Williams County, Ohio - Chapter 10: Educational Development, 1905

THE first schools in Williams county were supported by subscription or by assessment upon the patrons according to the number of children they sent to school. True, the law requiring the establishment of public schools in Ohio went into effect in 1825, but it was a good while after that before anything closely resembling the common school system of today had been evolved. But it should not be hastily concluded from this that education was entirely neglected.

Parents who could afford it gave their children the advantage of good schools, as good as could be maintained, and among those who were vefy poor there was much self-sacrifice that the children might be educated and prepared for better success than their fathers and mothers had attained in the struggle of life. Some very poor boys in Ohio, in that period when there were no common schools, supplemented the little schooling they could obtain by fire-light reading, and so beginning, became in later years the great men of the State, and a few of them the greatest men of the nation. The difference, comparing the present with the early days in Williams county, is that now the schools are open without cost to boys and girls, without regard to their family importance or family wealth, and it is no disgrace to attend a free school. Then it was, and free schools were sometimes called "pauPer" schools. So, it may be observed, we are more truly democratic today, in this, than the fathers were who Considered themselves the special champions of human equality.

This clearly: illustrates a point which is too often overlooked by those who pretend to think upon economic or social questions. The righteousness of the principle of human equality (not in mental or physical endowment, but as heirs to the blessings of Providence) is recognized inherently by all mankind. And we might say with considerable historical accuracy that there has never been a time when this principle was not advocated, more or less, and oftimes by those who in practice encouraged the enslavement of their fellow men. The individual is the creature of social conditions, and so long as conditions were such that only the poorest of the poor rejoiced over the introduction of the common school system, the more opulent ones, with, a heartlessness which is too often a companion of wealth, sought to render the movement unpopular by stigmatizing those feeble institutions of learning. How great has been the change and how much we have improved in three-quarters of a century! With the record of the past before him, it would be a reckless man, it seems, who would attempt to limit the possibilities of the future. Socialism is, or should be, a growth, or advancement toward better social conditions; and those who meet the arguments of the overzealous advocates of Universal Brotherhood with the time-worn expression: "It is impossible. Sir!*' base their reasoning and conclusion (unconsciously, however,) upon premises that cannot be denied - their own unfitness for such an Utopian state. Altruism will not displace egoism as the result of a statutory enactment - the change must be evolutionary in its nature. And the common school system of America is a powerful factor in the onward and upward movement.

Probably the first school house built in Williams county was in St. Joseph township, in the old village of Denmark. It was built of logs and stood north of the public square. It has long since disappeared, as has also the village in which it was situated. Near it stood a large apple tree, which was said to have been planted by the Indians. The first term of school taught in it, and perhaps in the county, was by Rev. Israel Stoddard. This was as early as 1837 or l^38. Immediately after him John Cornell taught a term or two in the same house, and there were several other terms taught there before it was abandoned. The next school house built in St. Joseph township was about a mile north of Edgerton. This house remained standing for over a quarter of a century and was formerly used for election purposes. Shortly after this, or about the same time, school houses were built in the Carr neighborhood, in the east part of the township on the Bellefontaine road, and also one in the northwestern district of the township, on the same thoroughfare, the latter structure being for years known as the Wilson school house. In that neighborhood, however, several terms of school had been taught in rooms temporarily fitted up. In addition to Mr. Stoddard, Rev. Chambers, Mrs. P. E. Wilson, Mary Dillman and Marian Preston were among the first teachers in the township. A Mr. Southworth also taught there in the early days. He was eminent in scholarship, but unbalanced in mind, and is remembered by some as an old man, tall, spare, and with long gray hair and beard, traveling about continually, leaning on two staffs, carrying his budget upon his shoulders. He was a harmless old man, stopping at whatever house or place night overtook him. He would read or expound the Scriptures and pray with those who kept him, in apparent payment for his entertainment.

The first school houses were built of course in most instances of logs, and considering the abundance of timber, they could well have been constructed much larger and more commodious. A description of one of them would doubtless answer for all. The desks were placed around the wall and the seats were mostly made of basswood logs, split into halves. Upon these rude and uncomfortable seats, pupils of all ages and conditions were compelled to sit the six hours per day of school. These pioneer school houses were in strong contrast with the light, airv and commodious school buildings in every district in the county today; and yet it is a fact that as much solid work was done by pupils in those early school buildings as in the more elegant ones of the present. Wood was furnished by the patrons in proportion to the number of children sent. Often, it was drawn to the school house by the parents, in the log, and cut up by the pupils. Most of the pupils found their way through the woods to the school houses, roads being comparatively unknown. Along these school trails they went to school, and at night to spelling schools, lighting their way, in the night time, with torches made from the bark of hickory trees.

