Harrison County, Ohio - Chapter with an unread heading (no. 3 of those read), 1900 (part 1 of 2)

Chapter with an unread heading (no. 3 of those read)

The first white settlers in Harrison county came here before any roads were built, and it is reasonable to suppose, before it was possible to bring with them any wheeled vehicles. Their household furnishings,, salt, md flour or meal, were broaght by pack-horses; and the first avenues of travel in the county were probably old Indian trails or paths, following the courses of the streams,. or piercing the seemingly endless forest along the tops of the high ridges, or "divides." The first to come were the Indian fighters, scouts, and hunters, of whom a number lived alojig the Ohio river frontier, contemporaries and neighbors of the Wetzel brothers, of Adam and Andrew Poe, of Captain Samuel Brady, and of Major McCulloch. Among these, Jacob Holmes, Eobert Maxwell, and Joseph and William Hufi: settled along Indian Short creek, as it was then called, the HufEs locating near the site of Georgetown. In a letter from Curtis Wilkin, a relative of Joseph Huff, published by Mr. Hunter in his history of the Pathfinders of Jefi'erson County, the writer states that Joseph Huff did not settle on Short creek before 1796; and that his house was the frontier house in that vicinity for upwards of three years. William Hiiif shot an Indian near where Georgetown now stands, about the year 1800, because he had boasted in Hufi's presence of the number of white men's scalps he had taken. Of Jacob Holmes, Mr. Curtis Wilkin, of Kencon, Ohio, in a letter to the Steubenville Gazette, written Unrr'h G, 1899, says:

Jacob Holmes M'as my grandfather, and my information is derived from Jacob Holmes himself, from his wife, and from my mother.^ John HufE, my grandmother's brother, married Sallie Johnson, a sister of

John and Henry Johnson, who were captured by the Indians [in Warren township, Jefferson county, in 1793], killed their captors, and returned home. John Huff settled at Columbia, on the Ohio river, a few miles above Cincinnati, at about the close of the last century, and lived to be an aged man, dying there something over fifty years ago. Besides his sister (my grandmotlier), he had a brother, Eleazer Huff, and a son in the vicinity of my father's farm in Highland county.

Jacob Holmes was born December 8, 1768, in Kockingham county, Va. While Jacob was a small boy, his father moved to Bedford county, Pa., and a few years later to Washington county. Pa., near Catfish, now Washington ; then a few years later to what is now Brooke county, W. Va., and settled on Buffalo creek, not far from the Ohio river. Here our subject grew to manhood, and in 1791 was married to Elizabeth, daughter of Michael and Hannah Doddridge Huff. Shortly after his marriage he was employed by the United States Government as an Indian scout, and, in company with his brother-in-law, Kinsey Dickerson, and a man named Washburn, was thus employed for three years. For his services he received a tract of land on Short creek, a few miles north of where Mt. Pleasant now stands. To this place he moved his family in the spring of 1796, my mother being but six months old. He resided on this farm some twenty-five years, when he sold to a man named Comley, and rernoved to the northern part of Harrison county. The farm on which he then located is now in Carroll county. He resided here until 1832, Avhen he again sold out and removed to Fairfield township. Highland county. In the summer of 1838, he again sold out, and bought a farm one mile north of Kenton, Hardin county, to which he moved in the spring of 1839, and there he died October 14, 18-11.

Joseph Ilufl' was the brother of ray grandmother, the wife of Jacob Holmes. My graiidfather, Michael Huff, had the following sons: Michael, who was killed by the Indians on the Mississippi river, in the early settlement of Illinois; Joseph, Avho I tliink died in Harrison county many years ago, not far from whore his father settled in Jefferson (now Harrison) county, and near Georgetown; William, who died near the same place; John, who died at CoUiml)ia, a short distance above Cincinnati, about 1843; Samuel, who died in Highland county al:)0ut 1846; Eleazer, who died in Highland county about 1833. The old Huff Bible, that contains the record of all the Huff family, is now in possession of David C. Holmes, of Kenton, a grandson of Jacob Holmes.

Henry Howe, in his history of Ohio, written in 1847, states that in April, 1799, Alexander Henderson and family, from Washington county, Pennsylvania, "squatted" on the southwest corner of the section of land on which Cadiz stands ; and at this time Daniel Peterson resided at the forks of Sliort creek, with his family, the only one within the present limits of Harrison comity. If this statement be true, then Joseph Huff could not have settled in Harrison county much before 1800. Major Erkuries Beatty, father of the late Dr. Charles C. Beatty of Stci-'aenville, who was paymaster of the western arm}^, came to the Ohio country in 1786 and 1787, in the discharge of his official duties, and kept a diary of his tours and transactions. On the 31st of July, 1786, Major Efal^y set out from Pittsburgh to descend the Ohio river. On the second day afterwards, he made the following entry in his diary:

August. 3. Started early, stopped opposite the mouth of Little Beaver and breakfasted with the surveyor, who is waiting for troops. Arrived at Mingo Bottom 3 o'clock, where Capt. Hamtramck's, Mc- Curdy's, and Mercer's companies encamped, and had just been mustered and inspected by Major North. Showers of rain to-day. The troops encamped on the bank of the river opposite the lower end of a small island.

August 3. Waiting for Major North, Avho is going with me to ]\Iuskingum. About 8 o'clock two detachments from Capt. Mercer's company, one commanded by Lt. Kersy, the other by Ensign Rigart, marched to destroy some improvements on the river ten or fifteen miles up Short creek.

'-'Ten or iifteen miles \\-p Short creek" would locate this settlement which the soldiers were about to destroy, at somewhere between Adena and Georgetown, and if Major Beatty's information was exact, it would indicate that some of the hardy pioneers of that day had penetrated the wilderness and made improvements in Short Creek township as early as 1786.

The first survey of the public lands northwest of the Ohio river was that of the Seven Ranges, made in pursuance of an act of Congress of ]\ray 20, 1785. In July, 1786, the surveyors, under the direction of Thomas Hatehins, Avho had been appointed geographer of the United States, assembled at Pittsburgh. John Mathews, a nephew of General Rufus Putnam, one of the surveyors, came on from Massachusetts to assist in the surve}', arriving at Pittsburgh July 26, 1786. His diary, kept during the progress of tlie survey, has been published. He spent the early part of September, 1787, at the house of Esquire McMahan, in Ohio (now Brooke) county, West Virginia. On the 20t]i, a small party proposed to cross the Ohio and go out into the woods for a few days to dig ginseng. In those early times, when the plant was plentiful, it was a source of profit to the frontier inhabitants, who had few articles to give in exchange for money, or the more valuable articles of merchandice brought out by the traders. This proved to be rather a hazardous trip, a3 the Indians were hostile, and killed all the white men they found cncroaching on their hunting grounds. Mathews' journal proceeds:

September 20th, 1787. A little before sunset the Squire and myself crossed the Ohio, and went about two miles, and tarried all night at ^ house which was left by the inhal)itunts [who had probably lied, from fear of the hostile Indians then in the vicinity] .

September 21st. - Four men Joined us, and we set off by Williamson's Trail a little before sunset. We encamped half a mile beyond the B»g Lick, on the head waters of Short creek, in the ninth township of the fourth range.

The ninth township of the fourth range comprises the north half of the present township of Short Creek and the south half of Green, in Harison county; and the '' Big Lick " may have been the spring near whicli some twelve or thirteen years later Daniel Welch established his horsemill - in his day known as Beech Spring, from which the first church erected in Ilai'rison county took its name.

The ginseng diggers proceeded westAvard along the ridge dividing the waters of Short creek and the Stillwater, and dug ginseng four days. Mathews says: "It grew here in great abundance. Men accustomed to the work could dig from forty to sixty pounds a day."

September 28. Collected our horses and prepared to start for the river. At 1 o'clock completed their loading. At sunset, encamped within about sixteen miles of the Ohio.

29th. Arrived at the river about three o'clock P. M. We were much surprised to hear that three men had been killed and one taken prisoner by the Indians, about ten miles up Cross creek, who were out after ginseng on Sunday last. Two of the party made their escape. They had also killed a family the week following, up Wheeling creek, and done considerable other damage. While we were out we were very careless and came on their trail, but very fortunate they did not fall in with us. I feel very ha])py tbat I have reached my old quarters, and will give them liberty to take my scalp if they find me out after ginseng again this year.

Octo])er 12th. This evening McMahan returned from over the river, where he had been with a party of men in pursuit of some Indians, who yesterday morning killed an old man near Fort Steuben. He did not discover them, but by the signs thought them to be seven or eight in number.

Nov. 30th. A part of this month I have been on the west side of the Ohio, with Mr. Simpson and Colonel Martin, assisting them iu the survey of the lands they bought at public sales in New York.

