concluded between the two governments for the reduc- tion of postage, 1 fr., or 10d.,is fixed as the postage of a single sheet, weighing 7 \ grammes, between London and Paris. (1)

(i) The thick letter-paper used in England is consequently liable to an additional postage in France.

44

INTRODUCTION.

From 7 7 to 10 grammes 30 sous; 10 to 15 grammes 2 fr.; 15 to 20 grammes 50 sous; and for every additional 5 grammes 10 sous. Letters may or may not be franked throughout. Half the postage may be paid, leaving the other half to be discharged by the correspondent.

The inhabitants of the two countries may send from one country to the other letters termed registered or recommended letters (money letters) ; the postage on which is, at least, double, and must always be paid in advance. This may also be done for France and some parts of the Continent. Packets with open ends, containing patterns of merchandize, are admitted to this privilege, at reduced rates of postage.

Letters can be transmitted between Brighton and Dieppe, Southampton and Havre, in addition to Dover and Calais.

Letters for France, or for foreign countries, can be paid for at any of the head offices. It is not permitted to enclose coin in letters; but at the general post-office and the bureaux d'arron- dissement money for any part of France is received, on paying five per cent., and seven sous for a draft on a stamp, when the sum exceeds 10 fr. A foreigner may have his letters directed to hhn poste restante, Paris, or at any other town where he intends to go. The poste restante is open daily from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m., except on Sundays and festivals, when it closes at 5 p.m. On the party applying at the post-office, and showing his passport or card, the letter will be delivered; but the best way is to have them addressed to the care of a friend, or some established house. There is at the post-office the Bureau des Rebuts, where letters mis-addressed or unclaimed remain a certain time, never more than 4 months; after which they are opened, and, ac- cording to their contents, destroyed or returned to the address of the writer. Open daily from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., but closed at 2 p.m. on Sundays and festivals. Journals, periodical publica- tions, and other works, are sent under a band by post, at the rate of 4 centimes per sheet for France, and 8 for those foreign countries where a similar arrangement exists. The bureau, which is a special one at the General Post-office, is open for journals from 9 to 2 ; for other printed sheets, from 9 till 1 ; on Sundays and holidays it is closed an hour earlier respectively for both. (1) The mails leave Paris daily at 6 in the evening.

The last published receipts of Ihe Post-office for seven years give the following results . - in 1836, total, 37,000,000fr.; in 1837, 40,382,368h\; in 1838, 42,242,27lfr.; in 1839, 44,i3l,234fr.; in 1840, 46,105, 736fr.; in 1841, 48,042,439fr.; in 1842, 49,755,665 fr. In 1821, the receipts were only 23,000,000fr. In 1842, there passed through the Post-office 99,282,163

APARTMENTS, HOTELS, CAFES.

45

APARTMENTS, HOTELS, etc. - Travellers will find, in every part of Paris, comfortable lodgings, which may he had by the night, week, or month. An agreement should always be made (even for a single night) previous to taking apartments in any hotel ; the price of a bed-room for one night varies from 2 to 5 francs. (1) Furnished apartments may also be had in private houses, and there are several boarding-houses upon different scales of charge, both French and English. Unfurnished apart- ments may also be easily obtained, but not for less than three months. Furniture may be procured from upholsterers, or pur- chased cheap at second-hand shops. To furnish is perhaps the most economical plan for those who intend to make a long- stay in Paris. (2) Whatever hotel the traveller may fix himself in, it is not necessary that he should take his meals there; he will always find a coffee-house or restaurant in the neighbour- hood, where he may breakfast or dine, or from whence he may be served in his own rooms. The table-d'hote, if there be one in his hotel, is generally the cheapest. Restaurateurs and traiteurs charge rather more for the dinners they send out than for those served on the spot. To an English traveller no hotel in Paris offers so many advantages as Meurice's, 42, rue de Rivoli. It is situated in a tine and agreeable spot, facing the palace and garden of the Tuileries. Apartments may be had by the day, week, or month; breakfasts are served in the coffee-room or in private apartments, and visitors may dine at the table-d'hote or in their own rooms. A list is presented which contains the charge for every article, servants, etc. The bill is sent in every week; the linen is washed three miles out of Paris, and is not beaten or brushed, to save soap, as is the custom generally in France. The greatest regularity prevails in forwarding and delivering letters, and information of every kind is furnished. In this hotel there is an office for changing money; and couriers, interpreters, return carriages for all parts of the Continent, may be obtained.

For other hotels and boarding-houses see Directory.

CAFES. - The first cafe in Paris was established by an Ar- menian in 1G97, and was greatly frequently. These establish-

letters. The total sum paid for the transmission of journals and perio- dicals, in 1842, was 2,322,432 fr. They were in number 73,432,156.

(1) The number of hotels and furnished houses in Paris is 5700, af- fording accommodation to an average number of 80,000 persons.

(2) For laws and regulations concerning the letting and hiring of apartments, etc., as far as ihey aflect foreigners, see taws of Francs affecting British llesidenlSj in Okey79 Digest, 8vo., lOfr.

4$

INTRODUCTION.

merits multiplied rapidly under the reign of Louis XV., and became celebrated as the favourite resort of distinguished in- dividuals. At present they are to be found in every quarter of the capital, and are distinguished by the splendour of their decorations; look in what direction you may, after you have entered most of them, and you see yourself reflected by mir- rors, remarkable for their size and number; you find yourself bewildered with the blaze of light, amidst the confused glitter of gilding, painting, and glass; the eye is dazzled with such gorgeousness, and the effect is heightened by the degree of taste and luxury displayed in the fitting up. Here it is, in these spacious rooms, resplendent with decoration and brilliant with light, that the character of the French people may be seen, amongst the numerous guests which nightly crowd together to amuse and to be amused. At almost all these places coffee, chocolate, tea, ices, liqueurs, etc., are to be obtained; as well as dejeuners a la fourchette, either hot or cold, with all sorts of substantial food and wines; but dinners and suppers are ge- nerally to be had only at the restaurateurs'. They are frequented by ladies as well as gentlemen, except those where estaminet is written up, and in which smoking is allowed. Their charges do not much vary, and all of any degree of respectability are kept with an attention to cleanliness, that has become almost proverbial. The most splendid and attractive are the caf6 Pierron, boulevard Poissonniere; cafe Cardinal, cafe Douix, and cafe Foy, boulevard des Italiens; cafe delaBanque, place des Victoires; cafe de Foy and cafe Gorazza, Palais-Royal; cafe Veron, corner of the rue Vivienne and the boulevard. A list of other cafes will be found in the Directory.

RESTAURATEURS AND TRAITEURS. - Formerly, privileged persons alone could keep eating-houses in Paris. lnl?G5 a cook freed the public from this restraint, and prepared a room for refreshments, placing over the door the following parody of a passage in Scripture : - " Venite ad me omnes qui stomacho la- boratis, et ego restaurabo vos." This attempt was successful; and afterwards, when the Revolution brought many strangers to Paris, and the domestic habits of the Parisians were altered, these establishments increased every year, and are now to be found in all parts of Paris. In the restaurants there is generally presented a bill of fare called la carte, with the price of every article, and some of these contain upwards of 300 dishes. Ladies frequent the restaurants as well as the cafes. In these houses there are generally private rooms called cabinets particuliers, in which two friends or a party may dine in private. Besides

RESTAURANTS, READING-ROOMS.

4 7

the principal and second-rate restaurateurs, where the dinner is a la carte, there are other houses where dinners are served for a fixed sum per head. At the hest of these houses a plen- tiful dinner, including wine, may he had for 2 francs. In the vicinity of the Palais-Royal, however, and indeed in most parts of Paris, a dinner may he had for 30, 25, and even 22 sous. The last of these prices will procure soup, 2 dishes at choice, a dessert, bread, and a modicum of wine. There is also another class of cooks in Paris, called traiteurs, or petty restaurateurs, whose principal business is to send out dishes, or dinners ready dressed, to order. A family residing in lodgings, or at an hotel, will find it the cheapest mode to make a bargain with the traiteur to be supplied, for a fixed period, with a certain number of dishes daily, at any hour agreed upon. One may also dine at some of these places, but it is not considered comme it faut. The restaurants are nearly as numerous and as splendidly ad- orned as the cafes. To the latter it is customary to retire immediately after dinner, to take a demi-tasse of coffee, and a petit verre de liqueur, instead of sitting over the wine as in England. Coffee may, however, be had at the restaurants.

The principal restaurants are Rocherde Cancale, rue Montor- gueil; Very, Vefour, les Trois Freres Provencaux, Perigord, Grand Vatel, and Cafe Corazza, all in the Palais-Royal; Cafe de Paris, Cite Laffitte; and Cafe Anglais, boulevard des Italiens. A list of other restaurants, as also taverns where English fare may be procured, will be found in the Directory.

READING-ROOMS AND CIRCULATING LIBRARIES. - There are many establishments of this kind in Paris; but the most distinguished and most frequented by Frenchmen and foreign- ers, particularly Englishmen and Americans, is that of Messrs. Galignani and Co., No. 18, rue Vivienne (bottom of the court yard), which is conducted on a most extensive scale. The reading-rooms are spacious and handsome, well lighted and aired. The tables are covered witli all the European news- papers and periodical publications worthy of notice, and there are upwards of 20,000 volumes in all languages. Contiguous to the rooms is a garden, for the use of the subscribers. The philosopher, the politician, and the student, may here enjoy their favourite pursuits, whilst the victims of ennui may pass their hours with pleasure and advantage. The terms of sub- scription are - per day, 10 sous; a fortnight, 5 francs; a month, 8fr. The Circulating Library of Messrs. Galignani is conspicuous among all others for its excellent selection and great number of volumes. The subscription is by the fortnight or month.

48

INTRODUCTION.

CERCLES. - These are societies conducted on similar prin- ciples to the clubs of London, the members subscribing for the support of a magnificent apartment, in which they assemble for the purpose of conversation and of reading the papers; card and billiard playing to a great extent is carried on in them. Members may also dine. To be admitted, the candidate must be proposed by a member, and ballotted for, as in London; they are intended principally for French society, and few foreign- ers belong to them, since their stay in Paris is generally short. The best are : the French Jockey Club, at the corner of the rue Grange Rateliere and the Boulevards ; the Cercle des Echecs, corner of the Place du Palais Royal; the Ancien Cercle, 12, Boulevard Montmartre; the Cercle des Arts, rue de Ghoiseul, corner of the Boulevards; Cercle de V Union, 28, rue deGram- mont; Cercle du Commerce, 2, rue Lepelletier; Cercle Agricole, 25, quai Voltaire ; Athenee Royal, 2, rue de Valois.

SERVANTS. - In almost every furnished hotel there are ser- vants who may be hired for a month, fortnight, week, or day. The charge is generally 5 or 6 francs a-day, as they find them- selves. They are called valets-de-place, and we strongly advise travellers to take one, as he will be found to save them a great deal of time and trouble.

COMMISSIONAIRES. - Porters, under this name, are found at the corners of all principal streets. Letters or parcels may be safely entrusted to them, and their charges vary according to weight or distance, from 10 to 30 sous. A company called les Messagers Parisiens has been lately formed, the admi- nistration of which is located at No. 13, rue Notre-Dame-de- Lorctle , having branch establishments in all quarters of the town, for executing commissions, furnishing porters to saw fire- wood, remove furniture, to open and shut up shops at night, etc., at greatly reduced prices.

INTERPRETERS. - There are in Paris interpreters of every language, also offices kept by sworn translators.

MONETARY SYSTEM. - Accounts are kept in France in francs, each of 10 declines or 100 centimes. The modern gold coins are pieces of 40fr. and 20fr. The silver coins are 5 fr., 2, 1, | , and \ fr. The copper coins are 1 decime, or 2 sous, pieces of 5 centimes, or 1 sou, and of 1 centime. (1)

(l) Before 1795 accounts were kept in livres, of 20 sous, or 240 deniers ; the terms livres and francs for many years were used indiscriminately, although 80 of the old livres were worth about 8t francs of the present

MONETARY SYSTEM.

49

In the monetary system of France, the coins, if accurately minted, may serve also as weights. Thus, 5 francs in copper, 50 in billon, 200 in standard silver, or 3100 in standard gold, should weigh 1 kilogramme. Hence the piece of 1 fr. weighs 5 grammes, and any other piece in the above proportion.

The gold coins of 20 fr. and 40 fr., struck under the govern- ment of Bonaparte, were called napoleons and double napo- leons; and such is the force of habit, that these, as well as pieces of the same value struck since 1814, continue to be so called. They are also designated " pieces de vingt francs" and "pieces de quarante francs." The silver coins of 5 francs are frequently called "pieces de cent sous;" pieces of 2 francs "pieces de quarante sous," and so on.

The only notes issued by the Bank of France are of 500 fr. and 1000 fr. These are convertible into silver at the Bank, without discount, except the charge of 3 sous for the bag which contains the change; or, at a premium, into silver or gold, at the different money-changers' shops. (1)

The French money, being divided into decimal parts, in reckoning, instead of 25 sous it is said 1 fr. 25 c.; instead of 30 sous, l fr. 50 c, and so on. The gold as well as silver coins of France contain l-10th alloy. When the course of exchange is at par between France and England, 25 fr. are considered equal to the pound sterling; but at Paris and the principal towns of France, it is commonly 25 fr. 50 c, for £1 sterling : yet it varies, and especially in the smaller towns, from 25 fr. to 25 fr. 30 c.

The following table, calculated on the above principles, will be of great service for the ready conversion of English money into French, at any of the usual rates of exchange : -

coin. The double louis was rated at 48 livreg ; the simple louis at 24 li- vres; the half louis at 12; the large crown-piece, or ecu, at 6; and the small one, or demi-ecu, at 3 livres; when any oi these are now seen (which is very rare) they-do not pass for quite so much, being no longer a legal tender. There is also a base revolutionary coinage, of pieces passing for 30 and 15 sous, which will soon be called in. Many of the smaller copper or mixed metal pieces, too, such as liards, two liards, and six liards, will soon be withdrawn from circulation. The total value of the mass to be replaced by a uniform decimal copper coinage was stated by a committee, appointed in April, 1840, to report on the subject, as reaching 76,840,000fr., and its estimated weight t8,000,ooolb.

(i) The gold coinage in France not being in sufficient quantity, while on account of its portability it is much sought after, is always at a pre- mium of from 7fr. to 9fr. the lOOOfr.

20

.MONETARY SYSTEM.

25f.

25,000 »

20,000 »

15,000 »

12,000 »

10,000 »

7,500 *

5,000 »

2,500 »

1,250 »

1,000 »

750 »

500 »

250 »

225 »

200 »

175 »

150 »

125 d

100 »

75 »

50 »

25 »

12 50

11 25

10 )»

8 75

7 50

6 25

5 »

3 75

2 50

1 25

25f. 5c.

25,050 »

20,040 »

15,030 n

12,525 »

10,020 »

7,515 »

5,010 »

2,505 »

1,252 50

1,002 »

751 50

501 »

250 50

225 45

200 40

175 35

150 30

125 25

100 20

75 15

50 10

25 5

12 52

11 27

10 2

8 7G

7 51

6 20 5 1

3 75

2 50

1 25

25f. 10c. 25f. 15c.

25,100 »

20,080 »

15,000 »

12,550 »

10,040 »

7,530 »

5,020 »

2,510 »

1,255 "»

1,004 »

753 &

502 »

251 »

225 90

200 80

175 70

150 GO

125 50

100 40

75 30

50 20

25 10

12 55

11 29

10 4

8 78

7 53

G 27

5 2

3 7G

2 51

1 25

25,150 » 20,120 » 15,090 » 12,575 » 10,0G0 >» 7,545 » 5,030 » 2,515 » 1,257 50 1,006 » 754 50 503 » 251 50 22G 35 201 20 17G 5 150 90 125 75 100 GO 75 45 50 30 25 15 12 57 11 31 10 G 8 80 7 54 G 28 5 3 3 77 2 51 1 25

British Current

25f. 20c.

25,200 » 20,1G0 » 15,120 » 12,G00 » 10,080 » 7,500 » 5,040 » 2,520 » 1,2(50 » 1,008 » 75G » 504 d 252 » 22G 80 201 GO 17G 40 151 20 126 » 100 80 75 60 50 40 25 20 12 60 11 34 10 8 8 82 7 56 6 30 5 4 3 78 2 52 1 26

MONETARY SYSTEM. 21

ihdticed into Francs.

i £

25f. 30c.

25f. 35c.

25f. 40c.

25f. 45c.

25f. 50c.

25f. 55c.

)00

25,300 »

25,350 »

25,400 »

25,450 »

25,500 »

25,550 »

MO

20,240 »

20,280 »

20,320 »

20,320 »

20,400 »

20,440 »

poo

15,180 »

15,210 »

15,240 »

15,270 »

15,300 »

15,330 »

600

12,050 »

12,G75 x)

12,700 »

12,725 »

12,750 »

12,775 »

iOO

10,120 »

10,140 »

10,160 »

10,180 »

10,200 a

10,220 »

300

7,590 »

7,605 d

7,620 »

7,635 »

7,650 »

7,655 »

500

5,000 »

5,070 »

5,080 »

5,090 »

5,100 »

5,110 »

100

2,530 »

2,535 »

2,540 »

2,545 »

2,550 D

2,555 »

(1 SO

1,265 »)

1,267 50

1,270 »

1,272 50

1,275 »

1,277 50

40

1,012 »

1,014 »

1,016 »

1,018 »

1,020 d

1,022 »

i 30

759 «>

7 GO 50

762 »

763 50

7G3 »

766 50

20

50G »

507 »

508 »

509 »

510 »

511 »

i 10

253 »

253 50

254 »

254 50

255 »

255 50

9

227 70

228 15

228 60

229 5

229 50

229 95

8

202 40

202 80

203 20

203 60

204 »

204 40

7

177 10

177 45

177 80

178 15

178 50

178 85

, G

151 80

152 10

152 40

152 70

153 »

153 30

! 5

126 50

126 75

127 »

127 25

127 50

127 75

4

101 20

101 40

101 60

101 80

102 »

102 20

3

75 90

76 5

76 20

76 35

76 50

76 65

i 2

50 60

50 70

50 80

50 90

51 >»

51 10

1

25 30

25 35

25 40

25 45

25 50

25 55

jiil.lO

12 65

12 67

12 70

12 72

12 75

12 77

1 9

11 38

11 40

11 43

11 45

11 47

11 49

i 8

10 12

10 14

10 16

10 18

10 20

10 22

! 7

8 85

8 87

8 89

8 90

8 92

8 94

6

7 59

7 60

7 62

7 63

7 65

7 66

5

6 32

G 33

6 35

6 36

G 37

6 38

4

O I)

^ 7

o o

O J

0 1U

3

3 79

3 80

3 81

3 81

3 82

3 83

! 2

2 53

2 53

2 54

2 54

2 55

2 25

1

1 26

1 26

1 27

1 27

1 27

1 27

22

INTRODUCTION.

WEIGHTS, MEASURES, etc. - The present metrical or de- cimal system, partially established in 1795, and confirmed by a special law, in operation from the 1st of January, 1840, is adopted permanently, to the exclusion of all others; and parties using the old weights and measures are liable to prosecution. This enforced uniformity had been tried before by the repub- lican governments, but habit prevailed over their ephemeral laws, and even its adoption has encountered much difficulty, notwithstanding the advantages presented by its simplicity over the system it is intended to supersede, but which is still pertinaciously adhered to in most parts of the country. The basis adopted for all measures and weights is the metre, which is the ten-millionth part of the distance from the pole to the equator. This is adopted as the unit of length, and from which, by decimal multiplication and division, all other measures are derived. The length of the quadrant of the terrestrial meridian was ascertained by Messrs. Delambre and Mechain, by mea- suring an arc of the meridian between the parallels of Dunkirk and Barcelona. The metre is equal to 39.371 English inches.

The following tables, from the Anmiaire du Bureau des Lon- gitudes, give the comparative values of the French and English weights and measures, in the decimal system. - (1)

{%) The ancient standard weight of France was the poids de marc. The livre or pound, now k< -J kilo.," was divided into 2 marcs - 16 oz.= 128 gros - 9,216 grains ; equal to 0.4895 kilos. French, or 7.555 grains English. The corn-measure of Paris was the muid, divided into 12 se- llers, or 144 hoissoaux. The setier equalled 1.56 hectolitre, or 4.427 English bushels. The principal measure for wine was also the muid, di- vided into 144 quarts, or 288 pintes. The pinle answered to 0.931 litre, or 0,2459 English gallon, being about an English quart. The old French foot was divided into 12 inches 144 lines, or 1,828 points, and equalled 0.32484 metre, or 12.7893 English inches. The aune of Paris was 1,1883 metre, or 46,85 English inches. The loise, or fathom, was 6 old feet, equal to 1,949 metre, or 6.395 English feet. The mile was 1000 toises - 1949. 036 metres, or l English mile, l furlong, 28 poles. The lieue, or league, legal road measure, was 2000 toises. The arpent, or acre, was mostly 100 square perches, but the perch varied in different provinces. There was also a mixed system between the new and old, called the sys~ Verne usual, having the metre as the standard, but with binary divisions. As this has also been abolished by law, we need only mention that the Wise usuel (oi 2 metres) equalled 6 Meet, English, and the mme,Z feet n | inches, English, with their several subdivisions into inches and lines. The boisseuu usuel was J. hectolitre, or 0,35474 bushel, English. The lilron was 2 1-19 English pints. Apothecaries used to compound by the sysleme usuel, and diamonds were weighed by carats, each of 2.01 deci- grammes, or 3 1-10 grains, English. The old pound weight of France, still spoken of, but now never used, was 1 lb. 1 10-16 oz., English, and the quintal m6tnque*=*i cwt. 3 qrs. 24 lb. 8 oz.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

23

SYSTEMATIC NAMES.

Measures of

Length, Myriametre. . Kilometre. . Decametre. , Metre . . .

Decimetre. . Centimetre. . Millimetre. .

Superficial Measures.

Hectare . .

Are . . . .

Centiare . .

Measures of Capacity.

Kilolitre . .

Hectolitre . . Decalitre . .

Litre. . . .

Decilitre . .

Measures of

Solidity. Stere . . . Decistere . .

Weights. Millier . . . Quintal. . . Kilogramme .

Hectogramme Decagramme

Gramme . .

Decigramme .

FRENCH VALUE.

10,000 metres . . . .

1 ,000 metres

10 metres

Fundamental unit of weights and measures. It is the l-10,000,000th part of the arc of the me- ridian from the pole to the equator

l-10tli of a metre . . .

1-1 00 Ih of a metre . .

1-lOOOth of a metre . .

10,000 square metres. 100 square metres . . 1 square metre . . .

1 cubic metre, or 1000 cu- bic decimetres. . . . 100 cubic decimetres . . 10 cubic decimetres. . .

1 cubic decimetre. . .

1-lOth cubic decimetre .

1 cubic metre . . . . 1-1 0th cubic metre. . .

1000 Ml., or 1 French ton.

100 kilogrammes . . .

Weight of 1 cubic deci- metre of water of the temperature of 4° (cent.) or 39° 12' (Fahrenheit).

l-10th of kilogramme .

1-1 00th of kilogramme .

l-1000th of kilogramme.

ENGLISH VALUE.

6.2138 miles. 1093.033 yards. 10.93033 yards. 3.2808992 feet, or 1.093G33 yard.

3.937079 inches. 0.393708 inch. 0.03937 inch.

2.471143 acres. 0.098845 rood. 1.19G033 square yard.

220.09GG8 gallons.

0.22009 gallon, or

1.7G0773 pint. 0.17G08 pint.

35.31058 cubic feet. 3.53 1GG cubic feet.

19.7 cwl. 1.97 cwt.

2.G803 lb. troy, or 2.2055 lb. avoirdupois.

3.2 ounces troy. 3.52 ounces avoirdupois. .6.4-3 pennyweights troy. 15.438 grains troy. 0.G43 pennyweight. 0.032 ounce troy. 1.5438 grain troy.

-10,000th of kilogramme It may assist the memory to observe that the terms for mul tiplying are Greek, and those for dividing, Latin.

24

INTRODUCTION.

ENGLISH MEASURES AND WEIGHTS COMPARED WITH FRENCH.

Long Measure.

Inch (l-36th of yard) 2,539954 centimetres.

Fool ( l-3d of yard ) 3.0479449 decimetres.

Imperial yard 0.91438348 metre.

Fathom (2 yards) 1.82876696 metre.

Pole or perch (5J yards) 5.02911 metres.

Furlong (220 yards) 201.16437 metres.

Mile (17G0 yards) 1609.3149 metres.

Square Measure.

Square yard 0.836097 sq. metre.

Rod (square perch) 25.291939 sq. metres.

Rood ( 1210 square yards) .... 10.116775 ares.

Acre (4840 square yards) .... 0.404671 hectare.

Measures of Capacity.

Pint ( l-8th of gallon) 0.567932 litre.

Quart ( l-4th of gallon) 1.135864 litre.

Imperial gallon 4.54345797 litres.

Peck (2 gallons) 9.0869159 litres.

Bushel (8 gallons) 36.347664 litres.

Sack (3 hushels) 1.09043 hectolitre.

Quarter (8 bushels) 2.907813 hectolitres.

Chaldron (12 sacks) 13.0851G hectolitres.

Troy Weight. (1)

Grain (l-24th of pennyweight). . . 0.065 gramme.

Pennyweight ( l-20th of ounce) . . 1.555 gramme.

Ounce ( l-12th of pound troy) . . . 31.091 grammes.

Imperial pound troy 0.37 309G kilogramme.

Avoirdupois Weight.

Dram (1-lGlh of ounce) 1.771 gramme.

Ounce (1-lGth of pound) 28.338 grammes.

Imperial pound avoirdupois. ... 0.4534 kilogramme.

Quintal or hundred-weight (112 lb.) 50.78 kilogrammes.

Ton ( 20 quintals or hundred-weights ). 1015.65 kilogrammes.

The following tables, drawn up with the greatest care, will be found very useful for purposes of ready calculation. Some of them are superseded by the system we have just given, but they will nevertheless be found occasionally of use :

(l) The weights, though not perfectly exact, are sufficiently so for all but mathematical purposes.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

French Kilogrammes into English Pounds ( avoirdupois J

Kil.

E. Pds.

Kil.

E. Pds.

Kil.

E. Pds.

Kil.

E. Pds.

Kil.

Eng.Pds.

1

2.206

14

30.880

27

59.554

40

88.228

300

661.714

2

4.411

15

33.086

28

61.760

41

90.i34

400

882.286

3

6.617

16

35.291

29

63.966

42

92.640

500

1,102.857

4

8.823

17

37.497

30

66.171

43

94.846

1,000

2,205.714

5

11.028

18

39.703

31

68.377

44

97.051

2,000

4,411.429

6

13.234

19

41.908

32

70.583

45

99.257

3,000 4,003

6,617.143

7

15.440

20

44.114

33

72.788

46

101.463

8,822.857

8

17.646

21

46.320

34

74.994

47

luo.ooo

5,000

11,028.571

9

19.851

22

48.526

35

77.200

48

105.874

10,000

22,057.143

10

22.057

23

50.731

36

79.405

49

108.080

20,000

44,114.286

11

24.263

24

52.937

37

81.611

50

110.286

30,000

66,171 429

12

26.468

25

55.143

38

83.817

100

220.571

40,000

88,228.572

28.674

26

57.343

39

86.023

200

441.143

50,000 110,285.715

French Pounds into English Pounds ( avoirdupois J.

Fr.

Eng.

Fr. Eng. i

Fr.

Eng.

Fr.

Eng.

Fr.

Eng.

Pds.

Pds.

Pds.

Pds.

Pds.

Pds.

Pds. Pds.

Pds.

Pds.

1

1.080

14

15.116

27

29.152

40

43.188

300

323.913

2

2.159

15

16.196

28

30.232

41

44.263

400

431.884

3

3.239

16

17.275

29

31.312

42

45.348

500

539.855

4

4.319

17

18.355

30

32.391

43

46.427

1,000

1,079.710

5

5.398

18

19.435

31

33.471

44

47.507

2,000

2,159.420

6

6.478

19

20.514

32

34.551

45

48.587

3,000

3,239.130

7

7.558

20

21.594

33

35.630

46

Ao.m

4,000

4,318.840

8

8.638

21

22.674

34

36.710

47

50.746

5,000

5,398.550

9

9.717

22

23.754

35

37.790

48

51.826

10,000

10,797.100

10

10.797

23

24.833

36

38.869

49

52.906

20,000

21,594.200

11

11.877

24

25.913

37

39.949

50

53.985

30,000

32,391.300

12

12.956

25

26.993

38

41.029

100

107.971

40,000 43,188.400

13

14.036

26

28.072

39

42.109

200

215.942

50,000

53,985.500

trench Hectolitres into English Bushels,

fleet. Bushels.

49 139.057

50 141.895 100 283.791 200 507.581 300 851.372 400 1,135.162 500 1,418.953

1,000 2,837.906

2,000 5,675.312

3,000 8,513.718

4,00) 11,351.624

5,000 14,189.531

French Hectares into English Acres.

Hect.

Bush.

Hect

Bush.

Hect. Bush.

Hect. Bush

l

2.838

13

36.893

25

70.948

37

105.002

2

5.676

14

39.731

26

73.785

38

107.840

3

3.514

15

42.568

27

76.623

39

110.678

4

11.352

16

45.406

28

79.461

40

113.516

5

14.189

17

48.244

29

82.299

41

116.354

6

17.027

18

51.082

30

85.137

42

119.192

7

19.865

19

53.920

31

87.975

43

122.030

8

22,703

20

56.758

32

90.813

44

124.868

9

25.541

21

59.596

33

93.651

45

127.706

10

28.379

22

62.434

34

96.489

46

130.544

11

31.217

23

65.272

35

99.327

47

133.381

12

34.055

24

68.110

36

102.165

43

136.219

Hect.

