Macoupin County, Illinois - The Press of Macoupin County by D. Mackenzie, 1879

The Press of Macoupin County by D. Mackenzie

O fill an idle hour, Laurentius Coster while rambling through the forest contiguous to his native city, Haerlem, Holland, carved some letters on the bark of a birch tree. Drowsy from the s relaxation of a holiday he wrapped his handiwork in a piece and Coster awoke to. discover a phenomenon, to him simple, strange and suggestive. Damped by the atmospheric moisture the paper wrapped about his carvings had taken an impression from them and the surprised burgher saw on the paper an inverted image of what he had engraved on the bark. The phenomenon was suggestive because it led to experiments that resulted in establishing a printing office, the first of its kind in the old Dutch town. In this office John Gutenberg served a faithful and appreciative apprenticeship, and from it at the death of his master absconded, during a Christmas festival, taking with him a considerable portion of type and apparatus. Gutenberg settled in Mentz where he won the friendship and partnership of John Faust, a man of sufficient means to place the new enterprise on a secure financial basis. Several years later the partnership was dissolved because of a misunderstanding. Gutenberg then formed a partnership with a younger brother who had set up an office at Strasburg, but had not been successful, and becoming involved in lawsuits had fled from that city to join his brother at Mentz. These brothers were the first to use metal types. Faust after his dissolution with Gutenberg took into partnership Peter Schoeffer, one of his servants, and an ingenious printer. Schoeffer privately cut matrices for the whole alphabet, and when he showed his master the type cast from these matrices, Faust was so much pleased that he gave Schoeffer his only daughter in marriage.

These are the great names in the early history of printing, and each is worthy of special honor. Coster's discovery of the use of wood-blocks or plates on which the pages to be printed were engraved was made some time between 1440, and 1450 and Schoeffer's improvement, casting the types by means of matrices, was made about 1456.

For a long time printing was dependent upon most clumsy apparatus. The earliest press had a contrivance for running the forms under the point of pressure by means of a screw. When the pressure had been supplied the screw was loosened, the form withdrawn, and the sheet removed. Improvements upon these crude beginnings have been made from time to time until the hand-presses now in use are models of simplicity, durability and execution. In 1814, steam was first applied to cylinder presses by Frederick Konig, a Saxon genius, and the subsequent progress of steam printing has been so remarkable as almost to justify a belief in its perfection. Indeed, to appreciate the improvements which have been made in presses only, one ought to be privileged to stand by while the pressman operated the clumsy machine of Gutenberg, and then he should step into one of the well appointed printing offices of our larger cities, where he could notice the roll of dampened paper entering the great power presses, a continuous sheet, and issuing from it as newspapers ready for the carrier or express.

It would be interesting to trace more minutely the history of this great art, from its humble origin in Haerlem through all successive stages to the present, and to classify its products whereby "tongues are known, knowledge, growth, judgment increaseth, books are dispersed, the Scripture is read, stories be opened, times be compared and all (as I said) through the benefit of printing.' For near a thousand years, previous to its introduction, mankind had been surrounded by the densest ignorance the world has ever known. Teutonic barbarians had swept over fair Italy, had sacked her capital, had despised her civilization as unworthy even the indulgence of men dependent upon muscle and sword for empire and liberty. Vandalism had been christened, and had mocked the wisdom of philosophers while destroying and defacing the masterpieces of Grecian'and Roman sculpture and architecture. Attila, the "Scourge of God," at the head of vast Tartar hordes trom Asiatic steppes had traversed the Roman empire spreading dismay and disaster till checked in the fierce battle of Chalons. Omar had burned the great Alexandrian library after declaring that, if its volumes agreed with the Koran they were needless, if they conflicted they were pernicious. During this period feudalism had kept the noble at war with his sovereign, had unsettled governments, and made men soldiers with scarcely time for necessary practice at arms ; amusements were popular, only, as they contributed to martial prowess, and poetry in the main was but a minstrel's doggerel concerning the chivalrous deeds of a listening knight, or the wonderful charms of a favorite mistress. Pepin had humbled the Long Beards, and had laid the keys of their cities at the feet of the Holy Father. From the fall of Rome there had been little talent and time to cultivate letters. A few ecclesiastics scattered here and there were the custodians of the learning saved from the wrecks of Grecian literature and Roman knowledge. The masses were ignorant. They believed that the hand which commonly held the sword would be disgraced if trained to wield the pen. Books were for the monk's cell or the anchorite's cave, and the objective points of all study were to escape purgatory, to cast a horoscope, to turn the baser metals into gold. Superstition, priestcratt, and thirst for material renown moulded public acts and private training. Piety was best shown in pilgrimages to the Holy Sepulchre. When the dust-stained devotees became objects of Turkish contempt and persecution all Europe rushed to the rescue.

way for beneficent reformations. The Crusades broke the power of feudalism, dispelled much geographical ignorance by making neighboring nations better acquainted, gave an impetus to commercial enterprises, awakened the sluggish intellect, enlarged the human mind, and rendered it more tolerant, introduced the luxuries and refinements of the Greek Empire, and brought about Magna Chartas and Free Cities. With the expanding and increasing commerce, arts came to the front, trades flourished and practice began to test precept. The middle classes, whose condition ever determines the character of an era or nation, obtained concessions and rights to which they had been strangers for centuries. The mental world began to move. Famous journeys and discoveries were made. Roger Bacon and Berthold Schwartz studied the chemistry of the Arabs, and were among the first devotees at the shrine of physical science. Wycliffe translated the Bible into new outlets for their surplus products of the soil, loom and fishing. Mental darkness can make no continued stand against such enterprise, and enterprise will ever find an exponent to herald its doings from nation to nation, and a medium to make its conquests the property of succeeding generations. Europe was in a commercial and intellectual ferment when Coster set up his printing office in Haerlem, and inaugurated an industry until then unknown. To understand the effect of that industry upon humanity, compare the enlightenment, civilization and progress of the present with the superstition, semi-barbarism and stagnation of the middle ages. Many a toiling careworn man repeats the words of the wise man, "Of making books there is no end." And many a weary author echoes, "And much study is a weariness to the flesh." Printing is rolling back ignorance, vice and degradation, is unfolding the mysteries of nature, and is explaining the mandates of Him who made man in His own image, and expects the homage of the creature due the Creator. :

The Romans in the time of the emperors had periodical notices of passing events, compiled and distributed. These acta diwrna (daily events), were the newspapers of that age. In 1536, the first newspaper of modern times was issued at Venice, but governmental bigotry compelled its circulation in manuscript form. In 1663, the Public Intelligencer was published at London, and is credited with being the first English paper to attempt the dissemination of general information. The first American newspaper was the Boston News Letter, whose first issue was made April 24th, 1704. It was a half sheet, twelve inches by eight, with two columns to the page. John Campbell, the post-master, was the publisher. The Boston Gazette made its first appearance December 21st, 1719, and the American Weekly, at Philadelphia, December 22d, 1719. In 1776, the number of newspapers published in the colonies was thirty-seven; in 1828, this number had increased to eight hundred and fifty-two, and at the present time not less than five thousand newspapers are supported by our people.

