Essex County, Massachusetts - Chapter with an unread heading (no. 45 of those read), 1888 (part 1 of 3)

Business

The early and leading industries of the town were farming, grazing and fishing. The various trades met, with facility and skill, the demand of home consumption, furnishing the house, and the farm, equipping the mariner and manufacturing the clothing.

Farming. - This may be said to have been the leading industry, the first requisite of which is the soil. The underlying rock of the town, and, of the county, is syenite, or hornblendic granite, an excellent building and flagging stone that has made Cape Ann famous, but is not quarried here. The soil above is light, consisting of gravel, sand, clay, and the product of organic decay, not mixed in a favorable proportion to make a strong, productive land. The soil requires as constant care and judicious handling and fertilizing as the crops need cultivation. The best soil is, of course, between the hills, and it rewards the husbandman as a garden. The hill-sides and plains, of which there are many, are not poor, but are much worn in the lapse of two hundred and fifty years. They were sought and valued by our ancestors. Well might the Wonder-working Providence remark: "They have very good land for husbandry, where rocks hinder not the course of the plow." This land was adapted to the growth of the cereals, such as corn, oats, barley, rye, wheat and flax. "The potato was cultivated," says Felt, " in 1733, but was not much used. It was a delicacy, accompanying a roast-beef dinner and unusual occasions; the turnip, then raised in abundance, took its place on all common occasions." Corn and rye were the principal bread-stuff of our sires. Barley made a nutritive food, a palatable coffee, and a healthful beer; flax was easily converted into linen, which supplied various needs of the household ; and hemp, which had been grown by the Indians, was cultivated and converted into clothing and other uses. Their pasturage, which consisted of more than seven thousand five hundred acres, was good. The soil was new and feed abundant, and the numerous large hills were peculiarly serviceable ; the best beef could be produced simply at the expense of the herdsman's time. The Wonder- Working Providence tells us, " the Lord hath been pleased to increase them in Corneand Cattell of late [1650] ; insomuch that they have many hundred quarters to spare yearly, and feed, at the latter end of summer, the Town of Boston with good

The Marshes. - The salt marshes and fresh meadows were an important factor in the agricultural economy. There are more than 3300 acres of the former and some 500 acres of the latter. In the early years of the town these were the only sources of food for the cattle in winter. The grass of either is not very valuable; but when properly mixed and fed out with care it is fairly relished and served particularly well to winter young stock. The fresh meadows have served largely for fuel, furnishing an incipient coal called j^eat. This is an accumulation of half-decomposed vegetable substance formed under water, without pressure, and contains fifty or more per centum of carbon. It began to be used at a very early period ; so long since was it dug, that some of the ditches thus made had, fifty years ago, grown over and become sufficiently solid to allow the picking of cranberries growing thereon. A hundred and twentyfour years ago it was in great demand. The land sold from $75 to $100 per acre, or in family yearly supplies, at about two dollars per square rod. Coal began to be used about 1830, and has now supplanted peat except in a few instances, in the rural districts, where the families own peat meadow.

Where this formation of vegetable matter has progressed subject to atmospheric action, muck has been formed, which has been much used as a fertilizer.

Some of these meadows are more or less valuable for the production of cranberries, yielding from a few bushels to forty or fifty per acre. The berry grows without cultivation, and with little attention.

Wood and Timber. - The woodlands have been very productive; oak and pine wood and timber being the staples. Since the introduction of coal, woodfuel has fallen in price nearly half; and the price of timber has been greatly diminished since the easy transportation of timber and lumber, by rail from the North and the East. Timber and wood merchants, with heavy teams of oxen or horses, u<ed to do a profitable business, but such teams now are not seen.

The Cultivation. - There are besides the above, probably three thousand acres now under cultivation. The leading productions are fruit, vegetables, corn and milk. Much attention late years has been given to garden productions, especially early vegetables. Hay has been grown with much care, especially the so-called English hay, since its introduction at the first, by obtaining the seed from England. "Grayne seed," - wheat, rye and barley, - was introduced from England in 1629, with which probably, or soon after, came our fine, English grass-seed. In 1666 those who had taken ground of the town, and agreed to sow four bushels of good English grass-seed, were called to an account for their neglect to do so. In 1694, for the payment of taxes, the town made the following prices : barley, barley-malt and rye, four shillings per bushel ; wheat, six shillings ; Indian corn, three shillings ; and oats, two shillings.

Hay. - Hay merchants from fifty to a hundred years ago made their toil remunerative by purchasing hereabouts and selling in the Salem and Boston markets. They employed teams of from four to six horses, and carried from four to six tons to a load. Hay is now pressed in the East and elsewhere, put up in bales and transported by rail, so that the trade in hay is hardly more than local.

Berries. - The prolific huckleberry and blueberry, the attatash of the Indians, demands a notice. It is a delicious little berry, and by its fine palatable quality has ingratiated itself into public favor, and the market demands it. In ripens in July and August, during the long school vacation, and many a family of children earns from twenty to thirty dollars in a season, - an essential help to the poor, and a profitable recreation for the scholars. A hill in the Linebrook District, written " Hurttlebery Hill " two hundred years ago, is now visited from the towns about us, by huckleberry-parties yearly, so plentiful the berry still continues. One of the many market-men hereabouts sold last year nearly three hundred bushels of them.

Fruits. - Apples and pears were introduced from the mother-country. The houses of the settlers were surrounded by "pleasant gardens and orchards," and to-day if you find, in the woods or a pasture, an old cellar that long since was abandoned, there you are likely to find the old wall that enclosed its orchards, and some of the old, old trees. So valuable were the orchards to our ancestors, so late even as a century ago, that the father divided his orchard, by will, among his children, devising or bequeathing certain trees to jDarticular children, while one child only was to possess the land. During the last fifty years orchards have been cultivated with profit in jiroducing the choicest varieties of apples and pears.

Tobacco. - Our early ancestors derived much profit in the cultivation of tobacco. In the Virginia Colony, it was a source of large revenue. Our Legislature frowned upon it as hurtful, and in 1634 attached a fine of 2s. 6d. to every occasion of its public use, and in 1635 prohibited traffic in it after September. But in 1682 tobacco-yards were common, and its cultivation was continued for a century, at least. Families had their gardens of " the weed," and their peculiar " mode of twisting it and curing it, with molasses and rum, to make it palatable."

Statistics. - The United States Census of 1880 reported 153 farms, 357 persons engaged in farming pursuits, of whom 4 were females, a production of 129,692 gallons of millc, 4806 tons of hay, 43,482 pounds of butter, 375 pounds of cheese, 28,511 dozen of eggs, 17,940 bushels of potatoes on 211 acres of land and 11,355 bushels of corn on 266 acres of land, having a total value of $98,413.

This tabulated statement shows a decrease in the value of farm lands, fruit-trees, and implements, and of butter, potatoes, apples, and hay ; and an increase in the value of buildings and animals, and of corn, milk, eggs and vegetables, clearly setting up in figures the wise departure from the olden time, hekvy farming to the easy, more agreeable and profitable traffic in milk and vegetable products. The alluvial river-borders and the mountain districts, however distant, may furnish us with potatoes, and hay, and butter, and cheese; but the morning's milk, fresh eggs and green stuffs from the garden must be produced nearer the place of sale.

Our Essex County Agricultural Society has done a great good in years past, in stimulating a healthful emulation among our farmers by premiums for best farms, fruits, grass and methods; but a greater practical good, in later years, has been done by our miniature or local societies, where the farmers of the town met for practical discussion upon live topics of local interest. This makes a learned, intelligent, practical, diligent, progressive farmer, and gives us the best results with less labor and expense. So we compliment the Ipswich Farmers' Club and the " Ipswich Fruit-Growers' Protective Association."

Fisheries. - There is no doubt that a fishing-station had existed here for a number of years before March 1633. Gorges and his company had stations all along this coast. Jeffrey, or Burslim, or both managed here. The place was excellent in two respects: The Neck furnished the wharfage, and Ipswich and Plum-Island Rivers, with Plum-Island as a breakwater, the harbor ; the shallow water and the high bar forming no impediment to the small crafts or boats then in use. Second, the supply offish along the shore and in the rivers was abundant. Cod and sturgeon and bass then belonged to our shores and streams. The fishery increased and became lucrative. The town took measures to make the business inviting. In 1641 the fishermen could enclose their fishing-stages, and each crew could plant an acre of ground. In 1670 they could take wood from the common for needed buildings and for fuel, and each crew could feed a cow upon the common. In 1696 Jeffrey's Neck was well covered with fish-flakes on the south side. A committee was chosen to regulate the flakes, which were "to run up and down the hill," so that one party might not interfere with or hinder another. That year there seems to have been an impetus given the business from the fact, that "new flakes" were set up. These were apparently to in\ite and accommodate new parties "to carry on the fishing design." At this time there was a community of some seven or eight hundred persons doing, in connection with other industries and trades, a large and prosperous business, and still, wise and generous, holding out inducements and inviting co-operation. The business grew, and with it grew its hazards, perils, sorrows, losses ; and it was necessary to hedge it in with safeguards and positive law. Accordingly, in 1729, the town provided that owners of vessels should register their names and the names of the crew with the clerk, or forfeit 20s. for each and every name omitted. But with all the liberality of accommodation and assistance, the industry waned ; better natural facilities led the fishermen away, and only six schooners remained to Ipswich in 1758. From that time Ipswich managed to retain the remnant, so that in " 1797 a lew vessels were employed in the fishery."

