Suffolk County, Massachusetts - The whole text, 1894 (part 13 of 17)

In 1847 he married Eunice Elizabeth Crehore, daughter of luhvard Crehore, of Dorchester, who died March VI, 1873. Mr. Harris had four children- Horatio Harris, jr., born February 12, 18-18, died February 13, 1871. Edward C. Harris, born June 29, IS-tfl, died June 27, 1890; married Florence E. Howe, and left one son, Horatio Harris. Minnie Harris, born August 25, 1854, married Joseph Stone, and has one daughter, Marion vStone. Georgia Anna Harris, born June 27, 1860, died August 15, ISOO, married Dr. Frederick W. Kennedy, and left one son, George Harris Kennedy.

Phineas J. Stone

Phinf.as Jones .Stonk, eldest son of Colonel Phineas and Hannah (Jones) Stone, was born in Weare, New Hampshire, May 23, 1810. Colonel Stone, his father, a lineal descendant of Gregory, brother of Rev. Samuel Stone, who came to this country from Hertford, England, in 1635, was born in that part of Harvard, Mass., now known as Boxboro'. He was a captain of a company of New Hampshire detached militia of the First Regiment, under Lieut. -Col. N. Fisk in the war of 1812, and was subsequently chosen colonel of the regiment. In 1824 he removed with his family from Weare to Charlestown, Mass., where he engaged in mercantile business tmtil his death, January 9, 1852, at the age of seventy-six years. The boyhood of Phineas J. Stone was passed at Weare until his fourteenth year, when, as previously stated, the family moved to Charlestown. He began business in the West India goods trade in 1834, and by untiring industry and perseverance laid the foundation of his success in after life. He retired from this occupation in 1851, and devoted his time to his real estate interests. He was selectman of Charlestown in 1S39 and 1840; member of the Lower House of the Leg'islature in 1840, 18oG, 1862 and 1863; and inspector of the Massachusetts State Prison three years, from 1856 to 1859. It was during this time that Deputy Warden Walker and Warden Tenn}' were murdered, and Mr. Stone had charge of the prison for six weeks, pending the appointment of new officials by the governor. In this position he displayed great executive ability, and gave courage to the officers under him by keeping in order the prisoners, excited and almo,sl; demoralized as they were by this double act of blood. "Will there be services in the chapel this morning?" he was anxiously asked after the murder of Warden Tenne}'. " Most certainly," he replied, and providing arms and ammunition for each officer, gave order for their immediate use in case of any indication of a revolt. He was mayor of Charlestown in 18G2, 1863 and 1864. and was instrumental in raising and forming several companies for the defence of the countr}' during the civil war, which did actual service in the army of the North. During his administration was completed the introduction of water from Mystic Pond, yielding an ample supply to the inhabitants, not only of Charlestown, but of several surrounding towns. He was United States assessor. Sixth Massachusetts District, from 1867 to 1873, when the office was abolished by act of Congress. He was one of the original movers for the act of incorporation, authorizing the improvement of about one hundred acres of flats lying between the north and south channels of the Mystic River, upon which to-day there is taxable property of more than $1,000,000, and which eventuall)^ will increase to man}' millions, as it is the terminus of the northern railroads to the deep water of Boston harbor. At the organization of the Charlestown Five Cent Savings Bank in 1854, he was elected its president, a position he held until his death, on August 12, 1891. He was also a director of the Charlestown Gas Company, and the Mutual Protection Fire Insurance Company. He was a man of commanding presence, loyal to his country in its hour of peril, of sterling integrity of character, upright and honorable in all his dealings, sympathetic with distress, his hand being open to relieve suffering without ostentation or publicity. His wife was Ann Maria (Lindsey), a native of Charlestown, who died in 1851. They had four sons: Phineas J., jr., born in 1842, who served as paymaster in the Federal army during the civil war, and died in 1889 ;

Joseph, born in 1S4S, who was formerly agent of the Manchester (N. H.) Mills, and of the Pacific Mills of Lawrence, Mass., who married Minnie Harris, a daughter of the well-known merchant of Boston, Horatio Harris, and now resides in Roxbnry. The other two sons died in infancy.

David Snow

David Snow, for many years prominently connected with the commercial and shipping interests of Boston, and later in his career an active factor in financial affairs, was born in that part of Old Eastham now known as Orleans, Barnstable county, in November, 1799. He was a descendant in the sixth generation of Nicholas Snow, who came to Plymouth in the ship Ann in 1623, and had a share in the division of land at Plymouth. On the maternal side he was a descendant of Richard Higgins, of French Huguenot extraction, whose name appears among the list of freemen of Plymouth as early as 1G33. Both of these American ancestors were aniong the seven original purchasers from the Indians of Nauset. In 1G42 the settlers of Plymouth, on account of the barrenness of the soil, having become dissatisfied with their situation, a removal of the whole colony to Nauset (afterwards Eastham) was seriously contemplated. Nauset was frequently visited up to 1043 by the Plymouth settlers for the purpose of procuring means of subsistence; but no effort was made until the year last named to begin a plantation at this place, which was then owned and occupied by the Indians. It was felt that it would be a more eligible situation than Plymouth, consequently the church appointed a committee of seven, composed of Thomas Prince, John Doane, Josiah Cook, Richard Higgins, John Smalley, and Edward Bangs, to inspect this locality more fully. This committee not only purchased Nauset from the Indians, but became the first settlers of the place and were known as "the seven proprietors of Nauset." Both Nicholas Snow and Richard Higgins wei'e men of prominence in the Plymouth Colony, they and their descendants also occupying various positions of trust and responsibility in the town of Nauset. Nicholas Snow was one of Governer Prince's associates, and served as deputy, town clerk and selectman of Nauset for many years. His son Mark, who married a daughter of Governor Prince, was town clerk for twelve

David Snow, the father of our subject, married Lucia Higgins, the daughter of Richard Higgins, a descendant of Richard Higgins, who was one of the original settlers of Nauset. He was lost on a voyage from Boston to the West India Islands when his son, the subject of this sketch, was but three weeks old. The son grew to manhood in the home of his mother and sister Ruth, devoting his time to various interests until he arrived at the age of thirty-five, when with his small capital he came to Boston. Here for a time he engaged in the West India trade, but later embarked in the flour commission business. In 1843 he formed a copartnership with Isaac Rich, under the firm name of Snow & Rich, which continiied for ten years, during which time a number of ships were built, which became the nucleus of quite a fleet. Through the success of this enterprise the reputation of the firm became favorably known, not only in this country, but also extensively abroad. In 1853 the firm of Snow& Rich was dissolved, Mr. Rich taking the business and real estate, which included Constitution Wharf, for his share, and Mr. Snow taking the fleet of ships as his part. During the next decade Mr. Snow built, owned and controlled fourteen ships, ranging from one thousand to fourteen hundred tons burden. Among the number were the Storm King, Reporter, Nauset, Idaho, Astcrion and others. In 1800 the entire fleet of ships was sold to Mr. Thomas Nickerson, at that time also largely interested in navigation. Mr. Nickerson later was well known by his connection with the Mexican Central and the Atchison, Topeka & Sante Fe Railroads. This was in war times, and with the penetration which characterized most of his acts, Mr. Snow thought it wise to sell out his shipping interest. At about this time he obtained a charter for and organized the National Bank of the Republic. The success and reputation of this institution is well known. He was elected its president by his contemporaries, which office he held at the time of his death, a period of sixteen years.

It is a remarkable thing that during a business career of nearly fifty years, Mr. Snow met with singularly few reverses. Throughout his business career he never failed to meet fully and promptly all of his business obligations. Of his high moral and religious character much might be written in deserved praise. His integrity was never questioned. He was honest, truthful, and a high-minded Christian gentlemen, contributing with liberal hand from his resources to the poor and needy, and to the religious institutions which he luved. His private life was pure and unspotted, and his memory is enshrined in the hearts of his descendants. He died in Boston, Janiiary 1"2, 187(5.

Daniel Lothrop

Daniel Lothrop was a typical American publisher. What this means in the advancement of American literature but few among the millions of American readers ever pause to consider, esteeming the publisher as, at best, only the middleman, the medium through which the author is introduced to the reader. But the true American publisher is much more than a medium; he is a cause, a creator, an inspirer. As such he must be considered and studied; as such he is recognized and received by inquiring and classifying minds. To his energies and his exertions are due the development and bettering of Ainerican literature ; he, quite as much as the writer, is the means of refuting vSidney Smith's famous sneer of a half-century ago, " In the four quarters of the globe, who reads an American book?" The steps in advance that American literature is taking with each new year are the results, as they are also the reasons, of the chapters of effort that mark the story of the publisher's busy and helpful life.

Daniel Lothrop, of Boston, was a typical American publisher. He was a typical American. He was a typical New Englander. He was b<jrn in the old New England town of Rochester, in the State of New. Hampshire, well up toward the foothills of the White Mountains. It is related that an observant traveler was one day passing through that rocky and semi-sterile section of New Hampshire's rolling country - that region so poorly planned for successful agriculture, so apparently a soil needing that eternal vigilance that is the price of paying crops as well as of liberty. The traveler, viewing the landscape in mingled surprise and skepticism, asked one of the farmers, who seemed to be harvesting only rocks, "What can you raise here, anyhow?" And back came the instant answer, " We raise men! " It was one of these real men of New Hampshire's rocky raising that was given to the world in Daniel Lothrop, the son of Daniel Lothrop, the elder, and Sophia Home Lothrop, of the town of Rochester, and the county of Strafford, where he was born on the 11th of August, 1831.