Dr. Thomas E. Crawford, for forty years pastor of Nottingham Church, in his book of " Keminiscences," published at Wheeling in 1887. gives the following account of an Indian light which took place within the present boundaries of Harrison county more than a hundred years ago:

The earliest visit of white men of which we have any account, into the territory of which this county was ultimately formed, was in the fall of 1793, when Capt. William Boggs, Kobert JMaxwell, Joseph Daniels,

[Fort Henry], located on the ground afterwards occupied by the city of Wheeling, West Va. These men were Indian scouts and spies. They made their excursion from the mouth of Wheeling creek up to the dividing ridge, and crossed over on the evening of the second day after they left the river, to the headwaters of Stillwater, venturing rather far into the interior with so small a force. This little band of daring men struck up a fire and camped at a spring on the banks of a stream, near to the place where the old Crawford brick house now stands. The party prepared and ate their supper, and being much fatigued with the journey of two days through an unbroken wilderness, they lay down to rest around the burning embers of a camp fire, not expecting an enemy near, for they had seen no recent traces of the red man from the time they left the Fort. Soon they were wrapped in sleep, only to be awakened and startled by the hideous yell of Indians, followed by the report of firearms. A ball took effect in the knee of Captain Boggs, which so crippled him that he was unable to flee. He called to his companions, " ]\Iake your escape, if possible, and leave me to my fate," which they did, leaving their brave leader to perish at the hands of a terrif)le and cruel foe. Three out of the four that fled arrived safely at the block-house, and reported the disaster that befell their expedition. Measures were immediately taken, and a company of men was sent out in a short time to seek for the remains of Mr. Boggs. After much precaution in travel, the party found the place where the spies had encamped on that fatal night, and soon discovered the mutilated body of their captain ; took up the remains and buried them a few rods northeast from the above-named spring, on one of the tributary streams of Big Stillwater, which ever after has been called "Boggs' Fork," from the name of this adventuring but imf ortunate man. It is to be regretted that all traces of the grave of this brave and trustworthy soldier have disappeared.

lished in 1891, of Eobert Cochran, M^ho was born in what is now Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, in 17T1. He came to Allegheny county with his father's family, when eighteen years of age. Shortly after the year 1803, he emigrated to Ohio, and bought eighty acres of land in what is now Harrison county, paying $200 for the same. Here he built himself a cabin of poles, daubed inside and out with mad, having a stick chimne}', puncheon floor, clap-board roof, and clap-board door. Here, in winter seasons, he was joined by John Maholni, an old friend from Pennsylvania, and together they lived in ]\Ir. Maholm's cabin, eating supper and breakfast in company, and each working on his own " clearing " during the day.

During the fall and winter of 180-1-5, Mr. Cochran secured the services of a man to do his cooking, hired a mill-wright and several axemen, and erected a two-story grist-mill, worked by horse-power. No iron was used in its construction, except some strengthening bands around the trundle head and spindle; wheels and parts were all made of wood, and all hand-made, as saw-mills were unknown in the county at that day. The mill-stones were brought down the Ohio to Steubenville and hauled across the country, the trip occupying four days. Unwieldy as it was, the mill was kept constantly going, day and night, Sundays excepted, the farmers coming for miles around to have their grinding done. It was a common sight to see men occupyii^g the time, while waiting their turn for grinding, in throwing the tomahawk at marks attached to trees. As time passed on, this mill was superseded by water-mills, but in dry seasons, when water failed, the neighbors were obliged to return again to Cochran's horse-mill. It was the first mill erected west of that of Daniel Welch, at Beech Spring, and in early days was of great benefit to the pioneers. The land on which Mr. Cochran settled lies about half a mile north of Cadiz, and is now occupied by his descendants.

The early pioneers came to Harrison county from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland, but chiefly from Washington county, Pennsylvania. Tbe journeys from localities east of the mountains were sometimes long and full of danger. The paths across the mountains were rough and difficult. Pack-horses were at first the only means of transportation; on some, the pioneers packed the stores and rude agricultural implements, and on others, the furniture, bedding, and cooking utensils, and again, on others, their wives and children. Horses which carried small children were each provided with a pack-saddle and two large creels made of hickory withes, in the fashion of a crate, one over each side, in which were stowed clothes and bedding. In the center of each wovvld sometimes be tucked a child or two, the top heing well secured by laciug, so as to keep the youngsters in their places. The roads, frequently, were barely passable; sometimes lying along the brink of precipices; frequently overflown in places by sv.ollen streams, all of which had to be forded; horses slipping, falling, and carried away, both women and children were often in great danger.

The creels would sometimes break and send the children rolling over the ground in great confusion. It was no uncommon thing for mother and child to be separated from each other for hours whilst on the journey to their new homes, in a wild forest, amidst beasts, and exposed to attacks by the Indians. When the pioneer reached his destination, he usually pat up a brush shelter, until he could build his cabin. The latter was made of rough logs, without nail, board, or window-pane. He then turned his attention to clearing a small plot of ground on which to raise such food as was needed for the su|)port of his family.

The food question was the all-important one with the settlers. Their hard labor resulted in giving them keen appetites, and much account was taken of the feasts, merry-making parties, and public gatherings. The quality of the food was not so much regarded as the quantity. Times were when the providential appearance of a deer averted starvation, and the fortunate catching of a fish, or .the trapping of game, eked out a scanty subsistence. Journeys of many miles were made for a few pounds of flour or meal.

Their cabins contained little or no furniture; beds with no mattresses, springs, or even bed-cords - the couches being spread upon the floor, and sleeping apartments separated by hanging blankets. About the fireplace were found hooks and trammel, the bake-pan and the kettle. Sometimes chairs were represented by sections of a tree of the recjuircd height. Upon the shelves were spoons of pewter, blue-edged plates, cups and saucers, and the black earthen tea-pot; and later, perhaps, one corner of the room was occupied by a tall clock, while in another corner stood an old-fashioned, high-post, corded bedstead, covered with an " Irish chain " quilt - a marvel of patchwork ingenuity and laborious sewing.

The following extracts from a letter written by Eobert Van Horn in 1895, furnish an interesting account of the incidents of an early trip over the Allegheny mountains, made by one of the pioneer families in Harrison county. Mr. Van Horn was born at New Athens in 1813, the son of Edward and Margaret Hamilton Van Horn. He writes:

My grandmother's maiden name was Martha McMillan, and she had a sister, Jane, married to John Perry. My first certain knowledge of them finds Grandmother living in N"ottingham township, Chester connty, Pennsyvania, and Uncle John Perry near by, on the Susqnehanna river, running a herring fishery.

The country, though near Philadelphia, was new, and covered largely with pine forests, and the ground was strewed with the resinous knots of decayed trees, like the hones of dead animals. These knots were gathered by the poor, and laid by, to burn in the winter, instead of candles, and many an armful my mother carried home to her humble dwelling.

Part of my mother's time, Avhen a girl, was spent in the family of her uncle, John Perry, and part of her occupation was to hunt the cows in the woods, morning and evening. Eising early, she would stick a herring in the hot ashes to roast, and when done she would take it for a morning lunch, and hie away to the woods, as blithe and merry as a lark, her ears alert for the tinkling of the cow-bell.

How long the families remained there, I do not know; but Uncle Perry resolved to seek a better country, if not a heavenly one; and, like Abraham of old, he gathered up his substance, and, with his family, which was quite numerous, and my grandmother and her family, making togetlier quite a respectable caravan, he started for the far West, a distance of some three hundred miles. Their goods seem to have been drawn by a single train, of four or six horses. There may have been more, biit tradition does not say so. Perhaps the children, if not the mothers, " walked afoot." The only incident of the journey which I can recall was as follows:

On reaching the top of one of the mountains, they found the western slope, which was quite long and steep, covered with a solid sheet of ice from top to bottom, making the descent extremely perilous. A consultation was held, and, as on'all similar occasions, advice was plenty, and my grandmother contributed her share in true womanly style. She wanted him to cut down a great big sapling, and tie it to the hind end of the wagon, TO HOLD IT BACK ! And old Uncle Perry, in true masculine style, after listening to this and other suggestions equally wise, went and did just as he had a mind to. He did not cut down the sapling, nor anything of the kind; but by rough-locking and careful driving, reached the foot of the perilous descen. in safety. On reaching the bottom of the hill, he stopped the team, took off his hat, and, wiping his brow, said that he had had that hill on his mind ever since he left home.

On reaching their destination, they located in the extreme western part of Washington county, near West Middletown. Just how long they remained there, I do not know, but it must have been a number of years, for there several of the Hamilton children married and three of them died.

thoir three oldest children. And some years hefore, the Perrys, Gastons, Alexander Morrison, and Grandmother Hamilton, had all settled near Morristown, in Belmont county.

On Saturday, May 5th, 1900, the writer paid a visit to a native of Plarrison county, who was horn near Cadiz, Novemher 5, 1800, nearly one hundred years ago. This was Thomas West, who lives on a farm near Lafayette, in Coshocton county, Ohio. He was horn a few miles north of Cadiz, the son of William and Sarah Boyd West, and grandson of Morris West. His parents came to Harrison county hefore 1800, and settled on the farm where he was born. There they died in 1830. He was married to Eliza Tipton, of Cadiz, niece of Eev. William Tipton, in 1831; and they removed to Coshocton county about 1844.

Thomas West stated that his father went from Steubenville into what was then the backwoods of Jefferson (now Harrison) county, and built himself a log-cabin, afterwards returning for his father (Morris West), who accompanied the family to their frontier home. At that time, and for some years afterwards, there were no roads in the county, and the settlers found their way from place to place by means of blazed trees, or trees from which a small portion of the bark had been chopped off, so as to leave a mark. Thomas West had as a schoolmate one Philip Kail, and some of his neighbors were Samuel Maholm, JSTathan and Lemuel Green, and James Forbes. He went three miles to school, making his Avay through the forest by means of the blazings, and could not remain for the afternoon sessions, as he had to return home before evenings in order to avoid the wolves. The United States spelling book was the principal book used in his school days. The school-houses which he attended were all log buildings, and the light was let in by means of a square hole cut out between two logs, the opening being covered with greased paper. The boys were warned by the teacher against pimching holes through the windows with their quill pens, and suffered severe punishment if caught in such an act.