The old-fashioned spelling school is seldom now heard of, but it is doubtful if any modern entertainment can equal it in interest or in lasting benefit to the participants. The young people would go miles to attend one of these events. It was district against district, and it was wonderful how each would back their champions. The method was different at times in spelling down. Sometimes they would stand up and spell around and the last one up was the winner. Another method, and by some thought to be a more thorough test, was to stand up two and two, and the one who was able to spell the whole crowd down in that way would carry off the championship. Those friendly mental contests were often very exciting and continued until late into the night. Webster's Elementary spelling book was used for many years, and finally gave way to McGuffey's. That the pupils in our common schools then were much better spellers than now is beyond all question.

There was a general uniformity of school books throughout the county. McGuffey's readers, the old edition, were introduced into the schools at an early period. Previous to that, other books were used as readers, the New Testament being prominent among them. No uniformity in regard to arithmetics was practiced until the adoption of Ray's series, and these have been in quite general use since. His Third Part, or Practical, was the standard for many years, and there are many who think it has never been excelled for the purpose for which it was designed. No particular system of penmanship was ever taught, being as various and ever changing as were the teachers. Davies' algebra was at first used by the advanced pupils, but it was supplanted by Ray, who has ever since apparently held the ground.

The first school house in Bryan was a small log structure, situated on the south side of the square on lots near the corner of Butler and Lynn streets, and this was where A. J. Tressler taught the first public school. Previous to this, however, Miss Harriet Powell had taught in the same building a private school for the instruction of juvenile pupils. Subsequently, and in about 1845, a one-story frame school house was built on the lots at the northwest corner of Butler and Beech streets, near where now stands one of the public school buildings. In the contract made by Mr. Tressler to teach the Bryan school, lie was allowed forty-five dollars for a three-months' term, the rate being fifteen dollars per month. The average attend- ance at his school was from twenty-five to thirty-five pupils. As late as 1862 there was but one public school building in Bryan, that one being near the Methodist church. It was without a bell or any school apparatus, and there was but three departments - High, Secondary and Primary. The number of enrolled pupils in that year, 1862, was 224. The Bryan Normal School was opened January 1, 1864, with an enrollment of forty pupils, and soon numbered 100; and its annual catalogue exhibited an enrollment of about two hundred, in which were instructed a large per cent of the leading educators and professional men for years, in this and adjoining counties. In 1874, C. W. Mykrantz, the principal of the Normal, was chosen superintendent of the public schools of Bryan, and continued to hold that position for years, thus uniting the two institutions. The old high school building was used for a brief time for an experiment in establishing a commercial college, but it failed for want of adequate support.

When the village of Stryker was laid out, there was an old log school house near by that was used for school purposes until the town, with the aid of the township, built a two-story frame house in 1856-57. School districts, however, were first organized in Springfield township in 1836, and as the township became better settled the districts were reorganized, and at present there are eight districts permanently established, exclusive of the Stryker district. The first school house was built in district No. 1, as the township was most thickly settled in that locality. The following named persons were among the early teachers of Springfield township : Jonathan B. Taylor, Orin G. Greely, Jane Washburn, Elizabeth Miller, Sarah C. Jones and L. W. Prettyman. In 1857, when the two-story frame school house was built in Stryker, the town seemed to be growing at a rapid rate and in a few years there was a demand for a larger building, which was constructed, and the village has since kept abreast of the times in the matter of public schools.