Journalism, by which is meant the compiling of passing public events, for the purpose of making them more generally known, and instructiye, has become a powerful educator. Experience has been its only school for special training, its only text for study, its only test for theory. It is scarcely a profession, but is advancing rapidly towards that dignity. A distinct department of literature has been assigned to it. Great editors are writing autobiographies, and formulating their methods and opinions; historians are rescuing from oblivion the every-day life of deceased journalists; reprints of brilliant productions, such as the letters of Junius, are furnishing models ; interviews with famous journalists touching the different phases of their profession are deemed worthy of publication in book form. Leading universities have contemplated the inauguration of courses of study, specially designed to fit men and women for the duties of the newspaper sanctum. These innovations are not untimely, since no other class of men is so powerful for good or ill as editors. More than any other class they form public opinion, while expressing it, for most men but echo the sentiments of favorite journalists. Even statesmen, ministers and learned professors not unfrequently get their best thoughts from the papers they read.

For dates and facts relating to the early history of the press of Macoupin county, we are indebted to H. M. Kimball, who perhaps, more than any other present resident of the county, deserves credit for the labors undergone in establishing the press in the county, and for careful and correct records, and files which have supplied us with a great amount of information necessary in this article. We also desire to extend to P. Y. Hedley of Bunker Hill, W. F. Thompson of Virden, A. M. Parker of Brighton, E. A. Snively of Springfield and others, our thanks for kindness shown and information given, which has enabled us to trace the history of the press of Macoupin county, from its first appearance in March, 1852, down to the present time, and present it in form which we hope will be acceptable to our readers.

Previous to the establishing of a newspaper in Macoupin county, the people were dependent upon the St. Louis and Alton papers for their information fromthe outside world. It is to be remembered what is now one of the most productive agricultural sections in the State, was looked upon with disfavor by those' seeking homes in the western States. Emigrants disliked prairie lands, and criticised its sloughs, hence, though now so popular and populous, the county was slowly settled.

Macoupin county received a great benefit from the location within its borders of the Chicago and Alton railroad. It brought its lands into demand by assuring superior facilities for the transportation of grain and produce. Emigration immediately set in, and the "State of Macoupin" rose rapidly in prominence and importance. Really a new order of business was established. Enterprise waved its magic wand, and the residents became imbued with a desire to excel. The people were ready for a newspaper. An organ was needed to speak for the county, for its agricultural resources, for its flattering promises of future greatness, for its rights and privileges, as an organized member of a great state. Politically, the people differed then as to matters of public policy, as they do now. A considerable number were disposed to favor General Scott's claims to the presidency, as opposed by those of Franklin Pierce. The majority of the voters were democratic, but the Whig element needed looking after.

Jefferson L. Dugger, an enterprising and public-spirited citizen, inaugurated measures for establishing a newspaper in Carlinville. He purchased the material and necessary presses, and on the 4th of March, 1852, the first number of the first paper ever printed in Macoupin county made its appearance. It bore the name of

It is somewhat difficult at this distant day to imagine the furore and enthusiasm with which the Statesman's first appearance was greeted. It was the first permanent and actual step beyond frontier life. Henceforth the county was to have name and fame among its contemporaries. The paper was strongly Whig in its politics, and left no doubt of the views of its editor upon current topics. It advocated the claims of Scott and Graham for the presidency, Edwin B. Webb for Governor, and the brilliant orator and then rising statesman, Richard Yates, for Congress. Mr. Dugger continued the publication of the Statesman with varying success until January Ist, 1855, when it was purchased by Mr. George H. Holliday. He changed the name to the

Mr. Holliday changed the political tone of the paper, and made it the organ of the Democracy of the county. We may here add that the paper, through the various changes that have occurred since that time has always remained as the organ of the Democratic party of the county. He continued the publication until January Ist, 1857, when he sold out the office to Charles E. Foote, who was a native of Connecticut and a practical printer.

In taking leave of Mr. Holliday it is but justice to say of him that as a writer he was far above the average of editors of country journals. He was aman of fine intellect, to which was added the advantages of a superior education. Had he turned his attention to magazine writing he would have won a name in the literary world.

Mr. Foote continued in possession of the Spectator until December 21st, 1858, when he sold out to John F. Meginness. The publication of the Spectator was suspended a few weeks pending the negotiations between Foote and Meginness. The first issue under the latter's administration appeared January 12, 1859.

Mr. Foote was a reasonably good political writer. After his retirement from the newspaper business, he was elected County Superintendent of Schools, and in that capacity gave ample evidence of his fitness for that responsible position.

Mr. Meginness was a native of Pennsylvania, and like his predecessor was also @ practical printer. He was a live, energetic newspaper man, full of push and enterprise, and he soon gave the Spectator a permanent place among the Democratic journals of the southern part of the state. He is remembered as a strong, vigorous writer, and for the victories that crowned his intellectual encounters with political opponents. Contemporaries, and those who ought to know, accord to him the first place among the editorial and political writers of the county.

In October, 1861, Mr. Meginness disposed of his interest in the -Spectator to Messrs. Skinkel and Gray, who were employees in the office at 'the time. This arrangement continued until January, 1862, when Horace Gwin assumed control. In October of the same year, Messrs. J. R. Flynn and P. B. Vanderen became the proprietors. Vanderen soon after became the responsible proprietor and editor. He continued the publication until 1868, when he sold to the Meritts of Springfield and J. A. I. Birdsell.. The latter named gentleman was a practical printer, and took charge of the office. The Meritts continued their connection with the office until after the close of the political campaign in November of the same year, when Birdsell became sole proprietor as well as editor. In June, 1868, he changed the name to

And continued the publication until June 29th, 1870, when he sold out to H. R. Whipple, formerly of the Burlington (Iowa) Gazette. He continued the publication of the Times until September 20th, 1871. Mr. Whi pple was an indifferent political writer, and as a local paper the Times was not a complete success.

About this time the leading men in the Democratic party in the county determined to have a better paper, and in order that it might be under the better control of the party it was concluded to form a joint stock company. The work of canvassing for the stock and other preliminary arrangements was left to Restores C. Smalley, a prominent lawyer and Democrat of Carlinville. After consultation it was determined to raise $3000 in shares of $25.00 each, (the stock being subsequently increased to $50.000.) And so earnestly and energetically did Mr. Smalley attend to his work that in a short time the stock was subscribed, and in the month of September, 1871, was organized with Milton McClure, L. W. Link, James P. Pennington, James Rafferty, David Gore, and W. E. Eastham as trustees. These gentlemen subsequently elected the following officers: President, Milton McClure; Secretary, Restores Smalley ; Treasurer, C. H. C. Anderson.