The first religious meetings were held in private houses, traveling circuit riders occasionally visiting the settlement and preaching for them. When a log church was afterwards erected (now Bethel church), the services were attended by many in the neighborhood, but the attendants usually wore their everj'^-day suits and dresses, as few of the pioneers possessed clothing that could be called "Sunday best." Man and wife usually rode to meeting together, on the back of the same horse.

was customary to weave the cloth with two "shots" of wool alternating M-ith every two "shots" of tow thread. The pioneers had plenty to eat and live on,, though it was a rough diet. After the first few years, they had plenty of meat and potatoes, turnips, milk, and hutter - "hog and hominy, milk and hutter," as Mr. West expressed it. When a small boy, his principal occupation was to pick up brush, following the men, whose labor for many years after settlement was chiefly devoted to making clearings here and there in the forest, upon which they might plant crops. One of Mr. West's earliest recollections was that of an adventure the family had with a bear. When still a small boy, his father had cleared sufficient of his land to give him a space for two fields, and had constructed a fence between, which ran from the cabin to the timber line. While this fence was building, one day when the men had come in for their supper, an occasion arose for using the family ax, and it was found that it had been left out in the clearing, at the end of the fence. Thomas was sent out to fetch it, and ran down the field alongside the fence to where it lay. As he ran, he noticed that the family pig was running down the field on the other side of the fence, as if expecting to receive some food from the hands of the boy, as was its wont. As Thomas reached the ax, and stooped down to pick it up, he heard the pig set up a terrific squealing, and saw it held tightly between the forelegs of a large black animal, which stood up on its hind legs, and seemed to have conceived a wonderful affection for Tommie's pet piggie. At the same time, his father began to shout and to clap his hands vigorously, and bv so doing succeeded in starting the bear back to the woods, where it dropped the hog betAveen the forked limbs of a low tree, and then departed. The men got down a gun, and started into the woods, but failed to find the bear. They brought back the hog, however, but its life had been crushed out, and its back broken in three places by the bear's tio-ht squeeze.

Pork was the chief animal food of the Harrison county pioneer. In the early days, the salted meat was packed in a trough, which was set deep in the ground near the front of the cabin door, and a clap-board top staked down over the trough, to keep wolves and other beasts from getting at its contents. Mr. West said that when he had grown to be a man, he bought salted pork from Edward Healey, a neighbor, who told him that he hadn't seen the bottom of his meat hogshead for seven years, "and it was as good meat as ever went into a man's mouth," said Mr. Wo't. "Salt was salt in those days. It is not so good now. ard it is

"The ploughs were all made of wood," he proceeded, "excepting a coulter to split the ground, and a small share-point. Threshing was done with a flail. I have whipped out hundreds of bushels of wheat on the puncheon floor of a log-barn. Johnny-cake was a staple article of diet. It was baked by putting it on a smooth board and setting it before a fire, with a stone before it, to keep it from falling down. When one side was done, we turned it over, and baked the other side. Wheat bread was baked by making a hole in the earthen fire-hearth, into which the loaves were placed, the hole covered with a flat stone, and live coals heaped on the stone. Sometimes the wheat was so rank, that it made you sick to eat bread made from it, and even made the hogs sick. This may have come from poisonous herbs being ground up with the flour, but it was usually thought to be due to the wheat having too much shade while growing. In the early days, the crops were planted in small patches, wherever clearings had been made, and the patches were surrounded on all sides by the tall trees of the forest. I remember one day a distant female relative came to visit at our house at a time when the wheat was too rank to make wholesome bread. My mother had to serve corn-bread, or Johnny-cake, and explained the reason for doing so by saying that the wheat that year was unfit for bread. Our visitor was inclined to turn up her nose at Johnny-cake, and thought my mother had invented the excuse about the wheat bread, merely to hide her poverty; so she stated that she was very fond of bread made from wheat grown on new soil, and liked no other kind so well. This nettled my mother some, as she could see from the manner of her visitor that her own hospitality was questioned ; and she resolved to give her all that she desired. So my mother made up some of the new wheat flour into bread, and at the next meal let her visitor eat her fill. The result was, a very sick woman, and no doubt a. wiser one. We used to go two miles to the house of a neighbor to get our grinding done. He had a hand-mill, and sometimes it was necessary to wait for hours before our turn would come to take the mill. Later, when Bower's mill was set up [at the site of Bowerstown], I often rode horseback through the woods to that mill, with a bag of corn or wheat behind, had it ground, and carried the meal or flour home. One afternoon, while returning from the mill, J noticed a number of wild animals, like large dogs, which followed the horse, and one of them, once or twice snapped at my feet. But I was a small boy then, and ray feet did not reach down very far ; so I did not become uneasy. When

I reached home, 1113^ parents told me that the animals which followed me were wolves, and they marvelled at my escape without injury. I had never seen wolves before, and when I found oiit what had chased me, became very much frightened at my experience.

"In the early days in Harrison county, fist fights were of very frequent occurrence, and public gatherings of all kinds usually ended with a fight between one or more pairs of fighters. While I was still a little boy, my uncle, Augustus West, was forced into a fight with a bully, during the time of a camp-meeting which was held in the woods near our house. This occurred one day after the services had been held. My uncle was standing on the grounds, talking with some of his friends, when a big, swaggering fellow came along, elbowing people^ out of his way, and looking and walking very much like a big Brahma rooster that is spoiling for a fight. '1 am the best man that walks the road,' he said, when he reached the place where my uncle was standing with his friends. ISTow, my uncle was not naturally a fighting man, and I think if he had been choosing a place for a fight he would not have picked on the grounds of a camp-meeting. But he hated a bully, and when the fellow repeated his brag, my uncle said to him in a quiet tone, 'Stranger, untried.' This was enough to egg on the bully, and he struck my uncle. Then the fight began. Uncle Augustus was a short and heavy-set man, built like a Dutchman's horse, and he could parry the blows of his antagonist until he finally succeeded in 'cutting his wind.' Then he sailed into him, and very soon had him with his back on the ground.

"General musters were often held at Cadiz, and in the country near there, and I attended many of these when a young man, although not myself a member of the militia, on account of my defective hearing. One day, at muster, I saw two men fight for three-quarters of an hour. Their names were Salsman and Watson. Salsman stripped for the fight, and prepared himself for it better. Watson was dressed up, and as he was something of a dandy, would not take off his coat, nor even his stock and necktie. The kind of neckties they wore in those days were very larire and cumbersome, and I do not see how Watson could have fou2:ht as he did with that cloth wound around his neck. After the fight was over, Salsman had to keep his bed for three weeks. Watson was able to get around again in a few days; and probably would not have had a scratch if he had prepared himself for the fight as the other man did.

times a bushel of wheat was given for a day's work. I hired out to work one summer for a bushel of wheat a day. In the fall, when pay-day came, the price of wheat had risen to $i;00. My employer then wanted to pay me in money on the basis of the value of wheat when I began working; but of course, I could not agree to that.

"When I started for myself, the first sheep I bought cost me seventyfive cents each. At that time a good big four year old steer fetched ten dollars. Before that time, a farm laborer's Avages was generally not much over twenty-five cents per day. ]\Iy son-in-law has some men hired on this place where we are to-day, and pays them as much for a day's wage as men used to get for working a week and a day.

"I used to go to Cadiz to do my trading, generally dealt with Kilgore and Lyons, and knew the Olmsteads, the Pritchards, the Maholms, and McFaddens, most of whom were engaged in business in that town. One day a neighbor and myself went to Cadiz, and after doing our trading, and getting what provisions we had come for, the store-keeper (I am not sure, but it may have been Mr. Kilgore), asked us if we were going back home without taking out new calico dresses for our wives. We told him that we had no money with which to buy calico dresses, that it took all our surplus earnings, beyond what went to improving our farms, to buy such necessaries as- we could not raise ourselves. He told us that we could buy the dresses without paying for them then, that he would trust us for the price, and we could pay for them at another time. This was my first experience in buying on credit, and it seemed so complimentary to my neighbor and myself that the store-keeper should trust us, that we both bought some of his calico, and our wives had fine new dresses. And we afterwards paid for them, too. Men were not trusted in those days unless it was pretty certain that they would pay. Credit then was not so free or general as it is to-day."

John S. Williams, who edited the American Pioneer, published at Cincinnati in 1843, wrote a series of articles on his knowledge and experience of pioneer life, Mdiich nre of especial interest to Harrison county readers, as he was an early settler in the Concord settlement in Colerain township, P>elmont county, south of Mt. Pleasant, and not far from the southeastern corner of Harrison county. lu the spring of 1800, with his mother, sister, and brother, he emigrated from Beaufort, jSTorth Carolina, to what was then a part of Jefferson county, in the Northwest Territory. Some of his pioneer experiences were recounted, as follows:

In April, 1800, -we sailed from Beaufort for Alexandria (Va.), in company with seventy other emigrants, large and small, say twelve families. We had one storm, and were once becalmed in Core sound, and had to Avait about two weeks at Ciirritnc inlet for a wind to take us to sea. From thence to Alexandria we had a fine run, especially up the Potomac bay.