The first school house in Brady township was built near the site of West Unity, and the first school therein was taught by William L. Smith. A Dr. Veers taught the first school in the village, the sessions being held in a small log cabin. The first frame school house in West Unity was built on the south side of Jackson street, and the town has never been behind any of its competitors in the way of schools, the present school building being universally conceded to be among the finest in the county. The style of the architecture is modern, and it is a magnificent specimen of architectural skill. It is situated on a fine eminence in the southern part of the town and has two spacious front entrances, the principal materials used in the composition of the building being brick and stone. Brady township is divided into nine school districts, exclusive of West Unity. The first school taught in district No. 1 was in the year 1852. Julia M. Linsley was the first teacher and the term was thirteen weeks in length. 1 11 1854, S. S. McPherson taught the first term in district No. 2. and the first school taught in No. 3 was in 1848, by Ann Shorthill. There are no records of districts Nos. 4, 5 and 7, but district No. 6 was organized and a school house erected in 1875, the first teacher being Abraham Crabb. The first school building in No. 8 was built in 1839, and the first teacher therein was Mary Shipman. The first school taught in district No. 9 was in 1851 or 1852, by L. M. Boothman, father of the late ex-Congressman Boothman.

The first school house in the vicinity of Melbern was built about the year 1837. It was a small log cabin, with a huge fire place in one end, which fed a tall chimney built on the outside. The desks were rough boards placed on wooden pins driven in the wall, and the seats were clapboards, with legs made of wooden poles. Old man Barney was the first teacher in this primitive school house, receiving his pay by subscription. Mr. Barney was an odd old fellow, with peculiar habits, but he was a good teacher, though his education at this day would be designated mediocre. This house was used about two years, when another log structure was built half a mile south of Melbern. Barney taught there also, as did Thomas Hill. This was used five or six years, when the third one for the neighborhood was erected at the geographical center of the township. This was also a log building, but about i860 it was replaced by a neat frame house, which was used for many years and afterwards converted into a town hall. William Neavill, Edgar Hubbard, Sarah Washburn and J. B. Kimmell were early teachers in that neighborhood. It is said that Mr. Kimmell used to punish by tying boys and girls together and then standing them on the top of seats. The Pool school house, in the southwestern part of Center township, was built about 1844. It has been replaced by several others. Others were built in the northern part as early as 1840, and possibly as early as 1837 or 1838. The Yockey district had its first house about 1840. A log school cabin was built at Williams Center, on the hill south of the creek, about the year 1838, old man Barney, the Yankee, being one of the first teachers. The house was used until about 1844, when a small brick structure was erected. This building was used until some time in the late 50*s, religious services also being held in it, public assemblages gathering there, and withal it was a building of great public utility. In about the year 1852, the Maumee Presbytery began the project of constructing a seminary at Williams Center. The citizens without regard to religious convictions contributed to the enterprise and a frame building in the western part of town was immediately erected. James Anderson, a man of fine character and culture, was given charge of the school and a fair attendance of pupils was secured. Mr. Anderson died in about three years and his brother David was then given charge of the school, but it finally was abandoned, principally because it was sought to teach the rigid orthodox tenets of the Presbyterian ritual, to the exclusion, it was thought by some, of more important subjects. The seminary was succeeded, in 1858, by a fine -public graded school, with J. H. Omo as the first teacher. The sessions were held eight or nine months of the year, and from forty to seventy young ladies and gentlemen were in attendance. The school flourished exceedingly and many profitable sessions were held.

In about 1843, a small log school house was built in the northwestern part of Florence township. James Welch, an attorney from Bryan, was one of the first teachers. This house was used about ten years, when it was destroyed by fire and a small frame was built near there to take its place. Among the families that sent children to the old log house were those of George Perkey, S. Martin, Moses Thomas, Solomon Parker, James McClarren, and perhaps others. At New Berlin there was a log school house as early as 1846. Those who were interested in this school were the Arnolds, Edwin Wells, William Van Fossen, George White and others. It is said that the Arnolds had several terms of school before the first school house was built, the sessions being held in their cabins as early as 1843. In the summer of 1842, a term of school was taught in the cabin of Samuel Cain, near Union Corners, by Miss Olive Thompson. Cain had five or six children and Charles Allman sent two, and that probably constituted nearly the entire enrollment. The teacher was paid about one dollar a week and taught for two months. In about the year 1844, a school house was built near B. C. Pickle's, and Abigail Gordon is said to have been one of the first teachers in this house. It was used a few years, when a frame building was erected on land donated by Mr. Pickle, and among those who sent children early, aside from Mr. Pickle, were Samuel Cain and Levi Campbell. David Singer, Sr., had built a log cabin for his father, an old man who had come to the county with him. but the old gentleman did not remain long and the house was used for school and church purposes. The first term of school was taught there in about 1843, and about 1847 a small log school house was erected about half a mile east of the Singer Corners. Enoch Thomas and Theodore Beeso taught in the old Singer cabin and Hannah Miller taught the first school in the school house east of the corners. In about 1850 this large school district - which included about twelve square miles - was divided, and school houses were built a mile west of what is now Edon ; a mile east of Edon ; two miles northwest of Edon ; two miles northeast of Edon ; and school houses were also built in two or three places in the southern part of the township. Previous to the winter of 1874-75, the children of Edon went east and west one mile to the country schools, but, at the latter date, Solomon Metzler was employed to teach in a large room in the Sheline House, which he did to the satisfaction of the citizens. During the following summer Mrs. Hattie Miller taught a select school, and the succeeding winter William Holmes taught. In 1876 a two-story brick school house was erected in the village, and ever since Edon has enjoyed excellent educational facilities.