The first object accomplished by the organization was to purchase the Times printing office, and increase its capacity for all kinds of work by stocking it with improved material and presses. Members of the stock company looked after the publication of the paper until such time as they could find a suitable man to take charge of it as manager and editor. On the 8th of October, 1871, they arranged with E. A Snively, then city editor of the Peoria Daily Democrat, to take charge of the office in the above named capacity. Mr. Snively, as soon thereafter as possible, removed to Carlinville and took charge of the paper. It was determined so far as it was possible to make a radical change in Democratic journalism, therefore the Times was discontinued, and in its place on the 2d of November, 1871, there appeared the first number of the

Macoupin Enquirer

A bright eight page paper, containing forty-eight columns. The paper was thus conducted by the company until May, 1875, when the material was leased to Mr. Snively for a period of five years. He continued the publication, enlarging it at the commencement of the sixth year, until the 1st of March, 1877, when he surrendered his lease to the company, who then leased it to Mr. Samuel Reed, of the Times, of Lincoln, Illinois, and who has remained manager and editor up to the present, and under whose management it has maintained the high standard of excellence given it by his predecessor. The Enquirer was issued as a semi-weekly paper January 11th 1879. The next newspaper published in the county was the

Free Democrat

It was founded September 6, 1856, by William C. Phillips, a practical. printer. Mr. Phillips in his salutatory to the public announces that he is a Republican, and would support John C. Fremont for the Presidency. In the same paragraph he also announces that he will "hoist the ' Peoples' Ticket nominated by the Bloomington Convention, at the head of which stands the name of the favorite son of Ilinois, the brave soldier, the true patriot, the enlightened statesman, William H. Bissell, and will do all in our power ¢o insure its success." In another column he gives notice of a Fremont and Dayton Mass meeting to be held at Springfield, " which will be addressed by Hon. Lyman Trumbull, Col. Bissell, Governor Koener, and Messrs. Hoffman, Lincoln, and Lane of Indiana." The first issue started off on its journey of usefulness with a good share of advertising patronage, and it gave ample evidence of its intention and determination to win a name and fame in the field of journalistic enterprise. Mr. Phillips continued sole proprietor until December 4, 1856, when Henry M. Kimball purchased a half interest in the office. The firm-name was Phillips & Kimball. The partnership continued until February 10th, 1859, when Mr. Kimball purchased Mr. Phillips' interest, and became sole proprietor and so remained until 1867, a period of eight years. Mr. Phillips was a good newspaper man, and well adapted for the business of establishing a paper in the pioneer era of newspapers in the county. He was active, and had the necessary force of character to make his journal a necessity to his constituency. When Mr. Kimball assumed sole proprietorship on the date above mentioned, John M. Palmer took charge of the editorial department as political editor, and remained so engaged until October 6th, 1859, when he received the nomination for Congress. From October 6th, 1859, to March 1st, 1867, Mr. Kimball was editor and proprietor of the Free Democrat, At the latter date a partnership was entered into with Mr. A. W. Edwards, of the Union and Gazette of Bunker Hill. The partnership of Kimball & Edwards however continued only until the ninth of the same month, when a joint stock company was formed and named

The Macoupin Printing Company

This company was organized and legalized by a special act of the legislature March 5th, 1867. The organizers and incorporators were H. M. Kimball, A. W. Edwards, George H. Hamilton. The capital stock was limited to $25,000. At the time the company was formed and the first issue made under the new arrangement, the ward "Free" for the sake of brevity and typographical neatness was dropped out, and 'since then it is known as the

Democrat

The first officers of the company were George H. Hamilton, President; H. M. Kimball, Treasurer; and A. W. Edwards, Secretary. At this time was also commenced its semi-weekly, in connection with the weekly issue, which has continued to the present time. Both Messrs. Edwards and Kimball assumed the management and editorial control, and under their vigorous administration the Democrat prospered and grew in importance, and soon Their views and theories upon the political problems of the day were adopted and widely copied by journals of less note throughout southern and central Illinois. Mr. Edwards continued his connection with the Democrat until June, 1872, when he was appointed Warden of the Penitentiary at Joliet, by Goyernor Palmer. After the expiration of his term of office he removed to Chicago and became prominently connected with Life Insurance. At present he is in the newspaper business in Fargo, Dacotah territory.

Mr, Edwards is a fine descriptive writer and an excellent paragraphist. There was also a rippling of mirth that abounded in all his articles that gaye zest to them,and enabled his readers to get an insight into the character of the man, and learn from them what a genial, whole-souled, freehearted gentleman he was. Since his retirement the management and editorial burden have fallen upon Mr. Kimball. As a newspaper manager and writer of political articles Mr. Kimball undoubtedly stands at the head of the profession in Macoupin county.

He is a warm-hearted gentleman with a host of friends and admirers who cheerfully give him the first rank among the county's journalists, notwithstanding his waiving the honor, to have it bestowed upon Mr. Meginness.

The Staunton Banner

The first number appeared March 8th, 1858, and was owned and edited by a practical printer by the name of Parsons Percy. He brought the office from Monroe county. The Banner was democratic in politics. He continued the publication through many trials and tribulations, until the winter of '60-'61, when it was purchased and removed to Gillespie.

Mr. Percy was a man of more than ordinary ability, and had his lot been cast in a more favorable place, he might have won for himself both name and riches. He was given somewhat to writing poetry, and perhaps is remembered by the old settlers more on account of his poetic effusions than from anything else. The press and type as before stated were purchased by A W. Edwards, and in November of 1860 the first number of the Gillespie made its appearance. The paper continued under Mr. Edwards' control until 1863, when he enlisted in the union army, where he remained until the close of the war. The publication was, however, continued for some time afterwards by Alonzo James; but he too enlisted, and the publication was then suspended. The Union and Gazette was extremely democratic in tone.

Bunker Hill Journal

was the name of the first paper published in Bunker Hill. E. J. Bronson was editor and proprietor. It was a five-column folio, and was neutral in politics. The first number was issued December 8th, 1859, and the last in May, 1860.

Union And Gazette

The first number was issued January 19th, 1866. He continued the publication until January 31st, 1867, when he sold out to Dr. A. R. Sawyer and F. Y. Hedley. The paper was then republican in politics. When Messrs. Sawyer & Hedley assumed control, they changed the tone and made it independent, and it so remained until Dr. Sawyer's death, which event occurred in May, 1868. After that date it again became republican in politics, and has remained the organ of the republican party of Bunker Hill to the present time. In 1871 the name of the paper was changed. The word "union". was dropped out, and from that date to the present it is known as the

Bunker Hill Gazette

Mr. Hedley continued editor and proprietor until January Ist, 1878, when Mr. W. 5S. Silence became the publisher, Mr. Hedley still acting as editor. This arrangement continued until January 24th, 1879, when both Hedley and Silence retired, and the office was leased to Messrs. Said & Poorman, of Charleston, Illinois, who published the paper until July, 1879.

The circulation of the Gazette is about 750. It is a neat, sprightly paper, and enjoys the confidence of its constituency. Mr. Hedley, who may be regarded as the father of journalism of Bunker Hill, has retired from the active participation of the business, but not without first demonstrating his entire capability to run a newspaper successfully. He is a practical printer, and the Gazette, under his management, was a model of typographical neatness. He is a good writer. He is now postmaster of his beautiful little city, and as a man and officer is respected by all who know him. Mr. Hedley resumed editorial charge of the Gazette about the 10th of July, 1879.