At Alexandria we remained several days before we got wagons to bring us out. Here everything was weighed. My weight was just seventy-five pounds. We stopped near two weeks on what I think was called Goose creek, in Virginia, before we could be supplied with a wagon to cross the mountains, in place of the one we occupied, which belonged there.

The mountain roads, (if roads they could be called, for pack-horses were still on them), were of the most dangerous and difficult character. I have heard an old mountain tavern-keeper say that, although the taverns were less than ten miles apart in years after we came, he had known many emigrant families that stopped a night at every tavern on the mountains. 1 recollect but few of our night stands distinctly - say, Dinah Besor's, Goose Creek, Old Crock's, near the South Branch; Tomlinson's, Beesontown [Uniontown], and Simpkins', and Merrittstown, Our company consisted of Joseph Dew, Levina Hall, and Jonas Small, with their families. [For a further account of these emigrants, see Chapter II., which relates to the emigration of Southern Quakers to Harrison county.]

After a tedious journey, we all arrived safely at Fredericktown, Washington county. Pa., where we stopped to await the opening of the land office at Steubenville, Ohio. Here, we found Horton Howard and family, who had come on the season previous. Here, also, the children had the whooping-cough. Those whom we left at Alexandria came to Eedstone Old Fort [Brownsville], ten miles below Fredericktown, where they sojourned for the same purpose; and although, as we thought, unfortunately detained, they were the first at their resting place.

Jonas Small, Francis Mace, and several other families from Redstone returned to Carolina, dissatisfied with the hills, vales, and mud of the ]SJ"orthwest, little dreaming of the level and open plains of this valley. Horton Howard and family started first from Fredericktown; Joseph Dew, Levina Hall, and ourselves, made another start in September, or early in October. We started in the afternoon, and lay at Benjamin Townsend's on Fishpot Run; we lay also at the Blue Ball, near Washington, at Rice's, on the Buffalo, and at Warren [at the mouth of Short creek], on the Ohio. These are all the night stands that I recollect, in fifty-five miles. We arrived safe at John Leaf's, in what is now called Concord settlement. From Warren, Joseph Dew and Mrs. Hall proceeded up Little Short creek, and stopped near where Mt. Pleasant now is. In what is now called Concord settlement, four or five years previously, five or six persons had squatted and made small improvements. The Friends, chiefly from Carolina, had taken the land at a clear sweep.

Mr. Leaf lived on a tract bought hy Horton TTo-ward, since OAvned by Samnel Potts, and subsequently by Williym ilillhonse. Horton Howard had turned in on Mr. Leaf, and we turned in on both.

If anyone has an idea of tlie appearance of the remnant of a town that has been nearly destroyed by fire, and the homeless inhabitants turned in upon those Avho were left, they can form some idea of the squatters' cabins that fall. It was a real harvest for them, however, for they received the rhino for the privileges granted and work done, as well in aid of the emigrants in getting cabins up as for their improvements. This settlement is in Belmont county, on Glenn's linn, about six miles northwest of Wheeling, and as much northeast of St. Clairsville.

Emigrants poured in from different posts, cabins were put up in every direction, and women, children, and goods tumbled into them. The tide of emigration flowed like water through the breach in a milldam. Everything Avas bustle and confusion, and all at work that could work. In the midst of all this, the mumps, and perhaps one or two other diseases prevailed, and gave us a seasoning. Our cabin had been raised, covered, part of the cracks chinked, and part of the floor laid when we moved in, on Christmas day. There had not been a stick cut except in building the cabin. We had intended an inside chimney, for we thought the chimney ought to be in the house. We had a log put across the whole width of the cabin for a mantel, but when the floor was in Ave found it so loAV as not to ansAver, and removed it. Here Avas a great change for my mother and sister, as Avell as the rest, but particularly my mother. She Avas raised in the most delicate manner, in and near London, and lived most of the time in affluence, and alAA^ays comfortable. She was now in the wilderness, surrounded by Avild beasts, in a cabin Avith about half a floor, no door, no ceiling overhead, not even a tolerable sign for a fireplace; the light of day and the chilling aa^ucTs of night passing between every two logs, the cabin so high from the ground that a bear, wolf, panther, or any animal less in size than a coav, could enter AA'ithout even a squeeze. Such Avas our situation on Thursday and Thursday night, December 25th, 1800, and which was bettered but by very slow degrees. We got the rest of the floor laid in a fcAv days; the chinking of the cracks Avent on slowly, but the daubing could not proceed until the AA^eather was more suitable, Avhich happened in a few days; doorways were sawed out and steps made of the logs, and the back of the chimnev Avas raised up to the mantel, but the funnel of sticks and clay Avas delayed until spring.

In building our cabin, it was set to front the north and south, my brother using my father's pocket compass on the occasion. We had no idea of living in a house that did not stand square Avith the earth itself. This argued our ignorance of the comforts and conveniences of a pioneer life. The position of the house, end to the hill, necessarily elevated the lower end, and the determination to have both a north and a roiith door added much to the airiness of the domicile, particularly after the green ash puncheons had shrunk so as to leave cracks in the floor and doors from one to two inches. At both the doors we had hi(?h, imstead}^, and sometimes icy steps, made by pilins: ^^P the logs cut out of the wall. We had a window, if it could be called a window, when, perhaps, it was the largest spot in the top, bottom, or sides of the cabin at which the wind could not enter. It was -made by sawing out a log, placing sticks across, and then, by pasting an old newspaper over the holes, and applying some hog's lard, we had a kind of a glazing which shed a most beautiful and mellow light across the cabin when the sun shone upon it. All other light entered at the doors, cracks, and chimney.

Our cabin was twenty-four by eighteen. The west end was occupied by two beds, the center of each side by a door, and here our symmetry had to stop, for on the side opposite the window, made of clap-boards, supported by pins driven into the logs, were our shelves. Upon these, shelves ray sister displayed, in ample order, a host of pewter plates, basins, and dishes, and spoons, scoured and bright. It was none of your new-fangled pewter, made of lead, but the best of London pewter, which our father himself bought of Townsend, the manufacturer. These were the plates upon which you could hold your meat so as to cut it without slipping and without dulling your knife. But, alas! the days of pewter plates and sharp dinner knives have passed away, never to return. To return to our internal arrangements. A ladder of five rounds occupied the corner near the windov/. By this, when we got a floor above, we could ascend. Our chimney occupied most of the east end; pots and kettles opposite the window under tlie shelves, a gun on hooks over the north door, four split-bottom chairs, three three-legged stools, and a small eight by ten looking-glass sloped from the wall over a large towel and comb-case. These, with a clumsy shovel and a pair of tongs, made in Frederick, with one shank straight, as the best manufacturer of pinches and blood-blisters, completed our furniture, except a spinnino-- wheel, and such things as wej-e necessary to work with. It was absolutely necessary to have three-legged stools, as four legs of anythin-icould not all touch the floor at the same time.

The completion of our cabin went on slowly. The season was inclement; we were weak-handed and weak-pocketed - in fact, laborers were not to be had. We got one chimney up breast-high as soon as we could, and got our cabin daubed as high as the joists outside. It never was daubed on the inside, for my sister, who was very nice, could not consent to " live right next to the mud." My impression now is, that the window was not constructed till spring, for until the sticks and clay were put on the chimney we could possibly have no need for a window; for the flood of light which always poured into the cabin from the fireplace woLihl have extinguished our window, and rendered it as useless as the moon at noon-day. We got a floor laid overhead as soon as possible, perhaps in a month; but, Avhen it was laid, the reader can readily conceive of its imperviousness to Avind or weather, when we mention that it v^as laid of loose clap-lxjards, split from a red-oak. That tree grew in

It may be well to inform the unlearned reader that clap-boards are such lumber as pioneers split with a frow, and resemble barrel staves before they are shaved, but are split longer, wider, and thinner; of such our roof and ceiling were composed. Puncheons were planks made by splitting logs to about two and a half or three inches in thickness and hewing them on one or both sides Avith a broad-axe. Of such our floor, doors, tables, and stools were manufactured.

The inonotony of the time for several of the first years was broken and enlivened by the howl of wild beasts. The wolves howling around us seemed to moan their inability to drive us from their long undisputed domain. The bears, panthers, and deer seemingly got miffed at our approach, or the partiality of the hunters, and but seldom troubled us. We did not hunt for them. The wild-cat, raccoon, 'possum, hornet, yellow-jacket, rattlesnake, copperhead, nettle, and a host of small things, which seemed in part to balance the amount of pioneer happiness, held on to their rights until driven out gradually by the united efforts of the pioneers, who like a band of brothers usually aided each other in the great work. These things, as well as getting their bread, kept them too busy for law-suits, quarrels, crimes, and speculations, and made them happy.