Daniel Lothrop came of sturdy English stock. In his veins i-an the blood of Priscilla Alden, fairest and most famous of the Plymouth Pilgrims. His distant ancestor, John Lothrop, of the Riding of York, in Old England, was the man who dared assert his manhood and withstand the aristocratic arrogance of the famous Archbishop Laud, in the days of the first Charles Stiiart, and who suffered imprisonment rather than abate one jot of his sturdy and determined independence. His maternal ancestors, the Homes, were vigorous pioneers in the early New Hampshire days, one of whom, on the "distaff side," Elizabeth Hull Heard, of Dover, was known as "the brave gentlewoman," because she courageously held and successfully defended the old garrison house of Dover against the flood of Indian massacre of Dover that well-nigh depopulated that feeble New Hampshire settlement in the dreadful sinnmer of 1081). Springing, then, from such "forbears'" - from brave women and stalwart men who could both dare and do - Daniel Lothrop had behind him generations of that heroic blood that flowed into and filled the veins of pioneers and patriots and contributed to the upbuilding and development of a free and vigorous republic.

Daniel Lothrop was the youngest of three brothers, to whom were given, as was the custom then, the three "Bible names" of James, John and Daniel. Under the influence of a practical American father, who repeatedly served the State in its Legislature, and was one of the original three who founded the famous Free Soil Party, under the guidance of a wise American mother, he developed into a wide-awake, thoughtful and ambitious American bo}^ whose dreams of a successful career were active almost in his baby days, for it is stated that when but five years old he scratched upon a piece of tin the prophetic words " D. Lothrop & Co." and tacked the sign upon the door of his playhouse. The mathematical, which is so largely the basis of the business faculty, wag also developed in Daniel Lothrop at an early age, giving him a grasp of the values and mysteries of the "baffling numbers" that was almost remarkable - so much so that at the age of seven he could demonstrate a problem in cube root to the " big boys and girls " of the upper class, alike to their astonishment and the delight of the teacher. With this quickness of reasoning, with a relative and accurate memory, and with the habit of study early fastened upon him, he was ready for college at the age of fourteen, but his physique was not considered equal to the college demands of those days, when athletics was not a part of the college curriculum. He therefore went into the drug

Store which his l^jruther James had opened in the town, and when that brother desired to avail himself of the opportunity of attending medieal lectures in Philadelphia, the charge of the drug store was given to Daniel Lothrop, the bright boy of fourteen. As an extra inducement to assume this responsibility, the older brother, James, agreed to give to Daniel an equal division of the profits of the drug store and to place above the door the firm name " D. Lothrop & Co.," an early realization of Daniel's dream.

Daniel Lothrop, therefore, before he was fifteen years old, had founded the firm of D. Lothrop & Co. and given to the world a business name that has stood as the synonym for integrit}^ and truth for nearly fifty years. He proved a success in the drug business, as his brother James foresaw he would. More than this, he looked around for new opportunities. These speedily came. He hired and stocked a drug store in the village of New Market, not far away, and inviting his second brother, John, to enter the firm as one of the "Co.," he stocked and started another drug store in the village of Meredith Bridge. These three brothers continued, until death broke the combination, in a unique partnership ; each conducting separate busines.s ventures in different business centers and yet sharing their profits irrespective of direction and the volume of individual business. It was a unity of interests and of brotherly fidelity that is not f)ften recorded in the business annals of the world.

In 1850 Daniel Lothrop, watchful for opportunities, bought out the stock of Elijah Wadleigh, a bookseller of Dover, N. H. The details of the drug business, in those days as now, involved other things than drugs. Fancy goods and stationery were a part of every drug dealer's stock, and to deal in books is but a logical development. Before he was twenty, therefore, Daniel Lothrop was established in an important trade center as a successful druggist and bookseller, with " branches " in Berwick, Portsmouth and Amesburv, and with the intention of branching out in publishing when the right opportunity offered. In the interests of his business, as well as of his health, he undertook a -Western trip, which ended in the then prevalent "Western fever." He saw and appreciated the opportunities for successful business ventures otfered by the growing " New West " - the West that then called Chicago an outpost and Minnesota territor}' the frontier. In ISolJ Daniel Lothrop was in the new settlement of St. Peter in southern Minnesota. It gave promise of l)eing a "booming western city," and yielding' to the fascination of the "fever," he resolved to locate there and open a store in St. Peter. He bought out a stock of drugs in St. Paul, and, though the rivers were ice-bound, moved his goods in sledges and opened his store on the first day of December according to announcement. The drug store grew into a banking business. Branch drug and book stores, to which he called his uncle, Jeremiah Home, were alscj opened in the new country^ and Daniel Lothrop'.s business ventures were exhibiting his rare business ability when the panic of 1857 burst upon the country, and the failure of others reacted upon him. He met and paid every dollar of his liabilities, but it broke his health and well-nigh closed his career.

Returning health found him in the East again in his Dover book store. With health came energy, and out of both was evolved the realization of his life-long dream - to become an American book publisher. Carefully maturing his plans, which were based upon a thorough knowledge and experience of the demands of the American book market, the tastes of the American people, and the possibilities of American literature, he entered upon his new career as an American publisher, and in 1868 removed his business to Boston.

The corner-stone of his plan of work was good literature for the young. He took as his motive these rules of procedure which years afterward he put into two pertinent and practical phrases : First, never to publish a purely sensational book, no matter what chances of money it has in it; second, always to publish books that will make for true, steadfast growth in right living. As the proper channels for the development of this class of literature, he selected the family and the Sundayschool libraries, heretofore given up largely to literature that was at once weak, disappointing and unattractive.

So he came to Boston, opened a large and handsome book-store at 38 and 40 Cornhill, opened his list of new books with " Andy Luttrell " - a book that is still having a steady sale - and followed it up with other good and attractive books. Thus, still pursuing his plan of combining liberality with wise selection, he announced a series of generous prizes of one thousand and five hundred dollars each - a then almost unheard of thing - for books for the young, and by thus stimulating literary creation he had speedily in hand manuscripts of merit that led to popular and meritorious publications.

his work as a publisher he eould have the satisfaction of knowing- that wherever went a book bearing the legend " D. Lothrop & Co." on its title page, those who were to choose reading matter for the young knew that they could accept it unhesitatingly and present it to their children without query or investigation.

The list of books thus started grew with each year of effort and selection, and though largely devoted to publications intended for young people, it contained also books of merit for older readers. These books, for young and old alike, touch almost every branch of literary endeavor, and it is estimated that Daniel Lothrop, during the years he was in the pulDlishing business in Boston, introduced more American writers to public attention and has added to his list - now including more than two thousand titles - more American writers than any other American publishing house.

Once on the road to successful book publishing, Mr. Lothrop's energy sought expression in another branch of the publishing field, and one that had also been a part of his long-cherished plans. This was the publication of periodicals for children. Out of this desire came, in 1875, the initial numbers of a monthly magazine for young people in their "teens," now known to the whole English speaking world as Wide Aioakc. For nearly a generation this magazine has regularly appeared, going into thousands of homes with its monthly budget of good and bright and attractive and interesting things, and has called into its service the best literary and artistic workers in America. Following the publication of Wide Aioake, other and subsidiary publications were conceived and started, intended for the helping and interesting of still younger readers. These were Babyland, Our Little Men and Women, and Pansy, and it is safe to say that the four Lothrop magazines reach a larger constituency, and have a larger following - spanning as they do the space that stretches from the cradle age to the college age - than any other reputable chikU'en's periodicals in the world.

The year that followed the launching of Wide Azca/ce in ISTo was the year for a removal of the establishment, for Mr. Lathrop, finding the Cornhill store too small for the demands of his increasing business, secured other quarters and the large building on the corner of Franklin and Hawley streets bec£ime the home of D. Lothrop & Co. Here the business interests of the concern found opportunity for growth and extension.

In 1SS7 Air. Luthrup determined to perpetuate the name he had made in the business world and to develop his company into a corporation. This was accordinsjly done, new blood was added to his own indomitable energy, and in March, 1887, the D. Lothrop Company was organized with Daniel Lothrop as president. In 1889 the company removed its business offices and salesrooms to 3(!4 and 360 Washington street, and occupied this same year with its large manufacturing and wholesale departments at 118 and 120 Purchase street. Here the bu.siness has developed and grown along the lines laid down by its founder, and the house of D. Lathrop Company occupies a foremost and distinguished position among the best book publishing establishments of America.

The home life of Daniel Lothrop was characteristic and delightful. In 1881 he married Miss Harriett Miilford Stone of New Haven, known , to hundreds of thousands of American readers under her pen name of Margaret Sidney. In 1883 he purchased an historic estate in Concord, Mass., known as the Wayside, the home of Hawthorne and the Alcotts. Here he dispensed a charming and unfailing hospitality and gave to an already famous spot new and delightful associations.

All too early in his life of achievement and influence, the end came. After a brief illness, and while occupying his winter quarters in Boston, Daniel Lothrop died on the eighteenth of March, 1892, and thus at the age of sixty years, when it was supposed and hoped that he still had rnany years of usefulness and achievement before him, he laid .down the life-work with which for forty-six years he had been so closely identified, and entered into rest.