Acres.

Hect.

Acres.

Hect.

Acres.

Hect.

Acres.

Hect.

Acres

a

2.471

8

19.769

15

37.067

40

98.846

200

494.229

2

4.942

9

22.240

16

39.538

50

123.557

300

741.343

3

7.413

10

24.711

17

42.009

60

148.268

400

988.457

4

9.884

11

27.182

18

44.480

70

172.980

500

1,235.571

5

12.356

12

29.654

19

46.952

80

197.691

1,000

2,471.143

6

14.827

13

32.125

20

49.423

90

222.403

2.000

4,942.286

7

17.293

14

34.596

30

74.134

100

247.114

5,000 12,355.715

26 INTRODUCTION. French Kilometres and Myriametres into English Miles, etc

Kilom. Eng. miles. Furlongs. Yds

1

0

4

213

8

4

2

1

1

206

9

5

3

1

6

199

1 myria.

6

4

2

3

192

2

12

5

3

0

185

3

18

6

3

5

178

4

24

7

4

3

171

5

31

Kilom. Eng. miles. Furlongs. Yds.

164 157 156 92 10 160 90

French Lieues de Foste into English Miles and Yards.

t.

Mis.

Yds.

L.

Mis. Yds.

L.

Mis. Yds.

L.

Mis. Yds.

2

743.061

11

26 1,133.671

30

72 1,171.832

400

968 1,544,428

2

4

1,486.122

12

29 116.732

40

96 1,562.443

500

1,211 170.535

3

469.183

13

31 859.794

50

121 193.053

600

1,453 556.642

4

9

1,212.241

14

33 1,602.855

60

145 583.634

700

1,695 942.749

5

12

195.305

15

36 585.916

70

169 974.275

800

1,937 1,3:28.856

6

14

938.366

16

38 1,328.977

80

193 1,364.886

900

2,179 1,711.963

1G

1,681.427

17

41 312.038

90

217 1,755.496

1,000

2,422 341.070

S

19

661488

18

43 1,055.099

100

242 386.107

2,000

4,84* 682.140

9

21

1,407.549

19

46 38.160

200

484 772.214

3,000

7,266 1,023.2 10

10

24

390.610

20

48 781.221

300

726 1,1 58.321

5,000 12,110 1,703.350

French Litres into English Gallons.

Lit.

Gall.

Lit.

Gall.

Lit.

Gall.

Lit.

Gall.

1

0.264

13

3.434

25

6.605

37

9.775

2

0.526

14

3.699

26

6.869

38

10.039

3

0.792

15

3.963

27

7.133

39

10.303

4

1.057

16

4.227

28

7.397

40

10.567

5

1.321

17

4.491

29

7.661

41

10.832

6

1.585

18

4.755

30

7.925

42

11.096

7

1.849

19

5.019

31

8.190

43

11.360

8

2.113

20

5.284

32

8.454

44

11.624

9

2.378

21

5.548

33

8.718

45

11.888

10

2.642

22

5.812

34

8.982

46

12.152

11

2.906

23

6.076

35

9.246

47

12.417

12

3.170

24

6.340

36

9.5U

48

12.681

Lit.

Gall.

49

12.945

50

13.209

100

26.419

200

52.837

300

79.256

400

105.674

500

132.093

1,000

264.186

2,000

528.372

3,000

792.558

4,000

1,056.744

5,000

1,320.930

French Toises into English Feel and Inches.

Tois. Feet. Inch.

Tois. Feet. Inch.

Tois. Feet

. Inch.

Tois. Feet.

Inch.

1

6 4.735

11

70

4.086

30

191

10.053

400

2,557 10.040

2

12 9.470

12

76

8.821

40

255

9.404

500

3,197

3.550

3

19 2.205

13

83

1.556

50

319

8.755

600

3,836

9.060

4

25 6.940

14

89

6.291

60

383

8.106

700

4,476

2.570

5

31 11.675

15

95

11.026

70

447

7.457

800

5,115

8.080

6

38 4.410

16

102

3.761

80

511

6.808

900

5,755

1.590

7

44 9.146

W

108

8.497

90

575

6.159

1,000

6.394

7.100

8

51 1.881

18

115

1 .232

ICO

639

5.510

2,000

12,789

2.200

y

57 6.616

II

121

5.967

200

1.278

11.020

3,000

19,183

9.300

10

63 11.351

20

127

10.702

300

1,918

4.530

4,000

25.578

4.400

French "Aunes de Paris " into English Yards.

Aun.

Yds.

Aun.

Yds.

Ann.

Yds.

Aun.

Yds.

- Aun.

Yds.

1

1.300

7

9.098

13

16.896

19

24.695

70

90.981

2

2.599

8

10.398

14

18.196

20

25.994

80

103.978

3

8.899

9

11.697

15

19.496

30

38.992

90

116.975

4

5.199

10

12.997

16

20.795

40

51.989

100

129.972

5

6.499

11

14.297

17

22.095

50

64.986

200

259.945

6

7.799

12

15.597

18

23.395

$0

77.983

500

649.862

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

r27

French Inches and Feet into English Inches and Feet.

French English

Fr.

Eng.

Fr.

Eng.

Fr.

Eng.

Inches. Inches.

Feet.

F.

1,

Feet.

F

I.

Feet.

F. 1.

ft o'<o^

18

19

2.205

49

52

2. 670

80

85 3 iV.

2

U 2.1 32

19

30

2.994

50

53

3.459

81

86 3.924

20

21

3.784

51

54

4 248

82

87 4.713

88 5.5*02

4

0 4/263

21

22

4.573

5.037

83

5

0 5.329

22

23

5 3(52

53

56

5.827

84

89 6 291

0 6.395

23

24

6.151

57

6.615

85

90 7.081

0 7 460

24

25

6.940

55

58

7.405

86

91 7.870

g

25

36

7.729

56

59

8.194

87

92 8.659

g

0 9.592

26

27

8.519

57

60

8.983

88

93 9.448

10

27

23

9.3C8

58

61

9.773

89-

94 10.237

II

n n 79*<

28

29 10.097

59

62

10.562

93

95 11.026

Fr. Feet.

Eng. F. I.

29

oO 10.886

60

63 11.351

91

96 11.816

30

31

11.675

61

65

0.140

92

98 0.605

31

33

0.465

62

66

0.929

93

99 1.391

1 0.789

32

34

1.254

63

67

1.719

94

100 2.183

2

2 1.578

33

35

3.043

64

68

2.508

95

101 2.972

3

3 2.367

34

36

2.832

65

w

3.297

96

102 3.762

4

4 3-157

35

37

3.621

66

7()

4.066

97

103 4.551

<j

5 3.9 i6

36

38

4.411

67

71

4.875

98

104 5.340

Q

6 4.735

37

39

5.200

63

72

5.(kii

99

105 6.129

J

7 5.524

38

40

5 989

69

73

6.454

1 0

1C6 6.918

g

8 6.3l3

39

41

6.778

70

74

7.243

200

2l3 1.837

9

9 7.103

40

42

7.567

71

75

8.032

3(!0

3iQ R 7^

Olif o. / .>.>

10

10 7.892

41

43

8.356

72

76

8.821

400

11

11 8.681

42

44

9.146

73

77

9.610

500

532 10.592

12

12 9.470

43

45

9.935

74

78 10.400

600

639 5.510

13

13 10.259

44

46

10.724

75

79 11.189

700

746 0.429

14

14 11.048

45

47 11.513

76

80 11.978

800

852 7.347

15

15 11.838

46

49

0.302

77

82

0.767

900

959 2.265

16

17 0.627

47

50

1.092

73

83

1.556

1000

1C6 5 9.183

17

18 1.416

48

51

1.881

79

£4

2.345

2000

2131 6.367

French Metres into English Feet and Inches.

Met.

Feet. Inch.

Met.

Feet. Inch.

Met.

Feet. Inch.

Metres. Feet. Inch.

1

3

3.371

11

36

1.079

30

98

5.124

400

1,312 4.316

2

6

6.741

12

39

4.449

40

131

2.832

500

1,640 5.395

3

9

10.112

13

42

7.820

50

164

0.539

600

1,968 6.474

4

13

1.483

14

45

11.191

60

196

10.247

700

3,206 7.553

5

16

4.854

15

49

2.562

70

229

7.955

800

2,624 8.632

6

19

8.225

16

52

5.933

80

262

5.663

900

2,952 9.711

7

22

11.595

17

55

9.303

90

295

3.371

1,000

3,280 10.790

8

26

2.966

18

59

0.674

100

328

1.079

2,000

6,561 9.580

9

29

6.337

19

62

4.045

200

656

2.158

3,000

9,842 8.370

10

32

9.708

20

65

7.416

300

984

3.237

5,000

16,404 5.950

French Arpens into English Acres.

Arp,

Acres.

Arp.

Acres.

Arp.

Acres.

Arp. Acres.

Arp, Acres.

i

1.043

8

8.344

15

15.645

40

41.721

200 208.606

2

2.086

9

9.387

16

16.688

50

52.151

300 312.908

3

3.129

10

10.430

17

17.731

60

62.581

400 417.210

4

4.172

11

11.473

18

18.774

70

73.012

500 521.513

i

5.215

12

12.516

19

19.817

80

83.442

1,000 1,043.026

6

6.253

13

13.559

20

20.861

90

93.872

2,000 2,086.052 5,000 5,215.131

7

7.301

14

14.602

30

31.291

100

104.303

26

INTRODUCTION.

To the above tables it may be useful to add that, ki the comparison of the French and English barometrical scales, 704 millimetres equal 20 Fr. inches or 27.7 Eng. in. nearly

731 » 27

756 » 28

779 » 29

In the thermometrical scales,

28.8 29.8 30.7

Freezing point is marked

Boiling heat is marked

0

0

32«

in the Centigrade, or French

scale, in Reaumur's.

in Fahrenheit's or the English scale.

100° in the Centigrade. 80° in Reaumur's. » 212° in Fahrenheit's.

Hence 4° Reaumur = 9° Fahrenheit = 5° Centigrade. From these two equations all the other corresponding values of the scales my be deduced.

Centigrade and Reaumur's Thermometric Scales turned into Fahrenheit's.

C. R. F. C. R. F. G. R. F. G. 100.0 80 212.00 71.2 57 160.25 42.5 34 108 50 13.7 98.7 79 209.75 70.0 50 158.00 4«.2 33 106.25 12.5 97.5 78 207.50 68.7 55 155.75 40 0 32 104.00 11.2 96.2 77 205.25 67.5 54 153.50 38.7 31 101.75 10.0 95.0 76 203.00 66.2 53 151.25 37.5 30 99.50 8.7 93.7 75 200.75 65.0 52 149.00 36.2 29 97.25 7.5 92.5 74 198.50 63.7 51 146.75 35.0 28 95.00 6.2 91.2 73 196.25 62.5 50 144.50 33.7 27 92.75 5.0 90.0 72 194 00 61.2 49 142.25 32.5 26 90.50 3.7 88.7 71 191.75 60.0 48 140.00 31 2 25 88.25 2.5 87.5 70 189.50 58.7 47 137.75 30.0 24 86.00 1.2 86.2 69 187.25 57.5 46 135.50 28.7 23 83.75 0.0 85.0 68 185.00 56.2 45 133.25 27.5 22 81.50 1.2 83.7 67 182.75 55.0 44 131.00 26.2 21 79.25 2.5 82.5 66 180.50 53.7 43 128.75 25.0 20 77.00 3.7 81.2 05 178.25 52 5 42 126.50 23.7 19 74.75 5.0 80.0 64 176.00 51.2 4l 124.25 22.5 18 72.50 6.2 78.7 63 173.75 50.0 40 122.00 21.2 17 70.25 7.5 77.5 62 171.50 48.7 39 119.75 20.0 16 68.00 8.7 76.2 61 169.25 47.5 38 117.50 18.7 15 65.75 10.0 75.0 60 167.00 46.2 37 115.25 17.5 14 63.50 11.2 73 7 59 164.75 45.0 36 1 13.00 16.2 13 61.25 12.5 72.5 58 162.50 43.7 35 110.75 15.0 12 59.00 13.7

R. F.

11 56-75 10 54.50 9 52.25 8 50.00

7 47.75 6 45- 50 b 43.25 4 41.00 3 38.75 2 36.50 1 34.25

0 32.00

1 29.75 27.50 25.25 23.00 20.75 18.50 16.25

8 14.00

9 11.75

10 9.50

11 7.25

C.

F.

15 0

12

1.00

162

13

2.75

17.5

14

0.50

18.7

15

1 75

20 0

10

4.00

21.2

17

6.25

22.5

IS

8.50

23.7

1<)

10.75

25.0

20

13.30

26-2

21

15.25

27.5

2 2

17.50

28.7

23

19.75

30.0

24

22.00

31 2

25

24.25

32.5

26

20.50

33.7

27

28.75

35.0

28

31.00

36.2

29

33.25

37.5

30

35.50

38.7

31

37.75

40.0

32

40.00

In France the division of the geographical circle into 400 de- grees forms theoretically the basis of the metrical system, but this division has not come into general use. In geography, astronomy, and mathematics, the trench, like all other nations, divide the circle into 360 degrees, reckoning the nautical mile as the GOth part of a degree, and the league as a 20th.

CUSTOMS DUTIES.

29

DUTIES ON ARTICLES IMPORTED FROM THE CONTINENT INTO ENGLAND. - The following is extracted from an excel- lent work, by Mr. Cox, of the London Custom-house : -

[Persons arriving in England, with goods in their baggage for private use, liable to the payment of duties, are allowed to leave them at the Custom-house, under the care of the officers, for a period not exceeding six months, in order to give them an opportunity of taking them back to the Continent without payment of duty ; but on taking them out of the warehouse in which they have been deposited, they are charged with a rent of 2d. per week for each parcel or package. If at the end of six months the goods are not taken back, or the duties paid, they are sold to defray rent, duties, and other charges. Articles found concealed in trunks, boxes, or any package, or in linen cloths, or other articles, or packed in any way so as to deceive the officers, are subject to seizure, together with all the goods (although not concealed) with which they are packed. And » persons on board any vessel, on being questioned by an officer of the customs whether they have any foreign goods in their possession, and denying them, on such goods being discovered, are liable to forfeit them, and to pay a fine of three times their amount. Goods for sale are not allowed to be brought over in any post-office packet, or other government vessel, under penalty of forfeiture.]

Five per cent, must be added to the following duties : -

£ s. d.

Alabaster, the same duty as marble, per cwt. . . 0 3 0 Armour. See Steel.

Baskets of all sorts, for every £100 value. ... 10 0 0

, Beads, viz. Arango, for every £100. ... 15 0 0

, Coral, for every £100 value 15 0 0

, Crystal, the 1,000 050

, Glass, the lb 0 0 3

, Jet, for every £100 value 15 0 0

Other beads, for every £100 15 0 0

The duties are not charged on trifling quantities, and actually per- sonal effects of passengers.

Books printed prior to 1801, whether bound or

unbound, the cwt. (or about 2d. per lb. ) . 10 0 Books printed in or since 1801, if in a foreign living

language, bound or unbound, the cwt. 2 10 0 in dead languages, printed abroad, the cwt.

(or about lid. per lb.) ...... 500

30

INTRODUCTION.

Foreign books and maps having once paid duty, or been purchased in England, are delivered free, on a declaration to that effect being made.

Boots, Shoes, and Calashes, viz., women's boots,

shoes, and calashes, the dozen pairs. . . 0 12 0

Boots, the dozen pairs 18 0

shoes, either with cork or double soles, quilted

shoes, and clogs, the dozen pairs. ... 0 10 0

of silk, satin, jean, or other stuff, kid or other

leather, the dozen pairs 0 9 0

children's boots and shoes are charged at two- thirds of the above duties.

Boxes of all sorts, excepting those made wholly or

partly of glass, for every £100 value. ..1000 Ladies work-boxes. » id. « 20 0 0

Musical Boxes » id. « 15 0 0

Brandy, see Spirits.

Brass manufactures, for every £100 value. ... 15 0 0 Brocade, of gold or silver, for every £100 value. . 20 0 0 Bronze - All works of art made of bronze, the cwt. 10 0

This duty relates to all bronze strictly coming under the description of, 3nd belonging to, the Fine Arts; but all modern works of bronze, which may be applied to domestic purposes, are charged for every 100/. value, 15/.

Cambrics and lawns, not exceeding 8 yds. in length

and i of a yard in breadth, the piece 0 5 0

Cambric bordered handkerchiefs, the piece. ... 050

Cambric or Tawns converted into handkerchiefs are liable to the pay- ment of duty, even though they may have been used, unless the quantity is trifling.

Cards, playing, per dozen packs 4 0 0

This duty amounts to a prohibition.

Carriages, foreign, for every £100 value 20 0 0

All foreign carriages are liable to this duty, whether in use or not. British-built carriages are duty free, unless purchased abroad.

Cameos, for every £100 value 20 0 0

Casts of busts, statues, or figures, the cwt. . . . 0 2 6 China or porcelain ware, plain, without a gilt rim or

other ornament, for every £100 value. . 15 0 0

. painted, gilt, ornamented, for every £100 value. 20 0 0

Cheese, the cwt 0 10 6

Chocolate, and cocoa paste, the lb 0 0 6

Cigars, per lb. 0 9 0

CUSTOMS DUTIES.

51

Duties on cigars are received upon less than 3lb., but any greater quantity requires a petition to the Board of Customs to be admitted, and a small line is exacted in proportion to the quantity brought.

Clocks, for every £100 value 20 0 0

Clocks are prohibited to be imported, unless they have the maker's name on the face, and on the frame of the works, and are complete in cases or stands.

Cologne-water, each common flask 0 10

Confectionary of sugar, bonbons, etc., the lb. . . 0 0 0 Cotton manufactures, for every £100 value. ... 10 0 0 Cotton articles of manufactures, wholly or in part made up, for every £100 value 20 0 0

This duty attaches on all articles of cotton, not being the wearing- apparel of passengers in use, and of trifling quantity.

Crayons, for every £100 value 15 0 0

Crystal, cut, or manufactured, for every £100 value. 15 0 0 Diamonds, free ; but the mounting and setting are

liable to duty as gold or silver. Drawings. See Prints.

Earthenware, for every £100 value 10 0 0

Embroidery and needlework, for every £100 value. 20 0 0

Reasonable quantities of wearing-apparel of this description are deli- vered duty free ; but any large quantity of needlework, whether worn or not, and all new worked caps, collars, tippets, pelerines, etc., are charg-

ed with this duty.

Enamel, per lb 0 2 0

Feathers, ostrich, undressed, per lb 0 0 1

Feathers, ostrich, dressed 1 10 0

Flower-roots, for every £100 value 5 0 0

Flowers, artificial, not silk, for every £100 value. 25 0 0

Flowers, artificial, silk, for every £100 value. . . 30 0 0

Fossils and minerals, for every £100 value. ... 500 This does not apply to specimens of fossils : see Specimens.

Frames of pictures, drawings, etc., for £100 value. . 10 0 0

Gauze, thread, for every £100 value 15 0 0

Ginger, preserved, per lb 006

Glass, plate, not more than 9 square feet, per sq. ft. 0 4 0

not more than 14 sq. ft., per sq. ft 0 5 0

not more than 36 sq. ft., per sq. ft 0 6 0

more than 36 sq. ft., the sq. ft 0 7 0

Flint and Cut Glass, for every £100 value. . SO 0 0

see Crystal.

Gloves* liabik-gloves, the dozen pairs 0 3 6

INTRODUCTION.

Gloves, men's gloves, the dozen pairs 0 3 (>

, women's long ditto, ditto 0 4 0

, children's ditto, for every £100 value. ... 30 0 0

Gloves for sale can only be imported in packages of 100 dozen pair; any quantity found in baggage, exceeding 6 dozen, requires a petition to the Board of Customs to be admitted : but quantities under 6 dozen are received at once, on payment of duly.

Hair manufactures, for every £100 value. . . . , 15 0 0 Harp or lute-strings, silvered, for every £100 value. 20 0 0 Hats, straw, Leghorn, etc., being new, and not

exceeding 24 inches diameter, each. . . 0 5 8

ditto, exceeding 24 inches in diameter, each. 0 11 4

Horses, mares, or geldings, each 10 0

British horses purchased abroad are liable to this duty.

Jewels not diamonds, set, for every £100 value. . 10 0 0 not set, ditto 0 10 0

Jewellery, being trifling in quantity, old, and actually in wear, is passed free.

Lacquered or japanned ware, for every £100 value. 15 0 0

Lace of thread, for every £100 value 12 10 0

Lay figures, free.

Liqueurs are charged with duty as spirits.

Leather manufactures, for every £100 value. . . 15 0 0 Linen - Articles of manufactures of linen, or of linen mixed with cotton, or with wool, wholly or in part made up, for every £100 value 15 0 0

This duty applies to damask and other table-cloths, made up ; sheets and household linen of every sort, made up, whellier worn or not jit of foreign manufacture.

Maps or Charts, or parts thereof, plain, or coloured. 0 0 l

This duty is entirely independent of the quality of the map. Marble in slabs, or otherwise manufactured, per cwt. 0 3 0

Medals of gold or silver, free

, any other sorts of, for every £100 value. . 5 0 0

Minerals, for every £100 value 5 0 0

, specimens of. See Specimens.

Mirrors. See Glass, plate. Mosaic work. See Stone.

Models of cork or wood, for every £100 value. . 5 0 0

Mules, each 020

Musical Instruments, whether old or new, for every £100 value , 1500

CUSTOMS DITTIES. 33

Needlework. See Embroidery.

Orange-flower water, per lb 0 0 1

Painlers' colours manufactured, for £100 value. . 10 0 0

Paintings, on Glass, for every £100 value. .... 500

And further, on account of Excise Duty, the superficial foot, 45.

Paper-hangings, painted or stained paper, or flock- paper, per square yard 010

Other paper, per lb 0 0

Perfumery, the £100 value , ... 20 0 0

Pictures, each 010

and farther, the square foot 0 10

Pies, Perigord, game, and all sorts of French pies,

for every £100 value 20 0 0

Plate of Gold, for every £100 value 10 0 0

of Silver, gilt and ungilt, for every £100 value. 10 0 0

Battered, free.

Plums, dried, per cwt 17 0

Prints and Drawings, plain or coloured, each. . . 0 0 1

bound or sewn, the dozen 0 0 3

forming, bon& fide, part of a book, free.

Drawings executed by travellers, for private use, are delivered duty free, upon satisfactory proof. The above duties are independent of the

quality of the print or drawing.

Sculpture (statues), the same as Pictures.

Seed, viz., garden seed, the lb 0 0 1

Silk, viz., articles of manufactures of silk, wholly or in part made up, for every £100 value 30 0 0

The above duty applies only to all foreign silk articles brought by pas- sengers for private use. Any articles of dress, etc., of silk, although for private use, not accompanying the parties, to whom they belong, are

liable to the following duties : -

Silk turbans, or caps, each 0 15 0

Silk hats, or bonnets, each. 15 0

dresses, each 2 10 0

Or at the option of the officers of the customs, for

every £100 value 40 0 0

Skins and Furs, viz., any article manufactured of

Skins or Furs, for every £100 20 0 0

Snuff, per lb. , 0G0

With same restriction as for cigars.

Spa AYare, for every £100 value 15 0 0

This ware is the same as English Tunbridge ware.

INTRODUCTION.

Specimens of Minerals, Fossils, or Ores, each spe- cimen not exceeding 14 lb., free. Specimens, exceeding 14 lb. each, for £100 value. 5 0 0 of Natural History, stuffed birds and animals,

shells, and live animals, free.

Spirits, not sweetened, the gallon 1 2 10

, sweetened, cordials or strong waters, and

liqueurs, the gallon 1 10 4

and Is. 4d. per gallon, in addition for glass bottles.

Spirits, remains of passengers' stores, unexpended on the voyage, may be admitted; but the duties are not to be charged on any quantity less than a pint of ordinary drinkable spirits; or half a pint of eau de Co- logne, or other cordial water, or any medicated or perfumed spirits or li- queurs, when imported in the baggage of passengers for private use. Steel or iron manufactures, armour, etc., for every

£100 value 15 0 0

Stone, sculptured or Mosaic work, per cwt. ... 026 Small mosaics are liable to a duty of 20/. per cent.

Succades, and all preserved sweetmeats, per lb. . 0 0 6

Sugar, refined, per cwt 880

or Is. 6d. per lb.

Sulphur impressions, for every £100 value. ... 500

Telescopes, ditto 15 0 0

Tobacco unmanufactured, per lb 0 3 0

; manufactured, per lb 0 9 0

With same restrictions as cigars, Tobacco-pipes, of clay or porcelain, for every

£100 value 15 0 0

, wood, meerchaum, etc., ditto. ... 20 0 0

Toys, for every £100 value 10 0 0

This includes, besides childrens' toys, a variety of trifling ornaments.

Truffles, the lb 0 10

But preserved truffles, imported in bottles, pay 20 per cent, in addition to the duties on the bottles, as common green glass.

Turnery, for every £100 value. ....... 15 0 0

Vases, ancient, not being stone or marble, for

every £100 10 0

Velvets, see Silks.

Wares, Goods, and Merchandise, wholly or in part manufactured, such as are usually imported by passengers, and are not particularly mentioned in this table, for every £100 value 20 0 0

CUSTOMS DUTIES.

35

This includes a great variety of articles; among others, bracelets, buckles, combs, chains for the neck, car-rings, brooches, and other ar- ticles of jewellery, being new; articles of or-molu, household furniture, and other goods (not being wearing-apparel), whether old or new.

Wares, Goods, and Merchandise, not being wholly or in part manufactured, usually imported by travellers, and not particularly mentioned in

this table, for every £100 value £5 0 0

This applies to articles in the raw state, which have not undergone any

process of manufacture. Under this head of duly, game, poultry, wild

fowl, etc., are also charged.

Watches of all sorts, for every £100 value. ... 10 0 0 Watches and fowling-pieces, whether new or old, and although form- ing part of passengers' baggage, must be regularly entered, and charged with duty. But one pair of pistols, if old and used, brought by pas- sengers in their baggage, will be delivered duty free.

Water, mineral, the gallon 0 0 1

Wine of all sorts, the gallon 0 5 6

and Is. 4d. per gal. in addition for glass bottles. Woollens, viz. manufactures of wool, not being goat's wool, or of wool mixed with cotton, for

every £100 value 15 0 0

This includes ladies' merinos and other sorts of cloth.

Woollen articles of manufacture, not being goat's wool, or of wool mixed with cotton, wholly or

in part made up, for every £100 20 0 0

New merino dresses and new cloth coats, etc., are charged with this

duty ; but such articles as are bona fide wearing-apparel, old and worn,

are delivered duty free.

Worsted yarn of all sorls, the lb 0 0 6

DUTIES on Articles imported from England into France. - Extracted from the government's official tariff : -

[Ten per cent, is to be added, and is claimed, in addition to the duties specified. Plate and jewellery for the use of tra- vellers, free, if not exceeding the weight of 5 hectogrammes. Clothes and linen, having been worn, free, if not considered more than needful for the passengers. Parties going to reside in France, and wishing to take their furniture, linen, plate, etc., must apply to the Director General, at Paris, sending a state- ment of the articles, and, if they can be admitted, generally pay 15 per cent, on the value; if a piano forms part, the duty on it is considerably reduced. Various articles which were lately absolutely prohibited, even when they made a part of

INTRODUCTION.

passengers' baggage, are now admitted, not in an obligatory but discretionary way, and are charged with a duty of 30 or rather 33 per cent., the decirne (the tenth) included. Those articles consist of all sorts of wearing-apparel. The same favour is extended to portions, and sometimes to whole pieces, which have not or have scarcely been made up. In those cases, the condition and the supposed intentions of such passengers as may have brought with them great or small supplies of the Same, are taken into consideration. According to the Customs regulations, every thing that is new, or has not been used, either made or not made up, must be declared before the exa- mination of the baggage takes place, under penalties of seizure and fine. But the officers generally tax those things not duly declared, or give them back to the owners for re-exportation.] Beer, ale or porter, 6 fr. (5s.) the hectolitre (about 100 bottles). Books, Foreign, in dead or living languages, 10 fr. (8s.) per 100 kils. (2001b.)

in French, printed abroad, 100 fr. (£4) per 100 kils.

Boots and shoes, prohibited.

Boxes, Spa work, 200 fr. (£8) per 100 kils. (2001b.)

white wood, 15 per cent, on value.

Bronze, manufactured, prohibited. Calicoes, prohibited. Cards, prohibited.

Carpets are subject to high duties, varying from 200 to 500 fr.

per 100 kils. (£4 to £10 per cwt.) according to substance and

quality. Some sorts are prohibited. Carriages. One-third of the value of a private carriage to be

deposited on landing, and three-fourths of this sum returned

if re-exported within 3 years. [The real value is never given.] Cattle, 25 fr. per head. Cheese, 15 fr. (12s.) per 100 kils. Clocks, prohibited. Cotton manufactures, ditto.

Diamonds, rough, 50 c. (4 ~ d.) per hectogramme, (3- oz.)

, cut, 1 fr. (9f- d.) per ditto.

Earthenware, common, 49 fr. per 100 kils. Embroidery, prohibited.

Engravings, lithographed prints, maps, charts, etc., 300 fr. per

100 kils.; or £G per cwt. Frames, (picture, etc.) 15 per cent. Furniture of all sorts, 15 per cent. Glass, for domestic use, prohibited. Gloves, prohibited.