When spring was fully come, and our little patch of corn - three acres - put in among the beech roots, which at every step contended with the shovel-plough for the right of soil, and held it, too, we enlarged our stock of conveniences. As soon as bark would run (i. e., peel off), we could make ropes and bark boxes. These we stood in great need of, as such things as bureaus, stands, wardrobes, or even barrels, were not to be had. The manner of making ropes of linn-bark was to cut the bark in strips of convenient length, and water-rot it in the same manner as rotting flax or hemp. When this was done, the inside bark would peel off and split up so fine as to make a pretty considerably rough and goodfor-but-little kind of a rope. Of this, however, we were very glad, and let no ship-owner with his grass ropes laugh at us. We made two kinds of boxes for furniture. One kind was of hickory bark, with the outside shaved off. 'J'his we would take oft' all around the tree, the size of which would determine the caliber of our box. Into one end we would place a flat piece of bark or puncheon, cut round to lit in the bark, which stood on end the same as when on the tree. There was little need of hooping, as the strength of the bark would keep that all right enough. Its shrinkage would make the top unsightly in a parlor now-a-days, but then they were considered quite an addition to the furniture. A much finer article was made of slippery-elm bark, shaved smooth, and with the inside out, bent round and sewed together where the ends of the hoop or main bark lapped over. The length of the bark was around the box, and inside out. A bottom was made of a piece of the same bark, dried flat, and a lid, like that of a common band-box, made in the same way. This was the finest furniture in a lady's dressing-room, and then^ as now, with tlie finest furniture, the lapped or sewed side was turned to the wall, and the prettiest part to the spectator. They were easily made oval, and while the bark was green, were easily ornamented with drawings of birds, trees, &c., agreeably to the taste and skill of the fair manufacturer. As we belonged to the Society of Friends, it may be fairly presumed that our bandboxes were not thus ornamented.

To the above store of bark ropes and bark boxes must be added a few gums before the farmer considered himself comfortably fixed. It may be well to inform the unlearned reader that gums are hollow trees cut off, with puncheons pinned on, or fitted into one end, to answer in the place of barrels.

The privations of a pioneer life contract the wants of man almost to total extinction, and allow him jneans of charity and benevolence. Sufferings ennoble his feelings, and the frequent necessity for united efforts at house-raisings, log-rollings, corn-huskings, &c., produced in him habitual charity, almost unknown in these days.

We settled on beech land, which took much trouble to clear. We could do no other way than clear out the smaller stuff and burn the brush around the beeches, which, in spite of all the burning and girdling we could do to them, would leaf out the first year, and often a little the second. The land, however, was very rich, and would bring better corn than might be expected. We had to tend it principally with the hoe, that is, to chop down the nettles, the water- weed, and the touchme-not. Grass, careless, lambs-quarter, and Spanish needles were reserved for the better prepared farmers. We cleared a small turnip patch, which we got in about the 10th of August. We sowed in timothy seed, which took well, and the next year we had a little hay besides. The tops and blades of the corn were also carefully saved for our horse, cow, and the sheep. The turnips were sweet and good, and in the fall we took care to gather walnuts and hickory nuts, which were very abundant. These, with the turnips, which we scraped, supplied the place of fruit. I have always been partial to scraped turnips, and could now beat any three dandies at scraping them. Johnny-cake, also, when we had meal to make it of, helped to make up our evening's repast. The Sunday morning biscuit had all evaporated, but the loss was partially supplied by the nuts and turnips. Our regular supper was mush and milk, and by the time we had shelled our corn, stemmed tobacco, and plaited straw to make hats, &c., &c., the mush and milk had seemingly decamped from the neighborhood of our ribs. To relieve this difficulty, my brother and I would make a thin Johnny-cake, part of which we would eat, and leave the rest until morning. At daylight we would eat the balance, as we walked from the house to work.

To get grinding done was often a great difficulty, by reason of the scarcity of mills, the freezes in winter, and the droughts iu summer. We had often to mamifacture meal (when we had corn) in any way we could get the corn to pieces. We soaked and pounded it, we shaved it, we planed it, and, at a proper season, we grated it. When one of our neighbors got a hand-mill, it was thought quite an acquisition to the neighborhood. In after years, when in time of freezing or drought, we could get srindina' bv waitina: for our turn no more than one day and a night at a horse-mill, we thought ourselves happy.

To save meal we often made pumpkin bread, in which, when meal was scarce, the pumpkin would so predominate as to render it almost impossible to tell our bread from that article, either by taste, looks, or the amount of nutriment it contained. To rise from the tabic with a good appetite is said to be healthy, and with some is said to be fashionable. What t]ien does it signify to be hungry for a month at a time, when it is not only healthy, but fashionable ? Besides all this, the sight of a bag of meal, when it was scarce, made the family feel more glad and thankful to Heaven then, than a whole boat-load would at the present time.

S;tlt was five dollars per bushel, and we used none in our corn-bread, which we soon liked as well without it. What meat we had at first was fresh, and but little of that; for had we been hunters, we had no time to practice it.

We had no candles, and cared little for them, .except for summer use. In Carolina we had the real fat light-wood - not merely pineknots, but the fat, straight pine. This, from the brilliancy of our parlor of winter evenings, might be supposed to put not only candles, lamps, camphine, Greenough's chemical oil, but even gas itself to the blush. In the West we had not this, but my business was to ramble the woods every eveniug for seasoned sticks, or the bark of the shelly hickor}^, for light. ^Tis true that our light was not so good as even candles, but we got along without fretting, for we depended more upon the goodness of our eyes than we did upon the brilliancy of the light.

One of my employments on winter evenings, after we raised flax, was the spinning of rope yarn, from the coarsest swingling tow, to make bed-cords for sale. " Swingling tow " is a corruption of " singling tow," as " swingle-tree " is of '" single-tree." The manner of spinning rope yarn was by means of a drujn, wliich turned on a horizontal shaft driven into a hole in one of the cabin logs near the fire. The yarn was hitched to a nail on one side of the circumference next to me. By taking an oblique direction, and keeping up a regular jerking, or pulling of the thread, the drum was kept in constant motion, and thus the twisting and pulling out went on regularly and simultaneously, until the length of the walk was taken up. Then, by winding the yarn first on my forearm, and from that on the drum, I was ready to spin another thread.

The unlearned reader might inquire what we did with the finer kinds of tow. It is well enough to ajiprise him that next to rope yarn in fineness was filling for trousers and aprons; next finer, warp for the same, and filling for shirts and frocks; next finer, of tow thread, warp for sheets and frocks, unless some of the higher grades of society would use flax thread. Linen shirts, especially seven hundred, was counted the very top of the pot, and he who v,'ore an eight hundred linen shirt was counted a dandy. He was not called a dandy, for the word was unknown, as well as the refined animal which bears that name. Pioneers found it to their advantage to wear tow linen and eat skim milk, and sell their flax, linen, and butter.

Frocks were a short kind of shirt worn over the trousers. We saved our shirts by pulling them off in warm Aveather, and by wearing nothing in the day-time but our hats, made of straw, our frocks and our trousers. It will be thus perceived that these things took place before the days of suspenders, when everyone's trousers lacked about two inches of reaching up to where the waistcoat reached down. Suspenders soon became a part of the clothing, and were a real improvement in dress.

The girls had forms without bustles, and rosy cheeks without paint. Those who are thin, lean, and colorless, from becoming slaves to idleness or fashion, are, to some extent, excusable for endeavoring to be artificially what the pioneer girls were naturally; who, had they needed lacins,-, might have used tow strings, and if bran were used for bustles might have curtailed their suppers. Those circumstances which frequently occasioned the bran to be eaten after the flour was gone, laced tight enough without silk cord or bone-sets, and prevented that state of things which sometimes makes it necessary to eat both flour and bran together as a medicine, and requires bran or straw outside to make the shape respectable.

N"ot only about the farm, but also to meeting, the younger part of the families, and even men went barefoot in summer. The young women carried their shoes and stockings, if they had them, in their hands, until they got in sight of the meeting-house, where, sitting on a log, they shod themselves for meeting, and at the same place, after meeting, they unshod themselves for a walk home, perhaps one or two miles. Whether shoes, stockings, or even bonnets, were to be had or not, meeting must be attended.

Turnips, walnuts, and hickory-nuts supplied the place of fruit till peaches were raised. In five or six years, millions of peaches rotted on the ground. Previous to our raising apples, we sometimes went to ]\[artin's Ferr}', on the Ohio, to pick peaches for the owner, who had them distilled. We got a bushel of apples for each day's work in picking peaches. These were kept for particular eating, as if they had contained seeds of gold. Their extreme scarcity made them seem valuable, and stand next to the short biscuit that were so valued in times gone by. Paw-paws were eaten in tlieir season. When we got an abundance of apples, they seemed to lose their flavor and relish.

Pasturage was abundant in summer, being composed mostly of nettles, waist higli, which made us fine greens, and tlius served for both the cow and her owner, and yet, like everything else on earth, seemed to balance the account by stinging us at every turn. Even the good pasturage of this new countr}^, considered as pasture, had its balancing properties; for the same rich soil from which spring nettles and pasture in such abundance, brought forth also the ramps, or wild garlic, which, springing first,'was devoured by the cows. Cows could not be confined, for want of fences, nor dared we neglect milking, lest they might go dry; and so for two or three weeks cows were milked, in pails, and the milk thrown out and given to the hogs. We never milked on the ground, as it seemed a pity, and some said it was bad luck.

Our axe-handies were straight and egg-shaped. Whether the oval form and the crooked bulbous ends of the present day is an improvement or not is inmiaterial here to inquire; but had we used the present form then, I shotdd at times have been fixed to the axe. The hand that holds this pen had, before it felt the cold of twelve winters, been so benumbed by chopping in the cold as to have the fingers set to the handle, making it necessary to slip them off at the end, which could not have been done were they of the present shape. After the fingers were off, a little rubbing and stretching from the other hand would restore them, but would not dry up the blood nor heal the chaps with which they were covered.

