Auglaize County, Ohio - Early French and English Explorations, 1905

The history of that portion of Western Ohio, of which Auglaize County is a part, dates back to 1680, when La Salle and a few followers ascended the Maumee river and established a trading post near where Maumee City is located. The post was placed in charge of Sieur Courthemanche, after which the voyagers proceeded up the river to its source, and from thence south, to the Ohio river.

In after years the British built Fort Miami on the exact spot where La Salle's post was established. Other posts were established afterward at Fort Wayne, Vincennes, Pickawillany, St. Marys and Wapakoneta. Following the trails that connected the important Indian towns of the Mississippi Valley, the Jesuit traders established a lucrative trade that lasted until the close of the French dominion over the Northwest Territory in 1763.

The English made their first permanent settlement in 1607, at Jamestown, in Virginia. The French planted a small colony at Port Royal, in Nova Scotia in 1605, and three years afterward, in 1608, a small colony of adventurers, from France, founded the city of Quebec, in Canada. From this time until the year 1763, through a period of more than a century and a half, France and Great Britain were active and vigorous rivals in many contests concerning the territories, the colonists, and the trade of North America.

The English, basing their title upon the discoveries made by the Cabots, laid claim to all the territory from New Foundland to Florida, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The French, on the other hand, claimed all the interior portion adjacent to the St. Lawrence and Mississippi rivers and their tributaries, upon the ground that they had explored and occupied it ; and, the better to secure their claim, they erected forts at various points through the region. In consequence of these conflicting claims, a war broke out between England and her colonies, with a few Indians, on the one side, and France and her colonies, largely aided by the Indians, on the other, which is known as "The French and Indian War." It was a contest for dominion over the great Mississippi valley.

The year 1749 witnessed the beginning of difficulties. Strolling bands of traders, had, for several years frequented the Indian villages on the upper tributaries of the Ohio river. As soon as it became known in Canada that the English were engaged in traffic with the Indians, French traders were dispatched from Canada to visit the same villages, and to compete with the English in the purchase of furs.

Virginia, under her ancient charter, claimed the whole country lying between her western borders and the southern shores of Fake Erie. The French fur-gatherers in this district were regarded as intruders not to be .tolerated. To prevent further encroachment, a number of prominent Virginians joined themselves together in a body called The Ohio Company, with a view to the immediate occupation of the disputed territory.

Z'" It is a fact worthy of note that the French in their early explorations and expeditions in the Northwest Territory united piety with business. "They were zealous in sending out their missionaries, but they were always attended by traders, as skilled in the world's profit and loss, as their priests were in proselyting the Indians. The suave manner -Nf the French was so fascinating to the Indians that the traders were able, ere long, to exercise complete control over them. The order of Jesuits was so numerous in Canada that representatives were stationed at every trading post, village and settlement. The English colonists, engaged mostly in agriculture, while the French took a lively interest in the fur trade with the natives, probably from their settlement in Quebec and thereabouts, where the climate is advantageous for such a business. This, added to the influence of the priests, and the natural assimilation of French 'and Indians, through the tact and amiability of the former, the French possessions gained more rapidly than the English. They courted the Indian girls and married them. They engaged in feasts, games and trades, and took advantage of the unimpeded times to extend their dominion." treaty with the Twigtwee Indians who occupied the country along the Miami river in what is now Shelby and Miami counties. To preserve the relations of the treaty, he sent out in the fall of 1750, a company of twenty-five men who established a trading post at the mouth of Pickawillany creek, at a point on the Miami river about eight miles south of Sidney. Before the next spring a block house was completed, and several stores and dwellings were erected. The block house and other buildings were sur- rounded by a stockade, as a protection, in case of sudden attack, both for their persons and property. The stockade consisted of a high wall of split logs set deep in the ground, and having three gateways. Within the inclosure the traders dug a well, which furnished an abundant supply of fresh water during the fall, winter and spring, but failed in summer. At this time Pickawillany contained four hundred Indian families, and was the residence of the principal chief of the Miami Confederacy. Christopher Gist was there in February, 1751, and in his published journal says: 'The place was daily increasing, and was accounted one of the strongest Indian towns on this continent.' In his entry for February 18th, he thus refers to the stockade: "We walked about and viewed the fort, which wanted some repairs, and the traders' men helped them to bring logs to- line the middle."