CUSTOMS DUTIES.

37

Horses, 25 fir. (£1)

Colts, 15 fr. (12s.)

Hardware, generally prohibited.

Ink, printing or writing, 60 fr. per 100 kils. ; or £1 4s. per cwt. Jewels, set in gold, 20 fr. (lGs.) per hectogramme. , ditto silver, 10 fr. (8s.) ditto.

Journals and periodical printed sheets, when imported for the

trade, in quantities, same rate as books. Lace, cotton or linen, worked with the hand, 5 per cent. Lace, silk, 15 per cent. Lacquered ware, generally prohibited. Leather manufactures, prohibited.

Linen, for personal or household use, free, unless there be a large quantity; in such case a permit must be obtained from the Director of the Customs. Liquors (including mock Champagne and other factitious wines), 100 fr. to 200 fr. (£4 to £8) per hectolitre (about 100 bottles.) Musical instruments, viz : - Flutes, 75 c. (6d.) each. Violins, guitars, etc., 3 fr. (2s. 6d.) ditto. Harps, 36 fr. (£1 8s. lOd.) ditto. - Piano-fortes, square, 300 fr. (£12) ditto.

- , grand, 400 fr. (£16) ditto.

Church organs, ditto, ditto. Paper, white or ruled for music, 150 fr. (£6) per 100 kils. Pictures and drawings, 1 per cent, on value, and 15 per cent, on the frames.

Plate, new or used, in gold or gilt, or in silver, 11 fr. (8s. 6d.) per kilogramme, exclusive of 33 fr. stamp-duty at the bureau degarantie. The wmole of this duty is reimbursed if the plate is re-exported within three years.

Plated Ware, prohibited.

Porcelain, common, of one colour, and without gold or orna- ments, 164 fr. (£6 lis.) per 100 kils.

. fme> 327 fr. (£13 Is.) per ditto.

, with gold ornaments, prohibited.

Silk goods, all silk, plain, 16 fr. (12s. lOd.) per kil. (about 21b.)

, figured, 19 fr. (15s. 2d.) per ditto.

Silk goods, brocaded, 19 fr. (15s. 2d.) per ditto.

- , with gold and silver, 31 fr. (£1 4s. lOd.) per ditto.

, imitation, brocaded, prohibited.

mixed with thread, 13 fr. (10s. 5d.) per ditto.

_ - mixed with gold and silver, 17 fr. (13s. 7d.) per ditto.

4*

38

INTRODUCTION.

Skins, prepared, generally prohibited. Steam Engines, for machinery, 15 per cent.

- , for locomotives, 15 per cent.

, for ships, 30 per cent.

Sticks and canes from India, 80 fr. (£3 4s.) per 100 kils (200 lb. )

from other places, 1G0 fr. (£6 8s.) per ditto.

Tea, from China, 1 fr. 50 c. (Is. 3d.) per kil. (2 lb.)

from the Baltic and Black Sea, 2 fr. 50 c.

, from other places, 5 fr. (4s.) per ditto.

Telescopes, 30 per cent. Toys, 80 fr. (£3 4s.) per 100 kils. (200 lb.) Wine, ordinary, by sea, including port, 35 fr. (£1 8s.) per hec- tolitre, (about 100 bottles.)

, Sherry, Malaga, etc., 100 fr. (£4) per ditto.

Woollens, generally prohibited.

GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION AND CLIMATE OF PARIS. POPULATION.

PARIS is situated in 48° 50' 14" north latitude, and 2° 28' 15" east longitude from Greenwich, or 20° 11' from the me- ridian of Ferro. The longest day in this capital is therefore 10 hours G minutes, and the shortest 8 hours 10 minutes. The distance of Paris from the principal towns of Europe and France is as follows : -

From

Miles Leagues, j

From

Miles Leagues

Amsterdam. .

. 208

123

London . .

. 254

105

Berlin. . . .

. 593

245 1

?88

119

Bordeaux . .

. 350

147 !

Madrid . .

7 7 5

320

78

Marseilles .

. 504

208

. 162

07 !

Milan . . .

. 518

214

Constantinople.

. 1574

650 |

Munich . .

. 460

190

Copenhagen .

. 050

272 !

Naples . .

. 1148

47 i

Dresden. . ,

. 630

2G0 |

382

Dunkirk. . .

. 165

08

Stockholm .

. 1141

471

Franc fort . .

. 339

140

St. Petersburg

. 1405

580

130 1

Stuttgardt, .

. 358

148

Hamburgh . .

. 535

221 |

Venice . .

. 593

245

Lisbon . . .

. 1104

456 1

Vienna . .

. 078

280

The circumference of Paris is 23,755 melres, or 25,979 yards; and its area contains 34,596,000 square metres, or 40,378,923 square yards. Its meridian from north to south is 5;505 metres.

GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION OF PARIS.

or G,020 yards; and the greatest perpendicular to its meridian from east to west is 7,807 metres, or 8,538 yards. The greatest mean heat is 27° Reaumur, though in 1802 it rose to 29£°. The mean degree of cold is 7° below zero; but in 1788 the thermo- meter fell to I67 below freezing point or zero. The mean tem- perature is 10° above zero. The greatest height of the barome- ter is 28 \ inches, the least 27{ inches, and the mean 28 inches. The average quantity of rain per annum is 20 J cubic inches per square inch. The prevailing winds are S. W. and N. E. The climate is, however, variable, and the winters are sometimes severe; snow does not lie long, and fogs are not frequent; while the general tendency of the climate is not unfavourable to health. The city lies in the midst of a vast plain, through Which the Seine winds, and which comprises that series of geological formations to which the capital has given its name. The Paris basin, which has the great chalk formation for its lowest stratum exposed by natural denudations, comprises the following geolo- gical beds in an ascending order : - plastic clay ; marine lime- stone (calcaire grossier, building- stone) ; siliceous limestone (freshwater); gypsous strata alternating with marls, full of fossil remains and freshwater shells; sands; mill-stone beds; and gravel. Two of the strata of the general series are famous in commerce - one for furnishing the stone of which Paris is built, the other for the tine gypsum, from which the Plaster of Paris is made. (1) The surface of this plain is anything but barren, though not remarkable for an exuberant fertility ; the manure, however, furnished by the capital supplies any natural deficiency of the soil, and the lighter species of grain, vege- tables, fruit trees, and vines, flourish here in perfection. (2)

RIVERS. - The Seine, which traverses the capital from south- east to north-west, rises in the forest of Chanceaux, 2 leagues from St. Seine, in the department of the Cote-d'Or. It receives, besides smaller streams, the waters of the Yonne, the Aube, and

(1) The details of the geological structure of that part of France in which Paris is situated have been fully described, first by the late illus- trious Cuvier, and next by Messrs. G. Guvier and Brongniart, in their elaborate work on that subject.

(2) The last official returns of the area, cultivation, etc., of the de- partment of the Seine are as follows : - area, 24 square leagues. Arable land, 29,295 hectares, or 72,558 acres; meadow land, 1,543 hectares, or 3,81 1 acres ; vineyards, 2,784 hectares, or 4,876 acres ; woods, 1,354 hec- tares, or 3,344 acres; waste lands, 249 hectares, or 615 acres; roads and publics ways, 2,649 hectares, or 6,543 acres; forest land, 2,293 hec- tares, or 5,663 acres; houses, 47,804 ; mills, 77; manufactories, 450; pro- prietors, 67,918. - Cadastre de la France, par Count Ducha tel.

40

INTRODUCTION.

the Marne, before it enters Paris; and beyond it, after collect- ing the tributary streams of the Oise, the Eure, and other smaller rivers, falls into the ocean between Havre and Honfleur. The direct distance from its source to its mouth is 70 leagues; and the length of its course, in the interior of Paris, is about 2 leagues. Its breadth at the Pont d'Austerlitz is about 1G6 metres, at the Pont Neuf 2G3 metres, and at the Pont d'lena 13G metres. The mean velocity of the water is 20 inches in a second. There is a great difference in the level of the water in summer and winter : in the former season it is very low, the bottom appears in many places, and in some it is often fordable; during the latter it rises high, and flows with much impetuosity. When the river rises more than 6 metres, about 18 feet, above its bed, parts of the town and adjacent country are liable to be inundated.

The Seine communicates with the Loire by the canals of Briare and Orleans; with the Saone by the canal de Bourgogne; and with the Soinme and the Scheldt by the canal of St. Quentin. The Seine, which receives a considerable accession to its waters by the junction of the Marne at Gharenton, is navigable for barges of large burthen as far as Paris, and even above; but they are obliged to be built with flat bottoms, and of a peculiar form, to suit the nature of the stream. The navigation is open at all times, except when the waters are unusually low or high, or when the thermometer falls to 10° below zero, at which tem- perature the river is frozen. In its course through Paris the Seine now forms two islands. The He St. Louis, about 1,800 feet long, and which has been built on since the time of Louis XIII. The other was the original seat of Paris, and is still called the He de la Cite; it formerly terminated at the rue de Harlay, but its prolongation was effected in the reign of Henry IV., by annexing to it two small islands. like manner we have lately seen the He Louviers, 1,200 feet long, once a large depot of firewood, disapppear from the metropolitan map as an island.

The little stream of the Bievre, or the Gobelins, as it is some- times called, rises between Bouriers and Guyencourt, near Ver- sailles, and, after a course of about 8 leagues, falls into the Seine above the Jardin des Plant es : it is not navigable, nor is its water wholesome to drink. Several mills are worked by it, and it is excellent for dyeing and tanning; it also serves as a city drain, and has lately had its bed lined witli masonry.

POPULATION OF PARIS. - In 1313 the population of Paris amounted to 50,000 souls; in 1710 it had increased to 490,000; in 1798 to 040,000; in 1802 (war) to 672,000; in 1808 it had fallen

POPULATION OF PARIS.

lo 600,000; and in to 580,000; but in 1817 (peace) il had risen to 714,596; in 1830 to 009,120; and in 1841 (last census) lo 935,201. The whole department of the Seine contains 1,150,728 souls, and including strangers from the departments and foreigners the number amounts to about 1,500,000. The total number of births in the capital for 1841 was 29,923; deaths, 20,028; marriages, 8,962; still-born children, 2,421. Of the births 15,202 were males, and 14,721 females; 4,886 took place in hospitals, etc., and 9,830 were illegitimate, of which 2,189 were recognised by their parents. Of the deaths 13,203 were males and 12,825 females; 15,658 died at their own homes, 8,580 in civil hospitals, 1,310 in military hospitals, and 173 in prisons. Of 307 exposed at the Morgue, 25£ were males and 51 females. There were no executions. The most populous arrondissements are the 12th, 2nd, and 8th; the least populous are the 4th and 9th. (1)

Of the population of Paris it has been calculated that nearly one-half are working people, the rest being occupied in some trade or profession, or living upon their income. There are abouL.80,000 servants, and 70,000 paupers. Nearly 15,000 pa- tients are always in the hospitals, and about four times that number pass through them in the course of the year. The num- bers of foundling children supported by the state, and of old

(l) The total population of France in 1820 was 30,451,187 ; in 1831, 32,560,934; in 1836, 33,340,190; and in 1841 (the last census) it was 34,213,929. Thefollowing is the aggregate average of the 21 years ending

(Legitimate. . . (gg£; ; gMgJ 897,889 1 Illegitimate . . \ ' - !!>!?!! f

/Illegitimate. . {ggj* ; ; JmSJ} 69,417

Legitimate and ( Boys. . . 498,451 ( Q„_ Qn.. illegitimate. . ( Girls . . 468,855 ) yc,7^ut»

805,950

DpTths (Males 406,298 )

jjeains. . . j FemaIes 399,652 }

Increase of (Boys 92,153 or

Population. (Girls 69,203 ) lbl'OJ

Marriages 249,164

If the relations of births and deaths to the whole population be consi- dered as nearly stationary, then 33.1 will give the number of years which form the mean duration of life. Before the great Revolution in France, the statistical tables then published assigned only 28.75 years as the average duration of life, and this increase of 3 years is to be attributed to the introduction of vaccination, and to increased comforts among the lower classes. Much other curious information upon this subject is to be found in the ''Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes," whence the above is extracted.

it

INTRODUCTION.

and infirm persons incapable of work, are equal, being in each case about 20,000. The population of the prisons, though it varies at different periods, is generally nearly 5000.

It has been remarked that families constantly residing in Pa- ris soon become extinct, and that out of the whole population of the town there are perhaps not more than 1000 individuals who can reckon their ancestors, as inhabitants of Paris from father to son, so far back as the reign of Louis XIII. The effects of this mortality are observed to be more active upon males than females.

GOVERNMENT. CIVIL, MILITARY, AND JUDICIAL.

According to the Charter of 1830, the government of France is composed of three powers : 1. The King, governing by his ministers, and in whose name all justice is administered ; 2. The Chamber of Peers, whose number exclusive of the four Princes of the blood (who sit there by right of birth), at presentmnder 300, is unlimited. It is no longer hereditary, and the members, nominated by the King, can enter the Chamber at 25, and vote at 30 years of age; 3. The Chamber of Deputies, the number of whom is 450, chosen by the electoral colleges of each depart- ment for 5 years. (1) To be eligible as a deputy a person must be a native of France, 30 years of age, and must pay 500 francs annually in direct taxes. The electors must be 25 years of age, and pay two hundred francs in direct taxes. The President is named by the Chamber. The two Chambers must be convoked once a-year at least, and at the same time : they can be pro- rogued, and the Chamber of Deputies dissolved, at the pleasure of the King. In case of dissolution, a new Chamber must be elected and convoked within three months. (2)

COUNCIL OF STATE. - The number of Councillors, Masters of Requests, and Auditors, composing this council, is indefinite; they are all nominated by the King, and are divided into six committees - of Litigation, of Legislative Administration, of War and Marine, of the Interior and of Public Education, of Com- merce, Agriculture, and Public Works, of Finance. The com-

) Of the deputies, at least 200 are either salaried, or hold offices under government.

(2; A member cannot be arrested for debt during the session, or the six weeks which precede or follow it; or on a criminal charge (unless taken in the act), without the sanction of the Chamber.

COUNCILS AND MINISTRY.

43

miltee of War and Marine meets al the Ministries of War and Marine; the finance committee at the Ministry of Finance; all the others at the Hotel du Conseil d'Etat, quai d'Orsay. The council is presided hy the King, or the President of the Council of Ministers, or the Keeper of the Seals. The Ministers and the Directors of Administrations have a deliherative voice in it. All projects of law and ordonnances intended to be submitted by government to the legislature are discussed in committees of this council, whose reports are read in general assembly, to which the public have access. The Council of State meets at the Palais du quai d'Orsay.

COUNCIL OF MINISTERS. - This council, generally about 10 in number, is composed of the heads of the different depart- ments in the state, who assemble under the presidency of the King, the President of the Council, or any one of their own body. They deliberate on administrative legislation, on all that concerns the general internal and external policy, the safety of the throne and kingdom, and the maintenance of the royal au- thority. All royal ordonnances must be countersigned by one or more of the Ministers : they are responsible for all acts of the King, and may be impeached by the Chamber of Deputies, but must be tried by the Chamber of Peers.

MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS. - His department em- braces correspondence with foreign powers, all political and commercial treaties, conventions, etc. The offices for pass- ports, etc., 10 and 18, rue Neuve des Capucines, are open daily from li to 4. Residence on the Boulevard des Capucines.

MINISTER OF WAR. - The duties of this Minister comprehend all that relates to the movements, discipline, and maintenance of the army, and all military manufactories and establishments. The government of Algiers is also under his jurisdiction. Resi- dence and office, 80, rue St. Dominique.

MINISTER OF THE MARINE AND THE COLONIES. - This Mi- nister is charged with the superintendence of the navy, the dock-yards, ports, and generally all that relates to the naval service of the country and its colonial government. Residence and office, 2, rue Roy ale. To this department is attached a most valuable library of charts, maps, and plans, kept at No. 13, rue de 1'Universite.

MINISTER OF FINANCE. - Under the direction of this Minis- ter are placed the taxes, national debt, the sinking fund, the customs, the post-office, mint, forests, extraordinary domains, and establishments which yield a product to the royal treasury,

u

INTRODUCTION.

respecting all which in formal ion may he had by application al the Bureau des Renseignements, from 2 to 4 o'clock, every day except Sundays and fete days. Residence and offices, 48, rue de Rivoli.

MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND COMMERCE. - This Mi- nister takes cognizance of alt laws and regulations affecting the customs and commerce, trading companies, patents, weights and measures, agriculture, fairs, markets, veterinary establish- ments, etc. Residence and offices, 2G, rue de Varennes.

MINISTER OF THE INTERIOR, - The office of this Minister is to correspond with the prefects, and all officers attached to the internal government of the kingdom ; to execute the laws of elections, to superintend the police, to attend to the 'organiza- tion of the national and municipal guards, to watch over the of- fences of the press, the theatres, etc. Also the direction of all institutions relating to the fine arts, etc. His residence and of- fices are at 101, rue de Grenelle St. Germain.

MINISTER OF PURLIC WORKS. - The title of this lately- created department is sufficiently descriptive ; it comprises the supervision of the ponts-et-chaussees (bridges and roads), rail- ways, mines, etc., and academies therewith connected, etc., etc. Residence and offices, 58, rue St. Dominique. -

MINISTER OF JUSTICE AND PURLIC WORSHIP, who also takes the title of Keeper of the Seals. - To this Minister all judges and law officers, crown lawyers, notaries, etc., are subordinate : letters of pardon, of naturalization, etc., are also granted by him. He regulates every thing concerning public worship, the expenses of the clergy, ecclesiastical edifices, etc.; the direction of the royal printing-office also falls within his jurisdiction. His residence is at 11, Place Vendome; the offices are at 22, rue Neuve de Luxembourg.

MINISTER OF PURLIC INSTRUCTION. - This Minister super- intends the University of France, colleges, schools, etc. The Institute, all scientific and literary societies, all public libraries and museums, all medical establishments, etc., are also under his administration. He is also President of the Committee for publishing whatever relates to the monuments, arts, or history of France. His residence is at 1 1G, rue de Grenelle St. Germain.

All the ministers have stated hours for public business, official receptions, etc., which may be known at their bureaux. The number of persons employed in their several offices amounts to 2,380, receiving a sum of 6,500,000 fr. annually.

AMOUNT OF THE BUDGET.

BUDGET. - To this account of Hie functions of the different ministers may be added the amount of the budget for 1844 :

ESTIMATED EXPENSES.

Francs.

War 332,991,220

Public Instruction 16,004,233

Interior 102,427,485

Commerce and Agriculture . . . 14,300,110

Travaux Publics (1) 133,538,000

Finance (2) 230,180,575

Marine 111,885,014

Justice and Public Worship (3) . . 58,282,419

Foreign Affairs ...... 8,550,291

National Debt (4) 305,111,175

Dotations. . 15,031,050

Total 1,389,208,172 (5)

ESTIMATED RECEIPTS.

Direct taxes 407,107,280

Woods and Fisheries 35,057,500

Indirect taxes (0) 755,921,000

From divers sources 18,478,500

Domaines 8,000,700

Revenues, etc., from Algiers and French

Colonies 21,709,350

Total J, 240,880,330

Deficiency to be made up by 77,800,000 fr. to be taken on the produce of the loan of 450,000,000 fr., voted in 1841, and the

remainder from the floating debt. . . 142,327,830

1,389,208,172

(1) Viz. Ordinaires, i6,t58,600fr. ; extraordinaires, 77,880,000fr.; che- min de fer, 39,50O,00Ofr.

(2) Viz. Administration, I7,305,4l4fr. ; frais de regie de perception, 147,464, 20ifr. ; remboursement, restitution, etc., 65,416, 9G0fr.

(3) Viz. Justice, 20,776, 825fr. ; cultes, 37,505,594fr.

(4) Viz. Dette publique, 265,549,492fr. ; amortissement, 99,56l,G83fr.

(5) This sum is equivalent to 55,568,327/.

(6) This comprehends stamps, etc., customs and suit-duties, posl- ofliceand posting, and profits in college instruction.

46 INTRODUCTION.

PUBLIC DEBT. - The following is the last published statement of the public debt of France : -

5 per cent. 231, 340 holders 147,119,749

4} » 939 » 1,026,600

4 » 2,811 » 11,978,766

3 » 29,737 » 35,791,786

264,834 195,916,901

TELEGRAPHS. - The central station is at the Ministry of the Interior. There are two others on the towers of the church of St. Sulpice, and one on the church of St. Eustache. At the cen- tral station it is possible to receive a communication from Calais in three minutes, by a line of 27 telegraphs; from Lille in 2, by 22; from Strasburg in 6, by 46; from Lyons in 8, by 50, and onward, to the farthest limit on the Italian side, in less than 15 minutes ; from Brest, in 8 minutes, by 80 telegraphs.

CIVIL LIST. - Independent of the different governmental ad- ministrations, there are those of the civil list and of the estates of the royal family. - Intendance Generals de la Lists Civile, 9, Place Vendome. - Administration Generals du Domains Prive du Roi, 216, rue St. Honore. - Administration dss Bisns du Bus D'Aumals, 69, rue de Crenelle St. Germain.

ROYAL HOUSEHOLDS. - Their arrangement is as follows : - The King has 15 aides-de-camp, 11 officiers d'ordonnance, 1 se- cretary, 1 under secretary, 1 ecuyer commandant, and 2 ecuyers. - The Queen has 1 almoner, 1 lady of honour, 10 ladies, 1 che- valier d'honneur, 1 secretary, and 1 librarian. - The Dushesse d 'Orleans has 1 lady of honour, 3 ladies, 1 lady reader, 1 cheva- lier d'honneur, 2 deputy chevaliers d'honneur, 1 secretary, 2 physicians in ordinary, and 1 director of music. - The Comts ds Paris has 1 governor, i tutor, 4 aides-de-camp, 1 officier d'or- donnance, 1 ecuyer, 1 secretary, 1 physician, 1 surgeon. - The Dae ds Nemours has 2 aides-de-camp, 2 officiers d'ordonnance, 1 secretary. - The Duehssss ds Nemours, 1 lady, 1 lady reader. - The Prinss ds Joinvills, 1 aide-de-camp, 1 officier d'ordon- nance, 1 secretary. - The Princssse ds Joinvills, 1 lady, 1 lady reader. - The Duo d'Aumals and the Due ds Monpensier have each 1 aide-de-camp, 1 officier d'ordonnance, 1 secretary. - The Princesse Adelaids d'Orlsans has 1 lady of honour, 3 ladies, 1 chevalier d'honneur, 1 secretary, and 1 chef du secretariat. A numerous list of medical officers, military commandants of pa- laces, and other functionaries are also attached to the court. ORDRE ROYAL DE LA LEGION D'HONNEUR. - The Legion of

MILITARY GO VJSIt NMENT .

47

Honour was instituted by a law of 29 Floreal, an to (1802), for the recompense of civil and military merit, as well as length of public service. The King is chief and grand master of the or- der, which is entrusted for its administration to a grand chan- cellor, and is composed of chevaliers, officers, commanders, grand officers, and grand crosses. The members are nominated for life, but lose their privileges by any act that causes the sus- pension or abolition of their rights as French citizens. By the last official statement the total number of members was 49,384, viz. 75 grand crosses, 192 grand officers, 79? commanders, 4,462 officers, and 43,858 chevaliers. The princes of the royal family, or of the blood, and all foreigners upon whom the king bestows the order, are not included in these numbers. Foreigners are only admitted, not received, into the order, and do not take the oaths. The decorations, which are commonly worn at the but- ton-hole of the left breast, vary according to the different ranks. Every member of the Legion of Honour created before 1814, or who is a sub-officer or soldier, is entitled to a pension of 250 fr. per annum; but not the others. Among the foreign members of the order are 35 crowned heads and princes of royal blood. Attached to the Legion of Honour are the es- tablishments for the education of the daughters, nieces, and sisters of the members, an account of which will be found un- der the head of Public Institutions. The grand chancellor re- sides in the hotel of the order, in the rue de Lille, where the offices of his administration are situated.

MILITARY GOVERNMENT. - The regular army of France was composed as follows in 1844 : Total force 344,000 men, of which 14,775 gendarmery, 53,154 cavalry, and 20,970 artillery. The whole cost to the country is put down in the budget of 1844 at 348,000,000 fr. The garrison of Paris, and its immediate neigh- bourhood, has been for some years past composed of about 30,000 men, and at present greatly exceeds that amount, in con- sequence of many soldiers being employed on the fortifications.

General Staff of the First Military Division, 1, rue de Lille. - Staff of the Garrison of Paris, J, Place Vendome. - Court Martial, 39, rue du Cherche-Midi.

National Guard. - The national guard of the department of the Seine consists of 12 legions of infantry for the 12 arrondisse- ments of Paris, 4 legions for the baniieue; 1 legion of cavalry for Paris, and 2 squadrons for the 1st and 2nd, and half a squa- dron for the 3rd, of the baniieue. The total force of the na- tional guard of Paris, though variable, may be slated at fully 55,000 men. Among Hie officers, (who are elected every live

48

INTRODUCTION.

years) there were, in 1843, 536 captains, 558 lieutenants, and 554 sub-lieutenants. The charge to the city for keeping up guard-houses, paying incidental expenses of staff, musicians, clerks, and miscellaneous charges connected with this branch of the service, amounted in 1842 to 759,858 fr. The effective force of the national guard of the banlieue exceeds 20,000. Each le- gion of infantry of Paris is composed of 4 battalions ; those of the banlieue, two of 9, one of G, and one of 7 battalions; the legion of cavalry called the 13th consists of 3 squadrons. The artillery of the national guard, which was disbanded in 1832, has not been re-organised. The etat-major-general is on the Place du Carrousel.

Municipal Guards. - This force, under the orders of the Prefect of Police, consists of 3244 men and officers, of whom 692 are cavalry. Their barracks are to be seen in different parts of Paris. This fine corps, composed of picked men, and which, it is said, is about to be augmented, has been found most efficient in times of trouble, in maintaining or restoring the public tranquillity.

Sapeurs-Pompiers. - The battalion of sapeurs-pompiers, or soldier firemen, consists of 829 men and officers, of whom a large portion are on duty every evening at the theatres, etc., with a strong reserve remaining in the guard-houses of the dif- ferent arrondissements. The corps is under the orders of the Prefect of Police. A great number of fire-engines, etc., are at its disposal. (1)

FORTIFICATIONS OF PARIS. - By a law passed in 1841, a sum of 140 millions of francs was granted by the Chambers for raising a double line of defence round the capital. At various times projects of fortifying Paris have been entertained since the Revolution of 1789. Napoleon had one in view in the latter years of his reign, and while at St. Helena ordered a memorial to be draw n up of his intentions in this respect. On the approach of the allied armies in 1814 and 1815, a few works were hastily thrown up, which presented some show of resistance to their progress. Since the last Revolution, especially in 1832-34, the matter had been seriously debated in the legislature, but it was reserved for M. Thiers, and those who raised the war alarm in 1840, to realize such projects to their fullest extent. It forms no part of our duty to discuss the expediency of for- tifying the capital; our duty is simply to describe what exists, or will yet exist; and we shall commence with transcribing a few words of the law passed by the Chambers. After the decla-

(l) The sapeurs-pompiers are efficient soldiers no less than active firemen, and are carefully drilled as well as trained in gymnastics.-

FORTIFICATIONS OF PARIS.

19

ratory enactment that Paris is to be fortified, the 2nd article announces that the works will comprise - " 1. A continuous enclosure (enceinte continuee), embracing the two banks of the Seine, to be bastioned and terraced, with 10 metres (about 33 feet English) of encampment faced with masonry (escarp revetue). 2. Of outer works, with casemates." The latter (les forts detaches) are 14 in number. The general plan of the enceinte continuee presents 94 angular faces (fronts) each of the medium length of 355 metres (about 1100 feet), with a continued fosse, or line of wet-ditches in front, lined with masonry, of the medium depth of 6 metres : thence to the top of the embankments crowning the wall, on which will be ranged the artillery, is a height of 14 metres, or about 40 feet. At different points will be placed drawbridges, magazines, etc., and several military roads of communication (routes slrate- giques) will have to be formed. The distance of this regular zone or belt, from the irregular outline formed by the octroi wall of the capital, varies from 700 yards to nearly 2 miles. Taking as a point of departure the western point of Bercy, on the right bank of the river, it crosses the road to Charenton, traverses the avenues of St. Mande and Vincennes, goes to the south end of Charonne, goes behind Pere Lachaise to Belle- ville, then to Romainville, and, crossing the Flanders road, reaches the Pont de Flandre at La Villette. Thence, passing westward, it passes to La Chapelle, St. Denis, crosses the great northern road, leaves Montmartre to the left, and traversing various routes, etc., passes by Clignancourt to Batignolles, etc., till it reaches the eastern point of the king's park at Neuilly, and, crossing the road, enters the upper part of the wood of Boulogne, and ends at Auteuil. Resuming the line on the opposite bank, it encloses the suburbs of Grenelle, Vaugirard, cuts the line of the Versailles railway (rive gauche), leaves Montrouge outside, passes Gentilly, traverses the plain of Ivry, and crosses the lifte of the Orleans railway before arriving at its limit opposite Bercy, on the left bank. The forts detaches present 61 fronts, and are so many small, but complete, for- tresses, including magazines, barracks, etc. In adopting the line traced above, the first in order is the Fort de Charenton; 2. the Fort de Nogent; 3. the Fort de Rosny; 4. the Fort de Noisy; 5. the Fort de Romainville; 0. the Fort de I'Est, between the latter and Pantin; 7. and 8. Couronne du Nord and Fortde la Briche, one on the hither, the second on the thither side of St. Denis; 9. Fort du Mont Valerien, the most im- posing of all; 10. Fort de Vanvres; 11. Fort d'Issy; 12. Fort

50

INTRODUCTION.

de Montrouge; 13. Fort de Bicetre; and 14. Fort d'lvry. Vin- cennes has also been greatly enlarged and strengthened. It is said that these forts are to be armed with heavy artillery on a new principle, having a range of 6,000 metres. Should such be the fact, almost the entire of Paris will be within their reach. It is impossible to fix with any certainty what will ultimately be the cost to the nation of these immense works, involving the purchase of so much property, independent of the vast expense of construction, arming, etc.