These, and kindred things, are well calculated to make one, by contrast, appreciate the blessings of leisure and ease; until they become too common, when we lose our relish of them, and the gratitude we ought to feel for time even to think.

Note. - Morris West, grandfather of the centenarian, Thomas West, whose reminiscences appear in the foregoing claapter, seems to have settled in the southeastern corner of Archer township, about a mile and a half east of north from Cadiz. His name does not appear on the list of original grantees of land by the United States. Neither does that of his son, William West, the father of Thomas. On July 8, 1S09, Bazaleel Wells, the original patentee, deeded a portion of section 31, township 10, range 4, being the southeastern section in Archer township, to Morris West. Some mention of Morris West may also be found in the sketch of the history of Bethel Church.

The land upon which Cadiz was built was granted to Zaccheus Beatty h}^ the United States Government, April 39, 1804, and was by him conveyed to Zaccheus Biggs, October 16, 1S05. Biggs was the first receiver of the Land Office at Steubenville, having been appointed July 1, 1800. He was also one of the surveyors in 1805, of Short Creek Athens, and Moorefield townships; and doubtless in that way became acquainted with tl>3 resources and richness of soil of the country now included within the bounds of Harrison county.

A portion of the site of Cadiz is said to have been occupied by one Garret Glazener, for a blacksmith shop, about tlie year 1800; but this statement rests mainly on tradition, and is open to confirmation. The first horse path, or trail, reaching this point from the East without doubt led to Wellsburg (or Charlestown, as it was first called), and probably entered the present limits of the county at a point nearly east of Beech Spring Church. Another path left the Ohio at Warrentown, and followed Short creek to its head-waters, and from thence to a connection with the Charlestown road. As soon as the land office was opened at Steubenville (1800), and probably before that date, a third route, following the old Indian trails, was opened between the site of Cadiz and the river, later continued on to what is now the town of Cambridge, in Guernsey countv and since then known as the Steubenville and Cambridge road. The opening of this road was no doubt occasioned by the fact that most of the emigrants into the ISTorthwest Territory, wherever they crossed the Ohio, had to proceed to Steubenville to make their filings in the land office before taking up their lands; and many, whose destination was west of tlie sources of Short creek, would naturally proceed by the shortest route to regain the main traveled road through this latitude, which led west from what is now Wellsburg, The intersection of these two roads was at the site of Cadiz.

In Mr. Archer Butler Hulbert's monograph on "The Indian Thoroughfares of Oh'o," published in the January (1900) Quarterly of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, and since issued in book form, the author defines the route of an earh Indian trail wliicli passed through Harrison county, and which he designates by the name of the Mingo Trail. This lead from the Mingo Bottoms (Steubenville), on the Ohio, to Will's Town (now Duncan's Falls, a short distance below Zanesville, in Muskingum county), on the Muskingum. If a straight line be drawn on the map of Ohio, connecting these two points, it will be found to pass through Harrison county a short distance south of Cadiz. Mr. Hulbert states that this Trail passed "across the highlands of Noble, Guernse}'', Harrison, and Jefferson counties. This route is identical with that denominated the "Federal Trail" in Dr. Eobertson's History of Morgan county, Ohio (p. 126). Undoubtedly, it is practically the route of the present Steubenville and Cambridge road, which was first known as the Steubenville and Zanesville road.

In speaking of Indian trails, Mr. Hulbert says: "It is possible to believe, that in the earliest times, the Indians traveled only on rivers and lakes. AVhen they turned inland, we can be practically sure that they found, ready-made and deeply worn, the verj' routes of travel which have since born tlieir name. For the beginning of the history of road-making in this central west, we must go back two centuries, when the buffalo, urged by his need of change of climate, newer feeding grounds, and fresh salt-licks, first found his way through the forests. Even if the first thoroughfares were made by the mastodon and the mound-builder, they first came to white man's knowledge as buffalo "traces," and later became Indian trails. . . One wbo has any conception of the west as it was a century and a half ago, who can see the river valleys filled with the immemorial plunder of the river floods, can realize that tliere was but one practicable passage-way across the land for either beast or man, and that on the summit of the hills. Here on the hilltops, mounting on the lougest ascending ridges, lay the tawny paths of the buffalo and Indians. They were not only highways, they were the highest ways, and chosen for the best reasons: 1. The hilltops offered the driest

"An interesting proof of the use made of Indian trails by the white man is found in the blazed trees which line them. There is not an important trail in Ohio which is not blazed, and it is well known that the red men were not in the habit of blazing their trails, . . . Upon the high summits of the long ranges of hills one may to-day see upon the aged tree trunks savage gashes made not less than a century ago, as the writer has ascertained by a study of the blazes made in Washington county on roads laid out by the surveyors of the Ohio Company, 1795- 1800."

While there was no wagon road in Harrison county before 1800, it is reasonable to suppose that both the paths above referred to were widened and made passable for vehicles soon after that date; for the emigration that followed the opening of the Steubenville land office poured in like a liugh wave. In fact, large numbers of people had come into the adjoining counties in I'ennsylvania and Virginia, months before the opening of the land office, to be on the ground and ready to get in early, and have their pick of the choicest land; just as a few years ago was the case in the Indian Territory, when Oklahoma was opened for settlement. It may be readily understood, therefore, that when the bars were first let down, the settlers came in with a rush; and during the next three or four years many of the best sections in the present townships of Green, Short Creek, Cadiz, and Athens had been pre-empted.

The town of Cadiz was laid out by Zaccheus A. Beatty and Zaccheus Biggs, the plat being acknowledged by Z. A. Beatty, one of the proprietors, before Benjamin Hough, Justice of the Peace, October 39, 1804, and recorded the same day at Steubenville, Jefferson county. The lots wei-e numbered, 1 to 141. The streets were South, Warren, Market, Spring, North, Muskingum, Steubenville (now Main), Ohio, and Wheeling (now Buffalo).

The first deed for a lot was made by Zaccheus Biggs and wife, Eliza Biggs, to John Finney, the consideration being $20. The date of the deed was February 28, 180G; recorded March 4, 180G; Lot No. 4. From that elate to the time of the organization of Harrison county (February 1, 1813), the following lots were sold, some of the deeds for the same appearing on the records of Jefferson county only:

John McFadden, Samuel Carnahan, John Craig, William Hamilton, and John Jamison, "trustees, appointed by the Associate Eeformed Congregation of Cadiz," April 35, 1813, Lots 58, 59, and 60 (the site of the old Union church, now occupied as a residence by Mr. A. H. Carnahan); consideration, $30.

Nathan Adams, April 17, 1813, certain lands "on the waters of Short cl-eek, in the town of Cadiz, being Lots 133 and 138"; consideration, $75.50.

Henry Howe's description of Cadiz in 1807, published in his Historical Collections in 1847-48, is no doubt familiar to most of the readers of this volume; and as it was taken by Mr. Howe from the lips of some of the original settlers, it gives us the most direct account we have of the establishment of the village. While a comparison of this description with the foregoing list of lot-owners, shows that Mr. Howe's informants did not include all the first settlers in their account, the latter is especially valuable as giving us an idea of the business and occupation of many of the early fathers. Howe's description is as follows:

Cadiz, the county seat, is a remarkably Avell-built and city-like town [this was in 1847], four miles southeasterly from the center of the county, 115 easterly from Columbus, twenty-four westerly from Steubenville, and twenty-four northerly from Wheeling. It contains (Tie Presbyterian, one Methodist Episcopal, one Associate (Seceder), and one Associate Reformed church. It also contains two printing presses, twelve dry-goods, seven grocery, and two drug-stores, and had, in 1840, 1,038 inhabitants.

Cadiz was laid out in 1803, or 1804, by Messrs Biggs and Beatty. Its site was then, like most of the surrounding country, a forest, and its location was induced by the junction there of the road from Pittsburg, by Steubenvillc, Avith the road from Washington, Pa., by Wellsburg, Va., from where the two united, passed by Cambridge to Zanesville; and previous to the construction of the national road through Ohio [bnilt in 1825-'^7], was traveled, more, perhaps, than any other road northwest of the Ohio river. In April, 1807, it contained the follov.-ing named persons, with their families: Jacob Arnold, inn -keeper; Andrew McNeeley, hatter and justice of the peace; Joseph Harris, merchant; John Jamison, tanner; John McCrea, wheel-wright; Robert Wilkin, brick-maker; Council Abdill, shoemaker; Jacob Myers, carpenter; John Pritchard, blacksmith; Nathan Adams, tailor; James Simpson, reed-maker; William Tiniilov, school-teacher; and old Granny [Sarah] Young, midwife and baker, who was subsetiuently elected (by the citizens of the township in a fit of hilarity) to the office of justice of the peace; Jnit females not being eligible to otFice in Ohio, the old lady was obliged to forego the pleasure of serving her constituents.

The first celebration of Independence in Cadiz was on the 4th of July, 1806, when the people generally, of the town and country for miles around, attended, and partook of a fine repast of venison, wild turkey, bear meat, and such vegetables as the country afforded; while for a drink, rye whiskey was used. There was much hilarity and good feeling.

]\rr. Howe's list contains the names of but thirteen families; but the list of first lot-owners shows the names of at least twenty persons who had purchased lots or were residents of Cadiz before 1808.