now owned by Sylvester Shiftier. This was before the township was organized into school districts. In 1840, George W. Durbin taught the second school in 'a log school house near where the Center school house now stands. The logs were small and the door was made of clapboards. Some time during the winter, the pupils barred the teacher out and asked him to treat them to something. He procured a rail and with it broke open the door, when the pupils were glad to sue for terms. In 1841, the trustees divided the township into twelve school districts. In 1842, James Welch taught the first school in district No. 5, and in 1843 he taught the second school. In the summer of 1842, M. B. Plummer taught the first school in district No. 6, and in the winter of 1842-43, he taught the second term; in the winter of 1843-44 lie taught the third term. In the winter of 1844-45, John W. Porter taught the fourth term. Seth B. Hyatt taught the first school in district No. 7, in the winter of 1843-44. Jacob Reid taught the first school in district No. 8, in 1845. J- Engle taught the first school in district No. 9, in the winter of 1845. Miss Brundydge taught the first school in district No. 3, Henry Sheets in No. 4, Lewis J. Baldwin in No. 1, and a Miss Powell in No. 2, and Annette Hart in district No. 12. From 1840 to 1846, the population of the township was small and frequently two districts were joined together for school purposes.

In the spring of 1841, the first school house in Bridgewater township was built in district No. 1, in the southeastern part of the township, on Anson Smith's farm, and during the summer of the same year Miss Mary McCrillis was employed to teach a term of three months. The house was a small, rude, log structure, with rough clapboard desks and seats, small windows, and a huge fire-place, which, when filled with burning limbs and logs, was the most cheerful feature in the room, excepting, perhaps, the handsome teacher. The summer was cold and wet and it was found necessary to keep a fire a portion of the time. Curtis Cogswell, Chandler Holt. Asa Smith, Anson Smith, Daniel Smith and Simeon Cobb sent children to Miss McCrillis. The young lady was handsome, lively, good company, and quite a flirt. It is told of her that a handsome stalwart young fellow conceived a passion for Miss McCrillis, and with her permission and sanction, "sat up" with her the greater portion of three nights during each week at the beginning of the term. In consequence of this habitual nocturnal wakefulness, the young lady was very drowsy the following days in the school room and would often fall asleep in her chair, only to awake with a start at some unusual noise occasioned by the mischief of her pupils. As a result she was discharged by the directors and a Miss Heritage was employed to teach the remainder of the term. Albert Sumner taught about two weeks in the same house in the winter of 1841-42, and Abigail Gordon the following summer. Joseph Rogers taught during the winter of 1844-45 m a new house in the same district and John Opdycke taught the following winter. Mary Clark was also an earlv teacher there. The early teachers in the Waterston district were Lucy Frisbee, Cornelia Squires, Jeremiah Rockwell and Angelica Gay. A log school building was erected in the Sumner neighborhood, in the northern part of the township, in about the year 1843, and Messrs. Sumner, Ayres, Willcox and Lindsay sent children to the school. Messrs. Van Court and Wittington built a frame school house at Bridgewater Center in 1848, and Sirena Lindsay was the first teacher. Bridgewater township has excellent schools.

The first school building in Millcreek township was erected on Section 26, but upon the erection of Fulton county that section was made a part of Gorham township, and the first school building in the present limits of Millcreek was upon Section 20, not far from the present village of Alvordton. The first school in the township was taught by Joseph Reasoner. In 1851, a school building was erected in district No. 1, and Miss Sarah McClean taught the first school there. School was commenced in district No. 2, in 1853, and No. 6, the same year, David Black being the first teacher in the latter district.