The Girard Enterprise

was started November Ist, 1857, by Dr. Critchfield, of Lincoln, Ilinois, who was a practical printer. The object in starting the Enterprise was to have a medium through which the town of Girard might be advertised, and its advantages be made known. It was therefore neutral in politics. The business men gave it encouragement; but from some cause, the doctor became satisfied that there was no "royal road" to wealth in the newspaper business in Girard, and after one year's trial, he sold out to W. A. Solomon, who changed the name to the

Girard Guide Girard News

GIRARD GUIDE. He, after one year's trial, with a similar experience of Critchfield's, sold the Guide to Mr. McChesney. He changed the name to the GIRARD NEWS.

About the same time, a man by the name of Canfield became associated with him in the business. They continued the publication for nearly one year, when it suspended entirely. In 1865 Mr. McChesney and William E. Milton commenced the publication of the

Girard Enterprise

The first issue was in April of the year above-named. The firm of Me- Chesney & Milton continued until the 1st of October, 1865, when McChes- ney retired, and Milton continued the paper six months longer, when the citizens purchased the press and material, and gave the office in charge to H. H. Keebler, with William Shook as local editor. This arrangement continued for eight months, when Thomas Organ became manager for the citizen-owners. Prior to Organ's management, the Enterprise was neutral in politics ; but he gave it a decided republican tone, at which there was the customary harsh objection on the part of those differing with him in politics, which finally resulted in the office being sold. It was removed to Pontiac, Livingstone county, Illinois. In 1872 William E. Milton brought a press and type from Greenfield, Illinois, and commenced the publication of the and sent it by mail to Nilwood. Mr. Milton continued the Review until August, 1874, when he leased the office to Charles E. Fish, who changed the name to the

Democratic Chief

Four months later the publication was suspended. About three months later William Crenshaw and J. H. Powers got control of the office, and the publication was revived. Powers afterward changed the name back to the The paper, under the management of Crenshaw & Powers, was inclined to favor the greenback cause and fiat theories. They held control for some time, and then the office seemed to become common property. There were numerous lessees, conspicuous among whom were Frank Everts, Henry 1. Everts and 8. M. Connor, who continued until November, 1878, when the press and type were sold at public auction, and the purchaser thereof removed it out of town.

The Girard Gazette

The first issue of the Gazette was on January 18th, 1879, Messrs. Tipton & Stuve, proprictors ; William Stuve, editor. It is a six column folio. Cirewation 300 copics. Neutral in polities. The (Gazette suspended publication April 24th, 1879; cause, lack of patronage. Since writing the above, the parties haye, after a few weeks' suspension, again resuscitated the Gazette, aud at present it promises to remain in active life, and the organ of Girard and yicinity.

The Yirden Record

Was established in August, 1866, by Reynolds & Milton, both of whom were skilled adepts in the art preservative. It was neutral in politics. The object in starting the Record was to give the people of Virden an opportunity to hold converse with the outside world, and inform them of the advantages and beauties that lie hidden within the domain of that beautiful city, and at the same time put shekels in the pockets of the proprietors, for be it understood that it was an individual enterprise. The latter object was a failure, as we should judge from the fact that the publication was frequently suspended for lack of funds to purchase paper. About six months after the first issue, they sold out to a man by the name of Johnson. On the 17th of October, 1867, Johnson sold a half interest to W.T. Thompson. The firm continued until Noyember 21st, 1867, when E. L. Rich purchased Johnson's interest, and the firm became Thompson & Rich. They continued until March 7th, 1870, when Thompson purchased Rich's share, and became sole proprietor, and has so continued up to the present time.

The Record, under the management of Mr. Thompson, has been a success, both as a financial venture and a newspaper. It is a five column quarto, and has a circulation of 650 copies. It is neutral in politics.

Virden News

In April, 1872, R. H. Ballinger and John Frank commenced the publication of a Republican paper, bearing the above title. One year later the office was sold, and removed to Waverly. A. M. Barker, a practical printer, and then, as now, foreman in the Democrat office of Carlinville, made arrangements to continue the publication of the News. The paper was printed in the Democrat office, and forwarded to Virden by mail, until such time as the press and printing material could be obtained in St. Louis, and shipped to Virden. The first issue of the News under Barker's management, was April 11th, 1872. He continued the publication until August 24th,

Conservative

The above-named paper was issued by George H. Holliday, editor and proprietor, and the Macoupin Printing-~Company, publishers. The first number appeared March 24th, 1868, and the last June 2d, of the same year. It was Democratic in politics. What the object was in starting the Conservative, and the reasons for its early demise, were never exactly known or understood. But we have, no doubt that its mission was a good one, and when accomplished, its eccentric proprietor had no desire that it should outlive its usefulness.

Shipman Progress

Was brought into life through the united aid and liberality of the citizens of Shipman, and W. E. Milton was editor and manager. The first number of vol. 1 made its appearance December 12th, 1868. It was soon demonstrated that there was not sufficient business in Shipman to support a newspaper, notwithstanding the liberality of the citizens and their efforts to maintain it upon a paying basis, therefore the Progress suspended September 2d, 1869. There was no further effort made to establish a paper in Shipman until 1874, when on the 10th of September of that year, the

True Flag

Was flung to the journalistic breeze. Messrs. Parker & Waldron were the editors and proprietors. 'The partnership continued for six months, when Waldron withdrew, and Parker continued the publication into October 21st, 1875, when he removed the office to Brighton, and consolidated it with the Advance. After the removal of the office from Shipman, the True Flag was printed in Brighton, and sent out by mail. This arrangement, however, continued for a short time only, when it was discontinued. The True Flay was independent in polities.

Brighton Advance

The first number of the Advance was printed April 7th, 1871, by A. G. Meacham, who was editor and proprietor. He continued the publication until October 21st, 1875, when Mr. A. M. Parker removed the True Flag office from Shipman, and both papers were consolidated. The firm of Meacham & Parker was then formed, and continued until about two weeks before the death of Meacham, which occurred six months after the consolidation, when he (Meacham) leased his interest in the office to R. D. Suddeth. The firm of Parker & Suddeth continued up to August 23d, 1877, when the interests of Meacham were leased to L. H. Chapin. Parker purchased Meacham's share in the office June 20th, 1878, and since that time has continued the publication of the Advance up to the present. Mr. Parker is a practical printer. He has demonstrated his ability to give the people of Brighton and vicinity a paper of which they may well be proud, and to whose support they can graciously contribute. Since the death of Meacham it has been Republican in politics. Prior to that time it was neutral. Its circulation numbers about 350.

The Volksblatt

was the name of a German newspaper printed at the office of the Carlinville Democrat. The first number was issued May 21st, 1870. It was intended by the projectors of the Volksb/att to continue the publication provided it should prove remunerative. The experiment proved otherwise, therefore, after doing duty as a campaign organ, it was discontinued. The material was sold and removed to Decatur, Illinois. Theodore Fisher was editor, and the officers of the Macoupin Printing Company managers.