Stream Fisheries. - The catches of sturgeon, bluefi-h, shad and alewives were of considerable importance in the early days. They were a revenue to the town, of some commercial importance in trade with the West Indies, and "last though perhaps not least" they were of much value to the poorer families. Their importance has been considered so great, that the Legislature has, again and again, been petitioned for fishways by the dams of the manufactories. The petition of May 25, 1768, says : The Ipswich River has been reported "from age to age one of the best fish streams, particularly for shad, bass and alewives, in the county if not in the country." Within fifty years, several barrels of alewives have been taken, in a season, from a single brook. These fish are now little if at all known in our streams.

Clam-digging, also, has, from the first, been of considerable importance. Measures were early taken to protect the flats. Fishermen and the poor, in early years, had special privileges to them. In 1789 a thousand barrels were dug. They sold for five or six dollars per barrel, and were much used for bait. It is a good paying industry now, the product finding a ready sale in the city markets, and furnishing a dainty relish for poor and rich alike. The Ipswich clams rank in celebrity with the Providence River or Norfolk oyster. Even the shells pulverized find a ready sale, in the country, among poulterers far and near. Shore and stream fishing is all that is left to us now. The dory, the seine and the fork are the chief implements of the industry. In 1875 the capital employed was nine thousand dollars, and the value of fish caught was twenty thousand nine hundred and forty-eight dollars ; while in 1885 the capital was only two thousand two hundred dollars, yet the value of the fish was twenty-one thousand seven hundred and eighty-four dollars.

Commerce. - The Wonder- Working Providence says, that Ipswich, in 1650, " was a very good Haven Town, yet a little barr'd up at the mouth of the River. Some merchants are here." The maritime enterprise of the town long kept up her merchant service, though compared with Boston, it was small. There is no source of information on this topic ; the custom-house files are barred by law; and inferences only are left. Ipswich was a port of entry as early as June 28, 1701-2. The port establishments of 1692-93 did not receive regal sanction. The building of wharves began 1641, when William Paine had one for a warehouse. A wharf was built in each of the following years, 1660, '62 and '68. Again in each of these years a wharf was built, 1682, '85, '86, '87 and '93. In 1730 two wharves were built. In 1732 Joseph Manning built one and the town agreed to have one, as a landing-place at six pence a load. In 1750 Daniel and Thomas Staniford were granted liberty for wharfage for a warehouse. In 1756 William Dodge had one, and in 1764 Nathaniel Farley another. The coasting business is said to have begun about 1768. Dr. Morse's Gazetteer says that Ipswich, in 1779, " employed few vessels in the fisheries, and a few traded in the West Indies." That year thirteen vessels were enrolled at the Ipswich Custom- House and registered at four hundred and fifty tons. In 1807 twenty-three vessels were enrolled with thirteen hundred and sixty-two tons ; in 1817 twelve vessels and seventeen hundred and forty tons ; in 1827 twenty-five vessels and thirty-two hundred and seventy-three tons ; in 1832 twenty-three vessels and twenty-six hundred and nineteen tons. During the first quarter of this century, Robert Farby built a vessel of three hundred tons, which was about three times the average size. At j^resent there are no vessels belonging to Ipswich enrolled at the customhouse, which compasses all of five tons or more in the district. There are two or three coalers, which supply the coal-wharves yearly with ten thousand tons of the ''diamonds," and an occasional sloop, bringing stone for building purposes; but they are owned elsewhere. There is, however, Captain N. Burnham's fine excursion steamer " Carlotta," which, during the summer season, rung her regular trips to the Island, besides making occasional trips to points of interest along the coast. Capt. Moses Treadwell, I am told, owned the last vessel belonging here; and that she lay neglected, for many years in " The Cove," and went to pieces before 1824.

This was made a national customs collection district by act of Congress approved May 7, 1796. By this act a collector of customs was authorized, and the surveyorship formerly existing and held by Jeremiah Staniford was abolished. The first collector of customs was Asa Andrews. The letter informing him of his apj^ointment was dated June 9, 1796. His immediate successor, Timothy Souther, received notice of his appointment, by a letter dated July 22, 1829. Mr. Souther was succeeded by Asahel Wilde.«, August 2, 1840, who continued in office to and including July 20, 1844, when the office was merged in the Newburyport office, and Essex, which had been a part of the Ipswich District, was joined to Gloucester, according to an act of Congress approved June 15, 1844. At this time Daniel L. Wilcomb was inspector and Issachar Burnham occasional inspector, each at three dollars a day when employed. Daniel Lakeman was revenue boatman, at one dollar a day when employed. Other inspectors have been Reuben Daniels, Philip E. Clarke, James W. Bond. Mr. Andrews was born in June, 1762, and he died January 13, 1856, in his ninety-fourth year. He held the office of collector about thirty-three years. He was a very able man and had honorable mention as candidate for Congress. He had a son who graduated at Harvard, at the age of eighteen years, and was rector at Binghamton, N. Y., for fifteen years.

Mechanics And Manufactures

Trades. - Herein particularly old Mother Necessity exhibits her large family of inventions. The people of those early days did not live to eat so much as eat to live. Every day's labor, on the whole, must be a positive advance. We of to-day have abundance out of an abundance by means abundant; they lived frugally and healthfully, cheerfully and hopefully, by a poverty of means ; and however unpolished and rude may have been the results of their workmanship, it served thtir purpose, advanced thir State, and we must accord their meed of praise. In 1638 Thomas Einersou was a baker. Tliomas Bridan was granted six acres of land, on which to phmt osiers, or willows, for basket-making, in 1639. Mr. Samuel Appleton had a malt-house in 1642. The " mault-kills " may cut walnut trees for drying malt, in 1669 ; and James Burnam was granted land for a malt-house in 1696 ; "John Low's," then discontinued, having been beneficial to the neighborhood." John Paine was allowed a brewery and warehouse in 1663, but there has been none since 1800. Andrew Peters might cut trees for a cider-mill in 1668. A disiillery for the manufacture of rum from molasses was set up about 1750 ; the manufacture ceased in 1830. There were two smiths in 1667. In 1682 Thomas Day had a place granted for a brickyard, and Andrew Burley burned bricks on Jeffrey's Neck in 1687. Thomas Howlett was carpenter in 1633 ; Samuel Boreman, cooper in 1639; William Bulkley, cordwainer in 1664; Nathaniel Bishop, currier in 1638; and Henry Keerle was admitted to citizenship and allowed to set up the trade of currier in 1665. John Brown, Jr., was glazier in 1664; Nathaniel Rust, glover in 1690; William Fuller, gunsmith in 1635 ; Samuel Wood, hatter in 1692 ; Simon Tomson, ropemaker in 1648 ; Moses Pingrey may set up salt-pans and works in 1651, and in 1669 the town voted £8 to James Hudson to set up salt-works. In 1642 each town was to have a house for the manufacture of saltpetre. Henry Russell, of Ipswich, and Richard Woodey, of Boston, were preparing for the manufacture of saltpetre and gunpowder in 1666 ; and in 1667 the town ordered that each family should provide a hogshead of earth as a urinal, auxiliary to the manufacture of gunpowder. Nathaniel Brown had a grant of land, whereon to make ashes and soap. In 1691 there was an old " sopehouse." John Annable was a tailor in 1647 ; Nicholas Easton was a tanner in 1634 ; Thomas Clarke, in 1641 ; Ens. Thomas Hart, in 1700 ; and Thomas Brown's son, in 1734. In 1832 the tanneries employed ten men, at $1.20 per day, used ninety cords of bark, converted 10,000 hides into leather, which was sold in the county for $25,250- James How was a weaver in 1642, and John Denison in 1647. Richard Kimball, Jr., was a wheelwright in 1638 ; Thomas Fuller had land for a wheelwrightshop in 1685 ; in 1671 Freegrace Norton could cut timber for " cogs and rounds and starts for the mill ;'' Deacon Pingrey built a small lighter; and, in 1691, "Jacob Foster could cut timber for pails, measures, &c." Thus the records record, but of course there may have been other names at earlier dates.

Geist-Mill Machinery. - The first man to make use of machinery was Richard Saltonstall, and, we think, Sir Richard. Richard Saltonstall was a man of liberal, advanced and pronounced ideas. He openly and fearlessly denounced the African slave-trade. This man set up a grist-mill in 1635, on the site of Mr. Farley's stone mill. Jonathan Wade was allowed to take timber for a wind-mill, which was built and gave name to the hill where it stood. This kind of motive power was not much resorted to in Ipswich, because of the abundant water-power, Thomas Bishop and Robert Lord might erect a grist-mill, in 1666. In 1671 the town declare one corn-mill insufficient for their use, and as if there were but one in town, a complaint was made against Mr. Saltonstall, with a request that he erect another. In 1686-87 Sergt. Nicholas Wallis might dam the river, not exceeding three feet, and erect mills for the town's use. In 1687 Nehemiah Jewett might erect a mill on Egypt River. In 1691-92 Thomas Boreman desired to erect a tide grist-mill, on Labor-in-vain Creek. In 1695-96 Abraham Tilton, Jr., and Edmund and Anthony Potter asked that they might erect a mill on Mile Brook. In 1696-97 John Adams, Sr. and Jr., and Michael Farley might dam the river, against Adams' land, and erect corn and fulling-mills.

Saw-Mills. - There seems to have been no early saw-mills on the territory of the present Ipswich, Several were at Chebacco. In 1656 sawyers might fell trees in the woods three and a half miles or more from the meeting-house, if they would allow the town one-fifteenth and charge the inhabitants no more than four per centum.