COURTS, TRIBUNALS, etc. - ^The Minister of Justice is the supreme head of all the judicial courts in the kingdom, and keeper of the seals. To him belongs the superintendence of the entire judicial system, and of the body of notaries.

Court of Cassation, Palais de Justice. - This is the supreme court of appeal from all the tribunals of France. It is divided into three chambers. In its collective capacity it can censure and regulate the cours royales, and can even, for grave reasons, suspend the judges from their functions, or send them before the Minister of Justice, to render an account of their conduct. It does not try causes from the beginning, but only sets aside sentences, in cases of informality or misapplication of the law ; after which it refers the affair itself to a competent tribunal. Generally speaking, there is no appeal to this court from the sentences of the juges de paix or from those of military and naval courts. The time allowed for making an appeal, in civil matters, is three months; in criminal matters, misdemeanours, and breaches of police regulations, only three days.

The Court of Cassation is composed of a president, 3 vice- presidents, and 45 counsellors, nominated for life by the king, It is divided into 3 sections, of requests, of civil and criminal appeal. Annexed to the court of cassation are a procureur- general, six avocats-generaux, a chief registrar, all named by the crown, besides 4 under-registrars. A college of GO advo- cates has the exclusive right of pleading in* this court, and in the king's councils. The two civil sections have a vacation, like the other courts, from September 1 to November 1, but the criminal section always continues silting.

Cour des Comptes. - This court is the next in rank to that of Cassation, and enjoys similar prerogatives. It examines all the principal accounts of the kingdom, and consists of a chief pre- sident, 3 presidents, and 18 masters of accounts, who form the chambers; there are besides 80 refercndaires, who examine the accounts and report thereon, a procureur-general, and a registrar. It is divided into three sections or chambers, whose

COURTS, TRIBUNALS, ETC.

5<

jurisdiction extends over whatever relates to the receipts or expenditure of the kingdom.

Cour Royale, Palais de Justice. - This court is composed of a chief president, 5 presidents, 54 counsellors, and 6 auditor- counsellors ; there are besides attached to it a procureur-general, 4 avocats-generaux, 11 deputy advocates, and a registrar. It is divided into 5 chambers; 3 civil, one of appeal from sentences for misdemeanours, and one for indictments. To constitute the Court of Assize, which holds two sessions monthly, and consists of one section or two, according to the number of prisoners for trial , the keeper of the seals, or the first president, appoints a certain number of its counsellors as judges. Audiences are held every day, except Sundays and holidays, from 9 till 12. There are in France 26 cours royaux, and the solicitors or attorneys attached to them, called avoues, are licentiates in law. They nominate a chambre for enforcing discipline and regulations.

Tribunal de Premiere Instance, Palais de Justice. - This court consists of 1 president, 8 vice-presidents, 56 judges, among whom are 20 judges of instruction, 8 supplementary judges, a procureur-du-roi, 22 deputy proeureurs, 1 chief registrar, and 34 sworn registrars. It is divided into 8 chambers, five of which take cognisance of civil matters, the sixth, seventh, and eighth of cases of correctional police. The court sits every day except Sundays and Mondays. Vacation from September 1 to No- vember 1.

Tribunal de Commerce, at the Exchange. - The judges of this court are heads of mercantile houses, elected for two years in a general assembly of merchants, and confirmed by the king. The tribunal is composed of a president, 10 judges, 16 deputy judges, and has a registrar, under-registrars, and huissiers. Attached to this court are 10 officers, called gardes dtt com- merce, who apprehend such persons as the tribunal decides shall be arrested. (1)

Tribunal of Municipal Police, Palais de Justice. - The justices of the peace sit here alternately, and decide upon the breach of police regulations where the penalty does not exceed five days' imprisonment, or a fine of 15 fr. A commissary of police acts as counsellor the prosecution.

Tribunaux de Paix. - In each municipal arrondissement there

(l) From August 1842 to August 1843, 44,i62 causes-came before Shis court, of which 33,795 were judged by default, 9,028 were defended, 792 settled by arbitration, and 547 remained undecided. In the same lime 754 bankruptcies were declared, the liabilities in which amounted to 4i,85516i0fr., presenting an excess over the preceding year of 7,170,351^*.

52

INTRODUCTION ,

is a tribunal de paix, presided by a salaried juge de pair, prin- cipally for the adjustment of disputes relative to money matters, which holds its sittings as follows : - 1st arrondissement, 9, rue d'Anjou St. Honore; 2d, 2, rue Pinon; 3d, 10, rue Hauteville ; 4th, 4, Place du Chevalier du Guet; 5th, 20, rue de Bondy; (Uh, 9, rue du Puits Vendome; 7th, 32, rue du Roi de Sicile ; 8th, 14, Place Royale; 9th, 88, rue St. Antoine; 10th, 7, rue de Grenelle St. Germain; 11th, 10, rue Garanciere; 12th, 161, rue St. Jacques.

Advocates. - The order of advocates is very numerous, com- prising upwards of 900 members, and as a body justly cele- brated for talent and learning. They have a bureau f or gra- tuitous advice to the poor, which is open on Saturday bv from 1 till 3, at their library, in the Palais de Justice.

Avoues. - The avoues act in courts of law as solicitors aud attorneys ; in certain cases they have the right of pleading ; and they are subject to a chamber of discipline formed for each court. They must be licentiates in civil law, and must take the oath of an advocate. Their number is 210.

Notaries. - The number of Paris notaries, and who exercise their profession within the jurisdiction of the royal court, is 114 : they draw up wills, leases, mortgages, title-deeds of estates, and other deeds; they give security to the government, and, on retirement or death, their places are sold. Their chamber of discipline holds a meeting in the Place du Cha- telet, 1, every Thursday evening.

Huissiers. - These officers, 150 in number, fulfil the duties of bailiffs, etc., attached to the different tribunals, and their ser- vices are required in protesting bills, etc.

Gommissaires Priseurs (appraisers and auctioneers). - Their number in Paris is fixed at 80. They have the exclusive privi- lege of appraising and selling by auction. This body is subject to the jurisdiction of the procureur du roi.

CIVIL ADMINISTRATION OF PARIS. - Offices at the H6tel-de- Ville, open from 10 to 4 o'clock. The Prefect of the Department of the Seine is the chief municipal authority in the capital. Besides the duties common to the other prefects of the kingdom, he exercises nearly all the functions of an English mayor. He superintends all public buildings and establishments, edifices devoted to divine worship, public works, streets and public ways, military institutions, excise duties, markets, hospitals, benevolent institutions, direct taxes, public fetes, Chamber of Commerce, and domains of the state. He also presents to the municipal council the estimates of expenses for the coming

CIVIL ADMINISTRATION.

53

year, (l) Under him is a Council of Prefecture, composed of 6 members, with a secretary-general. - The Council-General of the Department consists of 3G members, elected 3 by each arrondissement of Paris, and of 8 members, elected by the rural arrondissements of Sceaux and St. Denis. The members of each arrondissement form its municipal council, and as such are subject to the control of the council-general. There are also attached to the prefecture 2 auditors of the council of state ; and a comite consult atif, composed of 10 members and a chief secretary.

Communal and Departmental Administration. - The First Bu- reau of this branch comprises the convocation of municipal councils of the rural districts, the administration of the rural property of the town, and the inspection of all markets, veri- fication of deaths, funerals, etc. - The Second Bureau comprises the Caisse de Poissy. This fund pays ready money to graziers for all the cattle sold at the markets of Poissy and Sceaux, and the Halle-aux-Veaux, to the butchers of Paris, from whom it afterwards reimburses itself; it also collects the tax on the cattle destined for the consumption of the city. - Inspection Generate du Pesage, Mesurage, et Jaugeage. The officers of this bureau regulate all sales by large weights, measures, etc., in the halles, markets, wood-yards, etc., within the jurisdiction of the prefect of police. - The Third Bureau regulates the regis- tration of public documents, and charges itself with the duty of indemnifying the holders of property sequestered to public uses. The Fourth Bureau revises jury lists, superintends elec- tions of municipal councillors, etc.

Administration of Roads and Public Works. - This branch comprises 3 bureaux, which are charged with the formation and repair of roads, canals, bridges, quays, reservoirs, paving, etc. A fourth bureau, charged with the commission of the Grande Voirie, superintends the tracing and squaring of houses, direction of new streets, etc.

Administration of Public Instruction, Charitable Institu- tions and Hospitals, National Guards, Recruiting, etc. - All schools, colleges, and some of the expenses of public worship, the Chamber of Commerce, the Mont de Piete, tontines, the affairs of the gendarmerie, sapeurs-pompiers, etc., the recruiting

(l) By the accounts carried up to the 30th June, 1843, the municipal receipts of the year exceeded the expendilure by the sum of 2,325, 737fr. For r344 the receipts are estimated at 451i77,8i8fr., and the expenses a t36,000,000fr. A sum of 8,ooo,ooof'r. has been voted for improvements.

54

INTRODUCTION.

for the regular army, and the regulation of the national guards, come within the control of this department.

Administration of the Departmental Taxes. - This branch ma- nages the assessment, collection, and recovery of direct taxes for the department, patents, etc. A committee of G members is charged with the distribution of the assessments.

The offices of the Treasurer of the City of Paris are at the Hotel de Ville.

The financial service of the Department of the Seine is con- ducted by the following administrations : - Direction de I'En- registrement et des Domaines; the bureaux of this branch are at the residence of the Minister of Finance. - Direction des Con- tributions Directes, 7, rue Poulletier, He St. Louis, which in- cludes especial offices for the receipt and control of the taxes.

The Administration of the Customs A, rue Castiglione, is under the immediate direction of the Minister of Finance. - The Ad- ministration of Indirect Taxes of the department of the Seine is placed under the care of a director and other officers, at 10, rue Duphot. - The Administration of the Octroi Duties is ma- naged by a council of 4 directors, at 1, rue Castiglone.

The Administration of the Post-Office is merged in that of the General Post-Office, rue Jean-Jacques-Rousseau, of which it forms a special division.

To the above may be added : - The Direction of the Poste aux Chevaux, 2, rue de la Tour des Dames, and 2, rue Pigale.

To each of the arrondisseinents of St. Denis and Sceaux there is a sub-prefect, with a council of 9 members.

Mairies. - Paris is divided into 12 municipal arrondisseinents, each headed by a mayor and two deputy-mayors, whose prin- cipal functions relate to the civil state. The prefect of the de- partment, however, fills the office of central mayor. Each ar- rondissement comprehends 4 quartiers. The following list will show the situation of each mairie, and the quartiers which come within its jurisdiction : - 1st Mairie, 9, rue d'Anjou St. Honore. Quartiers : Tuileries, Champs Elysees, Roule, Place Vendome. 2d Mairie, 2, rue Pinon. Quartiers : Palais Royal, Feydeau, Chaussee d'Antin, faubourg Montmartre. 3d Mairie, Place des Petits-Peres, near the Place des Victoires. Quartiers : faubourg Poissonniere, Montmartre, Mail, St. Eustache. 4th Mairie, 4, Place du Chevalier du Guet. Quartiers: Ranque de France, St. Honore, Louvre, des Marches. 5th Maine, 20, rue de Rondy, Quartiers: Montorgueil, Ronne Nouvelle, faubourg St. Denis, Porte St. Martin. 6th Mairie, 210, rue St. Martin. Quartiers : des Lombards, St. Martin des Champs, Porte St. Denis, Temple.

MAIRIES. - ADMINISTRATION OF THE POLICE. 55

7th Mairie, 20, rue Ste.-Croix-de-la-Bretonnerie. Quartiers : St. Avoye, des Arcis, Mont de Piete, Marche St. Jean. 8th Maine, 14, Place Royale. Quartiers j Marais, Quinze Vingts, faubourg St. Antoine, Popincourt. 9th Mairie, 25, rue Geoffroy l'Asnier. Quartiers: Hotel de Ville, Arsenal, lie St. Louis, la Cite. 10th Mairie, 7, rue de Crenelle. Quartiers: la Monnaie, St. Thomas d'Aquin, faubourg St. Germain, Invalides. 11th Maine, 10, rue Garanciere. Quartiers: Ecole de Medecine, Palais de Justice, Sorbonne, Luxembourg. 12th Maine, 2G2, rue St. Jacques. Quartiers : St. Jacques, Jardin du Roi, St. Marcel, Observatoire. - The offices of the mairies are open daily from 9 till 4; but on Sundays and holidays from 9 till 12 only. The mayors and de- puty mayors sit every day from 12 till 2.

The arrondissement of St. Denis has 37 mayors and com- munes, that of Sceaux has 43 mayors and communes.

Timbre Royal. - Bureaux for the distribution of stamped paper are established in the different quarters of Paris, besides the central office in the rue de la Paix.

Electors and Jurors. - The numbers of persons qualified to vote at the elections of Deputies, members of the council-general of the department of the Seine, and councillors of arrondisse- ments in the sub-prefectures of Sceaux and St. Denis, amount (1st January, 1844) to 20,339. Those qualified to vote at the two elections last named, but not at that for deputies, are 3127 in number; and, besides the above classes, there are 11,351 com- munal electors admitted to elect the members of municipal councils of the extra-mural communes. To the 20,339 political electors, and to the 3127 who are almost all jurors, there are to be added 410 jurors, who are not electors. The population of the department of the Seine being about 1,200,000, it follows that there is one elector for every 59 inhabitants. 1,500 jurors are chosen out of the total number for the annual assizes.

ADMINISTRATION OF THE POLICE. - Prefecture de Police, rue de Jerusalem, Quai des Orfevres. - Offices open every day from 9 till 4 o'clock. The Bureau de Surete is open night and day. The authority of the prefect extends over the whole of the department of the Seine, the districts of St. Cloud, Sevres, and Meudon, in the department of the Seine-et-Oise, and the market of Poissy, in the same department. He exercises his functions under the immediate authority of the ministers. The prefect delivers passports and permits de sejour; he represses vagrancy, mendicity, tumultuous assemblies, and prostitution ; he exer- cises control over the furnished hotels, and the distribution of gunpowder and saltpetre ; takes cognizance of the occupation of

INTRODUCTION.

workmen, etc., and causes succour to be afforded in case of fire, inundations, etc. He seizes prohibited goods, and unwholesome provisions offered for sale ; verifies weights and measures, and confiscates such as are below the standard; fixes the price of bread ; suppresses in the capital all establishments injurious to health; and superintends the supply of Paris with meat, corn, and other provisions. He exercises vigilance over hawkers ; the safety, lighting, and cleaning of the public ways; the unlading of boats upon the Seine; the baths, brokers, porters, hackney- coaches and their drivers. It likewise belongs to him to ap- prehend and bring to justice all persons accused of misdemeanors or crimes. It is reckoned that the prefect of police employs about 2000 sergens de ville and police agents of all sorts.

The Conseil de Prefecture is composed of a president ( the prefect), vice-president, secretary, and an unlimited number of councillors.

Conseil de Salubrite. - Held at the city prefecture every other Friday. It is composed of physicians, surgeons, etc., who consider upon the means of preserving the public health of the capital, the draining and cleaning of sewers, etc.

Passport Office. - At the Prefecture de Police, passports are delivered and vises from 10 to 4.

Bureau de V Inscription des Ouvriers, 13, Cour du Harlay, at the prefecture. - At this office certificates, called livrets, are delivered to workmen, without which they cannot obtain work in any shop or of any master. Their entrance into employment is certified by the commissary of police of their master's re- sidence, and their quitting it, by the commissary of the bureau de rinscription.

Bureau de Verification des Poids et Mesures, at the Ministere du Commerce. - New weights and measures are stamped at this office before they can be used in commerce; and inspectors verify every year those in use by tradesmen.

Commissaires de Police. - In each of the forty-eight quartiers of Paris resides a commissary of police, who superintends its cleanliness and lighting; takes cognizance of misdemeanors; makes the first examination of crimes and offences; delivers certificates to obtain passports upon the attestation of two householders. The commissaries are in continual communica- tion with the people, and attend to the complaints they may have to make. Their residence is known at night by a square lantern of coloured glass hung at the door.

Secours aux Noyes et Asphyxies. - Witnesses of accidents on the Seine and elsewhere are bound to afford the first aid, and

PRISONS. 57

to call the nearest physician or surgeon; or to make it known to the nearest military post or commissary of police. A reward of :>;> fr. is given to any one who gets to shore a drowning per- son, if iic he restored ; and 15 fr. if the efforts of art are fruitless. Eighty sets of apparatus are deposited upon the hanks of the Seine.

La Morgue, Marche Neuf. - This is a place in which are de- posited for three days the hodies of unknown persons who are drowned, or meet with accidental death. Thev are laid upon inclined planes, open to the inspection of the public, in order that they may he recognised by those interested in their fate Their clothes are hung up near them, as an additional means of recognition. If not claimed, they are buried at the public ex- pense. The average number of bodies exposed annually is about 300, of which five-sixths are males.

Under the authority of the prefect of police are the municipal guards, and the corps of sapeurs-pompiers, as before mentioned, as well as the following functionaries : a commissary-general jor the supply of fuel to the capital; an inspector-general of lighting and cleansing the streets; an inspector-general of the river and wharfs; a comptroller-general of the sale of firewood and charcoal; an inspector-general of the markets; a comptrol- ler-general of the Halle-aux-BIes ; an inspector-general of mineral waters; an inspector-general of steam-engines ; a com- missioner for visiting steam-vessels ; two engineers to inspect railroads, etc. Under the direction of the prefect of police officers de paix and sergents de ville ( the latter a kind of military policemen, 1800 in number, dressed in a uniform and wearing side-arms,) parade the streets during the daytime' and are stationed in all thoroughfares and places of public amuse- ment, to prevent disturbances, and to apprehend offenders During the night patrols of sergents de ville, aided by agents de surete, and a brigade of municipal guards, pass through all the streets of Paris every half hour. Municipal guards are stationed every mght in all theatres, concert-rooms, etc., and, besides this, secret agents of police, chosen from among divers classes ol society, and paid accordingly, are to be found in most public assemblies.

PRISONS. During the middle ages the prisons of Paris were as incommodious and unhealthy as those of any city in Europe Hie first amelioration took place in 1GT0; and in 1G75 Louis XIV* reduced the number of them, retaining only nine. Notwith- standing these arrangements, the prison system experienced but little improvement. At the accession of Louis XVI. to the

r,8

INTRODUCTION.

throne, Ihey were in a very bad state : labour was interdicted, and the inmates without classification. Upon the entrance of M. deMalesherbes to the administration, he ordered the lunatics, and those confined for political offences, to be separated from the criminals. The striking picture of abuses set forth by him attracted the attention of his successors; and upon M. Necker's coming into office, the amelioration of prisons was one of the first objects of his attention. The improvement was making- considerable progress when it was arrested by the Revolution. The Constituent Assembly determined to reform the system, but the execution of the project was left to the succeeding legislative body. On the 29th of September, 1791, a law was passed which established houses d'arret, of justice, and deten- tion. All other prisons'were prohibited, and mildness towards the prisoners was enjoined. The execution of the measure was scarcely begun, when the system of terror and arbitrary im- prisonment filled the prisons with those who ought to have been for ever strangers to them. The 9th Thermidor put an end to that state of things; and those who had been the victims of per- secution exclaiming against the administration of the prisons, public opinion united with them in demanding a change in the system. In 1795, in pursuance of a decree of the National Con- vention, separate prisons were appointed for the different classes of offenders, and the criminal and penal code was enacted, which fixed with greater precision the competency of the dif- ferent tribunals. The changes effected in the criminal legislation since the Revolution have necessarily produced a sensible effect in the prison regulations. The improvement of the prisons has occupied a large portion of the attention of the municipality of Paris, and of the government; and the new buildings promise to produce the most happy results, not only for the prisoners, but also for the whole community. The transport of prisoners from one depot to another is performed more rapidly and decorously, and the disgusting chaine, traversing the country slowly with felons to the hulks (galeres), is now abolished.

The prisons of Paris under the control of the civil authorities are nine in number, viz. for persons under accusation or under trial; debt; political offences and offences liable to only 1 year's imprisonment; for those condemned to death or to the hulks; juvenile criminals; and females; all of which are under the jurisdiction of the prefect of police. Besides these there is a military prison, under the jurisdiction of the minister of war. (1)

(1) In addition to the above, there are besides for the department of the Seine two houses of correction, one at St. Denis, the other for the suppression of mendicity at Villers-Cotterets.

PRISONS.

59

For permission to visit any of tlie former, application must be made by letter to M. le Prefet de Police, a la Prefecture de Police.

La Force, rue du Roi de Sicile. - This prison is composed of buildings which were formerly the hotel of the Duke de la Force, but were converted to their present destination in 1780. A new prison for prostitutes, called La Petite Force, in con- tradistinction to the other, or La Grande Force, was erected about the same period. Since the beginning of 1830 these two prisons have been united, and the whole appropriated to the confinement of male persons committed for trial. Being situated in a low and crowded part of the town, and the buildings being both old and inconvenient, it has been decided that the whole establishment shall be removed to the new cellular prison build- ing in the faubourg St. Antoine: this prison will contain 1200 separate cells. The prisoners are divided into separate classes; the hardened thieves, who are old offenders, form one; men committed for acts of violence, another; old men above GO years of age are placed by themselves, and so are boys under 18 years of age; the other prisoners form two classes, those supposed to be the best disposed being kept by themselves. The prisoners sleep in large dormitories, which are comparatively clean and well ventilated ; the dormitory of the boys is divided by strong partitions into small chambers, each containing a single bed, and in their ward a workshop is established. The other prisoners may work if they please; but as they are not as yet condemned, their labour is quite voluntary. An infirmary, bathing-room, parloir, and cantine are attached to the prison, as well as an advocates' room, in which prisoners can confer with their legal defenders. Each class has a yard for exercise. The sanitary regulations of this prison are very excellent, and are attended with the best results. The number of prisoners varies from GOO to 700, and the annual movement of the population of the prison nearly 10,000. On account of the increased number of prisoners, the chapel has been lately converted into dormitories.

Prison for Dertors, rue de Clichy. - This prison is of plain construction, airy and well situated ; it holds from 300 to 400 per- sons, and is to receive further augmentations.

Ste. Pelagie, rue de la Clef. - This prison was formerly a convent of nuns, which was suppressed at the Revolution. After that period it was converted into a prison for debtors. It lias only lately been appropriated to persons condemned to im- prisonment for not more than a year, and to political offenders, either committed for trial, or sentenced to short terms of con- finement. The internal arrangement of the prison has therefore

00 INTRODUCTION.

become entirely changed, and much improved. Political offend- ers are kept apart from the rest, and are at liberty to occupy themselves as they please. About .r)50 persons are generally confined here. The buildings are large and airy ; as it contains political prisoners, the military discipline observed within, and in the immediate neighbourhood of, this prison is exceedingly severe. Persons condemned to forced labour are removed first to the Nouvcau Bicetre, rue de la Roquette, and thence to the various Bagnes, or hulks, at the sea-ports.

St. Lazare, 117, rue du Faubourg St. Denis. - This was the ancient convent of the Lazarists; but it is now converted into a general prison for females committed for trial, or condemned to imprisonment for terms not exceeding one year. The Maison Centrals to which they are sent for longer periods is at Cler- mont. This prison is divided into three sections, altogether distinct from each other: the first contains, 1, criminals com- mitted for trial; 2, those who are undergoing a sentence of im- prisonment. The second section is devoted to prostitutes con- demned to short imprisonment for offences against sanitary or other regulations of the police, and those confined in the in- firmary or the prison. Children under 1G years of age occupy the third section, and are kept by themselves. Each class has its separate infirmary, and to all are attached workshops, in which the prisoners are obliged to labour at different trades. The distribution and internal regulation of tins prison are very good, and every encouragement is given to the prisoners who show a disposition of amendment. To this end they are allowed out of their earnings two-thirds, and their daily gain may amount to 1 fr. or lj fr. All sorts of manufactures are carried on here; the preparation of hooks and eyes, of cashmere yarn, and of phosphorus-boxes, being the chief. To this prison is also attached the general bakehouse of all the prisons, as well as the general laundry and linen-depot. A large chapel stands in the middle of the prison, and the women confined here attend service in it every Sunday. The number of females of all descriptions confined here is from 5)00 to 1,100, and the an- nual movement of the population of the prison is about 10,000. The interior service of this prison, as indeed of all institutions wherein females are detained or confined in the capital, is now confided to the Sceurs de Charite. No other attendants are permitted in the interior.

Depot de Condamnes, rue de la Roquette. - This prison is allotted to the reception of prisoners condemned either to forced labour in the Bagnes or to death. 11 consists of a pile of building

PRISONS.

61

surrounding a large quadrangular court 180 ft, by 150 11., three storeys high; the lower of which is occupied by workshops, etc., the two upper by the prisoners' cells. The greater part of the western side is allotted to the lodgings of the director, and other officers, the general linen store, etc. In this side, loo, is the entrance, the porter's lodge, corps-de-garde, etc. A small court, added to the eastern side, is surrounded by the chapel and in- firmary. At the same time that this prison is light, airy, and healthy, it is one of the strongest houses of confinement ever erected. A double court surrounds the whole, in which surveil- lans and sentinels constantly keep guard : the walls and iron fastenings are all of extraordinary solidity : each prisoner has a separate room, in which he is fastened at night ; and there are cachots, or dark chambers, for refractory prisoners, as well as three condemned cells for prisoners under sentence of death. The average number of prisoners is 400. A fountain in the middle of the great court gives a constant supply of water, and every means is adopted for the cleanliness and health of the prisoners. The chapel is large and commodious, and service is performed in it every Sunday. This house, both for the style of its architec- ture and the excellent judgment that dictated its distribution, may be looked upon as a model for all others of the kind : the inspection of the prisoners is carefully attended to, and every improvement that humanity could suggest has been adopted. It was designed by M. Gau, built in the short space of 18 months, and cost 1,245,000 fr.

Maison Centrale d'EducatiOxN Correctionnelle, rue de la Roquette. - This prison, which stands immediately opposite the last-named one, has the air more of a feudal caslle than of a house of detention. It was planned by M. Lebas. 11 consists of a re- gularly hexagonal pile of building, with circular turrets at the angles, from each of which piles of building converge to a circular one in the centre. Six courts are thus inclosed, ail of which are built on precisely the same model. The central building, which is perfectly isolated from all others, and is ap- proached only by iron bridges, contains, below the level of the soil, in a large circular area, the kitchens : above these, on the ground floor, is the general parloir, so contrived that the pri- soners of each section are kept by themselves, and that a guar- dian is always placed in a corridor between them and their visitors. Above the parloir is the chapel, forming the whole of the upper part of the building; this is so contrived that the pri- soners of each division enter it separately, and, when once in, can see nothing in it but the altar and themselves. Each court

G

62

INTRODUCTION.

contains on the ground floor 2 workshops; while the three upper storeys contain 95 separate chambers, each 1{ ft. square by ft. high, with a window looking into the court, and a door opening into a corridor. The court contains a fountain in the middle, planted round with trees. The prisoners are divided according to age and size, and as much as possible according to their morality. Those of one court can never have any intercourse with those of another, except in the ateliers, and the strictest surveillance is maintained over the prisoners night and day. On the eastern side of the prison are the director's house, and other apartments for officers connected with the house : on the western is the infirmary, and a large well with a wheel attached to it, worked like a treadmill by some of the more robust prisoners. This supplies water to the whole of tiiis as well as the opposite prison. A school of mutual instruction is established in the prison. The average number of prisoners is 400. A subsidiary prison for young offenders, previous to trial, is that of the Made- lonettes, rue des Fontaines, but is not particularly worthy of notice.

Depot de la Prefecture de Police. - The prison adjoining the Prefecture was built in 1828, at an expense of 300,000 fr. It is a place of temporary confinement, where persons arrested are detained till examination takes place. It is divided into two parts: the Salle St. Martin is for those who can afford to pay for lodgings and accommodations. A building three storeys in height serves, on the first floor, for the detention of prostitutes ; on the second for those accused of crime ; and on the third for those arrested for minor offences.

The Gonciergerie, in the Palais de Justice, is used as a depot for prisoners during their trial, and sometimes for notorious offenders before their committal. It is suited to the purpose from its proximity to the courts of justice. For the historical associations connected with this prison, and a description of the building itself, the reader is referred to the 9th Arrondissement.

Prison de l'Abbaye. - This was formerly a house of detention within the jurisdiction of the Abbaye of St. Germain des Pres, in the immediate neighbourhood of which it stands. It contains several dungeons below the ground, and is the most gloomy of all the places of confinement in Paris. The horrors which took place here during the Revolution are too well known to need further allusion. This prison now serves as a house of arrest for military offences : the house of detention is fixed in the Chateau of St. Germain. For permission to visit this prison application must be made to the Minister of War, but on account of the

LAWS AFFECTING BRITISH RESIDENTS.

63

strictness of military discipline great difficulty may be expected in obtaining it.