Blackburn Gazette

was a monthly quarto sheet edited and published at the Blackburn University. The first issue was October 18th, 1871. Its publication continued about two years.

Medora Enterprise

was published by Messrs. Parker and Suddeth of the Brighton Advance. The first issue was August Ist, 1876, and the last January Ist, 1878. At the latter date the subscription lists were sold to the Carlinville Democrat, and the publication discontinued. J. H. Williams was the resident local editor.

Medora Ensign

MEDORA ENSIGN. No. 1, vol. 1, appeared September 12th, A. D., 1878, Herbert Lawson Durr editor. It was printed at the office of the Brighton Advance. It lived but a short time, and only published No. 1 of vol. 1.

Btaunton Weekly Times

There was no effort made to re-establish a newspaper in the town of Staunton after the demise of the Banner in 1860-61, until August 19th 1878, when Messrs. Showman and Lamb commenced the publication of the Times. They continued the issue until October 19th of the same year, when they sold out to W. F. Bentley, who at the present is both editor and proprietor. He is a practical printer, and learned the business at the office of the Gazette, at Bunker Hill. The Zimes is an eight page paper, quarto in form, twelve by eighteen inches in size. Circulation, three hundred.

The Herald is the latest aspirant for journalistic honors in Macoupin county The press and type, to which large additions have been made, were formerly in the office of the Jowrnal, at Farmer City, Illinois. It was removed to Carlinville in the winter of 1878-9. The first number was issued March Ist, 1879. Mr. L. C. Glessner, former proprietor of the Jouwrnal above named, is the publisher, and associated with him in the editorial management, is E. A. Snively, formerly manager and editor of the Macoupin Enquirer, but now Clerk of the Supreme Court, Central Grand Division. The Herald is Democratic in politics, and gives no uncertain utterances upon the issues of the day. It is growing in influence, and is already recognized as one of the prominent journals in the seventeenth district. Both gentlemen are experienced newspaper men, at either the case or in the sanctum. Their efforts to please their friends and the advocates of the enterprise have reacted in the form of a liberal advertising patronage and the building up of an extensive subscription list. As managers of a newspaper they have the necessary requisites for success, viz.; experience, ability, and a thorough knowledge of the wants of the people of Macoupin County. We predict for the Heralda brilliant and successful career.

Conclusion

The history of the press of Macoupin county has been briefly traced. There have been some trials and obstacles, and it has witnessed a few failures, but it is fairly representative of the business history of the county. The influence and character of the press have grown with the material wealth and intellectual growth of those they have represented. No industry or business can show a better record or less failures or number more énthusiastic and patient workers. The number of fiewspaper enterprises organized and supported in the county shows' well for the liberality of its citizens, and it further shows the appreciation of the power of printer's ink and editor's pen when used for the advancement of the intellectual growth of the people, and the material wealth of the country. With this educating force and its popular Blackburn University in its midst, the rapid intellectual strides of the people of Macoupin county cease to be a wonder. We say it, and say it truthfully and boldly, that to the press, more than to any other industry, belongs the honor of building up and making known to the outside world the wealth of soil, the advantages of agriculture, the excellent schools, the business growth, the moral tone of the people, and, in short, all that has made Macoupin county famous among the counties in the state of Illinois.

ORIGIN OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM - FIRST SCHOOL TAUGHT IN THE COUNTY - FIRST SCHOOL-HOUSE - TEACHERS' INSTITUTE - COUNTY NORMAL SUPERINTENDENTS - TOWNSHIP TREASURERS,

HE present system of " free schools" may properly be said to have been inaugurated and entered upon in 1855. That date proved to be the turning point in the history of Illinois. It is a truth that every person is a factor in the state or society in which he or she of state would soon pass. The influences growing out of the system of public education inaugurated at that time are worthy of the attention and critical study of the historian and philosopher. They have affected, not the average intelligence alone, but the character of every calling, and have developed advantages previously unrealized.

The work of 1855 was not the beginning. The germ of the free school system had been planted long anterior to this date, and by proper cultivation it had grown up to be a prolific system. The idea of making knowledge common reaches far back beyond the existence of Illinois as a separate territory. Article third of the celebrated ordinance of 1787 declared that "knowledge is necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind," and enjoined that "schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged."

Paper manifestoes are not often dreaded; the edicts of potentates seldom survive the age in which they are decreed, and proclamations rarely have existence longer than that of the paper on which they may be written. They lose their efficiency or become inoperative with the vicissitudes of time. This ordinance seems to be an exception. It became the nucleus of the grand system of education, the benign influence of which is felt and recognized in every home and sphere of business in our state; and in 1887 those of the "mankind" of Illinois, who will not be reaping benefits from the influences of its declarations and injunctions, will be the exception, will be a blank in society, and but little above the menial serf.

Some of the encouragement meant in this document came in a material form in 1818. The convention which framed the constitution under which the state was admitted, accepted in August of that year a proposition made by Congress, in the " Enabling Act" for this state, and made April 18th, appropriating section 16 in each township to the state for the use of the inhabitants of said township, for school purposes; also three-sixths of five per cent. of 'the proceeds of public lands within the state sold by Congress after January 1st, 1819, should be appropriated by the legislature for the encouragement of learning. One-sixth of this amount was to be applied to a college or university, and thirty-six sections, or one entire township, with one previously reserved for that purpose, should be reserved for the use of a seminary of learning. These funds may be thus classified: the state school fund from the sales of public lands, less one-sixth, which is the university fund; the seminary fund, derived from the sale of the seminary lands; the township fund, resulting from the sale of the sixteenth section. The state school fund in 1876 amounted to $613,362 96. The seminary fund in the same year was $59,838.72. The college fund in 1876 was $156,613.52. The proceeds of the three per cent. fund were blended in 1835, and were increased by the addition of the surplus county fund in the hands of county commissioners. In 1836 was added to this, by act of Congress, the surplus revenue fund then in the treasury, and the whole distributed among the states and loaned at six per cent. per annum interest. This fund to this state alone amounted to $385,592.32. The interest from these funds was to be distributed annually to the counties for school purposes. These funds under the control of the state, exclusive of the county fund, amount to $1,165,407.52.

The most valuable donation from Congress for school purposes was the sixteenth section of every township. If this section was sold, or in fractional townships not having this section, lands equivalent to the amount were given for school purposes. This donation amounts to 998,449 acres. Properly managed, the revenues derived from these lands would have released forever the people from |:cal taxation for school-purposes. These lands were nearly all sold when there was but little demand for land. The proceeds of the sale of these lands were placed under the control of a board of trustees elected for each township, and were to be loaned, and the interest derived from them was to be used for the support of schools. In 1876 this "township fund" in the state amounted to $5,081,629.91. In 1828 the legislature unanimously authorized the sale of these lands, and borrowed the money to defray the current expenses. But the returns from these magnificent gifts were too meagre to support the schools, and taxes had to be added. In 1835 a county fund was created by an act of the legislature, which provided that the teachers should not receive from the public fund more than half the amount due them, and that the surplus should constitute the principal of the "county fund," which amounted to $348,285.75.