Daniel Lothrop combined in himself the elements of probity, perseverance, purpose and devotion to a high ideal. It was these acting in and through him that held him steady to his plan of work and action, that brought him recognition, advancement and success, and that have given him a position and a name in the world of American letters and business activity, or, in every sense of the word, the typical American publisher.

Henry L. Pierce

in the ciylith generation, from John Pierce, who came from En«;-land in l(i37, and was admitted a freeman in Watertown, Mass., in March, 1(;;!S.

Col. Jesse Pierce, the father of Henry, was born in Stoughton, November 7, 1788. He was a man of high character and of more than ordinary ability. He began to teach school while yet a minor, and pursued that vocation for twenty years, first in the public schools of Norfolk county, and later as the head of highly successful private schools in Milton and vStoughton. He took an active part in town affairs, serv^ed in the militia in all capacities from ensign to colonel, and represented his town during six terms in the State Legislature. Altnough originally a member of the Democratic party, he was among the first to make a stand against the aggressions of the slave power, and became identified with the party which supported Birney for the presidency in 1844. He married in 1824 Eliza S. Lillie, daughter of Captain John Lillie, who served with distinction in the war of the Revolution as an artillery officer and as aid to Major-General Knox, and who, some- years after the war, was appointed chief officer at the West Point Military Academy.

Henry L., the subject of this .sketch, received a good English education at the public school in his native town, at the academy in Milton, and also at the acadeiny and State Normal School at Bridgewater. In 1850 he became connected with the chocolate manufactory of Walter Baker & Co. , at Dorchester, to which place the family had moved the previous year. In 1854 he took charge of the entire business, and from that time to the present has been the sole manager. At an early age he took a lively interest in public aflfairs, and while a school-boy he contributed articles to some of the country papers. Until 1848 he sympathized with and supported the Democratic party. In that year he joined with enthusiasm in the organization of the Free Soil party, and in promulgating the principles set forth by Martin Van Buren in his acceptance of their nomination for the presidency. From that time until the purpose for which the party was organized had been triumphantly established, he stood by it through good report and through evil report, aiding it by his voice, his pen, and his money. In 18()() he was elected to the Legislature, and was instrumental in getting a bill passed by both branches striking out the word " white " wherever it occurred in the laws authorizing the organization of the militia. But the act was defeated by the governor's veto, and it was not until four years had passed that success attended the efforts of those who wished to have the obnoxious discrimination on account of race removed from the statute book. On being re-elected for the following year, Mr. Pierce inaugurated the movement, in which he was sustained b)' a majority of the House, for instructing our senators, and recommending our representatives in Congress, to favor such a change in the national laws as would authorize the enlistment of colored men in the United States army. In the session of 18G3, to which he was re-elected, Mr. Pierce was appointed chairman of the Committee on Finance, and in that capacity reported and carried through the House two measures of great importance, namely : The act providing for the payment of the State bonds in gold (this was after the Legal Tender Act had been passed by Congress), and the act taxing savings banks and insurance companies. At the end of his third term, Mr. Pierce withdrew from the House, but was chosen again in 1866, and appears in the journals of the day as taking a leading part in the business of the session.

On the annexation of Dorchester to the cit}^ of Boston, in 186'J. he was elected to represent that section of the city in the Board of Aldermen. After serving two years (1870-1871) he declined a re-election. In the latter part of the following year he was elected mayor of Boston, being the choice of the citizens without regard to party. His address at the organization of the new government was calculated to inspire confidence in his abilities as an executive officer. To improve the efficiency of the government, radical changes were needed in some of the departments, and such changes he not only recommended, but proceeded resolutely to carry out. Against very strong opposition he reorganized the Health and Fire Departments, and freed them from the partisan influences to which they had long been subject.

In October of that year he received the nomination of the Republicans for representative in Congress from the Third Massachusetts District, to fill the vacancy in the Forty-third Congress occasioned by the death of Honorable William Whiting. The success of his municipal administration is shown in the fact that the Democrats failed to nominate any candidate to oppose him, and his election was substantially unanimous. Having been for many years on terms of personal friendship with Charles Sumner, and having a large acquaintance with the public men of the day, he was from the start in a position to exert a strong influence upon the councils of the government. Imbued witli the same spirit which led Sumner, and Andrew, and Wilson, to favor a conciliatory policy towards the South in the legislation which followed the war, he threw his influence against the harsh and unconstitutional measures by which a portion of the leaders in the party to which he belonged sought to perpetuate their political ascendancy over the States lately in rebellion. He was thtis placed in the unpleasant position of being obliged to oppose many of the measures which were favored by President Grant's administration. But it is evident that his course was in accordance with the sentiments of the people of Massachusetts, from the fact that in the elections to the Forty-fourth Congress, which occurred in the autumn of 1874, he was re-elected by a large majority, while in six out of the other ten districts in the State, the regular Republican candidates were defeated for the first time since the beginning of the war. Near the close of the second session of the Forty- third Congress (February, 1875), the Force Bill, so called, giving the president extraordinary powers to interfere in the internal affairs of the States, and in his discretion to- suspend the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus, was introduced into the House and an attempt made by the administration leaders to force it through without giving sufficient opportunity for discussion. The Republicans had control of the House by a large majority, and as a political measure, intended, as many of them avowed, to give their party an advantage in the presidential election to occur in the following year, they were substantially unanimous in its support. On the 37th of February Mr. Pierce made a short speech in opposition to the bill, which was highh- commended by all the leading newspapers throughout the country.

During the session of tiie Forty-fourth Congress, Mr. Pierce was at the head of the Republican members of the Committee on Commerce. He made an elaborate report on the subject of relieving vessels engaged in the coasting trade from the unjust and discriminating legislation of some of the States with regard to pilotage fees. He also made speeches on the proposition to amend the Constitution so as to limit the term of office of the president; on reciprocity with Canada, and on counting the electoral vote of Louisiana. On the last named question, Mr. Pierce and Prof. Seelye (the representative from the Tenth Massachusetts District) stood alone among the Republicans in opposing the counting of the vote of Louisiana for either candidate, on the ground of fraud in making up the returns. The London Times published Mr. Pierce's speech at length, and referred to it as a " very able " one.

Some time previous to the elections of the Forty-fifth Coni^ress, Mr. Pierce announced to the electors of the Third District, through the public press, his determination to retire from public life at the expiration of the term for which he then held ofificc. This decision was made after due deliberation, and with the firm resolve of adhering to it. It was with extreme reluctance, therefore, that he consented, in the autumn of 1877, to allow his name to be used as a citizens' candidate for the office of mayor of Boston. The call for his services was signed by twentj'-five hundred tax-paying citizens, representing all classes and all parties. The administration then in power was charged with extreme partisanship and with being inefficient. The contest which followed was in many respects the most remarkable in the annals of the city. The number of votes cast was largely in excess of those at any other previous election - municipal. State or national - and resulted in the election of Mr. Pierce by about 2,300 majority.

In his inaugural address Mr. Pierce dwelt at some length upon the powers and purposes of municipal corporations, taking the ground that " they are created and exist for the public advantage, and not for the benefit of their officers or of particular individuals or classes. " He also considered some of the schemes which had been devised for improving our local governments, and denied the propriety or expediency' of attempting to raise the standard by a limitation of the suffrage, or by giving up to the State powers which, from time immemorial, have been exercised by the towns and cities. His clear and business-like exposition of the true theory upon which local governments were founded and maintained in this country was highly commended by the representatives of all parties.

Having satisfied himself from a general survey of the field of his labors that the department of the government most in need of reform was that which had charge of the police, he entered upon the work of reorganizing it with that courage and persistency which have never yet failed to achieve their purpose. Against an opposition which was at times factious and violent, he carried through his plan of reorganization by which that important department of the city government was placed beyond the reach of personal and partisan influences, and a more equitable and intelligent enforcement of the laws secured. The work for which his services were demanded by the citizens having been satisfactorily accomplished, Mr. Pierce declined a re-election for another term.

Althimgh urged on many occasions since then to allow the use of his name as a candidate for important positions, he has felt constrained to decline on account of the increasing demands made upon his time by his great manufacturing interests. He has continued, however, to take an active part in the discussion of the leading political questions of the day, and especially the question of reforming the tariff on imports. He has been president of the New England Tariff Reform League for a number of years, and has .served on many conimittees and boards for the furtherance of reforms in the civil service and the ballot, and for the maintenance of a sound currency. In the presidential contest of 1884 he found himself unable to support the Republican nominee, and although he did not then, and has not since, become identified with the Democratic party, he has generally given his hearty support to their nominees for the leading offices, and to the reform principles for which they stand. He has visited Europe many times during the past twenty-five years, and has acquired a great fund of interesting information concerning the people and their political institutions.