In several contemporary papers it is stated that the fort at Pickawillany was built of stone. If this were the case, remains of the structure ought yet to be visible, but after a careful examination we are unable to find any traces of the kind in the neighborhood of the mouth of Loramie's creek. During the winter and spring of 1751, according to a letter of George Croghan, thirty of the Miamis were killed by the French, presumably on account of their alliance with the English. In January, 1751, three French soldiers, who had deserted from the post at St. Joseph's and St. Mary's, delivered themselves to the English at Pickawillany. The Miamis demanded the Frenchmen for purposes of revenge. This the traders humanely refused to do, and to save their lives sent them to an English trading post on the Muskingum river, commanded by Colonel George Croghan. When the French governor of Canada heard that deserters from his service were received and protected at Pickawillany, he became greatly enraged, and ordered a detachment of two hundred and forty French, Ottawas and Chippewas to proceed to Pickawillany and destroy the post. In May, 1752, Monsieur St. Orr, with his force, left Detroit, and on the 21st of June, at early dawn reached Pickawillany. An attack was immediately commenced, and after a spirited resistance the fort was surrendered. In the skirmish fourteen Twigtwees and one trader were killed. At the conclusion of the surrender all the buildings were burned and the goods appropriated. The English traders, tradition says.

at Logtown, and to the Twigtwees on the Miami river. Captain Trent, Thomas Burney, and about twenty Indians visited the ruins of the fort and devastated Indian village, on the 6th of July, but found no one there, the Indians having moved to the Wabash river, eighty miles to the west.

After the fall of Pickawillany Post most of the English traders abandoned the Ohio trade, and the French paid no further attention to it until 1769, when Peter Loramie, a French Jesuit were all murdered on their way to Canada. The Twigtwee king, old Britain, was killed and boiled in a kettle, and eaten by the Canadian Indians who accompanied the expedition.

The foregoing history of the post at Pickawillany, is from the journal of Captain William Trent, who was commissioned by Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, to carry presents to the Indians trader, came over from Vincennes and established a store on Pickawillany creek, about nine miles north of its junction with the Miami river. Loramie was a great hater of the English, and his store was, for thirteen years, the headquarters, from which expeditions were sent against the pioneers of southern and eastern Ohio. Loramie so endeared himself to the Indians, that he was able to exercise absolute control over them. "I have," says Colofiel Johnston, "seen the Indians burst into tears when speaking of the time when their French Father had dominion over them." Soon after Loramie established his store, other stores were established in what is now Auglaize county. One of them was located on a branch of the St. Mary's river about two miles up the stream from the village of St. Marys. It was what is called a dug-out in the West, that is, the apartments occupied by the traders were excavations made in the bank of the creek, protected in front and on the sides by pickets. But little is known concerning this post, beyond the fact that it was occupied by French traders. They no doubt left at the time General Clark visited Loramie's store.

About the same time that the St. Mary's store was established, Francis Duchouquet and two other Frenchmen established a trading post at Wapakoneta. They built a stockade on the Auglaize river, about half a mile northeast of Wapakoneta on what is known as the Shafer farm. A spring, in the southwest corner of the inclosure, furnished the inmates with an abundance of good water.

From 1769 to 1782 the pioneers of Cincinnati and vicinity suffered much from the atrocities committed by the Indians sent out from Loramie's store. So noted had the place become in 1782, that General George Rogers Clark marched against it with a regiment of Kentucky volunteers.

The bloody war between Great Britain and France, commenced at Pickawillany in 1752, terminated with the treaty of Paris in 1763. "By the terms of the treaty France divided her possessions in America between Great Britain and Spain. To Great Britain she gave Canada and Cape Breton, and all the islands save two in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Entering what is now the United States, she drew a line down the Mississippi river from its source to a point just north of New Orleans. To Great Britain she surrendered all her territory east of this line. To Spain she gave all her possessions to the west of this line, together with the city of New Orleans" To make her possessions east of the Mississippi complete, Great Britain gave Havana to Spain in exchange for Florida.

At the end of the war with France, Great Britain came into possession of Canada and all that part of the United States which lies between the Atlantic and the Mississippi, with the exception of the little strip at the mouth of the river.