In 1876 the common-school fund was $1,513,693.27, yielding an annual interest of $90,821.60. The same year the township fund of the state was $5,081,629.91, yielding an income on the amount loaned of $49,248.54. In 1835, the interest on school moneys borrowed by the state was first distributed to the counties. This distribution was based upon the number under twentyone years of age, and one-half of these funds was to be paid to teachers, and the remainder, if any, was to constitute a county fund forever as given above. The aggregate of these funds in 1876 was over six and one-half millions of dollars.

In 1824 the balance of the overflowed and swamp lands, after paying for drainage and levees, was granted to counties for educational purposes. In 1853 all fines and penaltics imposed in courts of records, and criminal forfeitures on bails were added to school resources, and school property was exempt from taxation.

The First Free Sciiool System

In 1824-5 Governor Coles, in his message to the Legislature, advised that provision be made for the support of common schools. During the same session, Senator, Joseph Dunean, of Jackson county, intreduced a bill to establish a system of schools. The main pointsin this school system were : -

5. The legal voters at an annual meeting could levy a tax, in money or merchantable produce at cash value, not exceeding one half of one per cent., subject to a maximum limitation of ten dollars for one person.

6. The State appropriated annually two dollars out of every one hundred reeciyed into the treasury, Five-sixths of this was added to the interest received from the school fund, and the sum was apportioned to the counties according to the number of white children under twenty-one years of age. The counties distributed this among the districts; but no district was to receive any part of this fund unless it had sustained a school of three months for the year in which the distribution was made. This distribution was based on the report of the clerk of each county commissioner's court, which was made to the Secretary of State, and contained an abstract of the reports made by the trustees of schools, giving the school population, school attendance, and expense attending this. This system of schools, designed as a means of affording an education for all the children within the state, wa: truly in advance of the times. It met with violent opposition from its numerous enemies. Opposition to taxation was great, and the legality of the appropriation from the state treasury was denied. So violent was this opposition that it became inoperative, and was virtually annulled by an act approved February 17th, 1827, which repealed the fifteen family clause, made. taxation for the full or half support of district schools optional with the voters of the district, and forbade the taxation of any one for the support of any free school without his or her written consent had first been obtained. This act alone stigmatizes the legislature of 1827, but other facts prove it to have been one of the worst that ever afflicted the state, and it presents a strong contrast to its predecessor. But neither legislation nor personal opposition could impede the growth nor destroy the germ of the free school system. It was deeply rooted in the fertile soil of the public mind and was fostered by the true friends of education. Subsequent legislation had but little effect on the schools for a decade, when an act providing for the incorporation of the townships became a law. It provided for a board of trustees, who should have the superintendence of "the business and affairs of the township in relation to education and schools generally." In this law appears the first requirement for a certificate of qualification from the township trustees, before any teacher could be paid out of the school funds,

For a time it seemed that all the virtue of this system had departed, and so great was the educational darkness that prevailed, that it might very properly be said that Egypt included almost the whole state. But some energy and educational enterprise remained among those old citizens, and their first object after securing for themselves a home, was to provide educational facilities for their children. In 1844 a "Common School convention" was held in Peoria. This assembly appointed John 8. Wright, H. M. Weed, and Thomas Kilpatrick, a committee to draft a memorial to the legislature on the subject of "common schools." The paper drawn up by them was an able and exhaustive one, and plead for a State Superintendent with a salary of nine hundred dollars, and recommended local taxation for school purposes. This movement among the teachers served to bring the matter before the legislature. In February, 1845, an act was approved, making the secretary of state ex-officio state superintendent of common schools, and the county school commissioners ex-officio county superintendents, whose duty it should be to examine and license teachers. It also provided for local taxation on a favorable majority vote. The real principle involved remained obscured by their catering to paying out money for another's immediate advantage. All the district tax for scKools in 1846-47 did not reach one mull on the one hundred dollars. The auditor, by this bill, distributed the interest on the school funds in proportion to the number of children under twenty years of age in the county. This was then distributed to the districts by the county superintendent. This same act made the qualifications of teachers embrace a knowledge of reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, and history. But it required little more than an elementary knowledge of these branches. Because of the excessive apathy among the people on educational matters, very little was done. Though living on the borders of civilization, they failed to recognize the fact that education is the distinguishing characteristic between civilized and savage society. The relations between an intelligent pluughman and aschool-room were unrecognized, and scholars were not wanted in a frontier life. In 1847 the standard of qualifications of teachers had to be lowered because there was an insufficient number of teachers to supply the schools. <A certificate could be obtained for a knowledge of any one of the above named branches. Schools were by no means numerous even with this regulation.

In 1849 the standard of qualification was again raised to the former grade. The directors could grant special privileges as to any branch. This was something like the " provisional certificate" of 1872-3, which authorized the directors to employ some favorite or relative who would " give good satisfaction" and absorb the public funds. Little did the average school officer then know of the necessary and judicious discrimination as to the local needs in the choice of a competent teacher. When we see employed first in our public schools, the poorest teachers who are licensed by the county superintendent, we are made to feel that the same weakness prevails amoug them to-day,

In this year, local taxes for school purposes were changed from 15 cents to 25 cents on one hundred dollars, except in incorporated towns and cities, where fifty cents was the maximum. The rate of taxes was raised in 1857, to one dollar on a hundred, by a majority vote. The taxable property of the State was at that time one hundred millions, which should have furnished a fund of one million of dollars for school purposes ; but the amount actually raisyl did not exceed $51,900. This shows to what extent inactivity prevailed among the masses, and that the law was a dead letter. The supervision of schools was given to the district officers, who were often ignorant, narrow-minded, and unfit for supervising school methods and school work. It soon became apparent that something more than this was needed as the schools increased and the interest in them was growing. The spirit of progress had been aroused. The press took hold of the matter, and strong leaders urged the necessity of better schools. From the east and south came a better class of citizens, to make this country their home. They brought with them advanced ideas of education, and urged its importance to the people here. Convocations met and discussed the question. These influences stirred the people up in their own interests. In 1854, the legislature created the separate office of State superintendent of public instruction with a salary of $1,500 per annum. The first State superintendent was to be appointed by the Governor, and should hold his office till his successor could be elected and qualified.

Hon. Ninian W. Edwards, appointed by the Governor the first State superintendent under this act, had the honor of framing the bill for a Free School system. It met with ready acceptance from the legislature, and took the form of law February 15th, 1855. It forbade the employment of a teacher for a public school without a legal certificate of qualification. It prescribed a State tax of two mills on the dollar, to be added annually to the six per cent. revenue from the school funds, and required that schools should he kept in operation at least six months in each year.