It may not be out of place, in a work of this kind, to give some account of the great business which Mr. Pierce has built up and still carries on. The manufacturing establishment of Walter Baker & Co., of which he has for some years been the sole owner, dates back to the period of the American Revolution. It is stated in the history of the town of Dorchester that the chocolate mill erected on the Neponset River, in 17(j5, by one John Hannan, an Irish immigrant, who had learned the business of chocolate making in England, was the first mill of that kind established in the British Provinces of North America. It was a ver)- small concern, being connected with a saw mill operated by water-power. On the death of Hannan, in 1780, the plant came into the possession of Dr. James Baker, who was succeeded later by his grandson, Walter Baker, in whose name the business has since been conducted. The establishment, to which extensive additions have been made from time to time during the last fifty years, now comprises five large mills, having a floor space of about 315,000 square feet (over seven acres), equipped with all the latest and most improved machinery for the manufacture of cocoa and chocolate in a variety of forms and by the most improved methods. A large number of workmen are employed, and the total annual output reaches a very high figure.

In a recent work on the industries of Boston it is pointed out as " an extremely interesting fact, and one with scarcely a parallel, perhaps, in our industrial annals, that on the very spot where, more than a century and a quarter ago, the business "of chocolate making was first begun in this country, there has grown up one of the largest establish, ments of that kind in the world - an establishment which competes successfull)' for prizes in all the great industrial exhibitions in Europe and America, whose influence is felt in the great commercial centers, and whose prosperity promotes the welfare of men who labor tmder a tropical sun in the cultivation of one of the choicest fruits of the earth.''

Thomas Norton Hart, son of Daniel and Margaret (Norton) Hart, was born in North Reading, Mass., January 20, lft"-i9. His ancestors settled in Lynnfield, and his mother's father. Major John Norton of Royalston, fought in the Revolution. Mr. Hart was educated in the schools of his native town, and when a lad (.)f thirteen found employment in the dry goods store of Wheelock, Pratt & Co., of Boston, and two years later in a hat store. Industrious and energetic, he made steady progress, and in course of time became a partner in the firm of Philip A. Locke & Co. In 18(10 Mr. Hart assumed control and soon after founded the well-known house of Hart, Taylor & Co. A highly successful business was done, and in 1879 Mr. Hart retired witli a competency. Soon after he assumed the presidency of the Mount Vernon National Bank, of which he is still the head.

Mr. Hart is an earnest Republican, and fiir many 3'ears has been an active factor in political life, not only in Boston, but in the vState. He was a member of the Boston Common Council in 1879, 1880, and 1881, and of the Board of Aldermen in 1883, 1885, and 188G. In 1889 he was elected mayor of the city, and such was the favor in which his administration was held that he was renominated and elected for another term in 1890 by 132,713 votes, being the largest vote ever received by a Republican candidate for mayor. In 1891 Mr. Hart was appointed by President Harrison postmaster of Boston, which po.sition he held until his resignation upon the inauguration of the Democratic administration. His administration of the duties of postmaster received the cordial endorsement of the citizens of Boston irrespective of party lines. A man of excellent business attainments and possessing a high order of executive ability, he conducted tlie duties of the office admirably. An ardent supporter of the civil service laws, he loyally applied them during his term, and at the same time inaugurated many reforms in the conduct of the office which were conducive to a more efficient service. Mr. Hart is identified with a number of societies and organizations; is treasurer of the American Unitarian Association, an officer of the Church of the Unity, and a member of the Algonquin, the Boston Art, and the Hull Yacht Clubs. He was married in 1850, in Boston, to Miss Elizabeth Snow, of Bowdoin, Me. They have one child, a daughter (now Mrs. C. AV. Ernst). Mr. Hart's city home is on Commonwealth Avenue, and his summer home at Cialloupe's Point, Swampscott.

Charles W. Galluupe

Ch.aki.ks Wii.li.\.m G.\Li.ouPK, the son of Isaac and Annis (Allen) (Jidloupe, was born in Beverly, Mass., on the 5th of September, 18'.J5, and married, April lo, 1848, Sarah Augusta Kittredge, eldest daughter of Dr. Ingalls and Augusta Kittredge, a descendant of Roger Conant. He is a direct descendant of the first settlers of Massachusetts Bay upon his father's and mother's side, and, what can now rareh- be said, in his line of descent no intermarriages have taken place with other than the descendants of the original Puritan emigrants.

His paternal ancestor was John Gallop, for whom the Island in Boston Harbor was named, who came over (with his four children: John, Samuel, Nathaniel and Joan) in the ship Mary and John, which arrived at Natascott (now Hull), the iioth of May, lOoO.

His maternal ancestor was William Allen, who was born in Manchester, England, in 1002, and came over with Roger Conant about MVl'i ; he accompanied Conant to Cape Ann in l()-25, afterwards to Salem in the fall of 1(120, where he remained until in 1640, when he, in company with others from Salem, obtained leave to found a town at " Jeffries Creek," which they named Manchester, in honor of the place from which he came.

John Gallop is one of the famous characters of our early colonial history. He was the descendant of John Gallop, who "came out of the North in 1405," and settled in County Dorset, England, where his descendants still reside upon the estate (Strode), which is now, and has been, owned and occupied by the family for more than four centuries.

Ai'i'iviiiij before AVinthrop, John (lallop settled for the time beinj;' at Natascott upon Gallop's Hill (still known by that name), and remained with the Dorchester Colony, occupying temporarily the island until the arri\-al of the new governor, whom he accompanied to Boston, where he settled permanently. He built a house upon the ''Sea bancke," now North street, and in lOIiG it was "ordered that John Gallop shall remove his payles at his yard ende within fourteen days for the preserving of the way upon the Sea Bancke," and, at the same date, " a layne to go up from the water side, by John Gallop's, a pole breadth unto the next great cross street;" (Hanover street) was laid out, and is now called Richmond street. The whole point from the "creek" (now Blackstone street) to the Chelsea Ferry, was called "Gallop's Point." The location of his house is numbered 34 upon the map in the Book of Possessions, Boston Records, from 1634 to 16G0.

He constructed and commanded one of the earliest built vessels on record, which, in 1632, was chartered by Governor Winthrop, Gallop being in command, to "jDursue and capture the notorious Pirate, Dixey Bull."

In 1633 he brought into the harbor the ship Griffin, of which Winthrop, in his diar)% says: " vSept. 4, 1633. The Griffin, a ship of 300 tons, arrived (having been eight weeks from the Downs), this ship was brought in by John Gallop a new way by Lovell's Island, at low water, now called Griffin's Gap. She brought about two hundred passengers." Gallop's wife was undoubtedly upon the ship, and, for his skillful management of this, one of the largest vessels that had crossed the (;cean, he obtained the reputation of a pilot, but he was a pilot no farther than sailing of his own vessels in and out of the harbor.

In 1636 he had an encounter with the Indians in Narragansett Bay, which Fenimore Cooper, in his " Naval History of the United States," calls "the first naval battle fought in America." An account of the fight, written for the Rev. Increase Mather in 1677, is exceedingly interesting.

Charles W. Elliott, in his New England History, says, "there are few instances in bush or border warfare equal to it: fourteen men were opposed to two, and twelve of the fourteen were destroyed."

He joined the church in 1633, took the freeman's oath in 1634, and died December, 1649; his will, as well as that of Crestabel, his wife, are among the earliest on record.

VlX. Galloupe was born at a period when the full effect of the Puritanical education of the earU^ settlers was still uncontaminated by outside influences, and the ever3^-day life of the people was the same as that of their ancestors who lived two hundred years before them. Marrying- and intermarryino- only among- themselves, the community was simply an ever-enlarging family, through which, down succeeding generations, was transmitted the religious belief and the Puritan habits, manners and customs of all who had gone before. Rising with the sun, and devoting- themselves to their daily tasks during the whole of the week, without recreation or the thought of light enjo\'ment and trivial pleasures, when Saturday night came, it was the beginning of a restful Sunday, which was given up to the worship of God, without a thought of the burden of cares and anxieties which they had borne during the week. At 6 o'clock on Saturday night, the children left their simple plays and sturdily studied the lessons for the Sabbath-school until the ringing of the 9 o'clock bell, which sent them to their beds, to be awakened at early dawn for their weekly baths and the donning of the " Sunday clothes " in preparation for the proper observance of the Holy Day. At an early hour, the frugal breakfast of brownbread and beans was taken from the brick oven where it had been placed the day before (no cooking- being permitted on Sunday), and, after a blessing had been asked, and each had partaken of the meal, the table was cleared, and the famih', gathering again around it, joined unitedly in the reading of Scripture and a length}' prayer, all standing, as kneeling savored too much of the Episcopal form of worship.

After morning- prayers, the family filed in solemn procession to the " meeting-house," to listen to the singing and praying and a sermon from an hour to an hour and a half in duration, which constituted the services of the morning. After a cold dinner (the continuation of the breakfast), the same routine was repeated in the afternoon, with an additional hour and a half for Sunday-school.

In the evening, the reading- of religious books was permitted ; and every one awoke on Monday morning, commencing the new week with a feeling- of relief that the Sunday was over, with all its obligations fulfilled,

The "district" or public school afforded the principal means of education, and, at the age of fourteen, the school-boy was called upon to bear his share of the burden of life, by apprenticeship until twenty-one

Beverly, in 1825, was built almost entirely upon one street, then called the Main Road (afterwards Cabot street), and contained about two thousand inhabitants. As Salem at that time was in a full success and monopoly of its India business, the better class of the Beverly people, almost without exception, were either captains of vessels in the India trade or their connections or descendants. In the summer season almost all of the male population not connected with the India mercantile business in Salem were engaged in the fishing business, and obtained their livelihood by spending their summers in fishing for cod on the banks of Newfoundland.