The first school house in Superior township was built of logs, erected in 1841, and located near the east line of the township, on George Wisman's farm. It was familiarly knowli as the "Bible School House/' The second was built in 1845. and was situated near the central part of the township, in the midst of the locality known as the Shaull settlement. During two or three months of the summer of 1849, a young woman taught a school of youths in a shanty which stood within the present limits of Montpelier, and this was the first school undertaking on the ground where that thriving village is located. Not long after this a frame structure about 24x30 feet in size, was erected, and this answered the educational demands for a number of years. The building was afterwards purchased by the village and township, jointly, and was removed to the public square, where it was used as a place for holding township and village elections and other official meetings. In 1874, a new house, about 30x40 feet, was built, having two stories and a school room on each floor. A Mr. Collister, a young lawyer, at that time had management of the school, but only one of the rooms was required to accommodate himself and pupils. In the years of 1875 to 1878, inclusive, George W. Dustin had the management, with one assistant, and both floors were occupied. In 1878-79, Hiram H. Calvin, now a resident of Toledo, was superintendent and graded the schools, and in 1879-80, Ezra E. Bechtol had superintendence. The population had so increased by 1881, that it became necessary to erect another and larger building, and W. A. Saunders was made superintendent and principal. The rapid development of the town soon caused a pressing need of a more substantial and commodious structure for school purposes, and. in 1888, a magnificent brick building was erected. A short time since it was found necessary to build an addition of equal size, and Montpelier can boast, if she so desires, of having school facilities second to none. Mr. Saunders remained in charge of the schools from 1 88 1 to 1886, and a few years later again assumed the management, which he has since retained. A large measure of the success which has attended Montpelier's educational institution is due to his ability as a teacher and superintendent.

In the early winter of 1841, a small log school house was erected in the northwest part of Northwest township, on land now owned by Isaac Parsons. Those interested in the construction were William H. Billings, Jonathan Butler, Thomas Whaley, John Whaley, T. F. Whaley, Adolphus Rogers, Hiram Russell, and possibly a few others who resided either in the township or in the adjoining states of Michigan or Indiana. The first teacher in this house, and, so far as known, in the township, was Miss Abigail Hills, who taught two or three months during the winter of 1841-42. She had enrolled about ten pupils, received her pay from the public school fund, and during the term was married to T. F. Whaley, which occurrence, however, did not stop school until the end of the term. This house was used by all the families in that part of Northwest township and by several in the adjoining states, until about 1846-47, when the district was divided and those families along the center of the western side of the township erected another log school building near where the residence of I. Cain now stands. The log house on Parson's farm was used a few years, perhaps until 1849, when a frame building was erected a short distance north of it, Mariah Marquart being the first teacher. The second school house in the Whaley neighborhood was built, about 1848, on the farm of T. F. Whaley, and it was a small frame structure. This house was used for educational purposes until about i860, when another frame building, called the "Old Red School House," was erected on the old Whalev farm and used until 1878, when it was succeeded by a neat brick building. The first school house at Columbia was built in 1849 or 1850, and among the first teachers there was Rebecca Thomas, who taught during a few months of the summer of 1852. This lady afterwards became Mrs. Joseph W. Back, of Bridgewater township, and now lives with her son. Dr. Albert W. Back, of Montpelier. Mariah Kinney taught the next term at Columbia. Among the early teachers, also at that place, were Robert Carlin (for years superintendent of schools of Steuben county, Indiana), and wife, and Jefferson Friend and wife. The first school house in the northeastern part of the township was built north of Nettle Lake, about four rods west of the Winebrinerian church, not far from the year 1845. It was erected by Daniel Smith, William Sticknev, Anson Smith, Thomas Knight, and perhaps two or three others. This house, a frame structure, was soon afterwards burned to the ground by a man, it was thought, who had been put out of the house for disorderly conduct while divine service was being held there. A second house was built about 1854, at "Kintightown," and it was used for school purposes continuously until 1876. when the present building, north of the cemetery, was erected. Other districts throughout the township were supplied with houses at a comparatively early date, and Northwest has been and is yet in the front rank, as regards her district schools.