Connected with the prisons are the two following benevolent institutions : -

Societe de Patronage des Jeunes Liberes de la Seine. - This excellent institution, founded in 1833, is intended for the ma- nagement of young prisoners while in confinement, and for watching their conduct after the expiration of their punish- ment. Each member has one or more young prisoners under his own especial care, and whose patron he is. The most gratifying effects have already resulted from the efforts of this society, which is also assisted by government. The conduct of the prisoners is greatly improved, and the number of cases of recommittal diminished from GO to 10 percent. The government allows the society 60 centimes per day for 3 years for each prisoner taken under its charge; being the same allowance as that given to a colony at Mettray, near Tours, foryoung offenders sent thither from prison and employed in mechanical and agri- cultural work. An annual meeting for the distribution of prizes for good conduct, etc., is held at the Hotel de Villa, and a report oflhe proceedings is published every year. M. Berenger, peer of France, is president of the society. The secretary's office is at No. 3, rue Furstemberg.

The other association, formed for a similar benevolent purpose, is called La Societe de Patronage pour les Jeunes Filles liberees etdelaissees. The president is M. de Lamartine, No. 82, rue de l'Universite.

LAWS OF FRANCE AFFECTING BRITISH RESIDENTS. - The following is entirely extracted from the valuable work of M. Okey on this subject - a book that ought to be in the library of every person domiciliated in France. We have merely abridged a few of the more important subjects, and refer the reader for fuller information to the work itself.

Births. - The French law requires that every birth be declared to the mayor of the commune, or arrondissement in Paris, within three days after it takes place ; and that the child be pro- duced to the officer who registers the acte de naissance. The father, or, in his absence, the midwife, or medical man who attended at the birth, must make the declaration. The acte must be drawn up immediately after the birth, in the presence of two witnesses, and this is one of the few cases in which women may be good witnesses, as it may happen that they only have knowledge of the birth. It must state the day, hour, and place of birth; the sex, christian and surnames of the child, and the

u

INTRODUCTION,

names of the parents and witnesses, with their profession and domicile. This acte is usually drawn up at the mairie. Parties not complying with these formalities are subject to fine and im- prisonment. An authentic extract from the mayor's register is valid, as a proof of birth, inEngland. Children born of foreigners are foreigners; hut, when of age, they can claim the rights of French citizens.

Marriages. - A marriage between two British subjects in a foreign country is valid in England in the two following cases : either when the marriage has been solemnised in the British ambassador's house or chapel by a minister of the church of England, or when the parties have married in the form esta- blished in the foreign country. For a marriage at the Paris embassy, one of the parties is required to make affidavit before the consul that they are of age, etc. But a marriage even between British subjects is not binding in France unless it be celebrated according to the French forms. The formalities required by the French law consist of publication by the mayor, declaration of consent of natural or legal guardians, proof of legal age, testi- mony of witnesses, etc., all of which may be learnt on applica- tion at the mairie, or from the Code Civil. Other modifications of the laws of marriage will be found in the work of Mr. Okey. According to the laws both of France and England, the wife, if previously belonging to another country, becomes, on mar- riage, a citizen of the same country as her husband; but an Englishwoman, married to a Frenchman, does not lose all her English rights. The law of settlements, in the case of a marriage between parties of different countries, is open to great difficulty, and a lawyer's advice is absolutely necessary in such cases. A settlement of English property effected in France in the English form will be binding inEngland; but to be valid in France, it must be made before a French notary previous to the marriage. The law of France does not take cognizance of our law of divorce.

Deaths. - In case of death, a declaration thereof should im- mediately be made at the mairie by the relatives or friends of the deceased, or by the person at whose house the death took place. The body is then visited by a physician appointed by the mayor to ascertain the causes of dissolution, and cannot be interred without authorisation from him, nor until 24 hours after the decease, except in cases otherwise provided for by the regulations of the police. In case a deceased person leaves personal property, seals are affixed thereon by the juge de paix, till the heirs or legatees can establish their claims, in order that Hie effects may not be exposed to depredation; and in the

LAWS AFFECTING BRITISH RESIDENTS.

absence of the parties interested, the seals remain unbroken till they can take possession in person or by proxy. The affixing of seals may be required by the heir or representatives of the deceased, by any person interested in the property, by creditors, servants, etc. With regard to foreigners, the juge de paix pro- ceeds to this formality of his own accord, as soon as intelligence of a death reaches him. The seals cannot be removed under three days from the time of their being affixed, or from the day of the burial, and only by the juge de paix on a formal demand.

Wills. - (The subject of wills is one of much importance, and it is desirable to have recourse to professional assistance in the drawing up of such documents.) Wills disposing of real property in England must, whether made there or abroad, be in writing, signed by the testator, or by another person in his presence by his direction, and attested in his presence by two witnesses. The same form is necessary for a will of personal property, wherever situated, if the testator has an English do- micile. A will made in a foreign country, disposing of goods in England, must be proved in England. If the will is in a foreign language, the probate is granted of a translation by a notary public. Great inconvenience is experienced where an executor is not appointed to a foreign will. According to the laws of France, a>vill may be olographic, made by public act, or in the secret form: - An olographic will should be written throughout, dated, and signed by the testator. A single word in the hand of another person would render it null and void. The will by public act is received by two notaries in the presence of two witnesses, or by one notary in the presence of four witnesses ; in both cases it must be read over to the testator in the presence of the witnesses; and mention must be made in the will of all these circumstances. If the will be dictated in a particular cr provincial idiom, the notary will write it in correct language. The will must be signed by the testator, or, if he cannot write, express mention must be made in the will of his declaration to that effect. The will must be signed by the witnesses. When a testator makes a mystic or secret will, he must sign it, whether he has written it himself or caused it to be written by another. The paper containing it must be sealed. The testator must pre- sent it thus sealed to the notary, and six witnesses, at least, or cause it to be closed and sealed in their presence, and must declare that the contents of such deed are his will, written and signed by himself, or written by another, and signed by himself. The notary thereon draws up the superscription, which must be written on the paper, or on the sheet which serves as a cover,

66

INTRODUCTION.

and this must he signed, as well by the testator as by the notary and the witnesses. Persons who cannot read are not allowed to dispose of their property by a mystic or secret will. In case a testator cannot speak, but is able to write, he may make a mystic will, provided it is throughout written, dated, and signed by himself; and at the time of delivering it to the notary in the presence of witnesses, he writes at the top of the superscription that the deed which he delivers is his will. An English subject dying in France, but not domiciled there, may dispose of his property in England according to the English law : but all real property in France, though possessed by an English subject, follows the French law of succession. By the law of France, a testator, leaving at his decease one legitimate child, may dispose of not more than half of his property; if two children, of the third part; if there are more than two children, a fourth part only will be at his disposal. Under the title of children are in- cluded their descendants, in whatever degree, claiming in right of the child from whom they descend. Upon the failure of legi- timate heirs, the property passes to the surviving parent.

Civil Rights. - All persons residing in France are subject to the police laws, and are bound to observe every regulation con- nected with the public safety. An important difference is to be remarked between residence and domicile. A foreigner resident in France enjoys the same civil rights as are or may be granted to Frenchmen by the treaties with the nation to which such fo- reigner belongs ; with this important addition in his favour, that by a liberal provision of the French law he enjoys the right of succession in France, although it may not be granted to French citizens in his own country. He cannot, however, establish his domicile in France without the King's express permission; this being obtained, he is then admitted to the participation and en- joyment of all the civil, though not of the political, rights of French subjects. A foreigner merely resident in France still continues subject to the laws of his own country, and his children are also foreigners, until they have complied with the law relative to the denization of children born of foreigners in France. A foreigner, after 10 years' domiciliation in France, may, on compliance with certain forms, become naturalized, by an ordonnance du roi. Letters of naturalization may be granted to foreigners, who have rendered essential service to the state, at the end of one year.

Arrest. - "By the French law, a foreigner not domiciled in France may, when a debt has become due, be arrested on a judge's order provisionally, and before payment of the debt has

LAWS AFFECTING BRITISH RESIDENTS. 67

been adjudged by the Tribunal 5 but it has been held that a French- man must be, in such cases, the original creditor, and not one who has become so by the assignment of a debt contracted by one foreigner with another; except in case of circulating secu- rities, as bills." No foreigner in France, although admitted to the enjoyment of civil rights, can arrest another foreigner for debt. Arrest of foreigners must not be for less than 150 fr. ; nor can it be made against foreigners domiciled in the country, unless by virtue of a judgment; and persons of 70 years of age are not liable to be arrested. Women are not liable to arrest for civil debts. Arrest neither prevents nor suspends proceedings and execution against the goods of the debtor. Arrest must not take place before sunrise nor after sunset; nor on fete days; nor in buildings dedicated to divine worship ; nor at the seat of consti- tuted authorities; nor in any house whatever, even in the domi- cile of the debtor, if entrance is refused, unless authorised by the Juge de Paix, who must in such case accompany the officer. The prisoner may demand to be taken to the President of the Tribunal de Premiere Instance, who will decide as an arbitrator.

Imprisonment for Debt. - The keeper of the prison, on receiv- ing the prisoner, must enter in the prison-book, or register, the judgment which authorises the arrest. This must be written in a certain prescribed form, and must also certify the deposit of at least one month's prison allowance by the creditor, who must always make this deposit beforehand. A debtor may obtain his liberation by the consent of the creditor, and of all who have lodged detainers against him, given before a notary, or entered on the register of the prison ; by the payment, when the debt is not commercial, of a third of the amount and costs, and giving for the remainder a surety accepted by the creditor, or approved by the Court; by the default of the creditor to deposit one month's prison allowance, fixed at 30 fr.; and by the pri- soner having entered his 70th year. Whether the principal debt be of a commercial or a civil nature, imprisonment of a fo- reigner, in all cases, ceases after 2 years, if it does not amount to 500 fr. ; after 4 years, when below 1,000 fr. ; after 6 years, when below 3,000 fr. ; after 8 years, when below 5,000 fr. ; after 10 years, when above 5,000 fr. and upwards. In case of non- payment of prison-allowance, the debtor is entitled to an order of the court for his release, provided he apply before the mo- ney is paid ; and he cannot again be arrested by the creditor, ex- cept on payment of all costs incurred by the former in obtaining his liberation, with a deposit of 6 months' allowance in advance, in the hands of the prison-keeper.

Acts. - In drawing up civil documents, the French law re-

68

INTRODUCTION.

quires that the year, day, and hour of the arte be mentioned, together with the christian names, surnames, ages, professions, and domiciles of all persons concerned in them. No abbrevia- tion may be used, nor date inserted in figures.

Ambassadors, Consuls, etc. - By the law of nations, the hotel of an ambassador is considered as forming part of the territory of the nation which he represents. This privilege, however, does not invalidate the right of a child of a foreigner, born within the precincts of the hotel, to become a French subject on its coming of age. The person of the ambassador is free from arrest or any civil process, and so are his servants, secretaries, etc. ; but the same privilege does not apply to the person of a consul. The duties of a consul are very extensive : he has to watch over the commercial interests of his nation ; to protect his countrymen who may be in distress, and in some cases to exercise judicial authority over them. Those resident in sea- ports are bound to see that no vessel under their flag sails with- out all due claims being previously settled. In Paris the consular department is added to that of the embassy, and the office is in the same hotel.

Bills of Exchange. - By the law of France all endorsements upon bills of exchange, etc., are required to be special. Unless a bill of exchange is payable to order it cannot be negotiated. The holder of a bill of exchange protested for non-payment may, upon procuring the order of a judge, distrain the goods and chattels of the drawer, the acceptor, and the indorsers ; which, when so taken, are deposited in the hands of justice to answer the amount of the debt. Actions upon bills of exchange are limited to 5 years from the date of the protest, or from the last legal proceedings upon it. It is right to observe, that dif- ferent and frequently contradictory opinions have been held by judges respecting the interpretation of the act of 1832, and of certain clauses of the code regarding bills of exchange, and all questions concerning "debt."

Witnesses to the execution of notarial instruments, according to French law, must be men, natives, 21 years of age, and having civil rights ; but in case of a will made by public arte, they must furthermore be neither legatees, nor relatives or con- nections, even to the fourth degree inclusively, nor even the clerks of the notaries by whom the arte is drawn up. A fo- reigner in France may be a good witness to a civil arte.

Duels. - It has been decided by the tribunals that, an indivi- dual having killed his adversary, an action may be maintained against him by the widow and orphans for damages.

Copyright. - The French law gives to the authors of works of

LAWS AFFECTING BRITISH RESIDENTS. ' . 69

literature, and to composers, painters, engravers, etc., the sole property and disposal of their works, during their own lives; to their widows for life, if entitled to it under the marriage-con- tract; to the children of the author for 20 years from his de- cease, or from the decease of the survivor of him and his widow, if the latter takes a life-interest; to the author's other heirs or assignees (if he leaves no children) for 10 years from his decease. The copyright is possessed hy dramatic authors during life, and by their families or heirs for 5 years after. The importation into France of works originating there, and pirated in a foreign coun- try, is a misdemeanour. Authors, whether natives or foreigners, may dispose of their property to another person, who then be- comes entitled to the same rights.

Port d'Armes. - Permission to carry arms may be obtained at any prefecture, but must receive a vise at each change of de- partment. It is not transferable; it costs 15 fr., and is valid for only 1 year. The sportsman should always carry it about him, since any authorised guard may always demand to see it; and, if not produced, a summons before a tribunal may be made, which will be attended with expense. Sporting must not be on an- other's property without leave, and on no uninclosed property out of the season, the duration of which is generally from 1st Sept. to 1st March.

Fishing. - Every person is allowed to fish with the line only, the spawning-season excepted, in all rivers, canals, and navi- gable streams belonging to government, and in all dependencies of such streams, etc., where a fishing boat can pass. Every per- son fishing in private waters, without permission from the owner of the right of the fishery, is liable to a fine of from 20 fr. to 100 fr., besides damages.

National Guard. - Foreigners having acquired civil rights are liable to serve in the national guard ; but in that case only.

Carriers. - The proprietors of public carriages are liable in France for the full value of objects entrusted to their care and lost, although the value of them may not have been declared. This does not apply to the luggage of a passenger, if given to the conducteur of a vehicle, without having been previously entered on the way-bill.

Innkeepers and masters of hotels, in France, are responsible for the property brought into their house by a traveller, and for all robberies committed by servants or strangers, except in the case of an armed or superior force, or where the property, being of a very considerable value, was not shown to them or the existence of it mentioned when the traveller came to

70 - INTRODUCTION.

the hotel, especially if any negligence as to loeking-up, etc., can he shown against the owner. Their responsihility holds good even if the traveller leaves the key in the lock of his door during the night, because he has a right to count upon the same security as if he were in his own house; but not so if he leaves the key in during the day, because that is held to be an act of imprudence. Innkeepers and persons letting fur- nished lodgings may detain the effects of a lodger in case of non-payment, except the clothes actually in use ; they cannot, however, touch the goods of a deceased or departed guest, but must obtain the authority of the Tribunal de Premiere In- stance to sell a portion of it, in order to satisfy their claim.

Servants, if hired by the day, are paid accordingly, and dis- missed at pleasure; those hired by the year are paid by the calendar month, and are entitled to eight days' warning, or wages on being dismissed, but must, if required, serve the eight days. When the servant gives warning, or demands to be dismissed, the eight days are not payable unless the master re- quires the service of the party during that period. The contract for hiring is not binding upon the servant until money has been received as an earnest. The master is in all cases believed on affirmation as to the amount and payment of wages.

Apartments. - An apartment, hotel, house, or shop, may be rented in France either verbally or by writing. Leases are either executed before notaries or privately; they must be written on stamped paper, and care should be taken to observe all the formalities required by the law for actes. The rent is always payable at the end of each quarter or terme; the quarter-days being in reality on the first day of January, April, July, and October; but in all cases 14 days' grace are allowed when the rent exceeds 400 fr. per annum, and 8 days when under that sum. Foreigners in France are generally required to pay the month or terme in advance. The lessee, on quitting the pre- mises, should return all keys, as a sign that tenancy is at an end, before the pay-day of the terme; the repairs requisite must have been completed, the rent paid, and proof of due payment of taxes having been made must be given. Any opposition on either side is noticeable by a juge de paix. A lessee may underlet or assign his lease, if there is no provision in it to the contrary; but he is responsible for the conduct of his tenant, and for his own rent as principal tenant to the proprietor. The assignee, or under-tenant, is not liable to the original lessor beyond the amount of rent due by the under-lease or assignment; but he cannot set up payment of rent made by anticipation to his own

LAWS AFFECTING BRITISH RESIDENTS.

71

landlord as a bar to a legal claim by the original lessor. A lessee who does not put upon the premises sufficient furniture or moveables to answer the amount of the rent may be ejected, unless he gives additional sufficient security. When a plan of the premises, or an inventory of their fittings, has been made by the contracting parties, the lessee is bound to restore every thing as he found it, excepting what may have perished or be- come damaged by time and fortuitous events. With this excep- tion, the lessee may alter the premises as much as he pleases. If no plan or inventory has been made, the tenant is bound to give up possession of them in good condition. The lessee is liable for the damage in the case of fire, unless he can prove that it was communicated from a neighbouring house, or happened by accident, or by faulty construction of the premises he occupies. If during a lease repairs become absolutely necessary, the lessee is bound to suffer them; but if they last more than 40 days, the rent is diminishable in consequence. The cleansing of wells and sewers is at the expense of the lessor, if there is no provision in the lease to the contrary. In taking an apartment, as soon as the bargain is made with the proprietor, it is usual to give a trifle as earnest-money to the porter. Notice of quittal must be given 6 weeks, at least, beforehand, when the annual rent is under 400 fr., and a quarter when it is above that sum. As soon as no- tice is given, the tenant cannot refuse at a seasonable hour to show the apartments.

FORM OF A LEASE.

Je , proprietaire (or) principal Iocataire de - - maison, la louc a

M. , (or) a Madame , (or) loue a M. , (or) a Madame ,

boutique, appartement, chamhre, au- - etage, dans ladite mai- son (describing them accurately), pour annees, qui commenceront

a courirce jourd'hui (or the day), pour prix (the amount), payable a

(the lime of payment), el sous toutes les obligations imposees aux lo- cataires et reglees par le code civil.

Et moi (the lessee^ prends la presente location commeetainsi qu'elle

est ci-dessus stipulee. Fait double enlre nous, a , le mil huit

cent quarante - . (The signatures.)

RECEIPT FOR RENT.

Je soussigne, proprietaire de maison, sise rue , No. - - , (or)

principal Iocataire, (or) fonde de la procuration de M. , proprietaire

de maison situee, etc, ladite procuration on date du , dument

I enregistree, reconnais avoir recu de M . , Iocataire de appartement

- au etage, (or) d'une boutique, de ladite maison, la somme de

pour trois (or) pour six mois (or) pour un an, des loyers dudit apparle-

INTRODUCTION.

ment par lui occupe, echus le , et la somine de pour sa contribu- tion de portes et fonetres ; dont quittance, sans prejudice du terme cou- rant (or) de l'annee courante (or) pour solde du dernier terme de loyer dudit M. .

A Paris, ce mil huit cent quarante - . (The signature.)

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY.

INST1TUT DE FRANCE. - The National Convention, by a decree of 1793, abolished all the literary and scientific societies, denominated academies, established during the reigns of Louis XIII. and Louis XIV.; and the arts and sciences seemed condemned to oblivion. After the fall of Robespierre, however, the Convention, upon the proposition of the Abbe Gregoire, ap- pointed a committee for the preservation of the monuments of France; ordained the creation of the Polytechnic and Normal schools, the opening of the colleges, and founded the Conserva- toire de Musique, the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, etc. By a decree of October 26th, 1795 (3 Brumaire, an IV.), the Con- vention founded the Institute to replace the former academies, and the Directory appointed a certain number of members, who in their turn invited to join them such persons as they consi- dered worthy. The Institute was originally divided into three classes: the first, of physical and mathematical sciences; the second, of moral and political sciences; and the third, of litera- ture and the line arts. Bonaparte, who was elected a member of the mathematical section of the Institute, on the 26th of De- cember, 1797, having become Consul, divided the Institute into four classes, in 1803 : the first comprehended the physical and mathematical sciences; the second had for its object the French language and literature ; the third, ancient history and literature; and the fourth, the line arts. Upon the Restoration, Louis XVIII. issued an ordonnance, dated March 21, 1816, by which, for the four classes of the Institute, four academies were substituted : Viz. 1, the Academic Francaise; 2. the Academic Royale des In- scriptions et Belles-Lettves; 3. the Academie Royale des Sciences; 4. the Academic Royale des Beaux-Arts, and some of the most celebrated members being dismissed, others were substituted by royal nomination, and the academies were taken under the special protection of the king. In 1832, a fifth Academie, under

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS .

73

the name of Academie des Sciences Morales el Politiques, was refounded. The funds common to all the academies arc managed by a committee of 10 members, two from each academy, pre- sided by the Minister of Public Instruction. The nominations to vacant places are balloted for in each academy, subject to the approval of the king. The members of one academy are eligible to all the others, and in the proceedings and discussions in which they can take part. Each receives a salary of 1500 fr. Every time a member attends, he receives a counter to denote that he was present; were he not to attend during the year he is ex- posed to a pecuniary mulct, and, if he do not give satisfactory reasons for frequent absence, he is liable to expulsion. Each academy has its special rules and funds at its own disposal, and the library, collections, etc., are common to the live academies. The Institute comprises 217 members, besides 7 secretaries, 43 free academicians, who receive no salary, 33 associates, and 220 correspondents.

The Academic Frangaise consists of 40 members; this section is specially charged with the composition of the Dictionary, and the extension and purification of the language. It adjudges an annual prize of 2000 fr. for poetry or eloquence, besides two annual prizes founded by M. Monty on, one for the work most useful to public morals, and another for some distinguished act of virtue displayed by one of the lower classes of society ; it likewise awards a prize each year given by M. Gobert, of 10,000 fr. for the most eloquent work on French history, and accords a gratuity of 1,500 fr. every alternate year, the gift of Count Maille de la Tourlanclerie, to some deserving but indigent young man of letters. This academy meets every Thursday, at 3 o'clock.

The Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres is also com- posed of 40 members, and 10 free academicians, besides foreign associates and correspondents. The learned languages, anti- quities, and monuments, are the objects of their researches and labours. Their attention is particularly directed to the transla- Uon of Greek, Latin, and Oriental works into the French lan- guage, and to the formation of archaeological collections. (1)

(l) This Academy publishes - 1. SesMcmoires, 4to, more than 65 vols.;

2. Les Memoircs qui lui sont presentes par divers savants, 4to, i vol. ;

3. Les Notices des Manuscrits, 4to, i6 vols.; 4. Les Memoires sur les Antlquites de la France, 4lo, l vol ; 5. L'Histoire litteraire de la France, 4to, 21 vols.; 6. Collection des Histoires de France, folio, 20 vols.; 7. Les Histoircs des Croisades, Orientaux, Grecs ct Latins, folio, 3 vols ; S. Les Ordonnances des Rois de France, 20 vols. ; 9. Les Charles et Documents

7

74

INTRODUCTION.

This academy adjudges an annual prize of 2000 fi\ for memoirs, another annually, called the Gobert prize, of 10,000 fr., for the most profound work on French history, and one for medals founded by M. Hauteroche. The weekly meetings of this aca- demy are held every Friday, at 3 o'clock.

The Academic des Sciences contains G5 members ( including the two secretaries), 10 free academicians, and 8 foreign associates, besides correspondents. It is divided into 11 sections, as follows : - geometry, 6 members ; mechanics, G ; astronomy, G ; geography and navigation, 3 ; general philosophy, 6 ; chemistry, 6 ; minera- logy, 6 ; botany, G ; rural economy and the veterinary art, G ; anatomy and zoology, 6; medicine and surgery, G. The annual prizes adjudged by this academy are 1 of 3,000 fr. for physical sciences ; 1 for statistics ; 1 for experimental physiology ; and 1 for mechanics. It also adjudges prizes for improvements in medicine and surgery ; for discoveries relative to the treatment of patients ; for the means of rendering any art or trade less insalubrious j for works or discoveries published in the course of the year upon objects of utility; and one by M. Delalande for the principal astronomical discovery or observation. To these have lately been added a yearly prize of 2,000 fr. for the advancement of mathematical science one year, and that of the physical sciences the next, alternately ; also a yearly prize, founded by the widow of M. de la Place, the astronomer, to the most meritorious pupil of the year in the Ecole Poly technique. (1) Weekly meeting every Monday, at 3 o'clock.

The Academic des Beaux-Arts is composed of 41 members, including the perpetual secretary, and 10 free academicians, besides associates. It is divided into live sections, viz.: - paint- ing, 14 members; sculpture, 8; architecture, 8; engraving, 4; musical composition, G. It also distributes annual prizes for the best works of students in the arts, and those who are suc- cessful are sent to the French academy at Rome, and are edu- cated there at the expense of the state. Weekly meeting every Saturday at 3 o'clock.

The Academic des Sciences Morales et Politiques, restored by an ordonnance of the King (2Gth October, 1832), is composed of 30 academicians, divided into 5 sections : - philosophy ; moral philosophy; legislation, public right, and jurisprudence; politi-

rclalifs a l'Histoire de France, et les Lellres des Rois de France, folio, 2 vols; 10. Le Catalogue des Chartcs, folio, 4 vols.

(l) This Academy publishes - t. Les Proees- Verbaux de ses Seances, 4to, every Monday; 2. Le llecueil de ses Memoires ; 3. Un Recucil de Memoires prcsenles par divers savants.

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS

75

oal economy and statistics; history and the philosophy of his- tory. At least one annual prize is given. This academy has 5 free academicians and also 5 foreign associates, among whom are Lord Brougham, Mr. Hallam, and Mr. M'Culloch. Weekly meeting every Saturday at 3 o'clock.

A perpetual secretary is attached to each academy, except to that of sciences, which has two. Each academy, besides its weekly meeting, holds a public annual sitting. The united an- nual meeting of the five academies takes place on the 1st of May. On public occasions the members of the Institute wear a costume of black, embroidered with olive leaves in green silk.

BUREAU DES LONGITUDES. - This society, formed in 1795, for the discovery of methods for the more accurate determi- nation of longitudes at sea, and for the improvement of navi- gation by means of astronomical observations, holds its meet- ings at the Observatory. It is composed of 3 mathematicians, 4 astronomers, 3 adjunct astronomers, 2 navigators, 1 geo- grapher, and 2 instrument-makers. It has at its disposal the Paris Observatory (where its members meet), and all the astro- nomical instruments belonging to government. It corresponds with the other observatories of France, and with those of foreign countries ; and suggests to the government where it is desirable to establish others. The bureau is charged to draw up a work called Connaissance des Temps, or account of the motion of the celestial bodies, for the use of astronomers and navigators, and to publish it several years beforehand. It re- vises and corrects the astronomical tables and methods of lon- gitudes, and devotes its attention to the publication of astro- nomical and meteorological observations. One of the members delivers annually, at the Observatory, a public course of lec- tures on astronomy. The bureau publishes every year the An- nuaire da Bureau des Longitudes, which it presents to the king, with the Connaissance des Temps.

ACADEM1E ROYAL E DE MEDEGINE. - Previous to the Re- volution, there was an Academy of Medicine and another of Surgery. The former was created in 1770, and the latter in 1731. Upon the formation of the Institute, the Medical Aca- demy was annexed to the class of the sciences. By an ordon- nance of December 20th, 1820, the Academy was restored. The object of its institution is to reply to inquiries of the govern- ment relative to everything that concerns the public health. It was definitively organized by royal ordonnances in 1829 and in 1835; and consists of 139 resident members, 14 free mem- bers, 25 country members, and 19 foreign associates. The

iU INTRODUCTION.

number of its correspondents is unlimited. IV Academy holds pub ic sittings every Tuesday, at 3 o'clock, at 8, rue de Poitiers, faubourg St. Germain.

UNIVERSITY OF FRANCE. - The large and flourishing Uni- versity of Paris was founded, it is said, by Charlemagne; its early celebrity, and the important part which it bore in the history not only of Paris, but also of France, are well known, l lie number of universities in France, at the commencement ol the Revolution, was 10 or 12, independent of the various co eges and schools founded by different religious orders; but at that period the whole were dissolved. After various attempts to supply their place by the establishment of primary, secon- dary and central schools in the departments, government adopted a plan of public education entirely new. For the courts ltJiU, ,Ce,iWhidl had seeded to the ancient Parlements established in various parts of France, 25 courts of appeal were created m the principal towns, and the whole Ordre Judiciaire was made subordinate to a grand judge, Minister of Justice, m like manner, one imperial university, consisting of as many academies as there were courts of appeal, was established for all * ranee, under the direction of a council and a grand master i pon the restoration in 1814, Louis XVIII. abolished the office oi grand judge, but retained the courts of appeal, now called tours Royales; and at the same time did away with the council ana grand master of the university, but kept up the academies, ine council was afterwards re-established under the title of tonsPAl Royale de V Instruct ion Public, and placed under the authority of the Minister of the Interior; and in 1822, the office oi grand master, who is also Minister of Public Instruction was restored. The council consists of 9 members, including the secretary. There are also 22 inspectors-general of studies. An academy in France therefore includes, in general, every esta- )iishment for education; and none whatever can be created without the permission of the Royal Council of Public Instruc- Tf £h? Univewi*y is composed as follows les Facultes; ~. les Colleges Royaux et les Colleges Communaux; 3. les In- stitutions et Pensions; 4. les Ecoles Primaires. The University possesses a library, which is placed at the Sorbonne, and has teachers11 granting l)ensions 10 superannuated and infirm

ThE Academy of Paris consists of 5 faculties-Sconces, Letters Iheology, laiv, and Medicine. The 3 first faculties are established at the Sorbonne, and comprise the following protessorships -. - Sciences: physical astronomy, differential and

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

77

integral calculus, algebra, mechanics, descriptive geometry, chemistry, mineralogy, botany, zoology, and comparative phy- siology, with 8 supplementary professorships. - Letters : Greek literature, Latin eloquence, Latin poetry, French eloquence, French literature and poetry, philosophy, history of ancient philosophy, history of modern philosophy, ancient history, modern history, geography, foreign literature, besides 7 supple- mentary professorships. - Theology : dogmatic theology, mora- lity, sacred scriptures, ecclesiastical history and government, sacred eloquence, Hebrew, with 5 supplementary professors.