Having passed through the different stages of education afforded boys of his position, that is, having attended the preliminary or "mistress" school, the "district "or " master's " school and a course at the "academy," the education of Mr. Galloupe was considered as finished, and he was supposed to be amply fitted for the battle of life, which he commenced at the age of fifteen, by entering the " dry-goods " store of Mr. Elbridge Fisk, on Cabot street, in Beverly, as a clerk. Here he remained about two years, but finding his native town too limited a field for any one desirous of making his way in the world, after procuring letters of recommendation from the "minister" and the "selectmen " of the town, he left Beverly, and obtaining a situation in Boston as a salesman with Messrs. Carney & Sleeper (then at No. 40 Ann, now North street, opposite Merchants' Row), he commenced his independent and self -relying life.

Boston, at that early date, was so unlike our present city, that a description of it from one whose continued experience covered an unbroken period of fifty years of active life in its midst, is well worthy of being preserved.

The Boston of half a century ago (1843) was an entirely difi^erent city in area (its greatest length from north to south was two and three quarters miles; width, east to west, one and one-eighth miles), manners and customs, as well as population (it contains 103,000 inhabitants), from the city of to-day.

Merchants were in their counting rooms as early or earlier than nine o'clock, occupying themselves busily until two, when, dining at their own houses, they returned in the afternoon to see that the business of the day was properly completed, and spent their evenings in social entertainments; but little ostentation was displayed and comparatively few private carriages were kept.

The system of " drumming " for business, which prevails so extensively throughout our country at present, was unknown and unthought of. Buyers from a distance (the West and South) came regularly to market twice (spring and fall) in each year, and purchased, after personal examination, what merchandise they required, while buyers nearer home (New England) came to town as they needed goods, perhaps once a week or oftener, and selected their goods themselves. The ordinary term of credit for those who purchased for the retail trade was six months, with a discount of four per cent, off for ca.sh in thirty days, and for those who "jobbed " (or sold at wholesale), eight months, and often a special inducement of twelve months with interest at .six per cent, after eight months, was conceded.

Central and Kilby streets (extending to Milk street) were the headquarters of the dry goods jobbing trade, and the principal dry goods commission business was done in Milk street, below Atkinson (Congress) street.

The upper part of Milk street, with Place (now Arch street) and Sewall Place, was occupied principally by dwelling hou.ses. At the corner of Devonshire and Milk streets was a fine old colonial mansion, which had found its fate in becoming a hotel or tavern, called the " Stackpole House," which was famous for its soups and Welsh rarebit. It is said that Julian, for whom the famous soup was named, was once the cook or " chef " of the house.

In Devonshire street, directh' opposite the front entrance of the postoffice, was the extensive blacksmithing establishment of " Dea. Safford," and the neighborhood resounded with the ringing of the sturdy blows upon the anvil.

Opposite Devonshire street, leading from Milk street to Franklin street, was a passageway called Theatre alley, some five or six feet in width, well known to all good citizens as containing " Mother Dunlap's " store, whose famous snuiT was in the pockets of many of her merchant neighbors.

Opposite Theatre alley, upon the other side of Franklin street, adjoinino- the Catholic cathedral, was an opening, protected b}^ stone posts, so arranged as to admit of the passage of individuals, but not carriages, into Winthrop and Otis Places, both of which, leading from Summer street, connected with, and were entered from the passageway from Franklin street. It was an exceedingly genteel neighborhood, and the Winthrops, Hunnewells, Daniel Webster, Rufus Choate, Edward Everett and other distinguished citizens dwelt in either one of the two places, or their immediate vicinit}*.

At the junction (or connection) of the two places, oppo.site the opening for foot passengers, was the stately granite mansion of " Madame " Blake, with areas upon the sides and front, and entered through an imposing columned portal, guarded by two life-size statues of lions in metal.

Franklin street, from Hawley street to Theatre alley, formed a crescent, in the center of which was a well kept lawn, surrounded by an ornamental iron fence, and the brick houses (painted white) were set back far enough from the sidewalk to form a very pretty lawn or flower garden in front of each. These areas were protected by iron fences similar to that around the center, and the houses were entered through iron arches of ornamental design. It was one of the most picturesque streets in Boston, and was the home of the Perkinses, Wigglesworths and other prominent families. John Simmons, by erecting two granite warehouses upon lots near Arch street, purchased by him at auction, wrecked the street for residential purposes, and brought it into a new life as a business street.

The wholesale clothing business was done in Ann street, and that portion from Union street to North Square, as well as a part of Blackstone street, was filled with both wholesale and retail stores.

Fulton street and a portion of Blackstone street was filled with leather stores, and Merchants' Row, next to Ann street, contained many wholesale and retail boot and shoe stores. The crockeryware business was largely done in South Market street and the southern end of Merchants' Row. The principal wholesale liquor firms were located at the foot of State street, while the upper part, then as now, was filled with merchants" offices, insurance offices and financial institutions. The " ^lerchants Exchange," a tine granite building, occupied the site of the present "Exchange Building," and all days of the week, from one to two o'clock, was crowded with merchants from all parts of the city, who met to discuss business affairs and negotiate with each other for the exchange of snch commodities as they desired to dispose of. The interior of the building contained a fine reading room, well supplied with papers from all quarters of the world. The usual place of meeting was in the street, which was crowded from sidewalk to sidewalk ; in rainy or inclement weather the reading room was made use of. No merchant of good standing ever failed, if within his power to be present, to daily meet his fellow merchants "on change."

Washington street from Dock square to AVinter street was filled with retail stores of various kinds, and the inauguration of the present system of large and monopolizing dry goods stores, was, by a new departure, instituted by George W. AVarren, upon the premises (the store was burned in the great fire) now occupied by Macullar, Williams & Company's clothing store. No. -tOO Washington street. The store was of granite, two stories in height, and covered about one-half of the area of the present building.

An old, gable-roofed wooden building, with projecting stories, covered the lot at the corner of Winter and Washington streets, and was occupied b}' Clark & Plympton, who sold laces and ladies' trimmings. Both Winter and Summer street, particularly the latter, were filled with genteel residences, as were Franklin, Winthrop and Otis Places, Federal, High and Pearl streets.

The grocery business was done principally in Commercial street and around the wharves, what is now Atlantic avenue being covered with water. "Wilde's Tavern," situated in Elm street (absorbed by the extension of Washington street) was the starting point of many lines of stage-coaches to the surrounding towns.

Watchmen patrolled the streets at night, wrapped from head to heels in long caped coats, carrying a rattle of a half a mile power, warranted to awaken every sleeper within that distance. Upon an alarm of fire, which was given by the ringing and clanging of bells, the wakeful watchman, while on his beat, would stop at the corner of the street, and, shouting with all his might: " Fire! fire! fire, at the South end" (or wherever it may have been), would spring his deafening rattle and trudge on to the next corner, where he would repeat the ceremony. No one in Boston at that time needed the early edition of the morningpaper to learn where the fire was. It was the custom of the watchman to proclaim the hour of night and the state of the weather, by strikingthree times upon the pavement with his staff, and shouting "one o'clock, (or whatever hour it might have been), a fair night and all is well." His voice was seldom heard on rainy nights, as it would have awakened the families under whose porch he was comfortably ensconced.

The fire department was served by volunteer firemen, who received no compensation, the glory of being a fireman being a sufficient remuneration.

Hand (or " tub ") engines only were in use, which were pumped by levers worked from each side of the machine, by the combined efforts of all the company.

To each engine was attached a rope, about an inch and a half in diameter and a hundred and fifty feet in length, and, upon the sounding of an alarm, a rush was made for the engine-house, and seizing the rope, the firemen tore like madmen, shouting and yelling through the streets, to the place of the fire. The engine first reaching the burningbuilding obtained the place of honor, and the rivalry between the companies was intense and dangerous, often leading to bitter fights.

The head of the line was taken by the foreman of the company, and his place at a fire was at the " butt," or holding the nozzle. The fire company was a terror to all quiet citizens, and the change from a volunteer to a paid fire department was welcomed as a blessing.

The transportation of merchandise through the streets from point to point was all accomplished b}^ "trucks." This freight carrier was a Boston institution, kn(jwn in practice nowhere else. It was. composed of two long planks, placed side by side, four inches in thickness, about one foot in width and some twenty feet in length, with a space between them into which the horse was harne.ssed, the ends of the timbers forming the shafts; the whole resembling a huge pair of " skids," balanced and resting upon the axletree of a very small but very heavy pair of wheels. The whole formed a long and solid platform upon two wheels, which could be packed to any height required, with the heaviest merchandise. As the axle, the pivot of the platform, was much lower than the horse, it was necessary to lift the shafts in order to harness, and, consequentl)', the rear end was brought within a foot of the ground; this facilitated the loading, and for those who used it the " truck " was a very convenient vehicle; but woe to the passers-by if thev were not upon the lookout when one of them was "in action " in their vicinity. When heavily loaded, three or sometimes four horses were used, giving a total length of some fifty feet to the monstrous team. Those who never have seen them, may form some idea of what they were, by imagining a team of three heav}' truck horses hitched in tandem to an enormous platform composed of two heavy planks, the rear of which, prong like, projected some ten or fifteen feet beyond the wheels, and, in turning, described a circle of thirty feet in diameter, within which, if one was caught, the only means of safety from broken limbs, was, in being able to clear the whole with a jump, or by a leap upon the monster itself.