FuLLiNG-MiLLS. - The first fulling-mill seems to have been built about 1675; another was attempted in 1676, on Egypt river, but was not completed in the prescribed three years, and the dam was afterwards removed. Joseph Calefte might erect one " where it will not prejudice others," if he will full for the town's people "ibr their pay sooner than for other ' towns ' men for money," in 1692. Joseph Caletle and Thomas and Anthony Potter, in 1692-93, might erect one on Mile Brook. These were mills that received the cloth woven at home and cleansed, scoured and pressed it, - that removed the dirt and grease, and made the material more compact, firmer and stronger, with a soft, glossy nap.

Cloth. - In 1641 children and servants were to be taught the manufacture of cloth from wild hemp, with which the country abounded. In 1645, wool was scarce, and in 1654 no sheep might be transported, and none killed under two years of age. In 1656 the town was divided into classes of five, six and ten, and taught the art of spinning. One person shall spin three pounds of linen, cotton, wool, monthly, for thirty weeks each year, or forfeit twelve pence per month, for each pound short. Half and quarter spinners were required to do the same proportionally. Samuel Stacy was clothier in 1727. Those were the days of the " independent farmer." All his needs were supplied by his skill or care. Even his clothes grew on his own field in the azure-hued flax or the silvery fleece of his sheep. His family converted these into fine, cool thread, or soft, warm yarn, and these latter they wove into cloth from which they made his and his family's garments. Our childhood's lips delighted to cord with the hum of the spinning-wheel. We have a vivid remembrance of the little wheel for linen and the big wheel for wool, but the clatter of the loom, that so deftly arranged the warp and woof was a home-thrumming hardly so late as our day. The weaver's thrums are now supplanted by a noisy, profitless thrumming of the piano.

Woolen-Mill - Dr. John Manning, in 1792, was granted a lot of land, fifty by thirty feet, at the northwest corner of Choate Bridge, for a woolen factory. In 1794 he had a further grant for the same purpose, and July 8, 1795, a full and complete title was given. The mill went into operation in 1794, and manufactured cloths and blankets. The enterprise was not a success, and the business was closed in 1800. The site was afterwards occupied by " Coburn's Block," the structure now there is called " Caldwell's Block."

Lace Manufacture. - This product was made in families. The manufacture probably had a small beginning, - was confined to a few families, but grew till "almost every family'' was engaged in it. It particularly suited the employment of women and children, for profit and leisure. "The lace was formed," says Mr. Felt, " on a lap-pillow, which had a piece of parchment round it with the particular figure, represented by pins stuck up straight, around which the work was done and the lace wrought." Black and white laces, in silk and thread, and of all widths and qualities, were made. It was considerably exported in 1797. In 1790 nearly forty-two thousand yards were made, and the business was then rather increasing. It continued till about 1821 or '22, when a Boston lace company removed to this town and set up their machinery. They located on South Main Street, near the Foot-bridge, and February 4, 1824, were incorporated as the " Boston and Ipswich Lace Company." Joseph Farley, William H. Sumner, Augustine Heard and George W. Heard, were the proprietors ; and could hold real estate to the value of fifty thousand dollars, and personal to the value of one hundred thousand dollars, and could manufacture "lace and other articles made of linen, silk, cotton and woolen material." The company, of course, achieved success for a number of years; but the deepest streams are not always smooth. It is said the company " split," and occasioned the formation of another. "Thomas Manning, Ammi Smith, John Clark, their associates, successors and assigns, were incorporated the "New England Lace Company," January 17, 1827, and could hold thirty thousand dollars in real estate, and fifty thousand dollars in personal. The factory was located on High Street, on the site of Mr. Joseph Ross' residence. In some way, by English competition or interference, the business became unprofitable, and the factories closed, - the former in 1828, and the latter soon after 1833.

watering-place, between the lace-factory and his sawmill, that he might construct a new dam and erect a factory in the place of the saw-mill. In due time the preparation was completed, and the factory was built of stone in 1828 and '29. Augustine Heard, Joseph Farley and George W. Heard, were incorporated the " Ipswich Manufacturing Company," June 11, 1828, with a capital of fifty thousand dollars in real, and one hundred thousand dollars in personal estate, for manufacturing from cotton and woolen materials. The manufacture was begun in 1830. James H. Oliver, of Boston, was the treasurer, and in 1834 Otis Holmes was superintendent. Samuel Davis was overseer of carding, Barnum Leonard of spinning, Calvin Locke of weaving. Joseph Farley, Jr., was clerk and paymaster, and Joseph Kendall was mastermechanic. "The machinery of the mill," says a correspondent of the American Journal of Fabrics, " consisted of one conical willow for cleaning the cotton ; one picker twenty-four inches wide, with two beaters, without lapper ; fourteen breaker and fourteen finisher cards, eighteen inches wide, with wooden cylinders, thirty-six inches in diameter; four drawing frames with tljree heads each ; four Taunton tube speeders. The most of the warp-spinning were the Engli-h live spindle frames, - part of them had circular and some of them straight fronts. The flyers were screwed to the top of the spindle^^, and must be unscrewed at each doffing. There were two dead spindle frames in the room, built by a Mr. Derby, of Exeter, N. H. Two cradle warpers, two dressers, two pairs of hand mules, sixty Scotch looms, with the crank motion or sweep outside of the ends; speed of the looms one hundred and twenty per minute, speed of the front rollers on the live spindle running fifty per minute, speed of the card cylinders one hundred and twenty. The cotton was weighed and spread on a cloth, about ten feet long by eighteen inches wide, was rolled on a stick, placed on the breaker card, the cloth dropping slowly to the floor, while the cotton, as it was carded, passed on to a light drum thirty inches in diameter, by twenty inches wide. The thickness of one lap was the product of one weighing. The lap was folded when taken from the drum and placed in a box back of the finisher-card, and then fed to the card. The mill ran nearly fourteen hours per day to ten hours of the present time; but the speed of the spinning has been increased about forty turns of the front roller, and looms in many places are now running from one hundred and sixty to one hundred and eighty picks per minute on similar numbers of yarn. In place of card cylinders, eighteen inches wide by thirty-six inches in diameter, may be seen the colossal English carding engine, forty-two by sixty; but cards thirtysix by thirty-six and forty-two by forty-eight inches are generally in use in this country. The doublings of this mill were very limited, and were confined to the drawing. The first head doubled four to one, the second head the same and the third head two to one, equal to sixty-four doublings. (A mill in Lowell today on about the same number of yarn doubled twenty-seven thousand six hundred and forty-eight times.") The cloth they made sold for nine and onehalf and ten cents per yard ; the same quality to-day would bring only three and one-half and four cents. Notwithstanding this seeming disparity, the mill was a peer in its day, and was run for many years with a fair degree of success. It was an exponent of the energy and enterprise mainly of Captain Joseph Farley. The Census of 1880 reported three clothing, hosiery, etc., manufactories, employing 452 operatives, 210 males, 241 females, and one child, at a yearly pay of $147,466, and a capital of $254,-^00, and producing goods valued at $441,312 from stock valued at 1204, 890 ; two boot and shoe shops, employing 49 persons, 35 males and 14 males, and a capital of $21,000, and producing goods valued at $77,900 ; one box factory, employing eight men and a capital of $25,000, and yielding products valued at $12,000 ; and one brickyard, employing 12 men and a capital of $5000, and producing bricks worth $3000. No woven fabrics were reported. None are reported in the latest official returns. The principal manufactures, in the order of their value, are knit goods (chiefly hosiery), boots and shoes, buildings, isinglass, butchering, carriages and wagons, clothing, bread and pastry. The manufactories use five steam engines, of three hundred and fifty-five actual horse-power; nine water-wheels of 162 nominal horse-power. Of the 631 employes in 1875, 444 were males and 187 were females, of whom six males and five females were under fifteen years of age. Of the nine hundred employees in 1885, 600 worked by the piece and 300 by the day. This tabulation is self-explaining :

This table shows a decrease in the number of manfactories of more than thirty per centum in ten years. The disparity is due to various causes, but chiefly, probably to the concentration of capital. It shows, on the other hand, a greater number of employes by more than forty-two per centum; but though they do, per capita, the same amount of work, their per-capita pay is much less. To be definitely instructed herein, however, would require a comj^lete statement, but the general showing of growing industries, employing a greater number of persons at fair remuneration is interesting and gratifying.

Money. - For about twenty years the town had no money. Trade was carried on mainly by way of barter. The medium of exchange was musket-bullets, wampum and latterly some English coins. In

1652 silver was coined in Boston. Rogues soon began to clip and counterfeit the pieces, which occasioned the appointments of "searchers of coins." Massachusetts coined copper, silver and gold from 1786 to 1789, and the United States began to coin them in 1793 and 1794. Paper money was issued as early as 1690, and has continued meanwhile. The bills at first were expedient to meet the great expense of the government in prosecuting the wars and other necessary expenses. Though serviceable at first, they proved hurtful ultimately. The people lost confidence in government paper, and great and wide-spread distress ensued. In 1781 seventy-five dollars in jiaper would only equal one in silver. In 1794 a tax of £1 meant £1 17s. Gd., in new emission, and 12s. 6d. in hard money. In this century, besides the national coinage, a system of State banking obtained till the war of the Rebellion. The banks facilitated local exchange. Their service was circumscribed, because their ability was seldom known beyond their respective precincts. In many instances, on the other hand, they continued to serve for the same reason.

An institution of this kind was chartered here March 25, 1833, when Thomas Manning, Michael Brown, Ephraim F. Miller, Charles Kimball, Samuel N. Baker, and Samuel S. Farrington became "the president, directors and company of the Ijiswich Bank," to continue till October 1, 1851. The capital was one hundred thousand dollars. It continued a number of years with indifferent success. The banking-house stood nearly opposite the present new Savings Bank building.