It will be not without interest to locate these earliest lot-owners, so that we may be able to form some idea of the appearance of the village in 1807. It is not probable that all of the lots sold up to that time were built upon; and those on which houses stood were doubtless surrounded by forest trees, or the stumps of trees. The houses, of course, were of the rudest description, small log cabins, containing one, two, or three rooms, similar to those of which a few are still to be seen in parts of Harrison county, although by no means so well-made. Some of tliese log cabins are still standing in Cadiz, without a doubt, covered up and disguised by the - more modern weather-boarding, and with additions and extensions built on since the days of the pioneers, but with the same eighteen inch thick walls, of oak or walnut timber, as when their sites were first built upon.

Beginning at what was then the eastern extremity of Market street, at the intersection of the present Buffalo street (then called Wheeling street, and forming the southeastern bovmdary of the village), and proceeding thence to the northwest, we find the first corner lot on the right was OAvned by John Finney. The lots, it should be observed, were originally all sixty-six feet wide; the most of them on the main streets have been since subdivided into narrower and more numerous lots. At that time, three lots constituted a quarter of a block (the lots being 198 feet in depth, or three times their width). The lot next to John Finney's was bought by John Pugh. Directly across the street (late the residence of John Eea) and the adjoining ground stood the domicile of Sarah Young, then, as in recent years, the site of a bakery. Adjoining her lot was that of John Perry, which extended to the alley (later occupied by the residence of Tunis Ililligas); across the alley, on the opposite side of the street, Peter Wilson bought; and there were no more houses between his and Ohio street. Crossing Market street again, and proceeding further up the hill, we come to John Maholm's place (now occupied in part by the residence of Wilson Ilouser). On top of the hill, turning to the right, and into Steubenville (now Main) street, the second lot from the corner (now occupied in part by the post-office building), belonged to Martin Snyder; and next to him, reaching to the alley, was the lot on which stood John Pritchard's story and a half log-house.. Beyond him was Phineas Ash; while Eobert H. Johnson owned the two lots directly across Main street from Pritchard and Ash. Half a block down the street from Phineas Ash, on the further corner of Spring and Main streets, was the lot of Samuel Boyd. On the corner now occupied by the Farmers' and Mechanics' National Bank stood the house of Josepli Harris, his lot extending along Market street back to the alley (now occupied by the Bank, Opera House, and the buildings between). Below him, in the middle of the next quarter-block, Andrew McNeely owned the second lot above Muskingum street, the street which -then formed the northwestern boundary of the village, being the lot recently occupied by the Smiley family. Directly opposite Andrew MclSTeely's was John Baker, who bought in 1807. Passing around the front of the Public Square, and down Main street towards Warren, the first house was Jacob Arnold's tavern, which stood on the site of F. J. Wagner's bakery. The remaining two lots in that quarter-block (now occupied by the old Music Hall and the Swan House) belonged to Jacob Brown. The lot since occupied by the United Presbyterian church then belonged to Andrew McNeely, and it is probable that his cabin stood on that spot; although, as stated above, he also owned the lot nearly opposite the Presbyterian church, above the present residence of Dr. S. B. McGavran. The two lots on the opposite side of South Main street, between the Presbyterian parsonage and the Hcarn residence, belonged to James McMillan. This completes the list of lot owners whose deeds bear dates prior to 1808, seventeen in all; l)ut in addition to the names of some of those given above, Henry Howe mentions seven more, as living in Cadiz in 1807. Tliese seven did not olitain titles to lots until a later period; and in most cases there is no way of determining where they lived in the meantime. Perhaps some of them may have been inmates with some of the house-holders, and it is not unnatural to presume, that Mine Host Jacob Arnold, had permanent acommodations for at least a few "regular boarders,^^ until they could better provide for themselves. Again, some then classed as citizens of Cadiz may have had their homes on their farms outside of the village, as it is certain a number of those whose names appear as lot-owners were also extensive land-owners in the county. The nearest that can be done towards locating the remaining seven residents mentioned by Howe, is to give the location of the property first purchased by each one of them, which was as follows : Connel Abdill, in 1832, bought the lot on Market street noiv occupied in part by the K. W. Kinsey homestead. John Jamison lived on his farm near Cadiz. John McCrea, in 1810, bought the lot at the corner of Market and Ohio streets, since occupied in part by James Bullock's residence. Jacob Myers appears to have been a tenant. James Simpson, in 1810, bought the lot across the alley from and southwest of the home of Frederick J. Wagner; and the lot next to James Simpson's was purchased in 1812 by Easter Tingley, William Tingley not acquiring any titles until 1825. Eobert Wilkin, brick-maker, may have lived out of town, or bought his lot at second-hand.

Early Days In Cadiz 83 Early Days In Cadiz 85

John McFadden, Samuel Carnahan, John Craig, William Hamilton, and John Jamison, "trustees appointed by the Associate Reformed Congregation of Cadiz," April 16, 1812, Lots 58, 59, 60.

Jesse Sparks, before June 5, 1836, Lot 116, (see Samuel Osburn). Eobert Stephens, of Fayette comity. Pa., Feb. 4, 1812, two acres adioininff the northwest corner o£ Cadiz.

The total number of lots in the original phit of Cadiz, as laid out by Biggs and Beatty in 1804, was 141. The firsi addition to the village was platted about 1812 by Jacob Arnold, who kept tavern in a log-cabin standing on the lot now occupied by Mr. F. J. Wagner. Arnold's addition consisted. of nine lots, numbered from 142 to 150. These are the lots on the southwest side of Market street ("Gimlet Hill"), lying between Buffalo street and the alley opposite the old home of the Boggs family. The deed for the first one of these lots sold bore date May 13, 1812. A second addition was platted by Messrs. Pritchard and Maholm on May 24, 1813, containing seventeen lots, numbered from 151 to 167, forming the irregular block lying between Market, Buffalo, and Spring streets, and the Cemetery avenue. A fourth addition was platted by Nathan Adams, containing nine lots, numbered from 168 to 176, from which the first lot was sold Feb. 4, 1815. These lots lie along the southwest side of Bing- ham avenue. Another addition, also containing nine lots, Tvas platted by Andrew McN"eely Ma}^ 1, 1815, the lots numbering from 177 to 185. These lie along the northeast side of Spring street, southeast of Buffalo. Another addition, comprising lots 186 to 193, laid out by James Arnold March, 15, 1815, extend along the southwest side of South street, between Main and Ohio, now occupied in part by the residence of Mr. Garret Shank. Lots 194 to 198 were platted by William Knox May 25, 1836, and extend from Muskingum street down the northeast side of Market, to the beginning of Lincoln avenue. Lot 199 was platted by Andrew P. Hanna June 1, 1837, when he deeded it to the school directors. It is now partly occupied by the residence of Melford J. Brown, Jr.

Besides the above, Messrs. Pritchard and Maholm platted a second addition to Cadiz, which was filed May 24, 1813, consisting of a dozen lots, which were sold to the following purchasers:

Another addition to Cadiz, containing eight lots, was platted b^ Jacob Arnold, and the plat filed March 30, 1816, which was some two years after all the lots had been sold. The purchasers of these lots were as follows:

In Brown's "Western Gazetteer, or Emigrant's Directory, published by Samuel R. Brown, at Auburn, N. Y., in 1817, may be found a brief description of the counties and towns of Ohio. Mr. Brown states that "Harrison county is settled chiefly by emigrants from Pennsylvania.

Cadiz, a small village of twenty houses, is situated on a hill, twenty-six miles west of Steubenville, on the Zanesville road. This county has four or five other villages, mostly new and Bmall."

The following extracts from the diary of Dr. Eichard Lee Mason Avill not be without interest in connection with the history of Harrison comity before 1820. In the fall of 1819, he emigrated from Maryland to Illinois. His diary is now in possession of his daughter, who resides in Jacksonville, 111.; and it was printed by the Chicago Kecord in the daily issues of that paper during the early part of January, 1897. Dr. Mason, with his friend, Dr Hall, left Philadelphia for the West on Monday, October 4, 1819. They reached Pittsburg on October 12th. From there, the journal proceeds:

Oct. 15. Left Pittsburgh at seven o'clock. Traveled over a poor and hilly country for thirty-six miles. Passed a few travelers bound to Ohio. . . . Crossed the Ohio river after night at Steubenville. Stopped at Jenkinson's, an intelligent, gentlemanly, hospitable man. Visited the market. Beef, good, six and a quarter cents a pound.

Oct. 18. Myself and friend proceeded on our journey. We arat Siers' [Sears'], a distance of thirty miles, at dask, much relieved by the change from our horses to the wagon. The roads were muddy, the weather drizzly, and the country hilly. Buildings indifferent. The land was fertile and black. Trees uncommonly tall. Passed the little village of Cadiz. In this country, a store, a smith shop, and two or thice cabins make a town. Passed ten or fifteen travelers. Ojeat contrast between the quality of the land from Chambersburg to Pittsburg, and that which we have already traveled over from Steubenville, in Ohio.