The Faculty of Law is established at the Ecole de Droit, Place du Pantheon. There are 17 professors and 8 supplementary ones, who lecture on the Civil code ; civil and criminal proce- dure, and criminal legislation; commercial code; administrative law; French constitutional law; law of nations; Roman law; Pandects; history of law. To be admitted to follow these courses the student must bring a diploma of bachelier-es-lettres.

The Faculty of Medicine, Place de PEcole de Medecine, is composed of 26 professors, chosen by concours, but subject to the approval of the Minister of Public Instruction. They all receive a fixed salary from the government, varying from 2,000 fr. to 10,000 fr. A dean, the head of the faculty , is elected every five years. (1)

To all the above faculties a certain number of professcurs- agreges, or assistant professors, are attached, from among whom the regular professors are chosen. The salaries of the professors vary from 2000 fr. to 8000 fr. All their lectures are public and gratuitous. Foreigners are admitted to them under certain regulations, which may be known on application at the seals of the faculties. (2)

(1) The following is a list of the professorships, with the names of the gentlemen attached to them -. - Anatomy, Breschet; Pathological Anatomy, Cruveilhier; Physiology, Berard ; Medical Chemistry, Orfila; Medical Physics, Martens; Pharmacy and Organic Chemistry, Du- mas ; Hygiene, Royer-Coliard ; Medical Natural History, Richard ; Ope- rations and Bandages, Blandin; External Pathology, Marjolin and Gerdy ; Internal Pathology, Dumesnil and Pierry; General Pathology and Therapeutics, Andra! ; Therapeutics and. Materia Medico, Trousseau ; Legal Medicine, Adelon ; Obstetrics and Female Diseases, Moreau ; Clinical Medicine at the Hopitals, Fouquier and Bouiilaud , at la Charite, and Chomel and Roslan at the I16tel-Dieu; Clinical Surgery at the Hos- pital, Roux at the H6tel-Dieu, Cloquet at the Hdpital de Clinique, Vel- peau at the Charite, and Berard at La Pitie ; Clinical Obstetrics, Dubois at the Hdpital de Clinique.

(2) In France there are fi faculties of catholic theology, established at

78

INTRODUCTION.

Degrees. - Faculty of Sciences. - To obtain the following degrees the candidates must he bacheliers-es-lettres, and must pass the following examinations : Bacheliers-es-sciences ma- I thematiques : arithmetic, geometry, and algebra, plane trigo- i nometry, analytical geometry, and the elements of physics, as taught in the royal colleges. - Bacheliers-es-sciences physiques : elementary mathematics of 1st year of philosophy; elements of physics, chemistry, and the three branches of natural history, j according to the programmes of the royal colleges. - Licencie- es-sciences mathematiques : differential and integral calculus, and mechanics. - Licencie-es-sciences physiques, chemistry and physics. - Licencie-es-sciences naturelles : mineralogy, botany, and zoology. - To become a licentiate, the degree of bachelor 1 must have been taken, and two courses of the faculty in the same year must have been followed. - Docteur-es-sciences : \ candidates are required to sustain two theses on the subjects of one of the three licentiates' examinations.

Faculty of Letters. - Bachelier-es-lettres : the candidates must be 1G years of age at least, and produce a certificate of I having attended a course of rhetoric, and one or two distinct annual courses of philosophy. (1) Licencie-es-lettres : the can- didate must be a bachelor of one year's standing, and have attended four courses of The 'faculty. The examination consists of compositions in French, Latin, and Greek, and in literary, philosophical, and historical questions. - Docteur-es-lettres : he must be a licenciate, and sustain two theses; one in Latin on a philosophical subject, the other in French on a subject of ancient or modern literature.

Faculty of Theology. - The degrees of bachelor, licentiate, and doctor, are also conferred in this faculty. By an oi€onnance of Dec. 25, 1830, no one can be a professor of theology without having taken the degree of doctor in that faculty ; nor curate of a chief town of a department, or any higher functionary in the church, without being a licentiate; nor curate of a chief town of a canton without being bachelor, unless the functions of curate or officiating minister have been performed by him for 10 years.

Paris, Rouen, Bordeaux, Lyon, Aix, and Toulouse ; and 2 of prolestant theology, at Strasburg and Montpellier. Then; are 9 faculties of law, at Paris, Caen, Dijon, Grenoble, Toulouse, Aix, Poitiers, Kennes, and Strasburg, Three faculties of medicine, at Paris, Montpellier, and Strasburg. Six faculties of sciences and letters, at Paris, Caen, Dijon, Grenoble, Montpellier, and Bordeaux, (l; See " Manuel du Bacculuureat-es-Lettres."

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79

Faculty of La w. - To graduate in this faculty students must be bacheliers-es-lettres, and must fulfil certain conditions of entering their names, etc. Bachelier-en-droit : two examinations are necessary for this degree, which is taken at the end of the second year ; the first in the civil code and the Institutes of Justinian, the second in the civil code, and the codes of pro- cedure, penal laws, and criminal process. - Licencie-en-droit : a third year's study is requisite for this degree, and two exami- nations, besides a public act, one in the Roman laws, the other in the civil and commercial codes, and in administrative law. - Docteur-en-droit : a fourth year is necessary for this degree; two examinations and a public act; one in Roman law, the other in the civil code, the law of nations, the history of law, and constitutional law.

Faculty of Medicine. - This faculty confers only the. degree of doctor, for which a candidate must be a bachclier-es-lettres, and pass an examination at the end of his first year; a second at the end of his third ; and three other examinations, with a public thesis, at the end of his fourth. There are certain fixed periods of the year for entering names, etc.

The numbers of the students attending the faculties of Uie University of Paris cannot be exactly ascertained. For the courses of law they amount to about 3,000; those for medicine 2,000; and from 1,200 to 1,500 persons annually attend the courses of the professors of sciences. By a decree in 1840, of the Royal Council of Public Instruction, foreigners wishing to follow the courses of lectures of the faculties of law, letters, medicine, or the sciences, will be admitted to take out their first inscription on producing certificates of study or examina- tions, or other documents required in their own countries for admission into faculties of the same order, after these certificates have been recognised as equivalent to the French diploma of bachelier-es-lettres.

COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS. - College Royal de France, 1, Place Cambray, instituted in 1530 by Francois I. - At this college 27 professors give public and gratuitous lectures on the follow- ing subjects -. - astronomy ; mathematics; experimental philo- sophy; medicine; chemistry; natural history; natural and na- tional law; history and ethics; the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic, Persic, Turkish, Chinese, Mantchou-Tartar, and Sanscrit languages; Greek literature; Greek and Latin philosophy ; Latin eloquence; Latin Poetry; French literature; political economy; archaeology; history of legislation ; besides one honorary pro- fessor for the Sclavonic languages and literature.

80

INTRODUCTION.

MustfE Royal d-'Histoire Naturelle, Jardin des Plantes. - A college or body of 15 professors gives lectures on the following- subjects; zoology, mammiferae and birds; zoology, reptiles and fishes; zoology, molluscae and zoophytes; zoology, articulated animals ; anatomy ; comparative anatomy ; general chemistry ; practical chemistry; mineralogy; geology; botany; vegetable physiology; rural botany; cultivation of plants; physics applied to natural history. To these are added 1 honorary professor, 10 assistant naturalists, G assistant preparers, 1 librarian, and other officers, besides an establishment of 10 painters of objects of natural history, botany, etc.

Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, 208, rue St. Martin. - This establishment, especially intended for the industrial edu- cation of manufacturers, mechanics, and other workmen, con- tains, according to the last regulations, 15 professorships of application of geometry; application of mechanics; mechanical technology; descriptive geometry; application of inorganic chemistry; application of organic chemistry; application of physics; agriculture; industrial economy ; industrial legislation; and the drawing of machines. There is also established here a preparatory school of arts and trades for 450 boys, supported either entirely or in part at the expense of the state, besides boarders. They are instructed in arithmetic, algebra, elemen- tary and descriptive geometry, elementary notions of physics, chemistry, mechanics, machinery, sketching and drawing of machines, and ornamental drawing.

Ecole Normale, 115, rue St. Jacques. - This institution is in- tended for the education of young men who wish to become candidates for professorships. To be admitted, they must be between the ages of 17 and 23, must have taken the degrees of bachelier-es-lettres, or bachelier-es-sciences, and must have ter- minated their studies, philosophy included, in a royal college or in a « college communal de plein exercice." The course of edu- cation in this school lasts three years. The establishment is ad- ministered by 6 directors, and lias 37 professors, who govern the institution under the immediate control of the Minister and Council Royal of Public Instruction.

Besides these, there are in Paris five royal and two private colleges, between the pupils of which, and the royal college of Versailles, there is a general competition for prizes at the end of each scholastic year. To this effect eight or ten pupils of each class who have most distinguished themselves are selected, and the adjudication of the prizes is conducted with great pomp at the Sorbonne, in the presence of the whole corps universitaire.

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84

The terms for board are 1,000 fr. a-year, besides GO fr. for col- lege dues, and 45 fr. for university fees. Music, dancing, etc., are extra charges. The royal colleges are each governed by an inspecteur-general des etudes, a proviseur, to whom is joined a censeur des etudes, and a steward. The colleges which receive boarders have also a chaplain, and two assistant-chaplains. The pupils of the institutions and pensions are obliged to attend the lectures in the royal colleges; and such as have private tu- tors are also admitted. The course of education comprises the Greek, Latin, English, and German languages ; philosophy, phy- sics, belles-lettres, mathematics, history, geography, writing, drawing, and music. The masters of authorized boarding-schools and academies pay but 15 fr. per annum for college dues, in ad- dition to 45 fr. paid for university fees. When classes are very numerous they are formed into two divisions.

The following is a list of the colleges -. - College Royal de Louis-le-Grand, 123, rue St. Jacques; 1,111 pupils, of whom 522 are boarders. - College Royal de Henry IV., Place de PEglise Ste.-Genevievc; 85G pupils, of whom 48G boarders. - College Royal de St. Louis, 94, rue de la Harpe ; 980 pupils, of whom 350 are boarders. - College Royal de Charlemagne, 120, rue St. Antoine; 830 day pupils. - College Royal de Bourbon, 5, rue Ste. Croix-d'Antin; 1,100 day pupils. - College Stanislas, 34, rue Notre Dame des Ghamps; 250 boarders. - College Rollin, ovSte. Barbe, 34, rue des Postes; 380 boarders. - To the above should be added the College des Ecossais, 25, rue des Fosses-St.-Victor ; the College des Irlandais, 3, rue des Irlandais; and the College des Anglais, 73, rue du Faubourg du Roule. These establishments were founded at different epochs, and in different parts of the kingdom, by permission and under the control of the kings of France, for the education of young persons, British subjects, who might desire to prosecute their studies in France. Their administration is confided to ecclesiastics, being born subjects of the British crown, who exercise their authority under the superintendence of the Minister of the Interior. All these colleges will be found described in another part of this work, according to their respective localities. (1)

SPECIAL SCHOOLS. - Besides the colleges before mentioned, there are a number of schools for special purposes founded in Paris, mostly by government; of these we subjoin a list.

(O In the departments there are royal colleges in all great towns. In small towns the colleges are called colleges communaux ; these are pri- vate establishments aided by the commune, and subject to the surveil- lance of the authorities. The accounts of the university, as to the

^ INTRODUCTION.

Ecole Polytechmqce, rue Descartes, Montage Sle. Gene-! vieve.-A decree of the National Convention, dated 21 Ven- ose, an II (March U, 1794), created a Commission des Tra-i vaux Publics, and an ficole Centrale, the latter of which J™ t Tn 0f lhG mh¥™MoY, an III. (September 1st! 1795), took the name of Ecole Polytechnique. The object of this most useful and justly-celebrated institution is to diffuse the knowledge ol the mathematical, physical, and chemical sciences and the graphic arts ; to form pupils for the artillery, engineer- 1 log, bridges and highways, mining, and other departments, into which persons cannot be admitted without having studied in tins school. A great number of excellent officers, engineers 1 and scientific men have been educated in this establishment! Pupils are admitted from the age of 1G to 20. Every year! candidates for admission undergo a very severe examination in 1 ans and the departments. The terms are 1000 fr. a-year the J pupils also providing themselves with a uniform, books 'and other objects necessary for the pursuit of their studies. The i lung has tounded 24 scholarships, of which 8 are in the nomina- ! Hon of the Minister of the Interior, 12 of the Minister of War and 4 of the Minister of the Marine. The affairs of the school' are under the superintendence of a council of amelioration a council of instruction, and a council of administration. The period allowed for study is two years, to which in certain cases a third year is added, The number of pupils is about 300 In 3 1843, loo were admitted. Strangers cannot visit this school without permission from the Minister of War. (1) There is an Ecole d 'Application at Metz, to which 106 pupils passed in 1840 from the metropolitan institution.

£cole Royale des Ponts et Chaussees, 10, rue Hillerin Berlin. - Ibis school consists of about 100 pupils, taken from the Ecole Polytechnique, who receive instruction in the art of projecting and constructing routes, canals, bridges, etc., also whatever concerns the different branches of civil engineering, number of students and the amounts of the fees received for their edu- cation, during the last scholastic year, show the following results

No. of Students. Sums received. In the 41 royal colleges . . 10,975 383,544 fr.

317 communal colleges 22,058 427,693 101 institutions . . . 8,378 250,620 1,007 boarding-schools . 23,538 473^773

Totals . . . 64,649 1,535,540 fr.

(t) lne tiniest information on this remarkable institution will be found in the publication called » Programme des Etudes."

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

.S3

Ecole rTyiat-Ma.jou, 130, rue de Crenelle. - This school is destined to form pupils for I he staff-service. The usual term of study is two years, when those pupils who have passed the exa- minations with honour are appointed in their turns, as vacancies occur, to lieutenancies of the staff, hut are attached during four years to infantry or cavalry regiments of the line.

Ecole des Mines, 34, rue d'Enfer. - At the head of this school is a Conseil des Mines, which directs all affairs relating to mining operations.

ficoLEs Rov ales Veterinaires, et Bergeries Royales. - The former are three in number, at Alfort near Paris, at Lyons, and and at Toulouse. The latter, for the breeding and treatment of cattle, are at Rambouillel, Perpignan, La Haye Vaux (Yosges), and Mont Camel, Pas de Calais.

Ecole res Chartes, at the King's Library, rue de Richelieu. - This institution was founded by Louis XVI1L, for encouraging the study of the ancient manuscripts contained in the different libraries, and the depots of the archives of the kingdom. To this end the keepers of the records and the king's librarians re- ceive an addition to their salary to teach young men (nominated by the Minister of Public Instruction) palaeography, or to under- stand and decipher ancient charters. Each pupil has GOO fr. a-year.

ficoLES res Langues Orien tales VivANTEs, at the King's Li- brary, rue de Richelieu. - 7 professors are attached to this establishment, and lecture on the following languages : - Pure and Vulgar Arabic; Persian; Turkish; Armenian; Modern Greek and Greek palaeography ; Hindoostanee.

Ecole de Pharmacie, 13, rue de l'Arbalete. - There are 10 pro- fessors attached to this school, who lecture on drugs, chemistry, natural history, and botany. Apothecaries must be examined at this school before they can practise as such.

Ecole des Beaux Arts, 10, rue des Petits Augustins. - This school is divided into 2 sections, painting and sculpture, and architecture. Lectures are given gratuituously on every sub- ject connected with the arts by 21 professors.

Ecole Royale Gratltte de Dessis, de Mathematique, et de Sculpture d'Ornement, en faveur des arts mecaniques, 5, rue de l'Ecole de Medecine. - This institution is for the instruction of artisans in the principles of drawing and architecture ; lec- tures are also given on geometry, arithmetic, mensuration, timber-cutting, etc.

Ecole Royale, Specials, et Gratuite de Dessin pour les Jeunes Personnes, 7, rue de Touraine. - This school, for the instruc- tion of young women intended for the arts or manual pro-

84

INTRODUCTION.

fessions, affords the means of studying figures, landscapes, flowers, etc. (1)

ficoLE Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, 1, rue des Cou- lures St. Gervais, founded in 1828, and established on the plan of the old Ecole Polytechnique, for the education of persons intended for civil engineers, directors of manufactories, builders, and teachers of the application of the sciences.

Ecole et Maison d' Accouchement, 3, rue de laBourbe. There are 525 beds attached to this institution.

Conservatoire de Musique et de Declamation Lyrique, 11, faubourg Poissonniere. - This institution was founded for the instruction of young persons of both sexes in singing, music, etc. A numerous body of the first professors of both sexes give gratuitous instruction here to more than 450 pupils, and a very valuable musical library, open daily to the public from 10 to 3, is also attached to this establishment.

Ecole cPEquitation. - The most celebrated is under the direc- tion of Messrs. Franconi, of the Cirque-Olympique. Others will be found, at 95 bis, rue St. Lazare; 10, rue Duphot; 42, faubourg Montmartre; one to the left of the church of the Madeleine (Kuntzmann's), and several others of considerable reputation in various parts of the capital.

Gvmnase, 0, rue Jean Goujon, Chainps-Elysees. - At this in- stitution, conducted by M. Amoros, instruction is given to pupils of both sexes in gymnastic exercises on the most approved principles. It is very well attended.

Societe des Amis de l'Enfance. - This society, formed for the protection and instruction of male children, is under the pro- tection of his Royal Highness the Gomte de Paris. Demands for admission must be addressed to the secretary of the Council, 24, Place St. Germain PAuxerrois.

Institutions and Pensions. - These establishments correspond to academies and boarding-schools in England, but are under the superintendence of the Royal Council of Public Instruction. In Paris there are 34 Institutions or preparatory schools for the colleges, and 196 Pensions. The number of Institutions for young ladies is 03, and of Pensions 15G. There are besides in the rest of the department of the Seine a considerable number of institutions and pensions for male and female education,

(0 Ecoles Gratuiies de Dessin have been established by MM. Charles and Dupre. rue Si. Avoye and faubourg St. Antoine, and in the court of thePetilcsEcuries. They are opened in the evening, and are assiduously frequented by laborious workmen. In the Schools of Design instruction is given gratuitously to nearly 4000 scholars.

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

85

I exclusive of Hie smaller schools, which in Paris and its vicinity I amount to more than 500. For a list of the hest, see Directory. Ecoles Normales Elementaires. - These useful institutions are designed to form school-masters and school-mistresses. They are two in number, one for men, 4, rue des Bernardins, and the oilier for women, at the Halle-aux-Draps. The lectures are delivered three days a-week, and occupy three months. The pupils are taught reading, writing, arithmetic, linear-drawing, penmanship, and church-singing. No one is admitted without producing a \ certificate signed by the mayor and rector of his or her parish, or an authorisation delivered by the committee of public instruction.

Gratuitous lectures for workmen have been established by the Association Poly technique , in the 3d, [6th, 8th, and 12th arron- dissements.

Ecoles Primaires Superieeres de la Ville re Paris. - The name of these schools sufficiently indicates their object. They form the fourth class under the direction of the Royal Council of Public Instruction, and are very numerous.

Adult Schools. - There are in the department of the Seine 53 schools or classes for adults, containing 7,000 persons in Paris, 371 in the arrondissement of St. Denis, and 1,085 in that of Sceaux.

Ouvroirs. - These are useful establishments kept up by the administration of hospitals for furnishing work to young girls; there are 1 or more in each arrondissement; their total number is 29, and the children frequenting them are 1,595.

Of the Ecoles Primaires for children, there are 24 Ecoles Mu- tuelles (Boys), containing 5,000 Scholars; 27 Ecoles Simultanees (Boys) 7,047 ; total (Boys), 12,647.-28 Ecoles Mutuelles (Girls), 5990; 27 Ecoles Simultanees (Girls), 5,260; total (Girls), 11,250. The expense of all the Ecoles Primaires to the municipality is about 240,000 fr. annually, and to the administration of hospi- tals about 330,000 fr. The funds contributed by charitable associations to some of the above-mentioned schools amount to 46,800 fr., giving the total cost of primary instruction per annum, 616,800 fr. Elementary singing is taught in all these schools; and special singing-schools have been established, on the mutual instruction principle, to the number of 52. The monitors in them receive prizes according to merit. The salaries of the teachers are, for masters 1800 fr., for mistresses 1500 fr. per annum; and all are either provided with a house, or re- ceive an allowance of 300 fr. towards their rent. If they hold an evening class for adults they are paid in addition, the masters 300 fr., the mistresses 200 fr. (1)

(l) The Ecoles Primaires for all France, according to the last returns,

8

^ INTRODUCTION.

Salles d'Asile, or Infant Schools, are rapidly forming all over I arts. 1 here are at present 23 such establishments, and thev receive during the day between 4,000 and 5,000 children The society for the promotion of these schools holds its meetings at «U, rue de Chchy, where the lnspeelress-general resides (i)

We may add to the foregoing account of the state of public instruction in the capital a notice of a grand and admirable institution, which, although not situated within Paris™! immediately and closely connected with it

The Maison Royale de St Denis is devoted to the instruction ot the daughters, sisters, and nieces of members of the le-ion of honour It was originally established by Napoleon in the Cha- teau of Ecouen, under the superintendence of Madame Campan and has been rendered illustrious by the peculiar favour of the Emperor, who often visited it ; by the Letters and the enlightened cares of its excellent governess; and by the numbers of ac- complished and distinguished women who have received their education within its walls. Since 1815 it has been fixed in the vast buildings of the confiscated Abbey of St. Denis and ac- cording to the latest regulations is thus constituted : - The Oucen is protectress of the institution. The Grand Chancellor of the Legion presents the higher functionaries of the house to the crown for appointment, and names the other functionaries b ns own authority. All pupils are nominated by the Kin- nn the presentation of the Grand Chancellor. The establishment consists of a lady superintendent, C ladies dignitaries, 12 ladies of the 1st class, 40 ladies of the 2d class, 20 novices, besides candidates for the noviciate, and about GOO pupils, of whom 400 are taught gratuitously, the remainder being educated at the expense of their families. The superintendent, dignitaries and governing members of the institution wear orders and de- corations corresponding to those of the members of the le-ion of honour; and retiring pensions are allowed them after a certain number of years. A most accomplished education is given to the pupils; and the young ladies who are brought up here receive all the advantage that can result from a well- matured system of collegiate instruction, aided by eminent pro- fessors of the fine arts and music. 3 almoners and a large me-

contained 1,388,964 boys, 943,616 girls; total, 2,332,580. The expense of communal schools was 9,017,427 fr., and the votes of councils-general for maintaining them amounted to 4,231,608 fr.

(l) The most authentic accounts of the institutions for public instruc- tion in France are to be found in the " Almanach de PUniversite " and m the u Reports" of the prefect of the department.

MUSEUMS.

87

dical staff are attached to the service of the establishment, and the care and attention paid to the confort as well as health of the pupils are very great. At the same time the rules of the house are exceedingly strict, without being severe; all the members of it wear the same uniform, black dresses, black bonnets and gloves, with aprons and collars; all dine together, and are subjected to almost military discipline. Frequent exa- minations take place, and prizes are bestowed according to merit. Permission to visit the establishment is granted by the Grand Chancellor on a written application.

Two succursal houses, belonging to this institution, and con- ducted upon the same plan, are established, one in the rue Bar- bette, at Paris, the second at the Maison des Loges, in the forest of St. Germain. These contain jointly 400 gratuitous pupils, and are superintended by the ladies of the Congregation de la Mere de Dicu.

MUSEUMS, etc. - We here only give a list of the museums, libraries, etc., for the convenience of reference; full descrip- tions of these institutions will be found in their proper places in other parts of this work, according to the arrondisseinents in which they happen to be situated.

Louvre. - Musee des Tableaux; 1,40G pictures of Italian, Fle- mish, Spanish, and French schools of old masters and deceased modern artists. - La Salle des Bijoux. - La Salle des sept Chemi- nees, containing copies of some of Raphael's finest frescoes. - Musee Grec. - Salle du TrdneJ containing ancient and modern colossal vases, etc. - Musee JEgyptien; collection of Egyptian and Etruscan antiquities, etc. - Musee des Tableaux Francais. - Musee des Tableaux de la Galerie Espagnole ; 44G pictures of the Spanish schools with a few Italian. - Musee Standish. - Mu- see des Dessins; 1,298 drawings of masters of all schools. - Musee de la Marine; Collection of models of vessels, naval ob- jects, etc. - Musee des Antiques ; 1 ,100 ancient statues, sculpture, etc. - Musee de la Sculpture Moderne; Collection of works of Jean Goujon, Jean Cousin, Michel Angelo, Coysevox, Puget, etc.

All these museums are open to students, and foreigners, with passports, on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, and Saturdays; and to the public on Sundays, from 10* to 4.

Musee Royal du Luxembourg. Pictures and sculptures by living modern artists. Open to students and foreigners every day except Monday ; and to the public on Sundays; from 10 to 4.

Musee Monetaire, at the Hotel des Monnaies, 11, Quai Conti. Collection of medals, moneys, dies, etc. Open to foreigners, (with passports,) Mondays and Thursdays; to the public, Tues-

88

INTRODUCTION.

days and Fridays; from 12 to 3. - For special permission to see coining, write, post-paid, to M. le President de la Commission des Monnaies, a l'Hotel des Monnaies, Quai Conti.

Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, Jardin des Plantes. Galleries of zoology, mineralogy, and geology, comparative anatomy, botany, botanical garden, and menagerie, all of wliicb are open to the public every Tuesday and Friday, from 2 to 5, while to students and strangers witli tickets, the first four are open on Mondays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, from 11 to 3; the gallery of botany on Mondays and Thursdays, at the same hour; and the school of botany, on Mondays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, from 3 to 5 o'clock. The library is open to the public from 1st April to 1st September, every day, Sundays and Fridays excepted, from 1 1 to 3, and from 1st September to 1st April at the same hours on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays. The menagerie is open daily from 11 to G in summer, and from 11 to 3 in winter. For tickets apply, with passport, at the office of administration. The garden is open daily.

Musee d'Artillerie, 3, Place St. Thomas d'Aquin. Valuable col- lection of arms and armour. Open to visitors with passports on Thursdays, from 12 till 4.

Galerie des Plans des Forteresses de France, at the Hotel des lnvalides ; can be visited only with permission from the Minister of War, which, however, is easily obtainable.

Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, 208, rue St. Martin. Models of machines, instruments, etc. Open on Sundays and Thursdays, from 10 to 4; and, with passports, on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays, from 11 to 3. Library open every day, Friday excepted, from 10 to 4 o'clock.

Cabinet de Mineralogie, 46, rue d'Enfer. Open to foreigners and students daily, with permission from the Director (for which write post-paid); to public, on Thursdays, from 11 to 3.

Cabinet d' Anatomic, at the Ecole de Medecine. Open to students and bearers of permissions daily; and to public on Thursdays. A portion is open from 11 to 12, and the rest from 11 to 3. Closed from 1st September to 1st November. (Apply to porter.)

Musee Dupuytren, rue de l'Ecole de Medecine. Open same days and hours, and closed from September 1 to November 1. (Apply to porter.)

Cabinet de Medailles et Pierres Gravees, at the Bibliotheque du Roi. Open every day except Sundays and fete days, from 10 to 3.

Jardin Botanique de la Faculte de Medecine, 4G, rue d'Enfer.

PUBLIC LIBRARIES.

89

Open from 1st May to 31st August, from 0 to 10, a. m., and from 3 to 7 r. m., except on Sundays and festivals.

Besides these, there are the following private collections, but to which most of the proprietors grant admission with great difficulty, and only on a proper introduction being obtained ; - Paintings by Old Masters: Marshal Soult, 57, rue de l'Univer- site; Duke de Feltre, 10, rue Barouillere; Baron James Roths- child, 15, rue Laflitte; M. Kalkbrenner, 52, Faubourg Poisson- niere; Count deDemidoif, 105, rue St. Dominique. - Paintings by Living Masters : M.Paturle, 23, rueduParadis Poissonniere; M. Hope, 121, rue St. Dominique, S. G.; Baron Delessert, 174, rue Montmartre ; M. le Marquis de Cypierre, 102, rue Neuve des Ma- thurins. - Paintings, Statuary, Antiquities, Curiosities, etc : Collection of the late M. du Sommerard, Hotel Cluny, rue des Mathurins St. Jacques ( this curious collection has been bought by the city of Paris); Count Pourtales, 7, rue Tronchet; M. de Cambaceres, 21, rue1 de rUniversite; M. Panckoucke, 14, rue des Poitevins; M. Odiot, 20, rue de l'Oratoire, Champs-Elysees; M. Irisson, 10, rue d'Antin; M. Sauvageot, 56, rue du Faubourg Poissonniere; Duke de Luynes, 33, rue St. Dominique. - Nu- mismatic: M. Roilin, 12, rue Vivienne; M. Collot, 28, quai d'Orsay. - Birds and Shells: M. Da Gama Machado, 3, quai Voltaire. - Botany: Baron Delessert, 174, rue Montmartre. - Herbary : M. Adrien de Jussieu, at the Garden of Plants. - Cryptogamic Herbary : Colonel Bory de St. Vincent, 6, rue de Bussy. - Mineralogy : M. Brongniart, 71, rue St. Dominique; M. Cordier, at the Garden of Plants.