"Joseph Ross, Aaron Cogswell, Frederick Willcomb and their associates and successors" were incorporated March 20, 1869, the "Ipswich Savings Bank." It began business in the following year, and has proved very opportune and serviceable. Theo. F. Cogswell is the clerk and the treasurer.

Benefactions And Charities

The Poor. - " The poor ye have always with you," said the Greatest of earth ; and in accordance with the suggestion, the benefactions and amenities of home and neigbborhood are commended by the wise and good always and everywhere. " Liberality of disposition and conduct," says Cogan, " give the highest zest and relish to social intercourse." To tithe our incomes, and give as God has prospei-ed us, is a fundamental law of all honest living. The man who does not plan and work with both heart and head is likely to learn in the end that he has ignored the most ennobling zest of labor, and the most ennobling joy of life. Beneficence and charity are business, and a part of business is beneficence and charity. Our ancestors early provided for the needy. There was one such in 1666. Twelve years later there was one, - probably others. In 1688 the bill for doctoring the poor was £2. Is. In 1701-02, was voted some "convenient building for the entertainment of the widow

Dent, or any of the poor of the town." In 1717 a convenient house for the poor was to be built of logs. Its length was forty feet, width sixteen, stud six and its roof " flat as may be suitable." In 1738 the town paid £400 for the poor. In 1740 the poor were let out. In 1742 a hundred bushels of corn were purchased to be distributed among the poor, and there was talk of building a " work-house." In 1760 there was voted £66. 13s. 4d. to purchase a house for two men who had become reduced to poverty. In 1784 it was voted to sell the old almshouse, - that stood near the county-house, and which in 1770 was much decayed, - for the most it would bring. The same year they talked of erecting an almshouse, and the next year instructed a committee to furnish one. In 1786 the cost of the poor was £300, and in 1792 it was more than £500. In 1795 John Harris' farm was purchased for a poor-farm, for £250. In 1796 the whole number of the poor was twenty-eight, twenty of whom were supplied in part. The present poor-farm, formerly the estate of Hon. Thomas Berry, M. D., was purchased April 10, 1818, of Billy Emerson, of Topsfield, three hundred and twenty-one acres for $9,500. There are fifty acres of mansh. The soil is excellent for hay and grain, yielding one hundred and fifty tons of the former, and six hundred bushels of the latter in a year. The old farm was sold in 1819, and the proceeds were expended in improvements upon the new farm. The present almshouse of brick was built in 1838 or '39.

The town September 3, 1766, instructed Captain Farley, the representative, " to oppose paying money out of the treasury to relieve the suffering occasioned by the riot of the stamp-act, but to move that the Governor call for subscriptions as in case of fire." Such plan was adopted, and Ipswich promptly voted to raise by subscription £100. To the sufferers by fire at Portsmouth in 1803, she gave $100 ; and to similar sufferers at Newburyport in 1811, she gave $1,000. In 1825 she contributed $200 for the Bunker Hill monument.

As early as about 1640, subscriptions from the province towns were requested in aid of Harvard College. The general court advised liberal contributions. Deputies and elders were enlisted in the cause ; grain or money, or both would be gladly received. The rates for Ipswich in 1664-65 were £7. 6s. Id., and in 1681 her contribution in grain was valued at £19|.

Commons. - The town lands were held and managed by the freemen of the town, as if they were a company for that purpose. In 1644, moved by generosity and public spirit, they set apart a tract on the north side of the river, containing by estimation three thousand two hundred and forty-four acres, and gave and granted it " to the inhabitants of the town with themselves, their heirs and successors forever." In 1788 the commoners of Ipswich " make an absolute grant of all their interest, both real and personal, lying within the town of Ipswich unto the inhabitants of said town, to be sold to pay the town debt." The grant yielded £600. 2s. 2c/.

Societies. - The various societies have exerted a powerful influence in collecting resources, assisting the worthy and fostering social amenities. The General James Appleton Post, No. 128, of the Grand Army of the Republic, and the Woman's Relief Corps, connected with the posts, have exercised a watchful and most beneficent care, exhibiting a mutual devotion equal to their patriotism. They meet weekly. The post has about one hundred members, and a fund of some three hundred and fifty dollars. The Relief Corps fund is some two hundred and fifty dollars. Both expend about one hundred dollars a year in money, besides oft-repeated personal attention and assistance. Another earnest worker in the general field is the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. It meets weekly, and conducts a temperance school. Its work upon the pliant mind of our youth is worthy the sincerest prayer of faith and a generous material support. The object of the " Ipswich Mutual Benefit Society " is to render monetary and personal assistance in sickness and death. The society was organized in March, 1879, and has about eighty-five members in full benefit. About a year ago Bay- View Lodge, No. 2, of the International Order of Odd Fellows, was organized. The Masons were represented here more than a hundred years ago. Unity Lodge was organized March 9, 1779. It was the ninth charter granted in the State. It held no meetings after 1829. The present John T. Heard Lodge was chartered August 26, 1864. It meets monthly, and has a membership tf about a hundred. It has a fund of a few hundred dollars, and is otherwise a strong society. The Independent Order of Odd Fellows is represented by the Agawam Lodge, No. 52, and the Daughters of Rebecca, who compose Martha Washington Lodge, No. 5, and a Mutual Benefit Association. Agawam has a membership of about one hundred and ten, a fund of a few hundred dollars and is harmonious and efficacious in her peculiar work.

Here, too, we find the church. It is one of her twin fields of labor, and with her powerful ally - the Sunday-school - might crush out error with the force of an avalanche. In seven years, about 1830, the First Church gave $2100 to religious charities, and the South Church more than $1500. The First Church last year gave about $600.

Result Of Business

Valuation. - The capital invested at the beginning was determination, energy and perseverance. The struggle has been long and vigorous ; it has not yet ended and is not likely soon to end. In 1831 the assessors valued the town property at $505,995; in 1886, at $2,120,017, of which $527,621 was personal estate and $1,592,396 real, and $107,426, an increase over the previous year's valuation. The following table of Province taxation is interesting in showing

The town grows as much in five years now as it grew in the first two hundred ; and by opening streets along the river margin and inviting the tourists and summer residents to our beaches, and coast, and mounts, unsurpassed for picturesque beauty and interesting mountain and ocean views, we may achieve still greater advances, instill a new and vigorous life, and so ennobh and embalm the cherished, quaint, weird and hoarv past.

Absent Natives

Biographical. - " And what shall I say more ? for the time would fail me to tell of the Gideons, th( Jephthas, the Davids, the Samuels, who," having lef their nativity and engaged in other towns, and in cities and other States, " have wrought righteousness, obtained promises, escaped the edge of the sword, om of weakness were made strong, waxed valiant in fight, turned to flight the armies of the aliens, and have obtained a good report." The influence of Ipswich homes is felt abroad for good in the professions and every honorable vocation. We have had opportunities to gather but few names.

Rev. William Adams was son of William, of this town, and born May 27, 1650. For want ol funds he was obliged to make several attempts to enter Harvai'd College, where he graduated August 8, 1671. The fir-it pastor of the Dedham Church died the 26th of the same month, and the society at once determined upon Mr. Adams as his successor. He declined several calls, but at last acccepted, and was ordained pastor December 3, 1673. He nuirried, first, Mary Manning, of Cambridge, in 1674; second, Alice Bradford, daughter of Major William Bradford, of Plymouth. He was a devout and ft-rvent man and public-spirited. He died August 17, 1685, at the age of thirty -six years, and after a pastorate of twelve years.

Rev. Nathaniel Appleton was born December 9, 1693. He graduated at Harvard in 1712, was ordained pastor at Cambridge October 9, 1717, where he died February 9, 1784, at the great age of ninetyone years, and after a pastorate of sixty-two. His daughters married, - Elizabeth, Rev. Jabez Fitch ; Margaret, President Holoyke ; Priscilla, Rev. Robert Ward, of Wenham, as his first wife.

John B. Brown was born December 10, 1837, in Argilla District, Ipswich. His father, Manasseh Brown, was a farmer, owning the Castle Hill - or Governor Winthrop - Farm, and here young Brown spent his early years, working upon the farm summers, attending the district school, and High School winters. This, with a few terms at Phillips Academy, comprised his educational opportunities.

At the age of seventeen he entered the employ of Blanchard, Converse & Co., Boston, who were at that time the leading dry-goods merchants. Here, beginning as a boy, he received his mercantile training, and rose through the various departments. At the opening of the war he entered the service, going into the field with the Sixteenth Massachusetts Volunteers, Colonel Powell T. Wyman, as first lieutenant. He was appointed aide-de-camp to General Cuvier Grover, of the regular army (at that time commanding one of Hooker's brigades) while before Richmond, and served upon the staff of that general during the Seven Days' Battles of the "Peninsula Campaign," ending at Malvern Hills; and later through the " Virginia Campaign " under Pope, ending at Second Bull Run ; afterwards in the battles of the "Louisiana Campaign" under Banks. In order that he might remain with General Grover, to whom he was greatly attached, he declined all promotions and leaving the service with the same rank with which he entered at the beginning of the war, he was commended in general orders for gallant conduct in the battles of Burker's Farm, Savage Station, Glendale, Malvern Hills, (first and second battles), Bull Run (second) Irish Bend (La.) and in the battles of the siege of Port Hudson - being one of the officers who volunteered to lead the storming party in the preparation for the last grand assault on the date of the capitulation.