In 1842, the first school house in Madison township - a rude log structure - was erected one mile east of Kunkle's Corners. The township was first divided into two school districts in April, 1843, but the log house mentioned above was erected before the township was organized, or before districts had been created, and was located where it would do the most good. In May, 1843, the pupils in this district - which became No. 1 - were as follows: Celinda Angell,

Orpha C. Angell, Alpheus Angell, Christina Barrett, Benjamin Barrett, Sally Ann Barrett, John Barrett, Mary Ann Barrett, Elijah Barrett, Charles, Hannah, Ray and Miles Woodworth, Mary Ann Young, Sarah Hunt, John Connelly, William Connelly, Calvin Connelly, Harrison Connelly, Jacob Reasoner and Elizabeth Reasoner. In March, 1844, three additional school districts were created, making then a total of five in the township. District No. 4 enumerated but five pupils, as follows: Jasper A. Best, Abner

Johnson, Celestia Johnson, Nancy Johnson and Lucy M. Rogers. This was the first enrollment at what is now Pioneer, and from the above two enumerations it may be observed that, in 1844, there was quite a large settlement in the southeastern part of the township, a small one in the vicinity of Pioneer, while the other parts of the township were very meagerly settled. Alanson Smith and a Miss Angell were among the first teachers in the vicinity of Kunkle. District No. 4 (near Pioneer) had school in the cabin of Silander Johnson, as early as 1844, and several terms were taught there, though but few children were in the neighborhood. The first school house in Pioneer - a frame building - was erected in 1847, and was located in the vicinity of the old burying ground. The first teacher was Miss Rachel Baker, of Amboy, Mich., who taught a summer term of three months. A Miss Snow, of Bridgewater township, taught in the same house during the following summer. From this beginning, educational interests advanced at Pioneer until a high school department was created about thirty years ago, since which time many have entered life's battle with diplomas secured in the Pioneer schools.

Williams county now has in the township districts 111 school houses for elementary schools; in the separate districts 12 elementary schools and two high schools, making a grand total of 125 school buildings, with 176 rooms. The value of the school property in the township districts is $111,500; in the separate districts, $198,200, making an aggregate of $309,700. One hundred and seventy-eight teachers are employed, teaching 31 weeks in the township schools and 34 in the others, at salaries ranging from $32 to $82 per month. The enumeration of children of school age (between 6 and 21) is 6,808. The actual enrollment of pupils is 79 per cent of the enumeration in the township districts and 88 per cent in the separate districts. There are no high schools in the township districts, but there are fourteen in the separate districts. The average cost of tuition of the pupils enrolled is $9.53 in the elementary schools of the township districts, and $6.69 in the elementary and $22.81 in the high schools of the separate districts. The county received from the state, mainly from the common school fund, $14,125.06 for the support of education in 1904; from local taxation, $72,757.43 ; from the sale of bonds, $1,211.75; from all other sources, $13,525.01 ; making the total receipts but a little less than $102,000, to which should be added a balance on hand, September 1, 1903, of $93,682.92, swelling the aggregate funds to $195,- 302.17. Out of this there was paid $44,243.45 to teachers in elementary schools, and $9,123.50 to teachers in high schools; $1,679 f°r supervision, $57,664.26 on buildings and grounds, $6,628.51 on bonds and interest, and $21,108.91 for all other purposes, making an aggregate expenditure of $140,447.63. On September 1, 1904, the close of the fiscal year, the balance on hand was $54,854.54.

In the county there are the village and special districts of Alvordton, W. L. Fulton, superintendent, and school property valued at $6,500, annual expenditures, $2,455.68; Bryan, J-JWJWyjUKlt, superintendent, property valued at $80,000, annual expenditures, $38,- 041.49; Edgerton, J. E. Hutchison, superintendent, property valued at $10,000, annual expenditures, $3,339.10; Edon, W. A. Estrich, superintendent, property valued at $1,000, annual expenditures, $5,- 304.84; Montpelier, W. A. Saunders, superintendent, property valued at $36,000, annual expenditures, $18,154.43; Pioneer, A. J. Brown, superintendent, property valued at $10,000, annual expenditures, $2,411.20; Stryker, G. W. Hurless, superintendent, property valued at $30,000, annual expenditures, $23,665.66; and West Unity, W. A. Salter, superintendent, property valued at $20,000, annual expenditures, $5,076.29.