The truckmen, a lusty set of fellows, with an esprit dc corps equal to that of Harvard collegians, appeared in procession upon all "processional " davs, and attracted a great deal of attention and favorable comment by their neat appearance (in white linen short frocks) and good bearing.

Another obsolete "institution," secondary and auxiliary to the truckmen, were the "hand-carters," who had their stands inmost of the streets, and were as plentiful as "banana" men now are in Boston. As the truck was adapted to the transportation of heavy merchandise only, all of the "bundle" business (there were but few expresses at that time) was done by the hand-carters, who were as useful in their way as the truckmen in theirs.

The "Miller Tabernacle," a wooden structure one story in height, was located upon the site of the present Howard Atheneum in Howard street, and after the failure of the programme for the ascension of the saints, was sold for theatrical performances. Anna Cora Mowatt, supported by W. H. Crisp, the father of the present speaker of the House of Representatives at Washington, appeared in one of the earliest engagements. This building was destroyed by fire, and in its place was erected a fine granite building, which became the "swell " theatre of the town. Previous to this the National Theatre on Portland street (where Coleman's Horse Mart now stands) was the only theatre of any importance in the town in successful operation. The internal arrangement of the theatre was a typical one of the old style, and the last of its kind in Boston. What is now the orchestra was called the " pit," and was considered (next to the gallery) the poorest part of the house. It was entered by a narrow dark alley-way under the "boxes " or family circle, and was furnished with narrow and very uncomfortable wooden licnches. Next above, and in the rear of the pit, was the genteel (and only respectable) part of the house; it was called the "boxes" and corresponded to our orchestra circle. The "third tier" was next above the boxes, and was frequented by persons of both sexes of the lowest character onh*, no person of respectability ever carin;;' to risk his reputation by being seen there. In the midst, and open to all comers, was an immense open bar, filled with liquors of all kinds, which were rapidly dispensed by three or four active bar-tenders, who found ample employment in supplying the numberless and continual calls which were pressed upon them from all sides during the whole of the performance, which usually consisted of three, never less than two, pieces, and the theatre remained open, usually, until about midnight. Although wines were always kept at the bar, the traffic was almost wholly in liquors; the price of a drink was fenir cents, and the drinker was allowed to take from the bottle as much as he pleased. The gallery was above the "third tier, " and was patronized only by ragged urchins and negroes. The prices of admission were, fifty cents for the boxes, thirty-seven and a half cents (two and thrippence) for the third tier, twenty-five cents for the " pit," and twelve and a half cents for the gallery. There were no reserved seats. Macreadv, the great tragedian, when in this country, played at this theatre.

The area of Boston occupied for business purposes was exceedingly small, the whole of the business portion being east of Tremont street and north of Milk street. Beacon street and " Colonade Row " (Tremont sti'eet, facing the Common) constituted the court end of the town. Next in social grade came Franklin, Summer and Pearl streets, while High and Federal, and other streets in the vicinity, followed them.

Beacon street was, par excellence, the one and great aristocratic street of Boston, the crnnc dc la crriiic, but the sacred precinct extended to Cliarles street only, and a resident beyond may as well have been in Roxbury. An innovation was attempted in bviilding the granite block of dwelling houses beyond Charles street, but the houses remained vacant, and an offer of ten thousand dollars not being obtainable, they were for a time used for storage purposes, two of them, at least, being filled with bags of wool. The Jolin Hancock residence was still in its prime, and was, by far, the most princely residence in town. The last houses to be built on the upper or old part of Beacon street were erected, somewhere about the fifties, by Daniel Denny and Seth W. Fowle, between Somerset street and Freeman Place, and in order to give them the proper space, it was necessary to excavate and remove the residue of Beacon Hill, a mound of gravel some fifteen or twenty feet in height, upon the rear of the lot.

The parade ground, at the western extremity of the Common, adjoining Charles Street, was an unsightly swamp, which could not be crossed without miring to the knees.

What is now the Public Garden was a salt marsh, through which a creek ran to Charles street, which was made the depository of all the rubbish of the vicinity. " Bramin's Baths " were situated on the other side of Charles street, and were most popular. From 6 to 9 o'clock during the summer months the baths were frequented and crowded by old and young, who frolicked away the sultry evenings they were obliged to pass in town. From Charles street to Sewall's Point in Brookline (now the junction of Commonwealth and Brookline avenues and Beacon street) was an unbroken sheet of water, intersected by the Great or Mill Dam, a narrow causeway, fifty feet in width, built of stone, across the "Great Bay" (one and a half miles in length), and a spur called the " Short Dam," now forming Parker street, leading to Roxbury.

From the foot of Beacon street a toll house was situated near what is now Berkeley street, and a swinging bar across the road prevented the passing of carriages until they had paid the prescribed toll. The great sheet of water extended to the " Tremont Road " (now Tremont street), which was a narrow roadway across the water to Roxbury, hardly wide enough to admit the passing of carriages going in opposite directions. The bed of the road was made up mostly of rubbish and "topped off " with oyster shells and gravel. It was but little used by others than marketmen, who, in order to be at market early (before daylight), "put up" their teams and passed the night at a small tavern (with a swinging sign) situated on Tremont road, beyond the crossing of the Boston and Albany Railroad. The regular travel was over the "Neck " (Washington street) to Roxbury. When Dover street was built it was considered so far out of town that the houses would never be occupied. As late as 185G there were but nine houses on Chester Sc^uare, two upon the northern side and seven upon the southern, and from the latter a good view of the Common was obtained, and not a building of any kind interfering with the view on the west to Brighton and over Charles River to Cambridge.

Boston fift_v years ago controlled the cotton and woolen manufactories of the countr}', establishing branch agencies in New York and the larger cities, while the headquarters remained at Boston. The people were enterprising and sagacious, never allowing the influence of the pocket to overweigh good judgment. vSuch an undertaking as cutting a channel eight or nine miles in length, sufficiently wide to permit the passing of an ocean steamer through ice thick enough to bear heavily loaded teams upon its surface, in order to afford the passage of a steamer to open water upon her appointed day of sailing, merely that it should not be said that Boston had not a good winter harbor, was a feat that has not been and will not be paralleled in this or any other country. It was a formidable imdertaking, but it was promptly and expeditiously executed. The spectacle of an ocean steamer making her way through the ice, the passage on both sides lined with thousands of people within a dozen feet of her hull, hurrahing themselves hoarse and cheering vociferous good-byes to the company on their way across the ocean, was a sight for a lifetiine.

The principal hotel in Boston was the Tremont House, on Tremont street, which was patronized by the best people, both as sojourners and permanent guests. Daniel Webster and many other notables made it their headquarters when temporaril}Mn town. The Marlborough Hotel on Washington street, opposite Franklin street, was the transient home of a most serious class of people, who were drawn to it from the fact that morning and evening services were daily held in the parlor, and a blessing was asked at each meal at the public tables in the dining room. vSome of the stages running to the towns in the vicinity made this hotel their terminus. No drinking or smoking was permitted, and the hotel was called by irreligious people " The Saints' Rest." The New England House, at the corner of Clinton and Blackstone streets, was well kept by Paran Stevens, who, when the Revere House Company was organized, was called to the charge of their hotel. He soon included within his care, upon his own account, the Tremont House, and afterwards the Fifth Avenue and other hotels in New York. He died a millionaire.

Harvey D. Parker, another noted hotel landlord, at that time kept in a cellar (well below the sidewalk) at the corner of Court street and Court SqTiare (now covered by Young's Hotel), where he served his patrons as well and liberally as do his successors at the Parker House, but not at the same prices. Parker took "diners" by the week, jjiving" them the restaurant's bill of fare to select from, and the price per week was three dollars, or fifty cents per dinner, allowance being made for absences. No limit was made to the number of courses, the guest having full latitude to select the dishes to his taste. The Bromfield House, in Bromfield street, was another hostelry famous for its good table, and was most liberally patronized by the down town merchants and clerks as a dining place. Dinner tickets, good until used, were sold at five dollars per dozen, and ver}' often when one of the holders of a ticket required the price of it for other purposes, he found the ticket as good c^r a better circulating medium than we find silver at the present day. George Young was then head waiter at "Fenno's, " which ultimately fell into his hands, and became the famous "Young's Hotel," so universally well known throughout this and other civilized countries. George served his friends upon Saturday evenings with a splendid bird supper of many courses of game, for, exclusive of wine, one dollar each plate.

"General " Bates, an Englishman, full six feet in height, who owed his title to his magnificent physique, kept " The Shades," and filled his rooms on Washington street, next north of the Rogers Building, with delighted partakers of Welsh rarebits, poached eggs and " Croton " ale. Nothing else could be had and nothing else was wanted.

The " Alhambra, " on Washington street, opposite Bromfield street (where the store of Weeks & Potter now stands), furnished for forty cents the most luscious and juicy beefsteak and the lightest, most crispy and delicate fried potatoes to be imagined.

It was the custom to keep all retail stores open until nine o'clock in the evening, and on Saturday until eleven o'clock, and itinerant venders of eatables found quite a sale among the clerks for their wares. Hot corn was sold, principally by negroes, with the cry, " Hot Corn, hot corn, two cents a ear," and an ear of steaming hot com, with a .small package of salt, was furnished to each purchaser for the two cents.