On returning to civil life, he married Lucy, the daughter of George J. Tenney, an extensive shoe manufacturer in Georgetown, Massachusetts, and entering the employ of ex-Governor Gardner, in the dry-goods commission business, he shortly afterwards became a partner with his former employer, James C. Converse, and removed to New York, remaining in charge of the New York branch of that house till 1869.

The rapid growth of railroads in that period affording such an attraction, he left mercantile life, and, with his brother Leverett, was engaged in railroad construction for many years in the Western States. The most important work accomplished by him was the organizing and building of the Chicago and Western Indiana Railroad (of which he was president), a trunk line road into the city of Chicago, which to-day gives entrance into that city to five or six railways, among the most important of which are the Grand Trunk, Wabash and the Erie.

Leaving railroad-building on the completion of that work, he has since been engaged in the develop ment of the Grape Creek coal-fields in Illinois, and in the construction of an extensive system of docks on the Calumet River, in South Chicago. Though actively engaged in the development of important enterprises in the West, he still retains his interest and affection for his native place, and the Castle Hill

Children of Ezekiel Cheever. - Thomas was born in Ipswich, was minister of Maiden from February 14, 1679-SO, till dismissed in 1686. He was then at Chelsea, where he settled October 19, 1715. He graduated at Harvard College in 1677. He died November 27, 1749, at the great age of ninety-one years. Samuel was also born in Ipswich, did not lose a single Sabbath in forty-eight years' preaching, and " died without pain, with no disease but mere age," in his eighty-fifth year and the fifty-sixth ol his ministry. JMr. Hammatt says he was a student at Harvard in 1656.

Dr. Joseph Green Cogswell. - John Cogswell, the doctor's progenitor, a merchant in London, England, sailed from '.Bristol May 23, 1635. The cargo, mostly his own, was shipwrecked off the coast ol Maine August 15th, and he lost in cash about five thousand pounds. Chartering a bark, he brought his family, furniture, silver-plate, etc., saved from the wreck, to Ipswich. He left English opulence for a log hut, " that the ancient faith and true worship might be found inseparable companions in their practice, and that their posterity might be undefiled in religion."

Dr. Cogswell was born in Ipswich Sept. 27, 1786. He prepared for college at the Grammar School, and in his twenty-first year graduated at Harvard.

He then made a voyage to India as supercargo. Returning, he practiced law in Bangor, Me., with not much success. He was then called to a tutorship in Harvard. In 1816 he visited Europe with George Ticknor. He was two years at the University ol Gottiugeu a student in literature and bibliology, wherein he ranked with the highest. He spent twu years more at various European capitals with the same purpose. Returning in 1820, he was appointed professor of geology and mineralogy in \n^ alma mater and librarian. He resigned in 1823, and with George Bancroft, the historian, established the Round-Hill School at Northampton, based upon the most approved English and German systems. Mr. Bancroft retired from the school in 1830, and Mr. Cogswell continued until 1835, when he went to Raleigh, N. C, in a similar institution. He was next editor of the New York Review, one of the ablest critical journals of its period, a position he retained till 1842. Hi^ intimacy and friendship with John Jacob Astor made him, with Fitz-Green Halleck and Washington Irving, one of the projectors of the Astor Library. He was also one of the trustees.

When Washington Irving was appointed minister to Spain, he wished Mr. Cogswell to accompany him, and accordingly wrote Washington to appoint him as Secretary of Legation. Irving wrote : " He is a gentleman with whom I am on confidential terms of intimacy, and I know of no one who by his various acquirements, his prompt sagacity, his knowledge of the world, his habits of business and his obliging disposition is so calculated to give me that counsel, aid and companionship so important in Madrid, where a stranger is more isolated than in any other capital in Europe."

He was appointed, and Astor finding he was to lose him, made him librarian in embryo. He went abroad to purchase books, and his selections are marked with economy and discrimination.

He gave to the Astor Library his own valuable works in literature, and he presented to Harvard a valuable cabinet of minerals. He prepared, in a series of eight volumes, a critical and analogical catalogue of the Astor Library, wherein he exhibited "an extraordinary knowledge of the history, comparative value and significance of the books he had collected." He served the library with industry and fidelity. After 1862 he resided in Cambridge.

He is authority for the statement that Essex County had "given birth to more literary people than any other in the country," and he substantiated the remark by naming a remarkably long list.

Children of Dr. .Joseph Dana. - Joseph was born June 10, 1769; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1788; approbated a preacher June 9, 1795; taught school in Newburyport and studied law ; removed to Athens, Ohio, 1817 ; was Professor of Ancient Languages in Ohio University twelve years from 1822; died November 18, 1849, at the ripe old age of eighty years.

Daniel was born July 24, 1771 ; graduated at Dartmouth in 1788; approbated May 14, 1793; ordained and installed over the First Pi'esbyterian Church, Newburyport, November 19, 1794; dismissed to take the presidency of Dartmouth College, November 19, 1820 ; resigned the presidency in 1821 ; installed over the Presbyterian Church, Londonderry, N. H., May 31, 1822, and was dismissed in April, 1826 ; installed over the Second Presbyterian Charch, Newburyport, May 31, 1826, and was dismissed October 29, 1845. He died August 26, 1859.

John C. Donovan, Esq., is yet a young man. He was born in Ipswich Village, Mai-ch 18, 1861. He pursued his studies in the Ipswich public schools, graduating from the academic department and ranking high as a scholar. He then entered the lawoffice of Hon. Charles A. Sayward as student. He was examined October 1, 1885, for admission to the Essex bar, and was admitted the 15th of the same month. He is now practicing his profession in Newburyport. In 1885 he was commissioned by Governor Robinson a justice of the peace for the Commonwealth. In connection with his other work, he has taken an active interest in politics. He identified himself with the Democratic party at an early age, and has, by voice and action, aided in promoting its welfare. Early in life he was forced to rely mainly upon his own exertions and native ability, through which he must achieve success.

Prof. Levi Frisbie, son of Rev. Levi Frisbie, of the First Church, was born September 15, 1783. He graduated at Harvard in 1802 ; was tutor there from 1805 to 1811 ; professor of Latin language and litera- ture from 1811 to 1817; Alford professor of natural religion, moral philosophy and civil polity from November 5, 1817. He died at Cambridge July 9, 1822, at the age of thirty-eight.

Eev. Nathaniel Howe, third son of Captain Abraham and Lucy-Appleton Howe, was born in Ipswich, Linebrook, October 6, 1764. In preparing for college he studied at Dummer Academy, Byfield, then with Rev. George Lesslie, of his native parish, and later with Rev. Ebenezer Bradford, of Rowley. While with Mr. Bradford he made a public profession of faith in Christ, and joined Mr. Bradford's church. In September, 1784, he entered the junior class of Princeton College, New Jersey, a fact which speaks well for his scholarship. He asked and obtained an honorable dismission at the end of the year, and then entered the senior class of Harvard College, where he graduated with the usual honors.

He studied divinity with a Dr. Hart, of Connecticut, and completed his course with Dr. Emmons, of Franklin. He was licensed to preach by the Essex North Association May 8, 1787. His was the first license granted by that association. He preached at Londonderry and Francistown, N. H. ; at Hampton, Conn. ; and at Grafton, Mass., where he received a call to settle which he declined. In January, 1781, he began to preach at Hopkinton as a candidate, and was unanimously called^ in the May following. He was settled for life, as was the custom in those days, October 5, 1791, on a salary of £70 and the use of ministerial land - one hundred acres - and a settlement of £200. Rev. Ebenezer Bradford, his old instructor at Rowley, preached the installing sermon. For more than thirty-eight years he was the minister at Hopkinton, and during the time added two hundred and forty-five to the church. He was a preacher of the Gospel for half a century ; he died February 15, 1837.

Mr. Howe married, some three months after his settlement. Miss Olive Jones, the sixth daughter of Colonel John Jones, of his parish. She proved a very estimable lady, and adorned her station. One who knew her well says, - " I ever viewed her as a person of superior mind, quick perception, peculiar energy, and an unconquerable fortitude and resolution. She was as distinguished as her husband for unaffected affability, unwavering and affectionate friendship, as well as for correct thinking, keen jjenetration and sound judgment." She was a careful and judicious housewife, she was a praying mother, and a lady of unostentatious piety. She died December 10, 1843.

Their children were Appleton, born November 26, 1792, a distinguished physician of Weymouth, State Senator by two elections, major-general of militia, a man who possessed a strong character resembling his father's for manly independence, made fast friends and commanded universal respect; Eliza, born June 4,1794, and died of consumption, December 27, 1815;

Maiy Jones, born February 2, 1802, married Rev. Samuel Russell, of Boylston, and died November 26, 1836 ; Lucy Ann, born August 27, 1805, married John Fitch, son of Deacon Elijah Fitch, and is thus honorably mentioned in the Century Sermons. " Whose descendants can vie with the descendants of Rev. Elijah Fitch."

Soon after his marriage he purchased the messuage and farm of Deacon S. Kinsman, lying contiguous to the ministerial lands and some half a mile from the church. At that time his status w^as excellent and his prospects bright. Says Rev. Elias Nason, to whose memorial of Mr. Howe we are much indebted, -

"He had married into an Influential family; his pecuniary circumstances were easy, his health good and his church flourishing. His prospects of usefulness were unclouded ; and buoyant with hope, he dedicated all his energies to the work before him. But increasing family expenses and the decreasing value of his salary drove him from his study to the field and the woods. He was obliged to adopt a rigid economy ; but his economy was not parsimony, for by dint of hard labor and by frugality he was enabled to educate his son liberally, maintain his respectability and keep out of debt. This was his oft repeated maxim, - ' The second vice is lying, the first is running in debt.' "

He frequently chided his people, because they neglected to provide fully for his support. He felt that the laborer wg,s worthy of his hire, and that the cause of God suffered from neglect. He chided though " more in sorrow than in anger." His people understood the justice of his demand and respected him, yet replied : " a bargan is a bargain." After years, the rise in real estate and legacies from relatives enabled him to store a few thousand dollars ; nevertheless, his legacies at interest till his death would have amounted to three times the value of his estate at that time.