The system thus inaugurated - the first which really made schools free by providing for a sufficient State and local tax for their support - continues substantially the State system to this day, with alteration in some details. While the new law promised more vigorous action among the people, the searcity of competent teachers was a serious trouble. Whence were they to come? What methods could be adopted to secure them? To meet this want of efficient teachers and supply the increasing demand, the Northern Normal was established in 1857.- From this time the change in the grade of teachers became apparent. This demand for competent teachers increased heyond the supply so great that the Southern Normal was established in 1869, for the especial "training of teachers for the public schools of this State." County Normal schools were in the same year authorized " for the purpose of fitting teachers for the common schools."

Many important changes in the school law were made by the thirty-first General Assembly. The law as amended went into effect July Ist, 1879. It requires all school officers haying the care to strictly account for the same. The county superintendent must annually examine the books and accounts of each township treasurer. The school month is made to correspond with the calendar month. 'To make legal contracts, teachers must have certificates at the time of employment.

Treasurers are elected for two years. Graded schools in cities, are placed under the control of Boards of Education, instead of city councils. Efficient means for refunding indebtedness are provided.

The corner-stone of our educational structure has been well laid, and firmly established in the appreciation of an intelligent people; it advances gradually towards that perfection for which future generations must furnish the materials. Older states and European nations view with admiration and study with delight our educational system, and now many of its branches are engrafted into theirs.

Such is a rapid survey of the growth of the common schools in Illinois. They have not come in a night, nor ina year. They are the fruitage of a generation's constant and laborious effort, and to those early movers Macoupin county owes and attributes much of character and prosperity.

The progress of education in Macoupin county deserves special mention in this work. One of the first things to claim the attention of the early settlers of this county, was the education of their children, who were to be the men and women of to-day - those who were to fill important positions in society. As we have indicated in a preceding part of this chapter, one great impediment to early education in this county was the lack of suitable teachers. Less was required, and less expected of the teachers then than of those of to-day, The qualifications of the early teachers of Macoupin county were such as they brought with them from the states of their nativity. The school-houses and their furniture then were of the most primitive charac. ter. The houses were constructed of unhewn logs, and covered with boards which were held in their proper places by weight poles. Nature or mother earth supplied them with a floor. Oiled paper placed over an aperture in the wall, was made to supply the place of glass windows. The furniture was of the rudest character. The seats were usually made of split logs, with wooden pins driven into them for legs. To render them comfortable, and secure economy in clothing, these seats were sometimes hewn.

The writing desks were simply low shelves against the walls. The branches taught in these schools were orthography, reading, writing, and in some of the better ones, arithmetic. The first school taught in Macoupin county was 'conducted by William Wilcox, at Staunton, in 1824. He boarded around, and received $30.00 for ten weeks' work. Mr. Wilcox also taught there in 1825, and was succeeded in 1827 by Roger Snell, who came to the county in 1821. I. P. Hoxey taught at the same place in 1828; Philip R. Denham in 1829; and Archibald Hoxey in 1830. Inthe summer of 1829, and again in 1830, James Howard, related to Judge Lewis Solomon, of North Palmyra, taught a school in the northern part of the county, near Apple creek. Mr. Howard was a native of New York. His attainments were good for that day, and he was considered the best seribe in the county at that time. He continued to teach until his death in 1864.

In 1829, a gentleman named Scruggs, taught a school in Scottville town- . ship, in a rude log-house, on the south side of Nigger-Lick creek, near the western border of the county. In 1831, Mr. Richardson taught a school in Bunker Hill, in asmall house near Mr. Branscomb's hat-factory. The first school in the western part of the county, south of Otter creek, was taught near Chesterfield, by a gentleman named Anderson, in the year 1832, in a small log-house, with an earth floor. He was familiarly known to his patrons and pupils as the "Plug teacher." The school was only elementary in its character. A rude log-house was erected in Chesterfield in 1834, and a Mr. Dooner was the first teacher. His school was a great improvement over that of the " Plug teacher."

The first lady teacher in the county of whom we have any record, was Miss Charlotte Sherman, who taught a school in Brighton township, in the summer of 1832. During the summer of the next year, Mrs. L. P. Stratton taught a school near the same place. Some of our best citizens were members of these schools. A district school was organized in 1834, in Brushy Mound township, and placed under the control of Thomas P. Laws as teacher. Miss Matilda Thompson was employed as the first teacher in Dorchester township, in 1832-3. These were the first schools organized in the county, and though poor as compared with those of the present time, they were equal to the demands of the people, and were the beginning of the grand and liberal system which to-day dots our prairies with neat and commodious school-houses as the stars dot the sky, and which offers a liberal education to each of the 19,324 children in the county.

There are now 168 school districts in the county, employing about 225 teachers when the schools are all in operation. The character of the scholarship of the teachers of this county will compare favorably with that of the teachers of any other county in the State. The standard of scholarship of the teachers of Macoupin county has been greatly improved by teachers' institutes and normal drills, where the best methods of teaching were developed. In these institutes careful attention was given, not only to work in the text-book, but to principles, methods of teaching and the management of schools. ;

The first institute held in the county was organized in Carlinville, IIL, September 16th, 1857, by appointing Rev. J.C. Downer President, pio tem., and D. H. Chase, Secretary, pro tem. A constitution was adopted to govern its deliberations, and permanent officers elected., L. S. Williams was elected as the first permanent President of the organization. Leonard Ledbrook and George Mack were elected as Vice-Presidents. Lewis Judd was elected Treasurer and James Lee, Secretary. A Board of Directors consisting of J. M. Cyrus, O. Blood, and W. V. Eldridge was chosen for the ensuing year. The directors and the secretary were made the executive committee. Interesting addresses were delivered before the society at: its first session by Rey. J. H. Moore and J. M. Palmer, LL. D. Among its members were J. W. Langley, now County Judge of Champagne county, H. M. Kimball, and W. V. Eldridge. It continued to hold regular semi-annual sessions with increasing interest up to December, 1870. After this time the sessions were annual and of one week each term until 1872, after which time it gave place to the Macoupin County Teachers' Normal, an organization among the teachers of the county for self-improvement. About this time a law was enacted by the legislature raising the standard of qualifications of the teachers throughout the state. It required the teachers to pass a satisfactory examination in orthography, reading, penmanship, arithmetic, English grammar, modern geography, the history of the United States, the elements of the natural sciences, physiology and the laws of health. To meet this new demand, the teachers organized the County Normal, which has held annual sessions of six weeks each term duting the months of July and August, up to the present time. In 1878 there were eighty-nine teachers in attendance as members. The work has been thoroughly systematized and made to embrace all the branches required in the examination for county and state certificates. A desire to excel in the profession has acted as a stimulus with our teachers, and many of them have used every opportunity for self-improvement. 'These institutes are not supported at public expense, but by those who attend them. The public, recognizing their importance to the teachers, give them favorable consideration and prefer those teachers who attend them. Our teachers complain of the limited salary paid them for their labors in the public schools. In 1878, the highest salary paid to any teacher in the county was $100 per month, and the lowest $17.50. The average salary for the same year was $38.57.