Wheelbarrows of hot smokiniy lobsters filled the air with fragrance, as the lobster seller plodded his way, crying, "Lob; lob; buy a lob." The usual price was three cents a pound.

East Boston was a hilly pasture, with wooden houses scattered here and there, filled with Irish. Daniel Crowley, a bustling little Irish contractor, with his dump carts, was king of the place. It is related that his wife, belated at the ferry, finding the boat several feet from the drop, shouted as she rushed down the gangway, " Stop the boat, stop the boat; I am Dan Crowley's wife."

Nearly the whole island was bonded to Daniel D. Brodhead, Charles A. White and others of a "syndicate," for seventy thousand dollai\s, and they were obliged to forfeit the bond, as there were no buyers for the property.

South Boston looked down upon the harbor in almost as sullen and repulsive a condition as when the soldiers of Washington's army showed themselves at the summit (Dorchester Heights) to the astonished English army occupying Boston. A few houses, surmounted by the Blind Asylum, were scattered here and there, but the larger part (rf'it was an uncultivated and barren hill.

The firm of Carney & Sleeper was one of the wealthiest, most successful and prominent of the wholesale clothiers of Boston, well known for their sterling integrity and great enterpri.se. In addition to a most extensive wholesale business with all sections of the country, they were, and had been for many years, contractors with the United States government for supplying the navy with clothing. With a determination of purpose not easily swerved, Mr. Galloupe applied himself so closely to the business, that he soon gained the approbation and good will of both Mr. Carney and Mr. Sleeper, which they demonstrated in a most complimentary and practical manner.

After a clerkship with the firm of slightly more than two years, Messrs. Carney & Sleeper, being desirous of relieving themselves from the cares of business, selected Joseph J. Whiting, M. Kehoe, jr., and Charles W. Galloupe, to whom, as equal partners (Mr. Galloupe being then but twenty 3'ears of age and consequently a minor), they entrusted the business, making them their successors by forming a special copartnership of five years (from January 1, 1846), contributing an abundant amount of capital for the continuation of the business.

Tills special partnership existed until its termination b}- limitation in 1851, and upon its dissolution, a new firm, under the name of Whiting, Kehoe & Galloupe was formed.

With the rapid increase of the business of Boston came a corresponding change in and extension of, the locality in which the business was carried on, and it was sotm evident that the old location in North street must be vacated by the firm for a more desirable one, in a better neigh- Ixirhood, and in ISod they removed to a new granite building (completed for them by Mr. Benjamin Adams) in Federal street, near Milk street, which had become the center of the dry goods jobbing and commission business. Here a very successful business was done until the expiration of the partnership in 1850, when, Mr. Kehoe withdrawing, Joseph W. Bliss, Albert T. Whiting, Otis H. Pierce and James McKenna were added to the concern, and the business continued under the firm of Whiting, Galloupe, Bliss & Co. This firm remained in Federal street until another change of localit}' was deemed best, when they removed to Franklin street, occupying a new granite store fitted up for them by the trustees of Harvard College, where a ver)' extensive and prosperous wholesale business was done, not only with all parts of the country, but with the United States government, by supplying the army, navy and Indian departments with clothing b)' contract.

In 1802 Mr. Whiting and ;\Ir. (ialloupe, in their turn, being desirous of relieving themselves somewhat from the cares of the business in which they had so long been engaged, withdrew from the firm and established, by a special partnership, as their successors their former partners, under the firm of Bliss, Whiting, Pierce & McKenna, contributing ample capital for the prosecution of the large business to which the firm succeeded ; this ended the strictly mercantile life of Mr. Galhjupe.

After their retirement from the clothing business, ^Ir. Whiting and Mr. Galloupe, having associated with themselves Mr. Charles A. Putnam, cashier of the Washington Bank, formed a banking house, under the firm of Whiting, Galloupe & Putnam, and established themselves at No. 76 State street, where they were soon engaged in a very large and successful business. They were appointed by the United States government one of the agents of the five-twenty loan, and by their extensive connection in all of the large cities of the Union with the banks and most prominent bankers, they soon attained an honora- ble and respected position. The sudden death of Air. Whitin<^- in lSG-4, which occurred in the office at No. 70 State street, while sitting at the desk with Mr. Galloupe, severed a warm and sincere friendship and a close and always enjoj'ed connection, that had existed during' the whole of the business lives of both Mr. Whiting and Mr. Galloupe.

I )eprived of the support and companionship of his friend and partner (jf twenty years, the enjoyment and zest of doing- business lost its attractiveness for Mr, Galloupe, and, after continuing the banking business for a short time under the firm name of Galloupe & Putnam, he retired, establishing his brother-in-law, Mr. Edward L. Giddings, in his place, who, forming a partnership with Mr. W. A. Tower, the present firm of Tower, Giddings & Co. became his successor.

There are few in Boston who, in a comparatively short business life, have had associated with them in close business relations so many well known men of public reputation as has fallen to the lot of Mr. Galloupe. Andrew Carney, whose name is well and gratefully known to thousands of distressed sufferers, distinguished throughout all his lifetime for his many and liberal charitable contributions, was the founder of that beneficent institution, the Carne}^ Hospital at South Boston, second in its usefulness to hardly any other in the State; Jacob Sleeper, the munificent philanthropist whose large gifts and generous personal support have placed the Boston University upon so high a plane; and Albert T. Whiting, the efficient chairman of the State Board of Police Commissioners, were his partners. Alanson W. Beard, the present United vStates collector of customs for the port of Boston ; Alderman Sydney Gushing and Coimcilman John Taylor were all in the employment of Mr. Galloupe.

After his retirement from the clothing business in 1802, Mr. Galloupe offered his services to the United States Government in connection with the War Department in Boston, and was appointed to take charge of the clothing and equipment contracts, in which capacity he served without compensation for more than a year. When there was no longer any occasion for his services, he was honorably retired and the thanks of the War Department tendered him in writing, through the officer in command at Boston.

On the 21st of March, 1860, the oldest daughter of Mr. Galloupe, Sarah Kittredge Galloupe, was married to the Hon. Ellis W. Morton, and in May the entire family, including Mr. and Mrs. Morton, sailed for England and traveled extensively through Europe until August,

18(m', when they returned. Mr. INIorton, after a most siieecssful career a.s assistant United States district attorne}', in which he was connected with Hon. Richard H. Dana, w-as elected to the House of Representatives of the State Legislature, and afterwards to the Senate, where he served tw^o terms. Being- in ill health, he declined the nomination of representative to Congress, and died in Swampscott the ^ith of September, 1874, leaving an only son, Galloupe Morton.

In 187"2 Mr. Galloupe associated himself with the old Trinity Church parish in Summer street, and, from the time of his connection, a warm and intimate friendship of the closest personal relation existed betw-een the rector, Rev. Phillips Brooks, during the whole of the remainder of the life of the beloved pastor, terminating only with his death.

In March, 1872, it having been determined by a vote of the proprietors " to remove Trinity Church, provided a sale of the property could be obtained and a satisfactory location agreed upon and land secured for a new church," a petition to the Legislature was granted, and in 1872 land was purchased in what is now Copley vSqtiare. A building committee was created, consisting of Wardens Geo. Dexter and Charles Henry Parker, and the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop, Hon. Martin Brimmer, Charles R. Codman, John C. Ropes, John G. Gushing, Charles J. Morrill, Robert Treat Paine, jr., Stephen G. Deblois, treasurer, and Wm. P. Blake, secretary. In April Mr. Galloupe was added, and the whole management was placed by the General Building Committee in the hands of an executive building committee consisting of Warden Charles Henry Parker, Robert Treat Paine, jr., and Charles W. Galloupe, with full powers to execute the work.

From that time for the ensuing five years, until the completion of the church and its consecration on February 9, 1877, Mr. Galloupe's time and attention was devoted to the erection of the building.

In 1870 Mr. Galloupe's daughter, Wilhelmina, was united in marriage to Dr. Samuel J. Mixter, of Boston, and the young couple having decided to spend some time in Austria for the completion of Dr. Mixter's studies, Mr. Galloupe with his family joined them in 1880, and after spending a year in Vienna, he with the two families returned to America.

ment or entertainment of an}- kind during the long and somewhat dreary months of winter. The only means (aside from the "singing school ") afforded the quiet people to break the monotony of the lonely evenings was by attendanee on the Lyceum lectures. The " Lyceum" was a literary society or club composed of the well-to-do class of people, formed in most of the small towns for the purpose of establishing a course of weekly lectures for the winter season, the expenses of which, assumed by the society, were made so small that the managers were able to place it within the means of all to attend. The town, in its corporate capacity, usually co-operated with the " Lyceum " by allowing the use of its hall without expense. The institution fell gradually into decay and is now obstilete.

To give some idea of the workings of the Lyceum, it will not be amiss, and somewhat interesting, to give a slight account of one of the oldest, and, during its existence, one of the most noted, as that of Beverly certainly was. The ordinary price of the tickets for the course of twelve lectures delivered weekly was one dollar.