Mr. Howe was charitable and generous. He wanted property for the good he could do with it. One day noticing the need of a family of his parish, he went to his woods, and drew out a load to the door of the needy and offered it for sale. The lady replied, she could not buy for she had no money ; he answered. I ask only one cent, and exacting that unloaded the wood. When his parish would settle a colleague, he relinquished a good part of his salary, when with propriety he could have replied, "a bargain is a bargain." One winter he supplied a family with two loads of wood, and left a third near the house and told the family to use it if they had need. Later, noticing it was not used, and perhaps hardly needed, he reloaded it and left it at the door of another that needed it more. Several young men, by his advice and pecuniary aid, obtained liberal educations, and some of them became distinguished. He frequently visited the widow, the fatherless, and the unfortunate and usually took some substantial token of his sympathy. He often carried provisions to the poor by night, that he might " not be seen of men."

He did much to encourage the youth. He always noticed them with a cheering word. He was particular to visit all the schools in town several times each

There was no place in his theology for isms, new measures, or innovations. Yet those of varying belief from his, he treated with respect and tolerance. He was no bigot; the erroneous views of others he claimed were not suppressed by calumny, but by better action than theirs and by dint of merit.

He read mnch, Baxter, Bunyan, Saurin, South, Hopkins, Witherspoon and Emmons, and not many others. He thought much, as the field, the woods and the road offered him opportunity, and many of his thoughts found expression in concise and pointed language. He wrote ;

A. Because he always takes care of little things; he lets nothing be lost ; strikes when the iron is hot ; and keeps his dish right-side up.

" To do nothing is to he nothing. Leisure is the time to do something useful. The careless man is seldom fortunate. Would you have a faithful servant and one that suits you, serve yourself. If you will not hear reason, she will rap your knuckles. A dead fish can swim with the stream, but a live one can swim against it. Great minds are always candid. Common sense is the best sense in the world. Who marries for money buys money dear. Many things can be proved by facts that never happened. Whoever does not feel himself to be a sinner cannot become a Christian. We can enjoy nothing but what God is pleased to give lis. We can lose nothing but what He is pleased to take away. "We can suffer nothing but what He lays upon us."

He was a remarkable man. "The cast of his mind was original and severe ; the bent of his genius, to be useful. He was a man of sterling probity ; he thought correctly, and said what he thought. In politics he advocated the leading measures of the Whig party. He despised every kind of political artifice. As a citizen he was public-spirited and liberal-minded. As a husband and a father he was uniformly kind and aff'ectionate. He was constant in his friendships, social and amiable in disposition and a lover of good men. His friends at his home have remarked his cordial hospitality. The standard trait of his character was his regard for truth. He was indeed a Nathanael.

three persons, 1808 ; a century sermon, delivered December 24,1815; a sermon on "John's Baptism," preached before the Mendon Association, and published at their request, 1819; a defense of the same, in reply to Rev. Dr. Baldwin, 1820 ; and a catechism for the children under his pastoral care, 1834. The century sermon was celebrated. It was noticed by the North American Review, passed through several editions, and was translated into foreign languages.

As a preacher he was unaffected, plain and impressive. His sermons were often composed during thfi toil of the day, and written after the family had retired at night. He aspired not to be eloquent, but useful. Perhaps no other man practiced more scrupulously what he taught; his life was a living epistle of his doctrine.

David Tenney was born September 7, 1808. He graduated at Middlebury College in 1829, at Andover Theological Seminary in 1834, preached at Hartford, Conn., and in the West, but was obliged to relinquish preaching on account of bronchitis. He married, October 10, 1837, Miss Harriet W. Webster ; he lived the greater part of his life in Lowell, where for twenty years he was a deacon in the John Street Congregational Church, and ^'here he died in 1886, much respected.

Daniel was born May 25, 1810. He was educated at Middlebury College, from which he received his Marter's degree in 1855. He has spent more than ten years exclusively in the cause of temperance - a part of which time as editor of the Middlesex Washingtonian, Lowell, and the Massachusetts Temperance Standard, Boston. He lectured in all the principal towns in this State and in many in Rhode Island, New Hampshire and Vermont with good results. He excelled as a lecturer. The Salem Observer said of his lecture at Ipswich October 16, 1846, before the E-sex County Teachers' Association, " It was not only wellwritten, but in the manner of delivery it was superior. We have rarely listened to a lecture which gave such evident f-atisfaction." Of a temperance address at Shelburne Falls, July 4, 1847, the ^Imencan Republic said, -' It was of a very high character as a literary composition, and very impres-ive from its matter and manner of delivery. His appeal to young men was full of energy, pathos and power." He was engaged in teaching nine years, one as principal of the Central Grammar School at Woburn, and eight as preceptor of Williams Academy, Stockbridge, in both of which places he was a member of the school boards. He was an officer in the Boston Custom-House twelve years. He resided at Lexington, 1876-82. He now resides at Woburn.

Augustine Phillii^s was born September 9, 1812. He was a merchant in Boston many years, - a man of enterprise, generous and public spirit. Prosperity at- tended him in his business for a considerable period, but, his health failing him, he returned to Ipswich and passed his later years in horticultural pursuits. He died August 13, 1859.

Elizabeth, born July 9, 1814, married, August 8, 1839, Eugene F. W. Gray, son of Rev. Cyrus W. Gray, of Stafford, Conn., and some time editor of the Ipswich Register.

John Rogers was born August 23, 1816 ; wa* for more than twenty years an enterprising and successful merchant in Boston. He married. May 30, 1844, Lydia Ann Coburn, of Dracut. In 1866 he retired with a competency and established his permanent home in Woburn, where he soon became identified with many public interests. He united with Rev. Jonathan Edwards' church, and was atterwards one of the deacons. He was an efficient worker in every good cause ; was one of the most prominent and useful citizens. He represented his town in the Legislature one year, during the period of the late war, and did good service. In announcing his death, which occurred in 1859, the Woburn Journal said, "Deacon Kimball was a man of marked individuality, influential, of great integrity, commanding the respect of every one. He was active in good works, set a good examole - a real Christian, charitable, kind and greatly beloved."

Mary Sophia was born August 16, 1820, and, March 25, 1849, married John Dunning Coburn, merchant, of Brunswick, Me. He died, and she married, secondly, John Quincy Peabody, of Ipswich. Both daughters graduated at the Ipswich Female Seminary.

Joseph E. Kimball, son of John Kimball, was born in this town, June 12,1839. He enlisted in the service of his country, for the war, in April, 1861, and was mustered in May 23d. He entered Company B, First Regiment Massachusetts Infantry, Colonel Cowdin commanding, who reported at Washington, D. C, June 17th.

His brigade, under colonel, afterwards Major-General Richardson, who was killed at Antietam, formed the advance of General McDowell's "on to Richmond " army, and the first blood shed was in the reconnoissance, known as the battle of Blackburn's Ford, July 17th, three days before the main engagement. They took no part in the panic, and so felt no subsequent chagrin, remaining near Centerville till after midnight, when they marched to Washington, covering the main army's retreat.

In the autumn of 1861 he was in Hooker's brigade, afterwards Hooker's division, which won the distinction of " Fighting Joe Hooker's Division." With that, in the spring following, he participated in the operations before Yorktown, the battles of Williamsburg, Seven Pines, and Fair Oaks.

stricken down with " Chickahominy fever," yet left his sick bed, joined his company, and engaged in all the battles of that toilsome and distressing retreat. At Harrison's Landing the fever returned, but an effort to join in the expedition, under Hooker, against Malvern Hills, caused a relapse, and he was taken to the hospital and thence to Fortress Monroe, where the fever raged for several weeks.

He next joined his company near Alexandria, and was in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. On this march his shoes gave out, and he trod more than sixty miles of the mountain roads and macadamized pike with swollen and bleeding feet.

General Hooker, at Harrison's Landing, recommended him to Governor Andrew for a commissioner, and again at Gettysburg to the Secretary of War. While in pursuit of Lee's army his regiment was ordered to quell the draft-riots in New York. While there, 1863, he was commissioned second-lieutenant and ordered to report to General E. A. Wild, at Newbern. That done, he was enrolled in the Thirtyseventh United States Colored Regiment.

In the September following he commanded a company in the successful assaults iipon Deep Bottom and New Market, and was commissioned first-lieutenant in the One Hundred and Sixteenth United States Colored Regiment. Delaying to rej^ort to his new command, he was a volunteer commander of a company in the fiasco against Fort Fisher, He then joined his new regiment; was engaged in the operations about Petersburg ; was in the final assault that precipitated Lee's flight, whence he was breveted captain, followed by forced marches and intercepted his retreat, and witnessed the final triumph of our arms.

Later in tbe si)ring he joined Sheridan's "army of observation," of the Rio Grande, and served till the overthrow of the Imperial Government of Mexico.

He was mustered out in February, 1867, having served five years and ten months, the last campaign being in the regular service. He bears upon his person reminders of many a struggle, yet in all the time, wonderful to relate, he received no disabling wound. He entered the service when bounties and pensions and pecuniary rewards were unsought, and gave a singleness of purpose, a devotion of heart, and a patriotism that found their full reward in the emancipation and the final restoration of his country.