During 1878, there was paid to teachers in the county $57,824.46, and for other purposes relating to schools, as school-houses, &c., $18,328.05.

During the same year there were employed in the public schools of the county 282 teachers. This excessive number is due to the fact that many teachers obtain employment for a single term in a place, and many are forced to moye on and give place to another. There are 180 school-houses in the county used exclusively for public schools. The estimated value of school property in the county including libraries and apparatus is $176,197.00. The total amount of special tax levied for school purposes in 1878, was $59,118.12. These revenues our people readily pay, and feel that they are amply remunerated by the work done in our schools.

Hfficient county supervision has had much to do with the success of the schools of Macoupin county. The success of any enterprise depends on the zeal and efticiency of those under whose supervision it is placed. The office of county commissioner was first filled, in°1833, by appointment of the court. In 1865, the title of the office was changed to that of county superintendent of schools, and the term of office was extended from two to four years. Below is given the list of the names of persons who have seryed as school commissioner or superintendent, with the date of election:

Daniel Anderson

The county superintendents were required to visit the schools of the county each year, which resulted in great good to the schools. This school supervision ceased in 1872 by order of the county board.

The improvement in school furniture has kept pace with the change in the kind of school-houses. Foremost among the manufacturers of school, office and church furniture of the United States is the firm of A. H. Andrews & Co., 213 Wabash Avenue, Chicago.

Simply as an industrial establishment, it is one of the most successful in the entire west. Their names have literally become a household word, not only throughout the length and breadth of this country, but also in many foreign countries.

They have done much for the cause of education by beautifying and rendering attractive the school-rooms of the country, and not only that, but in providing for the physical comfort and bodily rest of the pupils.

In this special field, Mr. A. H. Andrews, the senior member of the firm, has always been an enthusiast, and to-day hundreds of thousands of pupils are reaping the benefit of his enthusiasm; while other hundreds of thousands, who have finished their school course, look back upon the school-rooms furnished with luxuriously easy seats, convenient and comfortable desks, as the pleasant accompaniments of their school-life, that it will always be a joy to remember. And the house of A. H. Andrews & Co. were the pioneers in this elaborate and beautiful style of school-house furniture. That they have imitators and copyists is not strange - business success in any line will always attract competition and attempted imitation. :

For the benefit of patrons of this work, cuts are inserted, exhibiting more clearly than words can express, the beauty, convenience and durability of the modern styles of school furniture.

Only Fifteen Inches From The Eye To The Book

"1" shows the lid turned up for the Book-Easel. Signe eae "position fer the lid as a Writing Desk, CE ne ed ¢ 03 " when Desk is used as a Settee.

The Triumph School Desk

The patent dovetailed "Triumph" desk is the most perfect in its proportions, and much the strongest and most durable school-desk made. The seat and back are so curved as to enable the pupil to maintain an erect and healthful posture, and to perform his work with an ease and comfort unknown in the use of chair-desks, or even in most of the folding-seat desks. By the improved method of construction, the "dovetail" process, and the use of steel wire rods inserted into the slat-like continuous dowels (see cut of desk in process of setting up), & degree of firmness, strength and durability is obtained that is not equalled or approached by any other method, and which more than doubles its value.

Of Macocpin Toountet Illinois

Boards of directors or persons wishing school or office furniture may be sure of finding what they need, at fair prices, at the great establishment of this firm in Chicago.

Post-Office

TOWNSHIP. TREASURER. STAUNTON 7-60. -seceeserssssess Ho Wie WA e.coecssccen eee. Staunton, Ill. CAH OKLA 8-6. cesescoscssscenccss lu Os FLODM Ew swe scsceincesraemes Gillespie, Il. HONEY POINT 9-6............. WGN CULP. cauncpartenserseecs Carlinville, [1l. SHAW'S <" 10=6,....secure Jin? Wa MOWELUGeesessncccee sens G ce NID WOOD PLIEG2 2... corsereneee JOHN GRAHAM. o:.acewemecens Zanesville, GURARD 12-6 cctinessssctrescosces BU THOMPSON ccs. avedes ase: Girard, Os DORCHESTER 7-7.....06.000c00 JOStAH SAWYER..............staunton, * GILLESPIE 8-7............ 2.000 AE RD Wise sccatessicbloos tree eres rls DCm os BRUSHY MD. 9-7..............W. H. SroppaRD.... ....Carlinville, Ul. CARLINVILLE 10-7............A. McKina DuBors........:.:. ce he SOUTH OTTER V=7r-0e-.c:e.s HOB ERO AC ONSS ee nerere sss Buford, us NORTH ODDTER 1227... cscs... A. We CLOUD racsnseaeeGArards ug BUNKER: AEG =8.7 ine c00k-0.5s S. CLARK tuccsareteee esses DUMICer EPIL 5 66 FIL Y AR DaS - Sia vt ecateriecnctsenare CAMUE TUG ORO WNT amammetiieess Plainview, Bu POLK - Sik nas tosnises naeescciowieon W. E. Sanvers............... Macoupin Station, III. BIRD! 10-Siinwecrnceeesenserie-slesenece Ji, Hy, ARNEDD ease eee. Carlinville, uo SOUTH PALMYRA 11-8........ D. N. Sonomon...............Palmyra, sc NORTH PALMYRA 12-8........Iurt B. VANCIL... .........Vancil's Point, a BRIGHBON ( - Onecwocesenscccsenes EpWIN AMASS...........+....bBrighton, ai SHIR MAN SO ysceccosscuse scenester Bi GaP RAND URE searecteseass Shipman, ee CHESTERFIELD. 9-9.............N. CHALLACOMBE,.....cs00- Medora, oe WESTERN MOUND 10-9........J3. BR. Woonusy............05 Greenfield, cs BARR W195 coeavasncarcncsensueruee HimaweDRuM es, acaccecee Barr's Store, at SCOLT VIDIO Tec cpeccennes aH eNO HIRE Macdensenieneses Scottville, ot

After the expiration of the term of the present treasurers, the law provides that their successors be elected for two years instead of cne. They are required to give bond to the township trustees for twice the amount of funds placed in their hands, and to give additional security when required. We haye given briefly the history of the public schools of Macoupin county and of such parts of the history of the public-school system of the state as relate to the county. No county in the state has made greater progress in its schools in the same length of time than Macoupin.. Beginning with a rude system that would not be recognized to-day as of any merit, it has made rapid progress, until to-day our schools are so graded and conducted, that they offer ample facilities for @ liberal education to all who have any desire for literary culture. It may be true that apathy and ignorance prevail in some quarters, and remissness in duty with some teachers and school-officers ; yet a careful observer will be fully convinced that the existing evils are fast disappearing, and the whole people realize the importance of supporting none but good schools, and of employing none but good teachers. With all the liberal provisions for a thorough education of all the children, yet the system is by no means perfect. The grand enterprise is but in its infancy, and requires careful and judicious attention to secure the results desired. These should be such that they will prepare every one for the duties of a freeman, and to assist him in becoming an industrious, intelligent, self-supporting citizen.