The " Lyceum " in Beverly, having been suspended for want of sufficient encouragement, Mr. Galloupe, with two young friends, determined if possible to resuscitate it and create a new interest which should exercise a beneficial influence in the town and give solid enjoyment to those who were inclined to patronize it; but it was not an easy matter to bring into vigorous life an institution which had nearly reached its end by simple inanition. The town very generously offered the use of the town hall for the mere expense of lighting it, and the young men undertook the task of bringing it again once more into popular favor. They assumed the responsibility of engaging lecturers sufficient in number to make up a programme for sixteen lectures and entertainments, agreeing among themselves to make good any deficit which might occur. It will be a matter of surprise to man}- in these days of high prices to learn that the price of the entire course was jDlaced at thirty-seven and a half cents, making something less than two and a half cents for each lecture ; and it will be still more surprising to learn, which was the fact, that the first course was opened by His Excellency, the Honorable John (Juincy Adams, ex-president of the LTnited States, and that he was followed by Henry Ward Beecher, Oliver Wendell Holmes, Wendell Phillips, John Pierpoint, Professor vSolger, Professor Guyot of Harvard College, and other lecturers of note, and that m the course were included one or more concerts by the ]\Icndclssohn yuintette Club; and that notwith.standiny these great, and what would now be extravagant attractions, during the three years that the Lyeeum was continued, none of the three engaged in the management were assessed for more than twenty dollars. No lecturer received more than ten dollars for his services, and as they were entertained gratuitously by either Mr. Galloupe, Mr. William Endicott, jr., or Mr. Charles S. Giddings, who were engaged in the enterprise, the entire additional expense of the lectures was included in the small traveling expenses and the slight cost of the hall.

About 750 tickets were sold at thirty-seven and a half cents each, which provided a fund of about $203, and as the price paid to the lecturer was limited to ten dollars ($100), more than a hundred dollars was left for the payment of incidentals. Probably no other such case exists in the country.

In 1852, before public libraries were so extensively known as they are at present, the same three young men, finding they were so successful in their first enterprise, determined that their native town should have a library which should benefit those whose means were so limited that reading must be furnished gratuitously, if at all. It was a serious undertaking to procure subscriptions in a town like Beverly to establish a librar}', but they determined to undertake it, and after a continued application for nearly three years, they procured a sufficient sum, in their estimation ($3,000), in sums varying from one hundred dollars to twenty-five cents, to warrant the purchase of books. They proposed to the selectmen to present the library to the town, provided a room should be fitted up in the town hall for the reception of the books, and that the town should take charge of and assume all the care and expense of conducting the library. After a public meeting, it was so voted by the town, and the Beverly Public Library - -one of the very best, as well as one of the very earliest, was established upon a firm foundation, and its usefulness at the present day may be appreciated by the fact that the library has been increased from 3,000 to 15,000 volumes, and the average number of books annually in circulation is now nearly 40,000. Many interesting incidents were connected with the procuring of subscriptions, one of which will be related. Beverly had, in its time, produced many prominent people who were no longer residents of the town, and they, with their descendants, were pertinaciously invited to join in the work. One noted millionaire of Boston, a native of the town, who was waited upon by two of the young men, ushered them into his gorgeously furnished library, where he was most warmly solicited to assist his native town b}^ a liberal contribution to the object. He heard all that was presented very coolly and patiently, and after all had been said, he replied: " Young gentlemen, I do not approve of your project, and have no sympathy with such an undertaking. I do not consider it proper that the working class of people should have advantages equal to those who have reached a higher position, and it is an injustice to me that I am unable, with all my wealth, to give my children a better education than the children of any laboring man may have gratuitously; for it is a truth that no better education can be had, with all my means, than a poor child may obtain, without expense, in the public schools of Boston. lean give you nothing." The young men, who had fully relied upon a subscription that would far outlead all the others, left the house very much disheartened and disappointed.

John Witt Randall

John Witt Randall, son of Dr. J(jhn (H. C. 1802) and Elizabeth Wells Randall, granddaughter of vSamuel Adains, the great patriot of the Revolution, was born in Boston, Mass., November (!, 1813.

He received his preparatory education at the Boston Latin School in company with many who were afterwards his classmates in college, by whom his peculiar and marked originality of character is well remembered. Though among them, he was not wholly of them, but seemed to have thoughts, pursuits and aspirations to which they were strangers.

This was also the case after he entered college, where his tastes developed in a scientific direction, entomology being the branch to which he specially devoted himself, though heartily in sympathy with nature in her various aspects. The college did little at that time to encourage or aid such pursuits, but Mr. Randall pursued the quiet tenor of his way till he had a very fine collection of insects and an extensive and thorough knowledge on that and kindred subjects, while his taste for poetry and the belles-lettres was also highly cultivated.

He studied medicine after graduation, but his acquisitions as a naturalist were so well known and recognized that he received the honorable appointment of professor of zoology in the department of

We can all remember the wearisome delays and jealousies which occurred before the sailing of the expedition, which finally caused Mr. Randall to throw up his appointment. Since that time he has led a quiet and retired life, devoting himself to his favorite pursuits, adding to them also one of the most rare and original collections of engravings in this country. He has also devoted much time to the cultivation and improvement of an ancestral country seat at Stow, Mass., for the ancient trees of which he has an almcst individual friendship.

An account of his life and experiences from Mr. Randall's own pen would have been interesting, as well as amiising and witty, for in these qualities he excels. In excusing himself from giving this, he writes as follows :

As for myself, my life having been wholly private, presents little that I care to communicate to others, or that others would care to know. I cannot even say for myself as much as was contained in Professor Teufelsdrock's epitaph on a famous huntsman, viz. : that in a long life he had killed no less than ten thousand foxes.

It might have been interesting in former days to have related adventures of my foot-journeys as a naturalist, amid scenes and objects then little known or wholly unknown, where the solitary backwoodsman and his family, sole occupants of a tract of boundless forest, were often so hospitable as to surrender their only bed to the stranger and huddle themselves together on the floor. But since Audubon published his travels, and railroads have penetrated everywhere, such accounts cease to be original, and indeed the people themselves have become everywhere homogeneous. Itineraries fill all the magazines, and natural curiosities little known forty years ago have become long since familiar to the public.

As for my present self, I will sav no more than that for health's sake, to be much out of doors, I have been for a long time engaged in hydraulic, planting, building, and other improvements on my grounds, \vliich create, it is true, pleasant occupation, but when compared with wild nature, so varied about me, I am impressed with the conviction how inferior are our artificial pleasures to those simple enjoyments of wood, water, air and sunshine which we unconsciously and inexpensively share with the innumerable creatures equally capable of enjoying them.

As to my literary works; if I except scientific papers on subjects long ago abandoned, as one on Crustacea in the Transactions of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; two on Insects in the Transactions of the Boston Society of Natural History ; one manuscript volume on the Animals and Plants of Maine ; Critical Notes on Etchers and Engravers, one volume; Classification of ditto, one volume, both in manuscript, incomplete, and not likely to be completed, together with essays and reviews in manuscript, not likely to be published - my doings reduce themselves to six volumes of poetic works, the first of which w-as issued in 1856 and reviewed shortly after in the North American, while the others, nearly or partially completed at the outbi-eak of the civil war, still lie unlinished among the many wrecks o£ Time, painful to most of us to look back upon, or reflect themselves on a future whose skies are still obscure. '

John C. Haynes

John Cummings Haynes, son of John Dearborn and Eliza Walker (.Steven.s) Haynes, was born in Brighton (now a part of Boston), Mass., September 9, 1829. On his father's side he is a descendant, seven generations removed, of Samtiel Haynes, a sturdy, thrifty farmer, who emigrated to America from Shropshire, England, in 1035, and settled at Strawberry Bank, now Portsmouth, N. H,, where he helped organize the First Congregational Church of the town and became its deacon. On his mother's side he is of Scotch-Irish descent from the Gilpatrick family, many of his relatives now living in and about Biddeford, Me., where the first settlement was made.

He was educated in the ptiblic schools of Boston, finishing with the English High School. In July, 1845, he entered the emijlo}' of the late Oliver Ditson, the celebrated music publisher, commencing as a boy of-all-work at the very foot of the ladder. He quickly made himself useful to his employer, and at the age of twenty-one was given an interest in the business. January 1, 1857, Mr. Haynes became a partner, the firm becoming Oliver Ditson & Co.

The death of Oliver Ditson, in December, 1888, dissolved the firm and led to the formation of a corporation by the surviving partners (Mr. Haynes and Charles H. Ditson, son of Oliver Ditson) and the executors of the estate of Oliver Ditson, several of the most useful of the young men who had grown up with the business being admitted as stockholders. The corporation was organized under the laws of Massachusetts, with Mr. Haynes as president. The headquarters are in the large btiilding 453 to 463 Washington street, Boston, and the branch houses, all of them a part of the corporation, are as follows: John C. Haynes & Co., Boston; Charles H. Ditson & Co., New York; and J. E. Ditson & Co., Philadelphia.

and musical culture of the country being- comparatively in their infancy. As the country increased in population, wealth and culture, so did the publications of the house increase in number and cjuality, until at the present time its employees number several hundred, its sheet music publications are nearly one hundred thousand, and its music book publications about twenty-five hundred.

Mr. Haynes has also been interested and is noted for his large and successful real estate ventures, and owns many valuable estates that have materially added to the assessed valuation of the city of Boston. When a young man he assisted in organizing the Franklin Library Association, and his many years' connection with it, taking part in debates and literary exercises, was of great advantage to him in his early training and culture.