PUBLIC LIBRARIES. - Bibliotheque du Roi, 58, rue Riche- lieu. Nearly 1,000,000 books and printed pamphlets, 80,000 MSS., 100,000 medals, 1,400,000 engravings, 300,000 maps and plans. Open every day to the public (except Sundays and holidays), from 10 to 3. Vacation from Sept. 1 to Oct. 1.

Bibliotheque de V Arsenal, rue de Sully. Contains 200,000 vols, and 0300 MSS. Open every day, except on festivals, from 10 to 3. Vacation from Sept. 15 to Nov. 3.

Bibliotheque de Sainte Genevieve, 2, rue Clovis, 250,000 vols., 3,000 MSS. Open every day, except festivals, from 10 to 3; and in the evening from 7 to 10. Vacation from Sept. 1 to Oct. 15.

Bibliotheque Mazarine, at the Institute, 23, Quai Conti. 200,000 vols., 3,700 MSS. Open every day, except Sundays and festivals, from 10 to 3. Vacation from Aug. 1 to 31.

Bibliotheque de la Ville, 35, Quai d'Austerlitz. 55,000 vols. Open every clay, except festivals, from 10 to 3. Vacation from Aug. 15 to Oct. 1.

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INTRODUCTION.

Bibliotheque de VEcole de Medecine, 12, Place de l'Ecole de Medecine. 30,000 vols. Open daily to students, and to the public on Thursdays, from 11 to 3.

Bibliotheque du Musee d'llistoire Naturelle, at the Jardin des Plantes. 30,000 vols, and 15,000 pamphlets. Open from Sept. 1 to April 1, on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, from H to 3; from April l to Sept. 1, every day (Sundays and Fridays excepted), from 11 to 3.

Bibliotheque de VEcole des Mines, 34, rue d'Enfer, 0000 vols. Open on Tuesdays and Fridays from 11 to 3, and every day to students and strangers, on permission obtained from the Director of the establishment.

Bibliotheques de VUniversile, et de la Faculte de Theoloqie, at the Sorbonne. Contain together 50,000 vols. Open on Mon- days, Wednesdays, and Fridays, from 10 to 2, except when any of these days is a festival.

Bibliotheque de 1' Institute 23, quai Conti (at the Institute), 100,000 vols. To be admitted to this library a personal recom- mendation from a member of the Institute is needed, which however is generally granted with great liberality.

Bibliotheque de la Chambre des Deputes, at the Chamber, 50,000 vols. To be admitted to this library, a personal permis- sion from one of the questors of the Chamber, or from the librarian, is necessary.

Bibliotheque de la Chambre des Pairs, at the Luxembourg. 11,000 vols. Permission must be obtained from a Peer.

Bibliotheque du Conservatoire de Musique, 11, faubourg Pois- somhere; a valuable collection of music and musical works. Open daily, from 10 to 3, Sundays and festivals excepted.

Bibliotheque du Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, 208, rue St. Martin. 12,000 vols., on mechanical and mathematical sub- jects, patents, etc. Open on Mondays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, Saturdays, and Sundays, from 10 to 2.

Besides these libraries there are others, to which admission may be obtained by application to the proper authorities, the addresses of whom may be known by enquiry on the spot; but which 3re seldom or never visited by any persons except those who desire to consult them for special purposes. They are as follows: - Cabinet du Iloi, ou Bibliotheque du Conseil d'Etat, 80,000 vols., containing 2000 vols, of ordonnances, etc., of all the kings of France; Gallery of the Louvre, Quai du Louvre. - Cour de Cassation, 30,000 vols., Palais de Justice. - Invalides, 30,000 vols., Hotel des Invalides. - Ecole Poly technique, 20,000 vols., at the establishment. - - Tribunal de Premiere. Instance,

LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.

91

4000 vols., Palais de Justice. - Ordre des Avocats, 1000 vols., Palais de Justice. - Ministere de la Justice, 8000 vols., 13, Place Vendome. - Ministere des Affaires-Strange res, 15,000 vols., rue Neuve des Capucines. - Ministere de VInlerieur, 14,500 vols., 103, rue de Grenelle, Saint Germain. - Ministere des Finances, 3500 vols., 48, rue de Rivoli. - Depot des Cartes et Plans de la Guerre, 19,000vols., 8000 MSS., Gl, rue de l'Universile. - Depot des Cartes de la Marine, 14,000 vols., 14, rue de l'Universite. Depot Central de VArtillerie. G000 vols., 3, Place St. Thomas d'Aquin. - Prefecture de Police, 4000 vols., 7, rue de Jerusalem. - Seminaire St. Sulpice, 20,000 vols., 17, rue du Pot-de-Fer, St. Sulpice. - Ecole de Droit, 8000 vols., Place du Pantheon. - Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees, 5000 vols., 10, rue Hillerin Berlin. - Cour des Comptes, G000 vols., Gour de la Sainte Chapelle. - Observatoire, 4500 vols., at the establishment. - Bibliotheque du Commerce, Palais de la Bourse. - Imprimerie lloyale, 89, rue Yieille du Temple.

LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.

Society Royale des Antiqtjaires de France, 12, rueTaranne.- This society, which, when formed in 1805, was called Academic Celtique, and has published some very interesting memoirs, has for its object to investigate the language, history, and anti- quities of the Celts, Greeks, and Romans, and of the middle ages, but more particularly those of the Gauls and French down to the 10th century inclusive. It consists of GO resident members, and a great number of correspondents in the depart- ments and foreign countries.

Societe Philomathique, G, rue d'Anjou Dauphine. - Most of the members, who are GO in number, are also members of the Institute, and, next to that institution, it is the most scientific body in Paris. The Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique is pub- lished by the society.

Societe Entomologique de France, G, rue d'Anjou.

Societe d'Histoire Naturelle, 45, rue de Seine. - This society consists of 30 members, and is divided into three sections, mi- neralogy and geology, botany, and zoology. The members consist of the most distinguished naturalists in Paris under the age of 40. There are also honorary members who have attained that age, and corresponding members, chosen from among the most distinguished naturalists in France and the rest of Europe.

Societe du Cercle des Conferences Horticoles du Departe- ment de la Seine. - This society, which holds a yearly exhibi- tion of vegetables, fruits, and tlowers, at the Louvre, from

92

INTRODUCTION.

the 20lh to the 24lh of Septemher, has been recently formed, and meets the first Tuesday of each month, 6, rue d'Anjou Dauphine.

Societe Libre des Beaux-Arts, meets at the Hotel de Ville on the first and third Tuesdays of every month; holds a public silling in May each year, and publishes its proceedings.

Societe des Gens de Lettres. - The object of this society is to secure the rights of literary and scientific authorship; its meetings are held every second Friday. Central agency, 21, rue de Provence.

Societe d'Education Progressive, 123, rue St. Honore, is com- posed exclusively of ladies.

Societe Grammaticale, 20, rue Croix des Petits Champs, holds its meetings every Sunday from 11 to 1 o'clock.

Athenee Royal de Paris, 2, rue de Valois, St. Honore. - This institution was founded in 1781, by the unfortunate aeronaut Pilatre du Rosier. Lectures are delivered here in the winter on various branches of literature and science. The annual sub- scription is 120 fr. Subscribers have access to a reading-room, conversation-saloon, and library.

Societe Francaise de Statistique Universelle, 23, rue Louis le Grand. - - This society was founded in 1829, by M. Cesar Mo- reau, to aid the progress of general statistics. Different works connected with the objects of this association are printed at its expense, and prizes and medals are awarded for such produc- tions as are entitled to distinction.

Societe des Bibliophiles. - The object of this society, which consists of about 20 members and some foreign associates, is the printing or reprinting of very scarce or inedited works.

Societe de Geographie, 23, rue de rUniversite. - This society was founded in 1821, for the advancement of geographical science, by sending travellers to countries little known, pro- posing subjects for prizes, corresponding with learned socie- ties, travellers, and geographers, and publishing works and maps. A bulletin is published by the society. The annual sub- scription is 3G fr. This society possesses a library, containing valuable geographical collections, and many curious objects presented to it by travellers.

i Institut Historique. - This society holds an annual confer- 'ence, wherein historical subjects are discussed; it publishes a bulletin. Public and gratuitous lectures are given on Parisian antiquities, French history, and on the history of literature. The bureau is at 9, rue St. Guillaume. Societe Philotechmqce, 16, rue Notre Dame dcs^Victoires. -

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

93

This society, composed of GO arlisls and scientific and literary men, besides honorary members, free members, and corre- spondents, holds public half-yearly meetings in the spring and autumn, at the Hotel de Vilie, at which papers are read, mu- sical compositions performed, and sometimes the artists of the society exhibit their pictures, designs, or sculpture.

Athenee des Arts, Hotel de Ville. - This establishment was founded in IT 92, for the encouragement and advancement of the arts and sciences. Its members consist of artists, scientific men, and artisans; ladies are also admitted. At the annual public meetings, in the month of May, prizes are adjudged for useful inventions and improvements in the arts and sciences. The ordinary sittings take place on Mondays, at 7 o'clock; there are besides literary and musical soirees held every three months.

Societe des Amis des Arts. - This society was founded be- fore the Revolution, but was subsequently dissolved, and re- established in 1816. Its object is to encourage the arts of sculpture, painting, and engraving; and an unlimited number of subscribers are admitted, who, at the end of each year, can withdraw or continue members of the society. Every share is fixed at 25 fr., and each subscriber can take as many shares as he pleases. Nine-tenths of the annual receipts are devoted to the purchase of pictures, statues, vases, bas-reliefs, drawings, bronzes, etc., by living artists of the French school; the other tenth is appropriated to engraving. The objects of art thus purchased during the year are exhibited at the Louvre, and distributed among the shareholders by means of a lottery, at the rate of one prize for eight shares. Such shareholders as do not gain prizes are entitled to a proof engraving. Subscriptions received by the secretary of the society, at the Louvre.

Societe d'Encouragemextdes Arts Unis, 61, rue desSts. Peres. - In most respects like the preceding. It was originally esta- blished in 1829, but remodelled in 1840, and is well worthy of the encouragement of visitors of fortune and taste for the line arts. The yearly subscription is 25 fr., which entitles the party to receive a fine engraving, etc., with the chance of gaining a handsome prize besides.

Societe de Medeclxe de Paris. - The meetings are held at the Hotel de Ville, at 2 o'clock, on the first and third Fridays of each month.

Cercle Medical de Paris. - This society devotes its attention to epidemic diseases and the medical constitution, and keeps up an active correspondence with physicians and scientific men

n

INTRODUCTION.

in foreign countries as well as France. The king's chief physi- cian is perpetual president. The meetings of the Cercle are held at the Hotel de Yilie.

Societe de Medecine de Paris. - The prefect of the depart- ment is president of this society, whose labours are regularly published in the Journal General de Medecine. (1)

Societe de Medecine Pratique. - The principal object of this association is the study and cure of whatever diseases are most prevalent. Pupils sent by school-masters and school-mistresses are vaccinated gratuitously, and vaccinal matter is sent to sur- geons. The king's chief physician is president of this society, whose meetings are held at the Hotel de Ville.

Societe de Chirurgie. - The meetings are held at the Hotel de Ville on Wednesdays. President M. Berard.

Societe d'Observation, for the reading and discussion of me- dical cases. - M. Louis is the perpetual, president. The meetings are held at the Ecoie de Medecine, at 7 o'clock on Saturday evenings.

Societe Anatomique, one of the most interesting scientific societies of Paris. - The most curious specimens of morbid ana- tomy arc brought to the society from the different hospitals. M. Cruveilhier is the perpetual president. The meetings are held at 3 o'clock on Wednesdays, in a room attached to the Musee Dupuyircii.

Societe Phrenologique, 37, rue de Seine, meets on the 2d and 4th Wednesday of every month; there is also a public an- nual meeting in August. The museum is open every day, Sun- days and fetes excepted, from 12 to 4 o'clock.

Societe Medico-Piiilanthropique. - This benevolent associa- tion holds its meetings at the Hotel de Ville, on the 2nd and 4lh Mondays of the month. Gratuituous prescriptions are given on Thursdays from 2 to 5 o'clock, and money is afforded to patients destitute of the means of procuring medicine.

The Parisian Medical Society was established in 1837, and consists principally of English practitioners and students re-

(l) The last " Almanach General de Medecine " contains the follow- ing official statistical returns : - i,3io doctors of medicine are entered on the general Paris list. The number of officiers de sanie practising in Paris is '200. There is, on an average, one medical man for every 750 in- habitants in Paris, and one for every 1000 inhabitants in the depart- ments. Fifty-two doctors of medicine practise in the arrondissement of St. Denis, thirty in that of Sceaux. There are at present 5, 121 students in the three medical faculties and the secondary schools of medicine throughout France.

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS .

<>:>

sident in the capital, as well as European medical men, who meet to read memoirs and to discuss medical topics. The pre- sident is chosen annually. A library and reading-room are at- tached to this society: its rooms are at No. 3, rue Racine.

Deaf and Dumb Society, 9, rue St. Gniliaume.

Societe Academiqce des Enfans d'Apollon. - This society, founded in 1749, meets every month, and holds an annual meeting, devoted to music and poetry. Among the members are several of the most celebrated musicians in Europe, as well as distinguished artists and men of letters.

Athenee Musical. - A society for the promotion of the study and taste of music. Meetings held at the Hotel de Viile.

Societe Lyrique des Soupers de Mom us. - This association of authors meets every month. It consists of 20 members, each of whom must present at the monthly supper a song or piece of poetry. A volume of these songs is printed annually. In this society are embodied the two associations called les Diners du Vaudeville and le Caveau Moderne.

Societe pour l'Encouragement de l'Lndustrie Nationale, 42, rue du Bac. - The object of this society is to second the efforts of government for the amelioration of every branch of industry, by giving prizes, by rewarding inventions, and by the publica- tion of a bulletin upon discoveries relating to industry.

Ecole Speciale du Commerce, 22, boulevard des Filles du Calvaire. - This school was founded in 1820 by the late Casimir Perier, and by Messrs. Chaptal, Ternaux, and Jacques Laflitte. More than 3000 pupils have, since its foundation, received a practical commercial education, at an expense for board and instruction varying according to age from 1,200 fr. to 1,400 fr. annually.

Societe Royale et Centrale d' Agriculture. - This society holds its meetings at the Hotel de Ville, and was established in 1788. Us object is the amelioration of rural and domestic eco- nomy in France. It is the centre of the correspondence of all the agricultural societies in the kingdom, and consists of 37 or- dinary, 9 free, and 13 foreign associates.

Societe Royale r'Hortici litre, 12, rue Taranne, for the im- provement of the culture of pleasure and kitchen gardens, the plants and fruits destined for food, the vegetables susceptible of being employed hi the arts, fruit-trees, etc. It grants prizes, distributes medals, exhibits plants, shrubs, flowers, etc., and publishes a monthly journal on gardening, called Annates de la Societe a" Horticulture.

Societe d' Amelioration des Laines, 12G, rue de Crenelle,

INTRODUCTION.

St. Germain. - This useful institution adjudges annually two prizes and two medals to French agriculturists who devote their attention to the improvement of sheep, etc.

Etablissement de Filature, Impasse des Hospitalieres, 2, Place Royale. - This establishment is destined to give work to poor women, who receive a quantity of hemp for spinning, for which they are paid a certain sum. The number of women employed by this institution is about 3800.' There are besides 1G0 weavers, for whom frames and tools are procured gra- tuitously.

Academie de l'Industrie Franchise, 23, rue Louis le Grand, for the promotion of agricultural, manufacturing, and commer- cial knowledge.

Societe Generale des Naufrages, 31, rue Neuve des Mathu- rins. - This useful society awards prizes for successful attempts to rescue crews from shipwreck, etc.

Besides these there are numerous other societies in the ca- pital, of which the following are the chief : full information respecting their objects and constitution may be obtained at the addresses annexed to them. - Societe Sericicole, 12, rue Taranne. - Societe des Sciences Physiques, Chimiques, et Arts Agricoles, Hotel de Ville. - Societe Medico-pratique, Hotel de Ville. - Societe Medicate d'Emulation, Ecole de Medecine. - Societe Hippocratique, 58, rue des Tournelles. - Societe de Chi- mie Medicate de Paris, 4, place de l'Ecole de Medecine. - So- ciete de Pharmacie, 13, rue de l'Arbalete. - Institut Bibliogra- phique, 31, rue de Seine. - Societe Asiatique, 12, rue Taranne. - Societe Orientate, 12, rue Taranne. - Societe pour V Instruc- tion Element aire, 12, rue Taranne. - Societe d' Education et des Methodes d'Enseignement, 12, rue Taranne. - Societe des Ar- chitectes, 12, rue Taranne. - Societe des Progres Agricoles, 10, rue Taranne.

CHURCHES, etc. - To each of the 12 arrondissements, into which Paris is divided, there is one parochial church, and a number of others called Eglises Succursales, or District Churches, varying according to the size of the arrondissement or parish. The following is a list of them, which we give here for the sake of reference ; full descriptions of each, as well as of the protestant places of worship, will be found under the head of the arrondissements in which they are situated.

1st Arrondissement : Parish Church, La Madeleine. District Churches: 1. St. Louis, rue Ste. Croix d'Antin; 2. St. Philippe, faubourg du Roule; 3. St. Pierre de Chaillot, rue de Chaillot. - 2d Arrondissement : Parish Church, St. Roch, 296, rue St. Ho-

CHURCHES.

97

nore. District Church, Notrc-Dame-de-Lorette, place Notre Dame de Lorette. - 3d Arrondissement : Parish Church, St. Eu- stache, rue Trainee. District Churches : 1. Les Petits Peres, Place des Petits Peres ; 2. Notre-Dame-de-Bonne-Nouvelle, rue de la Lime. - 4th Arrondissement : Parish Church, St. Germain VAuxerrois. - 5th Arrondissement : Parish Church, St. Laurent, Place de la Fidelite. District Church, St. Vincent-de-Paule, rue Montholon. - Gth Arrondissement : Parish Church, St. Nico- las des Champs, rue St. Martin. District Churches: 1. St. Leu et St. Gilles, rue St. Denis; 2. Ste. Elisabeth, rue du Temple. - 7th Arrondissement : Parish Church : St. Merri, rue St. Mar- tin. District Churches : 1 . Notre-Dame-des-Blancs-Manteaux, rue des Blancs Manteaux; 2. St. Jean, St. Frangois, rue d'Or- leans; 3. St. Denis, rue St. Louis au Marais. - 8th Arrondisse- ment : Parish Church, Ste. Marguerite, rue St. Bernard, fau- bourg St. Antoine. District Churches : 1. Quinze-Vingts, rue de Charenton ; 2. St. Ambroise, rue St. Ambroise. - 9th Arron- dissement : Parish Church, Cathedrale de Notre-Dame. District Churches: 1. St. Louis, lie St. Louis ; 2. St Gervais, rue Fran- cois Miron; 3. St. Paul et Louis, rue St. Antoine. - 10th Arron- dissement : Parish Church, St. Thomas d'Aquin, Place St. Thomas d'Aquin. District Churches : 1 . Abbaye aux Bois, rue de Sevres ; 2. Missions Etrangeres, rue du Bac ; 3. St. Valere, rue de Bour- gogne; 4. St. J^ouis, aux Invalides. - 11th Arrondissement: Parish Church, St. Sulpice, Place St. Sulpice. District Churches : 1. St. Germain des Pres, Place St. Germain des Pres; 2. St. Severin, rue St. Severin. - 12th Arrondissement : Parish Church, St. Etienne du Mont, rue de la Montague Ste. Genevieve. District Churches: 1. St. Nicolas du Chardonnet, rue St. Vic- tor; 2. St. Jacques du Haut Pas, rue St. Jacques; 3. St. Me- dard, rue Mouffetard.

The following are chapels not attached to the service of any particular district. - Chapelle Expiatoire, rue d'Anjou St. Bo- no re ; Eglise des Cannes, 70, rue de Vaugirard; Eglise du Val de Grace, rue St. Jacques ; Eglise de la Sorbonne, Place de la Sorbonne ; Eglise des Invalides. All the convents, seminaries, and hospitals have each a chapel attached to them. - To these may be added the Pantheon, formerly the Church of Ste. Ge- nevieve, which, though not at present used for religious pur- poses, is still considered as a sacred building.

The following are churches or chapels belonging to religious sects, not Catholics. For the hours at which divine service is performed in them, and which for the most part vary accord- ing to the season of the year, the reader is referred to the ar-

9

INTRODUCTION.

tide Stranger s Diary, published every Saturday in Galignani's Messenger : - Episcopal Church, 8, rue d'Agnessean (Church of England) ; Marboeuf Chapel, 78 bis, rue de Chaillot, Chainps-EIy- sees (Church of England); 21, rue Royale St. Honore (Wes- leyans); L'Oratoire, 157, rue St. Honore (Calvinists) ; rue Chauchat (Lutherans); Les Carmes, 16, rue des ihilettes (Lu- therans;, in French and German; La Visitation de St. Marie, 2\C), rue St. Antoine (Calvinists); Batignolles-Moneeanx, 38, Boulevard exlerienr, near the Barriere de Clichy (Calvinists); French Independent Chapels, 44, rue de Provence (Cultc Evan- lique), service in English and French; 3, rue Menilmontani ; 9$, rue du Faubourg St. Denis; rue St. Maur, faubourg du Temple; Siviss Church, 357, rue St. Honore; Synagogue, ii, rue Neuve St. Laurent (Jews), and 15, rue "Notre Dame de Na- zareth; Greek Chapel (Russian Embassy attend), %i rue Ne«?e de Berry, Champs Eiysecs.

The clergy of Paris is composed of 1 archbishop, 3 vicars- general sanctioned by the king and 8 who are honorary ; 2 se- cretaries; 1 penitencier ; 4 metropolitan officials; 4 diocesan officials; the Chapter of the Church of Paris, composed of i(> members; 3 canons (anciens) and 53 honorary ones; 2 masters of the choristers; il superintendants of the edifice of Notre Dame; and 3 superiors of seminaries. To these should be added 37 cures or parish-priests of the Churches of Paris; there is also an indefinite number of aimoners of hospitals, convents, etc. The Protestant clergy of Paris is composed of 0 pastors of the Reformed Church, or Calvinists, 4 pastors of the Church of the Confession of Augsburg, or Lutherans, and 4 ministers of the French Independents. The English clergy consist of a bishop, chaplain to the embassy, and 4 other mi- nisters of tiie Church of England, with several ministers of other denominations. (1)

(1) The total number of the Catholic clergy in France is about 42,000, including 3 cardinals, 14 archbishops, and 67 his! ops. To these may be added 8,500 theological students, intended for the priesthood. The number of convents for nuns of different orders is about 3000, and the number of nuns about 24,000; there are aiso in France establishment of monks of La Trappe, Carthusians, or Chartreux, Capucins, Benedictines, and Jesuits, besides the Priests of St. Sulpice. Of the ministers of other reli- gions there are 4 1 1 Reformists, or Calvinists, of whom no arc; presidents of consistories : 230 of the Confession if Augsburg, or Lutherans, of whom 6 are inspectors of dioceses, and 3i prcsidentsof consistories. The English churches in France have at least 40 ministers, including a bishop resid- ing in Paris. There are also 8 Jewish Rabbins, and of other denomina- tions 86. At the time of the Revolution the total number of ecclesiastical

SEMINARIES, RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES.

99

Seminaire des Missions Ktrangeres, 120, rue de Bac - Mission- in irs are educated here in the Asiatic languages, and in what- ever may fit them for the missions in the East.

Sejunaire m: St. Esprit, 26, rue des Posies. - -The pupils of this seminary, destined for missions to the French colonies, consist of young Frenchmen or Creoles who have devoted them- selves to tiie ecclesiastical state.

Petit Seminaire. - Forms two divisions. One established at the ancient seminary of St. Nicolas du Ghardonnet, 18 his, rue de Pontoise, and the other at Gentilly. The two houses con- tain. 2G0 pupils.

Seminaire de St. Sllpice, Place St. Sulpice. - It has a superior, 10 directors and professors, and 1G5 students in theology. A succursal house is established at Issy, for the study of philo- sophy, with a superior, 5 professors and directors, and 50 students.

Lnstitut des Freres desEcoles Chretiennes, 1G5, rue du Fau- bourg St. Martin. - The teachers of the Ecoles Chretiennes are educated here. There are in Paris 10 establishments and 21 classes.

Caisse Diocesaine. - This fund is destined to afford pensions to priests whose age or infirmities prevent them continuing to exercise their functions, and to grant allowances to young men destitute of fortune who devote themselves to the ecclesiastical stale, to enable them to prosecute their studies.

$ociete de la Morale Ghretienne, 9, rue St. Guillaume. - This society, founded in 1821, principally by the Duke de Laroche- foucauld-Liancourt, has for its object the protection of orphans up to the end of their apprenticeship, the aid of poor working- people, Ihe gratuitous defence of prisoners, etc.

Societe des Missions Evangeliques chez les Peuples non Chretiens (Protestant), 7, rue de Berlin, place de 1'Europe.

Societe des Traites Religieux (Protesiant), 62, rue Basse du Rempart.

personages was 114,000, including 19,000 regular clergy, and 32,000nuns of all orders. Their annual revenues amounted to 72 millions of francs, and the lithe to 70 millions, giving a total of 142 millions. In the last budget of the Minister of Public Worship the salaries of the cardinals and prelates of France are estimated at l, 017,000 fr.; the total expenses of Catholic worship, at 34,251,000 fr.; Protesiant ditto, 1,033,000 fr.; Jewish ditto, 90,ooo fr. The present number of cures, or reetors, is 3,30i;of whom 2,527 receive a stipend of 1,200 fr. each, and the rest 1,500 fr. each. The number of desservans, or curates, is 25,368, whose salaries vary from goo fr. to boo fr. per annum, not including parochial contributions.

4 00

INTRODUCTION .

Societe Btblique, 8, rue Rum ford.

Societe des Rons Litres et des Grave res de Piete, (19., rue des Sts. Peres.

Societe pour l'Encouragement de l'InstructionPrimaire parmi les Protestans de France, 3, rue de l'Oraloire St. Honore.

Societe Biblique Protestante de Paris, 1G, rue des Moulins St, Roch. - The object of this association is to spread the Holy Scriptures, without note or commentary, in the versions re- ceived and used in Protestant churches. It holds an annual public meeting.

Societe Evangelique de France, 13, rue des Petites Ecuries. - For supplying pastors and teachers to neglected districts, and advancing Protestantism generally.

Convents (36). - The convents of the present day are not to be considered as equal to those that existed previously to the Re- volution of 1789, nor in general are they subject to such rigid rules as formerly : several of them are devoted to purposes of female education. The following is a list of the principal now existing in Paris. - The Dames Benedictines de 1' Adoration per- petuelle du St. Sacrement, 12, rue Neuve Ste. Genevieve. A second convent of the same order was established at the Temple, 78 bis, rue du Temple, by the late Princess Louise de Conde. - The Dames Augustines Anglaises, 23, rue des Fosses St. Victor. - The Dames Carmelites, 07, rue d'Enfer, and 70, rue Vaugirard. - The Dames de la Visitation, 70, rue d'Enfer, and 112, rue de Vaugirard; and G, rue Neuve St. Etienne. - The Dames de la Congregation de V Adoration perpetuelle du St. Sa- crement et des Sacres Camrs de Jesus et de Marie, 15, rue de Picpus. - The Dames Ckanoinesses de la Congregation de Notre Dame, 1G and 104, rue de Sevres, and, 75, faubourg du Roule. - The Dames Benedictines du Calvaire, 111, rue du Cherche- Micli. - The Congregation de la Mere de Dieu, 23, rue Picpus, and 2 and 4, rue Barbette. The latter is a dependence of the Maison Royale d'Education at St. Denis. - The Dames de la Mi- sericorde, 25, rue Neuve Ste. Genevieve. - The Ckanoinesses de St. Louis, 22, rue Pot-de-Fer St. Sulpice. - The Dames du Sacre Cceur, 41, rue de Varennes. - The Dames de Vlmmaculee Con- ception, called Recolettes, 40, rue des Postes. - The Dames de Bon Secours, 12, rue Notre Dame des Champs. These sisters attend as sick-nurses in private families. - The Dames Fran- ciscaines de Ste. Elizabeth, 40, rue St. Louis, an Marais. - The Congregation des Sceurs de St. Vincent de Paule, 132, rue du Bac, founded by St. Vincent de Paule in 1G33, consisting of about 500 nuns. These exemplary women devote themselves

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS,

4 04

to the care of the sick in the hospitals; they perform gratui- tously the duty of nurses at 10 of the principal, as well as at 24 infirmaries, and also superintend schools for the education of the poor. - The Dames de Ste. Marie, 16, rue du Regard. - The Dames Hospitalieres de St. Thomas de Villeneuve, 27, rue de Sevres, where medicine is distributed to the poor; also a TEnfant Jesus, au Bon Pasteur, 89, rue d'Enfer, and at 3, Im- passe des Vignes. - The Filles de la Madeleine or Repenties, 6, rue des Postes. - The Sceurs de la Croix de St. Andre, 108, rue de Sevres. - The Dames Dominicaines de la Croix, 86, rue de Charonne. - The Dames de la Societe de Marie d' Orleans, 4, Boulevard d'Enfer. - The Sceurs de Ste. Marthe de Paris; these sisters attend as nurses in several of the hospitals.