Mr. Kimball was in the rudiments of his trade when the war broke out, and when he returned from the conflict he returned to his trade, and associated himself with his brother in Abington, in the manufacture of tack and nail machinery for boot and shoe manufacturing, and they were enabled so to improve them that they gained an enviable reputation at home and in foreign countries. Their reputation was such that a powerful combination of tack manufacturers to control these goods in the United States paid them a coni-iderable sum in cash, with the sole right to manufacture their machines and no others.

In 1876 and 1877 Mr. Kimball perfected and patented a nailing machine. This aroused a powerful antagonist, - the McKay Metalic Fastening Company. A hard struggle ensued. His brother retired from the firm. At last the McKay Company offered, on the score of economy, to purchase the surrender of his patents rather than expend more money in litigation. Just then, very opportunely, Mr. James E. Maynadier, a patent lawyer, took the case, cleared the patents, and was instrumental in establishing a company with a capital of twenty-five thousand dollars to utilize them. The capital was soon increased to fifty thousand dollars, then to one hundred thousand dollars, and then to one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, which is now paying good dividends. Mr. Kimball received twenty thousand dollars for his invention and held stock in the company.

Ere long appeared a fastening called the " Estabrook and Wire-clinching screw," which was cheap and possessed other merits, but had to be worked by hand. Mr. Kimball invented machinery to make it a success. He then removed to Milford.

Within the last two years he has invented an improved metalic fastening and all the new machinery for its manufacture. This is now his main product.

Lastly he has invented a machine for sole-fastening, upon which is placed a simple coil of threaded wire from which at each revolution of the machine a clinching screw is completed, automatically governed in length to conform exactly to the thickness of the material to be fastened together at the exact point necessary to be fastened, inserted in the material and securely riveted. By this machine, within a period of about fifteen seconds every fastening is made, inserted and riveted, necessary to fasten the sole to a boot or shoe. The machine is on trial, with apparent prospect of success.

Here is a lively epistle to young men, showing what may be done by energy, perseverance and diligence, and calling upon them to improve their minds, be watchful of their opportunities, husband their energies and work for a purpose. The world needs such, and will amply reward them.

Rev. Samuel Peeley was born in Ipswich-Linebrook, August 11, 1742, son of Samuel and Ruth- Howe Perley. He was twelve years old when his father died, and Abraham Howe became his guardian. He prepared for college under Rev. George Lesslie, his pastor, and entered Harvard at the age of seventeen years, where he graduated in 1763. He was invited to a professorship in his Alma Mater, which he declined. He studied divinity with Rev. Mr. Lesslie, his former instructor. At the age of twenty-two years he received a call to settle over the Presbyterian church at Hampton Falls, N. H., where he was ordained and installed, January 31, 1765. Rev. Mr. Le=slie preached the ordaining sermon, which was published.

He was preaching in Seabrook in 1771 and '74. He led a company of soldiers to Bunker Hill, on that ever memorable occasion, but they arrived too late to participate in the action. He was next installed October 8, 1778, at Groton, Stafford County, N. H., over the church that had been gathered the year before. He continued but a few months, and was next installed in Moultouborough October 20, 1780, over the church which was organized the previous year. Hia next and last pastorate was over the Congregational Church, Gray, Me., where he resided till his death. His installation, as their first minister, took place September 8, 1784. He retired from the ministry about 1791.

He was a delegate from Gray to the Convention in Faneuil Hall, Boston, to consider the ratification of the Federal Constitution in 1788. Upon the floor he advocated its adoption and with heartiness gave it his vote. He was for many years the only physician in Gray. For many years also he had an extensive practice in probate law. He was three times commissioned a justice of the peace, covering a period of twenty-one years. He was, then, in his time, the minister, the physician and the lawyer of Gray, and he filled each office with credit, and left a name that is now revered and honored.

Mr. Perley's manners were open and agreeable. His dress was always tidy and j^lain ; he wore a ruffle but once, when he took his diploma at college. He was an easy and interesting talker, and was notably hospitable. As a preacher he has been highly commended. He was a man of good-natured ability, and he had acquired a store of learning. His library was large, and embraced valuable works upon theology, law, medicine, literature and general knowledge. He was tenacious of his opinions, and had just that proportion of self-esteem to give his talents free scope, and make them eminently useful. Preceding the war of 1812, he held a long correspondence with President John Adams, upon State polity, wherein he disclosed a wide knowledge of history and of jDractical state-craft.

A few months after his settlement at Hampton Falls, May 21, 1765, he married Miss Hephzibah, daughter of John and Mercy-Howe Fowler, of his native parish. She was mother of all his children, - eight in numbei', now a numerous and influential progeny. She was baptized May 22, 1743, and died Friday, August 28, 1818. Mr. Perley died Sunday, November 28, 1830. A monument, costing from a thousand to fifteen hundred dollars, marks the family tomb. His children regard his memory with pride and affection,

Church here, had five children, - Horatio died at Wethersfield, Conn. A daughter is married and living in Woodstock, Vt. ; Charles M. is a gospel minister in Worcester, Mass, ; and the subject of this sketch is a lawyer in Woodstock. He is the only one of the family native here, and was born January 28, 1852. He completed his preparatory studies at Phillips Academy, Andover, in 1869, and graduated at Dartmouth College, in 1874. He selected one of the prettiest of New^ England villages for his future home. He married, August 31, 1877, Miss Anna S. French, of that town ; they have two children. He has acquired a lucrative practice, and enjoys the fullest confidence of his people, which is shown in their bestowal upon him of many public offices and important trusts. He has twice declined a candidacy (which as a Eepublican in Vermont means election), to legislative distinction, preferring the practice of his profession, and the quiet, social amenities of his people and home.

Samuel Symonds' Children. - There appears to be two Samuels, - one who was a graduate of Harvard, in 1663, died in November, 1669, and bad a will probated Ninth mouth 30th, 1669; and another called junior, who died in 1664 ; William was freeman in 1670, a representative from Wells, Me., 1676, married Mary Wade, daughter of Jonathan, and left no children. He died May 22, 1679. His estate was £33-59. 9s. 3rf. ; Hurlakendine ; Elizabeth married Daniel Eppes ; Martha, John Dennison, and afterwards Eichard Martyn, of Portsmouth ; Ruth, Eev. John Emerson, of Gloucester ; Pnsci^to, Thomas Baker, of Topsfield ; Mary, Peter Duncan, of Gloucester ; Rebecca, Henry Bylie, of Salisbury, England, then John Hall, of England, then Eev. William Worcester, of Salisbury, Mass.; Dorothy, Joseph Jacobs; and Susannah.

Asa Lord

The subject of this sketch was one of six children who were born to Asa and Margaret Lord. On the 25th day of September, 1797, young Asa first saw the light in Ipswich, Mass.

In December of 1804 his father sailed from Newburyport for the West Indies, but was lost at sea, and two years later we find the boy, As^a, actuated by a strong filial affection, eager to assist his widowed mother, on a pleasant autumn day (the 9th of October, 1806), walking to Newburyport in search of employment.

At this early age of nine years commenced the business life of Asa Lord, for here he obtained employment as errand boy in the family of William Titcomb, w'ith whom he remained seven years. Eeturning to Ipswich he learned the shoemaker's trade

In the spring of 1821, being in poor health, he took a four months' trip to Mount Desert, and returned improved and has been blessed with good health ever since.

Being ambitious and anxious for a larger field for his business talent, on the 16th of May, 1825, he rented a small shop on High Street, Ipswich, for fifteen dollars per year, and purchased on credit a stock of general merchandise at Salem, valued at two hundred dollars.

He still worked at his bench, leaving his shoes to attend to the calls of his few customers. By his fair dealing, prompt payment of all obligations and his pleasant, genial manner, he made firm friends in business circles, and soon found his quarters too limited, and accordingly built a new house and large store upon the site first occupied by him, and has continued there for more than three-score years, and has been successful in winning the respect and love of the community, as well as in accumulating a competency which he has obtained not by dishonest gains, not by failing in business and, paying a percentage to his creditors, but by a devotion to business rarely equaled, by an honesty of purpose never tarnished, by making his word as good as his bond, he has steadily gone on from little to much, from much to more, until at life's eventide he reaps the success of a well rounded life.

On November 3, 1825, Mr. Lord was united in marriage with Miss Abigail Hodgkins, of Ipswich, the daughter of Captain John Hodgkins. Five children blessed this union, as follows: Lucy A., Thomas H., Abbie B., Francis G. and Mary A.; of this number but two survived, namely, Lucy A. and Thomas H., both of whom reside near the old home. Mary A. married John A. Brown on December 8, 1872, and died July 8, 1873, leaving one child, Hattie W.

Thomas H. married Lucretia Smith on November 13, 1859, and has all his life been associated with his father in business, and for several years has had almost entire charge of the large trade established by his father, which he conducts upon the same neverfailing principles of honesty and integrity.

David Tenney Kimball

Eev. David Tenney Kimball, born at Bradford November 23, 1782, died at Ipswich February 3, 1860, aged seventy-seven ; married Dolly Varuum Coburn, of Dracut, October 20, 1807, who died his widow December 12, 1873, aged ninety.