Oct. 19. Left Siers' at six o'clock a. m. The morning fair and cold. Roads extremely rough. Country fertile, but hilly. Log cabins, ugly women, and tall timber. Passed a little flourishing village called Freeport, settled by foreigners, Yankee Quakers, and mechanics. Remarkable, with two taverns in the village, there was nothing fit to drink, not even good water. The corn-fields in the woods, among dead trees, and the corn very fine. We arrived at Adair's, a distance of twenty-seven miles, at six o'clock p. m. Passed some peddlers and a few travelers. Value of land from Steubenville to Adair's, $2 to $30 per acre. Lots in Freeport, eighteen months old, from $30 to $100

Oct. 20. Left Adair's at six o'clock, a. m. The country extremely hilly, and not quite so fertile. Independent people, in log cabins. They make their own clothes, sugar, and salt; and paint their own signs. They picture a lioii like a dove, a cat like a terrapin, and General Washington like a bird's nest. Salt wells and sugar orchards are common in this country. Steep hills, frightful precipices, little or no water, and even a scarcit}' of new wliiskey. Eagged and ignorant children, and but little appearance of industry. Met a number of travelers, inclining to the East, and overtook a larger number than usual, bound to the Land of ProKiise. The evening being rainy, the roads soon became muddy. We arrived at Silver's Travelers' Eest, at six o'clock. Distance, twentynine miles. Passed a little village called Cambridge.

If good Dr. Mason could return to Harrison county now, and ride again over the road between Steubenville and Cambridge, doubtless he would find the trees not so tall, and certainly the women not ugly; but it is to be feared that the happy days of old will never return again to Harrison county, when it can be said of it that water there is scarcer than new whiskey.

Chapter Yii Beech Spring Church

While it becomes necessary, in outlining the history of the early settlement of Harrison county, to make frequent and extended references to the organizations of the Presbyterian and United Presbyterian churches in the county, it should be understood that such reference is made solely for the purpose of enabling us to gain what light we may from such occasional facts as are preserved upon their records; and, while these records are sadly lacking in detail and continuity, and at best give us but occasional glimpses of the real life and growth of the communities with which they are concerned, they are practically all we now have left in the way of contemporary data; and constitute the chief source of information in regard to Harrison county during the time its territory was still a part of Jefferson.

The most valuable and least appreciated of these early records are the old tomb-stonea in the church graveyards. Taken together, they afford a more nearly complete roll of the early membership of the church and the settlement than we can now obtain from any other source. ]\Iuc]i valuable information is also furnished by the sessional records of the churches, where such have been kept, and the books preserved. It is much to be regretted that the session book of the Presbyterian church at Cadiz, which had been in use for, perhaps, more than half a century, was lost or mislaid a few years ago, and has never been recovered.

The writer is fortunate in being able to present to the reader of these sketches a brief account of the beginnings of the early churches in Harrison county, written by the man who founded them, thus being in the nature of a contemporary document. This consists of an outline sketch of the history of the congregations of Rev. John Rea, the pioneer preacher of Harrison county; and it was written as a part of his farewell sermon delivered to the Beech Spring congregation in January, 1851.

The first Presbytery organized west of the Allegheny mountains was that of Redstone, erected by the Synod of New York and Philadelphia in May, 1781. Its territory embraced the present counties of Westmoreland, Fayette, Armstrong, Indiana, Allegheny, Beaver, Washington, and Greene, in Pennsylvania, and adjacent tertory, including the Panhandle of western Virginia. Its membership at the time of organization consisted of but four ministers, viz.. Revs. James Power, John McMillan, Thaddeus Dodd, and Joseph Smith. Within the next three years Revs. James Dunlap, John Clark, and James Finley were added to the Presbytery ;" and this organization continued to provide for the spiritual needs of the greater portion of the population west of the mountains until 1793. In that year, the Presbytery of Redstone was divided, and that of the Ohio formed, - those ministers whose charges were nearest the river being detached from the parent body, and erected into the new Presbytery. They were John McMillan, John Clark, Joseph Patterson, James Hughes, and John Brice.

The bounds of the Ohio Presbytery first extended to the Scioto, or beyond; and nearly all of these original members of the Presbytery made missionary tours into Jefferson county before any churches were organized in what is now the county of Harrison. The first regularly installed minister to preach to congregations, composed, at least, in part, of Harrison county people, was Rev. Joseph Anderson, who was also the first minister installed by the Ohio Presbytery in what is now the State of Ohio. He was licensed by the Presbytery on October 17, 1798, and engaged at once in missionary work in the Western Territory, where he succeeded in gathering congregations at several points. On August 20, 1800, he was installed as pastor of the three churches of Richland (now St. Clairsville. Short Creek (now Mount Pleasant), and Cross Roads (now Crabapple). If this congregation of Crabapple was the same as that now known by the name, and it probably was, then the latter must claim priority in organization over that of Beech Spring; although the year of its erection is usually given as 1804. From the fact that Mr. Anderson gave up the charge of Crabapple in 1802, however, it is possible that the people there were not sufficiently strong numerically to sustain a minister, even for one-third of his time, and that its permanent organization was accordingly deferred until after Mr. Rea was settled at Beech Spring. Eobert McCnllough represented Crabapple Church, as an elder, at a meeting of the Presbytery in 1801.

Mr. Anderson was ordained by Eev. John McMillan, at Crabapple. but his principal congregation was that now known as Mount Pleasant; and there can be no reasonable doubt that many of the then residents of Short Creek township who were inclined to be church-going people were members of the congregation, and some of them communicants, of the church of Mount Pleasant. The first ruling elders of that church were Eichard McKibben, Thomas McCune, James Clark, and James Eagleson.

It was not until the years 1803 and 1803 that the settlers began to come in large numbers to that part of the county now comprising the townships of Short Creek, Green, Cadiz, and Athens. A year later (1804), John Eea was licensed by the Presbytery of Ohio, and entered this field as a supply for the people of Beech Spring and Crabapple.

Eev. John Eea was born in Tully, Ireland, in 1772, the son of Joseph and Isabel Eea. About the year 1790 he emigrated to America, and first resided in Philadelphia for a short time. He left there, on foot, and started for the west, traveling usually without company; and, after crossing the mountains, located in Washington county, where, in 1793, he married Elizabeth Christy. He made his home for a time in the house of James Dinsmore, then a ruling elder of Upper Buffalo church, by whom he was encouraged and assisted in his attempts to gain an education. A few years later, he entered Jefferson College, and was graduaiod in 1802, being one of the members of the first class graduated at that institution. On August 22, 1805, having been duly called by the congregations which he had served as supply, Mr. Eea was ordained and installed as pastor of Beech Spring and Crabapple. In April, 1810, he was released from Crabapple, and thenceforth gave all his time to Beech Spring, where he continued in active charge until 1848, although not finally severing his connection with that church until some three years later. He died February 12, 1855.

Dr. Eea was in an eminent sense a pioneer minister. His early labors were largely evangelistic. Several churches now exist on the territory once wholly occupied by him. It may safely be said that no man

Beech Spring Church

In the words of Dr. Crawford, "the early history, not only of this vicinity [Nottingham], but of the Presbyterian Church in Eastern Ohio, is closely connected with the biography of Dr. Eea. In the early part of his public work he was remote from his clerical brethren. In the whole region that now embraces the territory of four Presbyteries, in the eastern part of this state, there were but six Presbyterian ministers, where there are now [1888] over one hundred; and not more than twelve or fifteen churches, where there are now one hundred and eighty-five. Such . a man as Dr. Eea was destined to make and leave an impression behind him - an impression not easily erased from the minds of those multitudes acquainted with his early self-denial and successful labors."

He is quoted by Dr. Crawford as saying near the close of his life: " My early toils and dreary travels were on horseback, through the bounds of your present charge, as also through a large district of country, mostly traversing paths through an unbroken wilderness; and wherever an early settler was found, and, more especially, wherever and whenever I heard of one in our communion, him I visited, by day and by night, at all seasons of the year."

An examination of the records of the Presbytery of the Ohio, now in possession of Dr. W. J. Holland, of the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburo-h, shows an application for supplies for the people of Indian Short Creek to have been made on October 19th, 1802, the Presb3^tery then beino- in session at West Liberty. On Wednesday, October 20th, Mr. James Hughes was appointed to siipply "at Daniel Welsh's on Short Creek the third Sabbath of December, and Mr. [George M.] Scott on the first Sabbath of x\pril." The Presbytery met at Washington, Pa., again in January, 1803, and on Wednesday, the 19th, Jacob Lindley was appointed to supply at "Welch's, on Indian Short Creek, on the second Sabbath of March." In June, 1803, Presbytery met at Ten Mile, and on Wednesday the 29th, applications for supplies were received from the "heads of Indian Wheelin [Crabapple] and Short Creek." Eev. Joseph Anderson was appointed to preach at head of Indian Wheeling creek on the first Sabbath in August; and Eev. James Snodgrass, at Welch's, on the second Sabbath of July. At Montour's, on Wednesday, Oct. 19, 1803, the Presbytery received an application for supplies from "Welsh's on Indian Short Creek," and Mr. Hughes was appointed for the first Sabbath in

April, 1804. At Ten Mile, on Wednesday, Dec. 14, 1803, Mr. Nicholas Pittinger was appointed to supply at "Crabapple on the third Sabbath of January, and at Beech Spring on the fourth Sabbath of January." This is the first time these two congregations appear on the records of Presbytery under the names by which they have since been known. On Tuesday, April 17th, 1804, Presbytery having met at Cross Eoads (in Washington county. Pa.), applications for supplies were again received from Crabapple and Beech Spring; and on the 19th, Bev. Samuel Ealston was directed to preach at Crabapple one Sabbath at discretion, and Eev. Joseph Anderson at Beech Spring on the third Sabbath of May, and at Crabapple one Sabbath at discretion.