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. - Numerous Establishments for affording relief to the sick, to foundlings, to the aged, in- firm, and unfortunate, existed in Paris at a very early period; but the object of their founders was greatly perverted, and their revenues directed to other purposes. From the time of Philip-Augustus to the period of the Revolution, nothing could exceed the wretchedness which prevailed in these abodes of human suffering. Their maladministration, joined to the want of air and beds, caused a dreadful mortality among the patients and inmates; and every successive inquiry brought to light the most appalling facts, without giving birth to any efficient mea- sures for their amelioration. In the year 1786, a controversy- having interested the public mind in favour of a change, Louis XVI. commanded the Academy of Sciences to make in- quiry into the state of the Hdtel-Dieu. Their report showed the state of that hospital to be most deplorable. The construc- tion of four new hospitals was therefore ordained by the king. All classes seemed eager to contribute towards carrying the project into execution, and considerable sums were raised; but the profligacy of the minister Calonne, the low state of the finances, and the events which preceded the Revolution, caused several millions of the hospital fund to be dissipated. The Re- volution breaking out shortly afterwards, the hospitals of Paris remained without improvement. The project, however, of de- molishing the Hotel-Dieu, and establishing four hospitals, was not forgotten. By a decree of the Convention, July 16th, 1793, the administration of the department was commanded to transfer part of the patients of the hospitals of Paris into convents or other structures which had become national property. By an- other decree, of August 24th, 1794, the superintendence of the hospitals was vested in sixteen members of the National Con-

INTRODUCTION.

vention. By a subsequent decree, two new hospitals were established, and the number of beds in those already existing considerably augmented. At various successive periods the state of the hvpiianx and kospkes of Paris has been ameliorated, particularly since they have been placed under the direction of a general administration. This administration, which was created in February, 1801, consists of a general council and an admi- nistrative committee. All the civil hospitals, as well as the various institutions dependent on them, are under their super- intendence. The military hospitals are under the government ot the etai-major of the garrison of Paris. The general council decides all general administrative measures, and superintends the property, accounts, and other affairs, of the hopitaux and jiospices. The administrative committee regulates the different branches of management. The Prefect of the Seine and the i refect of Police are members of the general council, which comprises some of the most notable functionaries of the state, and assembles weekly at the Hotel de Yiiie. There is also a consulting committee of advocates attached to the administra- tion, besides a general secretary, a receiver-general, legal agents, architects, etc. The bureaux of the administrative com- mittee are at .2, rue Neuve Notre Dame. (1)

The Bureau Central a" Admission, at the corner of the Parvis Notre Dame, is a board of medical men chosen by concours for the inspection of persons desiring to be admitted into the hos- pitals, when the case is not one of urgency. From this body the hospital surgeons and ph ysicians are selected as vacancies occur. The particular hospital is indicated by this board to the patient, according to the nature of the complaint ; and no one can be admitted without the authorization of its members. Certain medical assistance is also given by the Bureau to indigent per- sons, and children are vaccinated by it gratuitously on Tuesdays, Fridays, and Sundays, at U.

Hospitals, - All the civil hospitals of Paris are divided into three classes - l. General Hospitals; 2. Special Hospitals; and, 3. Hospices or Alms-houses. The whole number of those under the care and direction of the Council General of Hospitals is

(l) It appears from the general returns of 1842 that the hospitals and hospices of Paris' support every year (in round numbers) 12,000 aged and iniirm men and women, receiving yearly nearly 80,000 patients, of whom 4,800 are always under cure or care; of children are yearly re- ceived 4,Goo, and 10,000 are always out at nurse in the country ; 500 are apprenticed yearly. Besides tiiis the hospital directors accord relief yearly to 80,000 indigent families.

HOSPITALS.

thirty-six, and these are appropriated respectively for persons afflicted with various diseases or incurable infirmities, and the indigent poor. - General Hospitals. Hotel Dieu, Parvis Notre l)anie.(l) Hopital de laPitie, 1, rue Gopeau. Hopital de la Cha- rite, 45, rue Jacob. Hopital St. Antoine, 20(J, rue du Faubourg St. Antoine. Hopital Necker, 151, rue de Sevres. Hopital Co- chin, 45, rue du Faubourg St. Jacques. Hopital Beaujon, 54, rue du Faubourg du Roule. Special hospitals: - Hopital St. Louis (diseases of the skin), 2, rue des Recollets, faubourg du Temple. Hopital du Midi (venereal complaints, men), 39, Place des Capucins, faubourg St. Jacques. Hopital de Loursine (vene- real complaints, women) 27, rue de Loursine. Hopital des En- fants Malades, 143, rue de Sevres. - Hopital de la Maternite,3, rue de la Bourbe. Hopital des Cliniques, Place de l'Ecole de Medechie. To these may be added the Mai son Royale de Sanie, 112, rue du Faubourg St. Denis. The military hospitals, which are not under the direction of the general administration, but depend on the Minister of War, are : the Hopital du Val de Grace, 277, rue du Faubourg St. Jacques; Hopital de Picpus t 19, rue de Picpus; and the Hopital Militaire, rue St. Domi- nique, an Gros Caillou.

Hospices and Benevolent Institutions. - The hospices are : Hospice de la Vieillesse (men), or Biceire. Hospice de la Vieil- lesse (women), or la Salpetriere, boulevard de l'Hopital. Hospice des Incurables (men), 150, ruedu Faubourg St. Martin. Hospice des Incurables (women), 54, rue de Sevres. Hospice des En fants Trouves et Orplielins, 74, rue d'Enfer. Maisons de re- traite ; Hospice des Menages, 20, rue de la Chaise. Hospice de la Roche foucault, route d'Orleans, Mont-Rouge , near the Bar- riere d'Enfer. Institution deSte. Perrine, Grande Rue de Chaillot. In addition to these there are several institutions of a similar nature, not subjected to the general administration of hospitals. Of these the principal are the Maison Royale de Charcnton, for lunatics. Hopital Leprince, 185, rue St. Dominique, au Gros Gaillou. Infirmerie de Marie Therese, 8G, rue d'Enfer. Maison d'Enghien, 8, rue Picpus. Hopital Royal des Quinze Vingts,3S, rue de Gharenton (for aged blind people). Institution Royale des Jeunes Aveugles, rue de Sevres, corner of the boulevard des Invalides. Institution Royale des Sourds Muets, 254, rue St. Jacques. Asile Royal de la Providence, 50, rue de la Chaussee des Martyrs. Maison de Refuge du Bon Pasteur (a species of

(l) A. succursal establishment, connected with (lie Hotel Dieu, is formed in the former Hospice des Orphelins, 224, rue du Faubourg St. Antoine, which is to he ultimately appropriated to old men.

i 04 INTRODUCTION.

Magdalen), 83, rue d'Enfer. There are three other charitable foundations, under the control of the general administration of hospitals; these are the Hospice St. Michel at St. Mande; Hos- pice Brezin, at Garches, near St. Cloud ; and the Hospice Devil- las, 17, rue du Regard. The general management of the Secours a domicile also comes under the General Administration.

In 1803 the population of Paris was 700,000, and the number of beds in the hospitals 5,620; in 1843 the latter amounted to 5,550 only, while the former had increased to above 1,000,000.

The statistical condition of the above institutions for 1842 indicated the following results: - The total number of patients admitted into the general hospitals was 80,006. The total number of deaths in'these hospitals is in the proportion of 1 in 10; the proportion of medical to surgical cases treated was as 4 to 11. The mortality arising from medical cases was about the same for males as for females ; but in surgical cases the proportion was two males to one female. The average number of days passed in the hospitals by each patient was 24 days, females stopping longer in these institutions than males. The total number of indigent persons admitted into the hospices and maisons de retraite (not including the Enfants Trouves) was 2,649, and the mortality was 1707, less among men than among women. The Hospice des En fants Trouves received 4,219 infants; the mortality amounted to 988. The number of children out at nurse, at the end of 1840, was 15,719. The greatest number of beds occupied at any one time, during the year, was, for the general and special hospitals, in March and De- cember; the smallest number in July and August. (1)

The financial condition of the Hospitals and Charitable Insti- tutions dependent on the General Administration was as follows for 1842: (2) Total receipts, all deductions and allowances made, 15,318,428 fr. Total expenditure, allowances and addi- tions included, 14,495,321 fr.; giving a surplus of receipts over expenditure, of 823,107 fr. The receipts included, among other items, rents of land, houses, etc., 828,818 fr. ; interest of funded property, 1,303,859 fr.; interest of capital lent to the city of Paris, 684,609 fr.; contributions of theatres, etc., 877,266 fr.; (3)

(1) For further account see Hospice des Enfants Trouv6s, in the 12th arrondissement.

(2) The financial and statistical returns of charitable institutions not under the control of the General Administration are not published.

(3) All public places of amusement pay a tax of 10 per cent, on their receipts towards the support of the hospitals. A heavy tax for their sup-

HOSPITALS, MAISONS DE SANTE. 405

dues from the Mont tie Piete, 514,746 fr.; funds allowed by the city of Paris from the octroi duties, 5,163,240 fr.; funds granted by the departments, 497,023 fr. The expenses included - Ge- neral Hospitals, 2,070,218 fr.; Special Hospitals, 1,468,304 fr.; Maison Royale de Sante, 151,987 fr.; Hospices, 3,625,700 fr.; MaisonsdeRetraite, 488,428 f.; Charitable Foundations 201, 057 f.; Secours a domicile (Bureaux de Bienfaisance), 1,495,385 fr.; administration, 486,700 fr. ; expenses of collection, 604,427 fr. The total expense of the Enfans Trouves, including children in the Hospice, those at nurse, and orphans, 1,390,925 fr. The average cost of each patient per diem was, in General Hospitals, 1 fr. 75 c.; in Special Hospitals, 1 fr. 80 c.; in the Hospices, from 1 fr. to 1 fr. 10 c.; in Maisons de Retraite, from 1 fr. to 1 fr. 85 c.; and in the other charitable foundations, from 1 fr. 18 c. to 4 fr. (1)

Maisons de Sante. - These establishments, of which there are a great many in and about Paris, receive patients, who pay various prices for the accommodations they receive there, and may be called hospitals for the middling classes. They are con- ducted generally by a medical man of reputation, who boards, lodges, and attends to the patients : they have generally gardens attached, and some, particularly those in the environs, are agreeable places of residence for sick people. Rooms contain- ing a single or several beds may be had according to the means of the patients ; and persons condemned for political offences, whose health would be endangered by the confinement of a prison, are sometimes allowed to reside on their parole, and on the responsibility of the director of the establishment, in a Maison de Sante. Persons confined for debt in any of the prisons of Paris may be transferred to a Maison de Sante ; but the pro- prietor of the establishment in which he is received is held responsible to the full amount of the debt due should the pri- soner escape.

The Amphitheatre of Anatomy for the hospitals of Paris is placed on the site of the ancient burial-ground of Clamart, rue des Fosses St. Marcel, and is admirably suited to the purposes for which it is intended. Every facility is given to students. Another set of dissecting-rooms is placed beside the Musee Dupuytren, near the Ecole de Medecine.

port is also levied on every piece of ground purchased for the purpose of burial in the cemeteries.

(l) The annual contract for supplying meat to all the hospitals and hospices of Paris amounts to 2,560,250 lb. The average consumption of fresh butter is 48,800 kil. That of milk 530,000 litres.

* I.NTBODUCTIO.N.

Bora-ASGEBiE Generale, 2, rue Scipioii. - This is the general bakehouse for all the hospitals.

Cave Generale, 2, rue Nolre-Dame. - Here all the wines spirits, etc., used in the hospitals are delivered,

Phabmacie Cestbale, 5, ftuai de ia Tournel!e.-A general dis- pensary, first established in the Hopitai des Enfants Trouves -arvis I\o!re Dame, was transferred, in 1812, to the convent of tne Dames Miraraioaneis, where it stilt exists. MrscABLISSE5IEXT EX FAVKl R ,,bs u,'lissi!s Inmgess, 0, rue du Petit

SociEiT. de Chap.ite Matebnelee. Bureau 89, rue Richelieu, this society m under the immediate presidency of the Queen who nominates the governesses. U ladies of rank, composing the council of administration, distribute assistance in the dif- ferent arrondissements. Its object is to aid poor women in childbed, and encourage them; to suckle their own children.

MAfsoN Gbktbale be Nocbbices, 30, rue du Temple; bureau de ,hrect,on IS, rue Sic. Appoline.-The object of this useful eslahhshment is to afford to the inhabitants of Paris and its en- virons the means of obtaining wet-nurses in whom the v may conhde, and to secure to the nurses the payment of their wages - ,lc'ETK PwiASTHBoneuE, 12, rue du Grand-Chantier. - Founded in 1 ,80, under the special protection of Louis XVI. for afford* nig relief to suffering humanity. The funds are employed in ihsln bu ling food to the indigent, gratuitous advice and medi- cine to the sick, and in assisting charitable establishments. The luisoe de iSemours is president.

Bureau be Biekfaisance et Secoers a Do«icaE.-In each of he 12 arrondissements of Paris, there is a bureau to afford re- let to aged and inbron ])ersons, and poor women bavin- laras tainilies, and gratuitous advice and medicine to the sick at their own houses. An infirmary is attached to each bureau. The relief granted consists of bread, meat, firing, and clolhin-

Z lu f . nf with palsy in two limbs ; 5 fr. to those who we Mind, and those who are upwards of 75 years old; and 8 fr to those who .arc turned 80. They are under the direction of the prefect of the department and the General Council of ilos-

ef^fC^UfaUtC°nSiStS °f lhe "W(who is president e^-ojjicio), the deputy-mayors, as weli as, in general of the rector of the parish, the curates of the chapels of ease, 'and the protestant minister, where there is a church of that persuasion - -12 managers, chosen by the Minister of the Interior; and the commissaries for the poor, and Barnes de Charite, whose num-

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

ber is determined by the bureau. A responsible agent is attached to each. In 1843 the poor of Paris amounted to 1)0,000, and, ac- cording to the recently published report, bear the following proportion to the general population of the capital : in the 1st arrondissement they are 1 in 17; 2d, 1 in 33; 3d, 1 in 27 ; 4th, 1 in 15 ; 5ih, 1 in 17 ; Gin, 1 in 15; 7th, 1 in 17 ; 8th, 1 in 65 9th, 1 in 8; 10th, 1 in 19; llth, 1 in 16 j 12th, 1 in G. General average i in 13. In 1842 there were 29,282 heads of families dependent on the several charitable institutions of the capital, of whom 8,272 were born in Paris, 4,740 were born out of Paris but married in it, and 16,270 both born and married in the pro- vinces. Of the whole number 15,230 were above GO years of age, 1,143 from 80 io 89, 32 from 90 to 99, and 1 above 100 years of age.

Societe de la Providence. - The office of this association is at 5, rue des Pyramides.

British Charitable Fl;m>. - This excellent institution was farmed in 1822, under the patronage of the British Ambassador, for the relief of distressed British subjects. The funds, which are raised by voluntary subscription, are managed by a com- mittee, who meet on Tuesdays and Fridays, at 37, rue du Fau- bourg St. Honore. One great object of this society is to afford relief to necessitous British subjects, and assist them in return- ing home. To the honour of the British name it may be said that but few persons of distinction or fortune visit Paris with- out contributing, by subscriptions or donations, to the Fund. Subscriptions and donations are received by the Committee, by the British Consul, and by Messrs. Rothschild ; Callaghaii; Galignaui.

British Free Schools, for the gratuitous education of the children of poor British subjects, and for the care and main- tenance of poor British orphans, 31, rue des Ecuries d'Artois. These institutions, open to the public every day, except Yvfed- nesday, from 9 till 4, are patronized by H.R.H. the Duchess of Kent, and H.E. the British Ambassador, and are supported by voluntary contributions. The committee consists of twelve gentlemen, who receive subscriptions, and publish an annual report.

Societe Protest ante de Prevoyance et de Secoirs Mltlel, - This association, composed exclusively of Protestants, was formed in 1825, to afford medical advice, medicine, and 2 fr. a-day to sick members, who pay a subscription of 24 fr. a-year. Office, 15, rue de la Ferine des Mathurins.

Societe Helvetique. - This society, established in 1822, is com- posed of Swiss of all the Cantons, and without distinction of

408

INTRODUCTION.

religion. Its objects are to establish a bond of union, and to afford relief to such of their countrymen as are in distress. Office, 3, rue de l'Oratoire St. Honore.

Institution pour les Enfants Delaisses, 15, rue Notre Dame des Champs. - This society's object is principally to protect de- serted young giris, and such as have lost their parents. After receiving a moral education, they are placed out as apprentices.

Charitable Society of St. Francis de Regis. - The object of this association, the director of which is the Archbishop of Pa- ris, is to promote marriage among poor people living in con- cubinage, and to contribute to the legitimizing of their offspring. Many thousands of persons and children have been benefited by it since its establishment in 1826.

Besides the above benevolent societies, there are in Paris several associations de travail pour les pauvres ( work-socie- ties), at the head of which are ladies of high rank, who meet to make articles, which are collected, and at a public exhibi- tion of them sold for the benefit of the poor. Lotteries are also formed during the course of the winter in the different arron- dissements, to which artists and benevolent persons are invited lo contribute their works, etc. Considerable sums are thus raised by the sale of the tickets, and are distributed to the poor by the Mayors. In most of the parishes of Paris also there are associations paroissiales de bienfaisance, for the education of poor children, and the relief of the aged and infirm.

Nearly connected with the hospitals is the

Administration du Mont de Piete, 18, rue des Blancs Man- teaux and rue deParadis, au Marais. - This establishment, which has three dependencies, one at 20, rue des Petits-Augustins, another at 24, rue de la Montagne Ste. Genevieve, and the third at 37, rue de la Pepiniere, was created in 1777, for the benefit of the hospitals. It enjoys the exclusive privilege of lending, upon moveable effects, four-fifths of the value of gold and silver articles, and two-thirds of the value of other effects. The money which it borrows for this purpose varies in the interest which it has to pay for it; government not allowing it to borrow at more than 3 per cent., and the lowest rate at which it has ever been able to effect a loan being 2~ per cent. The in- terest to the public upon the loans it makes used to be 12 per cent.; it is now reduced to 9 per cent., or f per cent, for 15 days, being the shortest term on which it can be paid. The directors hope to be able still further to reduce the interest. By a late concession to the public, a caisse d'd-comptes enables borrowers to refund at intervals portions of sums advanced

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

409

(even 1 fr. is received) so as gradually lo extinguish the loan; few, however, avail themselves of it. Parties must he known and domiciliated, or produce a passport or papers en regie, otherwise they cannot pledge any article. About 3000 are pledged daily. After a year, the effects are liable to be sold by auction, and the surplus paid to the borrower, on application within three years from the date of the duplicate, after which lime the surplus is given to the Administration des Hospices. Within one or two months, however, after the expiration of the first year the duplicate can be renewed, on payment of the interest due upon it; and it is then good for another year. There are 24 commissioners established in different quarters of the town to receive articles on pledge for the Mont de Piete, but they take an extra 2 per cent. The policy of the govern- ment is altogether to do away with these commissioners, by establishing branches of the Mont de Piete in the different quarters of Paris. The receipts of this institution vary from 22 to 23 millions of francs per annum, upon 1,500,000 articles pledged and renewed, each article costing the establishment in storage and other expenses 12 sous, their average value being about 18 fr. There are at present (Dec. 1843) 800,000 articles in pledge.

Savings Bank, (Caisse d'Epargne et de Prevoy&nce,) founded in 1818; has its central office at the Bank of France : there are eight dependent offices in different parts of the city, and several in the suburbs. The administration is nearly gratuitous, being mostly paid out of money with which it was endowed by the original founders. Deposits of from 1 fr. to 300 fr. are received at the several offices on Sundays and Mondays. The rate of in- terest for the ensuing year is lixed by the council of directors in the month of December; for 1843 it was 3f per cent. Not more than 2,000 fr. can be kept by each individual, nor can the delay between the demand and the reimbursement of the whole or part of any deposit exceed 12 days. In 1842 there were in France 380 of these establishments. On the first of January 1843 the deposits for the past year exceeded the reimbursements by the sum of 12,000,000 fr. The number of depositors was 149,000, and the amount due to them 95,370,000 fr. (1) All the money

(i) The savings banks of Paris received during the first eight years of their existence, up to 1826, the sum of 24,930,000 fr.; in the next eight years, to the end of 1834, a period unsettled by the events which pre- ceded and immediately followed the revolution, 44,679,000 fr.; from 1835 to the end of 1842, 250,000,000 fr.! During the first period there were 20,000 depositors, during the second 49,000, and during the last 150,000 !

10

INTRODUCTION.

received'ls paid over to the Caisse des Depots et Consignations.

Societe de Secours Mutuels entre Ouvriers. - At Paris there are about 170 of these mutual benefit-societies, composed altogether of about 14,000 members. The most ancient, that of St. Anne, dates from 1694.

After the enumeration of the charitable institutions, we may take notice of the Order of Fremasons of Paris. Of the Rit Ecos- sais ancien et accepte there are 9 lodges in Paris, and 12 in France; of the Rit Frangais ou Moderne there are 00 ateliers in Paris, and 500 in France. The Ordre Magonnique de Misra'im en Egypt e holds its meetings at 41, rue Neuve St. Merry ; the Grand Orient at 12, rue de la Douane; and the other societies at 45, rue de Grenelle St. Honore. Nearly all other societies, the forms of which are secret, are now forbidden by law.

COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS. - The Chamrer of Com- merce consists of the prefect of the department and 15 bankers or merchants, 5 of whom are elected annually. They com- municate with the government upon commercial affairs, super- intend buildings connected with commerce, and attend to the execution of the laws against smuggling, etc. They meet at the Exchange every Wednesday.

The Exchange is open daily from 1 \ till 3? for the negotiation of public effects, and till 5j o'clock for other transactions. GO agents de change, GO courtiers de commerce, and 8 courtiers d'assurance, named by the King, are alone authorised to transact public business here. The negotiation of public effects, bills of exchange, etc., belongs exclusively to the agents de change, but bills are allowed by tolerance to be negotiated by brokers. The courtiers de commerce certify the price of gold and silver, fix the price of merchandize, rates of freight, etc. The courtiers d'assurance fix the rates of insurances, etc. The legal price of public effects and goods is fixed daily at the close of 'Change, by the agents de change and courtiers, and registered by the Commissaire de la Bourse.

Bank of France, rue de la Vrilliere. - This institution was formed in 1803, by a law which gave it the exclusive privilege of issuing notes payable to the bearer at sight, until the 31st December 1867. It is directed by a governor, 2 deputy gover- nors, 15 regents, 3 censors, and a council which superintends the discounts, composed of twelve members. The governor presides over the council of regency, and every year a general council, composed of 200 of the greatest shareholders, audits the accounts of the institution. The operations of the Bank consist, in discounting bills of exchange or to order, at dates

COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS. 4 44

which cannot exceed three months, stamped and guaranteed by at least three signatures of merchants or others of undoubted credit; in advancing money on government bills, of fixed dates; in advancing money on bullion or foreign gold and silver coin; in keeping an account for voluntary deposits of every kind, government securities, national and foreign, shares, contracts, bonds of every kind, bills of exchange, other bills and all en- gagements to order or to bearer, gold and silver bars, national and foreign coin, and diamonds, with a charge for keeping, ac- cording to the value of the deposit, which cannot exceed an eight of one per cent, for every period of six months and un- der; in undertaking to recover the payment of bills on account of individuals and public establishments having accounts cur- rent with the Bank; to receive in a current account sums from individuals and public establishments, and to pay the engage- ments it thereby contracts, to the amount of the sums entrusted. The bank is open from 9 to 4 daily, except Sundays and festivals, for the exchange of bills against specie and for discounting. To be admitted to discount, and to have a running account at the bank, a request must be made in writing to the governor, and be accompanied by the certificate of three well-known persons. The usufruct of bank shares may be ceded, but the fee-simple may still be disposed of. The shares may be immobilisees, that is, converted into real property, by a declaration of the pro- prietor; they are then, like any kind of real property, subject to the same laws, and have the same prerogatives. The capital of the Bank of France, which at first consisted of 45 millions of francs, has since been doubled, and would now be represented by 90,000 shares of 1,000 fr. each, if the administration of the concern had not bought up 22,100 shares; from whence it follows that the 67,900 shares actually existing represent the entire capital. The interest on these shares, which varies com- monly from 12 to 15 per cent., can never be under 6 per cent. A law of 17th May, 1834, fixes the reserved fund at 10 millions of francs. The dividend of 1842 was 136 fr. per share, deduction being made of all expenses of administration. The rate of dis- count is 4 per cent., and 946,799,000 fr. discounted in 1842 gave a profit, upon this branch alone of its operations, of 5,652,000 fr. The notes of the Bank of France are all of 1,000 fr. and 500 fr., and the total value of those in circulation is 234 mil- lions of francs. There are 228 millions of francs in the Bank Treasury. The annual circulation of money through all its departments is about 1 1 milliards. The accounts are made up, verified, and submitted lo the director every evening.

INTRODUCTION.

There are ten discount banks established by the Bank of France ; at Rheims, St. Etienne, St. Quentin, Montpellier, Gre- noble, Caen, Besan^on, Chateauroux, Clermont-Ferrand, and Angouleine. Their joint discounts in 1842 was 233,613,000 fr., producing a profit of 1,510,000 fr.

Gaisse cI'Amortissement et Gaisse des Depots et Consignations. - These two establishments, both of which are under the sole control of the legislative powers, though perfectly distinct from each other, are administered by the same director-general, sub- director, and treasurer, who are independent of the Ministers, and responsible only to a commission of superintendence, nomi- nated by the King every three years, and consisting of a peer of France, who is officially president; two deputies, a president of the Cour des Comptes, the governor of the Bank of France, and the president of Hie Chamber of Commerce of Paris. The Gaisse d'Amortissement conducts all operations relative to the reduc- tion of the public debt of the country. The Gaisse des Depots et Consignations receives all moneys deposited in it in con- sequence of legal awards, and other public proceedings, or by any public functionaries, for which it allows interest at the rate of 3 per cent, per aim. after the money has been deposited GO days. Private individuals may also deposit money here, for which they receive 2 per cent, interest after the first GO days. During the legislative session the president of the commission makes a report to the two Chambers, which is published. The bureaux are established at the Maison de l'Oratoire, opposite the Louvre.

Commercial Establishments. - For a list the reader is referred to the Almanack du Commerce, published every year, the names being loo numerous for insertion in this work.

SOCIAL STATISTICS.

REVENUE, TAXES, etc. - The receipts of the city of Paris for last year were about 50,000,000 fr., and the expenditure about 45,000,000 fr. (1)

(l) Among the items of receipt we find . - Octroi Duties, 30,698,643 fr. 78 c. Droits de Remise on Sales in Markets, 431,642 fr. 27 c. Public Weights and Measures, 255,918 fr. 26 c. Hydraulic Establishments, 779,i33fr. 35 c. Caisse de Poissy, l,347,!56fr. 90c. Abattoirs, i,08i,i32fr. 39 c. Entrepots, 466,026fr. 99 c. Rents of Standings in Markets, 539,489fr.

SOCIAL STATISTICS.

113

The admirable financial management of the municipal affairs of the capital has brought the revenues of the city-chest into this healthy condition ; the debt with which it was bur- thened, tothe amount of 66 millions of francs, is being gradually paid off, and the municipality can dispose annually of a clear excess of more than 5 millions. The contributions fonciere, personelle, et mobiliere, for the department of the Seine, were last year 29,964,605 fr.

Tariff of the Octroi and Entrance Duties. - Wine in wood, 21 fr. per hectolitre; do, in bottles, 6 sous per litre; vinegar, verjuice, etc., in wood or bottles, 10 fr. 10 sous perhect.; pure alcohol contained in brandy or spirits, in wood, brandy or spirits in bottles, liqueurs, fruit in brandy, and scented spirits, in wood or bottles, 81 fr.8 sous perhect.; perry, 11 fr. perhect.; cider and mead, lOfr.per hect. ; beer brought to Paris, 4 fr. perhect. ;beer brewed at Paris. 3 fr. per hect. ; (1) olive oil, 40 fr. perhect.; other oils, 20 fr. per hect. ; oxen, 24 fr. per head ; cows, 15 fr. ; calves, 6 fr. ; sheep, 1 fr. 10 sous; (2) hogs and wild boars, 9fr.; coarse meat sold without weighing, 13 centimes per kilogramme; sausages, hams, fresh pork, salt pork, bacon, etc., 4 sous per kilog. ; heads, feet, tripe, etc., 1 sous per kilog.; fire-wood, 2 fr. per stere; white wood, 1 fr. 10 sous per do.; faggots, 3fr. per hundred; charcoal, 15 sous for two hectolitres; coals, 10 sous per hectolitre; dry hay (in trusses of 5 kilogrammes), 4 fr. per 100 trusses; straw, 1 fr. per ditto; oats, 10 sous per hectolitre; quicklime, 1 fr. 4 sous per do.; plaster, 36 centimes per do.; rough stone, 12 sous per cubic metre; hewn stone, 1 fr. 12 sous per do.; marble and granite, 16 fr. per do.; large slates, 5 fr., small slates, 4 fr., bricks, 6 fr., tiles, 7 fr. 10 sous, and square pavements, 5 fr. per 1,000; potter's clay and sand,

43 c. Rents of Standings on Public Ways, 323,356 fr. 30 c. Duties on Burials, 441,830 fr. Grants of Land in Cemeteries, 556,602 fr. Scavenger- ing Dues, 166,000 fr.

Among the items of expenditure are .- - Expenses of Collection, etc., 733,828 fr. 65 c.