He was the seventh child of Lieutenant Daniel and Mrs. Elisabeth Kimball. His mother had a brother, David Tenney (H. C, 1768), a devoted minister of much promise, who died a short time before the birth of the subject of our sketch, after whom she named her young son. The home of his boyhood was eminently Christian, and to its influence and that of these parents may be traced the marked and prominent features in the character of their children, ten of whom, all that lived to mature age, entered into covenant with God. Two of the sons became ministers of the gospel and two of the daughters married clergymen. His father was not only one of the best farmers in the town, but one of its most influential citizens, - a man of intelligence and sound integrity, faithful to all his engagements. Born in 1747, he was in early manhood when our Revolutionary struggle commenced. In company with all the hardy, libertyloving yeomanry of New England, he espoused the cause of the colonies and devoted himself to it, with a courage that never failed and a constancy that never faltered, till his country passed from impending servitude to acknowledged independence. The land which he cultivated descended to him from Benjamin Kimball, through Jonathan and Nathaniel, and was greatly impi'oved under his care ; but after his decease, having been in possession of the family more than two hundred years, it passed into other hands.

The house in which he was born was situated in a secluded spot, on a cross-road, more than a mile from the public thoroughfare and a considerable distance from any dwelling. Though retired, it was the abode of intelligence, of manly virtue and gladsome childhood. Here it was that he learned to love his mother, his father and his God. But our records of his childhood are brief. From all we can learn it appears that in every respect, - in character, temperament and manner - the boy was father to the man. His brothers and sisters all spoke of him as a boy of rare seriousness and devotion to books, and of a most amiable and lovely disposition. Said his brother Samuel, " I never kne\v him to utter a mean or profane word. He was always pleasant in his intercourse with his family and playmates, and beloved by all who knew him. He was a great lover of the Bible, which he read through aloud three times before he was eight years old. His sister Jane wrote : " On the Sabbath he would stand by a table and read the whole day when he did not go to church, except to leave for meals. This was his practice from the time he was six years old till he was too tall to stand at a table and read. I think that, as a child and a young man, he had as many lovely traits of character as I ever knew combined in one. He delighted in the memories and associations of his childhood and youth." In the introduction to a discourse delivered in Bradford, he said, " Everything relating to your town, rather let me say to our town, interests me, - your hills, your valleys, your brooks, your river, your ancient dwellings, - your burial-places, these gray hairs; in short, everything of yours excites in me the tenderest emotions. Here rest my pious and beloved parents, who, in my infancy, gave me up to God for His service in general and for the work of the ministry in particular ; and who watched over my youth with the greatest solicitude for my temporal and eternal welfare ; and here I first entered into covenant with God.''

The education by which his boyhood was instructed was such as could be obtained by attending, during the winter months, the district school, till he was past fifteen. In May 1798, he became a student in Atkinson Academy, an institution then much resorted to by students preparing for college. That he was regarded as one of the most promising scholars appears from the fact that, when a request came to Mr. Vose, preceptor, from the neighboring town of Plaistow, for a Fourth-of-July speaker, he recommended young Kimball, " whose oration, pronounced in the jiresence of more than one thousand people, was well received."

Leaving the academy August 14, 1799, he entered Harvard College. He had now reached the position in his academical career to which he had been looking with fond desire, and in which his most sanguine expectations were to be fully realized. In after years he was wont to speak with admiration and enthusiasm of college life and the friendships there formed, and of the four years spent there as among the happiest of his life. While here, he was remarkably free from all youthful indiscretions, and was then, as ever after, the decided friend of law and order, of obedience to the powers that be. In sophomore year there was trouble in his class, and one of their number was suspended for insulting a college officer. The censure was resented by his classmates as a great indignity, which they manifested by raising the flag of rebel lion and escorting the criminal on the way to the place of his destination. The whole class, with the exception of three, were engaged in this rebellious movement. Among the excepted was Kimball. The honorable course of this trio was considered the result of principle, and not of a desii'e to procure special favor from the college government, and was subsequently approved by those who were carried away by the excitement of the moment.

As a student, he was noted for the accuracy of his recitations in every department of study, and at once took rank among the best scholars of his class. That he sustained this position during his whole collegiate course is evident from the fact, that in taking his degree of A. M., in 1806, he pronounced the valedictory oration in Latin. He was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa Society, and active and prominent in various other societies for literary and moral improvement. His classmates and college acquaintances bear testimony to his honorable standing. Says Samuel Greele (H. C, 1802), for nearly fifty years deacon of the Federal Street Church, Boston, in a letter to a son of Mr. K., "I believe no one in his class surpassed him as a belles-lettres scholar. His themes were remarkable for their chaste and classic elegance. Pro- fessor Pearson, who had charge of that department, used to distinguish compositions of superior excellence by a double mark. Your father's themes usually had this distinction, and in one or two instances he received a treble mark, a distinction which, I believe, was awarded to no one else during my collegiate life. In Andover we were fellow-students in divinity, and, as we were chums together for some months, I became intimately acquainted with him. I think I never knew one of our sex more remarkable for amiability of disposition. To manline-s of character he united a loveliness of temperament that seemed almost feminine. He pursued his studies with conscientious fidelity and became popular as a preacher. His settlement in one of the oldest and most respectable parishes of the commonwealth indicates his professional standing. I take a melancholy pleasure in planting this forget-me-not on the grave of one whom I shall never cease to respect and love as a Christian, a gentleman and a friend."

He took his first collegiate degree August 31, 1803, and, a week from that day, became assistant for one year in Phillips Academy, Andover, Mr. Mark Newman, preceptor.

The time had now arrived when he was to enter upon the study of that profession to which his mother devoted him in her heart when he was a child, for which he had a strong predilection, and upon which he deliberately and prayerfully entered. He commenced his preparatory studies under the direction of Rev. Jonathan French, pastor of the South Church in Andover. In theology he was an Andover student, on what was then called the Abbot Foundation. Mr. French, who was an orthodox minister in the sense of the Assembly's Catechism, had several young gentlemen as students in theology at that time, constituting the Theological Seminary in embryo. On August 6, 1805, he was approbated by the Andover Association for the work of the gospel ministry, induced thus early to engage in preaching at the earnest desire of Mr. French, a step which he always regretted, as it prevented him from prosecuting his studies as he had intended. But from the time of his approbation to that of his settlement he preached every Sabbath but one or two. It was on September 22, 1805, that he preached for the first time in Ipswich, and June 17, 180(i, that the First Church, without a dissenting voice, made choice of him as pastor, in which action the parish concurred with great unanimity, only one dissenting, and he a Baptist in principle. On October 8, 1806, he was ordained pastor of the First Church in Ipswich - the ninth in the Massachusetts Colony. He was the eleventh pastor in succession of predecessors, most of whom were men of note in their day, and all of whom maintained the doctrine of the Puritan Fathers. The young pastor, then in his twenty-fourth year, felt no slight degree of diffidence and distrust in regard to meeting the high expectations which he had awakened. But the doctrines which he professed, and the course he had marked out at his ordination, he firmly maintained and steadily pursued during his public ministry. He devoted not only his affections but his time and talents to the service of his Master and the interests of His kingdom. He felt that Paul's charge to Timothy, "Be instant in season and out of season," was addressed also to him; and he acted accordingly. In his visits to the sick he was prompt, affectionate and faithful. When called, at whatever hour of the night, he instantly obeyed the summons, and he not unfrequently passed whole nights in the chamber of the sick and by the beds of the dying. He made many social calls and visits, the object of which was, in part, to promote kind and friendly feelings and to incite in his hearers a deeper interest in his public labors. These visits, which averaged five hundred a year, were in all more than twenty thousand.

In person Mr. Kimball was well proportioned, six feet in height, and in the prime of life weighed a hundred and seventy-five pounds ; hair and eyes black, .step firm and elastic. He had a pleasing voice, his enunciation was distinct, his manner never violent nor denunciatory, but calm and impressive. In summer he generally appeared in the pul{)it in the canonicals presented to him at his ordination by the ladies of the parish, and supplemented by them as occasion demanded.

Though at the time of his settlement he was in delicate health, and thought by some not sufficiently robust to warrant his engaging in the labors and responsibilities of the ministerial office, and though for years he suffered from headache, often for weeks in succession, yet he lived to preach, in his own pulpit and those of his brethren, more than five thousand sermons, having had no vacation and having been prevented from preaching but a few times, when he supplied his place or the people worshipped with other congregations.

He maintained pleasant pulpit exchanges with his ministerial brethren and his labors were highly acceptable. These exchanges were not only with the Congregational and Presbyterian ministers of the county, but occasionally with others more remote. It is believed that his exchanges were never more frequent or more acceptable to his clerical brethren and their societies than at the time of closing his labors at Ipswich, at which time more than sixty pulpits were ojsen to his ministrations.

As a monument of his industry he left above three thousand sermons, written out with remarkable legibility. Indeed, he took a pride in doing with clearness whatever he attempted ; he never slighted any trust which he assumed.

His Labors among the Young - His labors in behalf of the lambs of his flock were abundant and incessant. For eleven years, in the earlier period ot his ministry, he instructed the children at the church and in his house in the Assembly's Catechism, the number varying from one hundred and tifty to more than two hundred. At the establishment of the Sunday-school, June 18, 1818, he acted as superintendent and took part in its immediate instruction. In December of that year he formed a class of young ladies in Wilbur's Catechism, which continued for a long time. He also taught the youth of both sexes in Sacred History; preached during his ministry more than one hundred sermons exclusively to the young; occupied fourteen Sabbath evenings in one winter with lectures to young men on the text, " Is the young man Absalom safe?" For years the Bible class, composed of the young people and others more advanced, numbered from two hundred to three hundred. With this exercise he went through most of the Pentateuch, the whole of John's gospel, the four evangelists in their connection and harmony, and the Acts of the Apostles.