Roodhouse Township (part 2 of 6)

The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for that purpose they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice shall preside. And no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.

Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law.

Sec. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

Sec. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of" absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide.

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepthig such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.

Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.

Sec. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained b}' law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason.

felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office.

Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills.

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President . the United States ; if he approve he shall sign it ; but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by } eas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ;

And Its Amendments

To promote the progress of sciences and useful arts, by securing, for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to ilieir respective writings and discoveries ;

To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the oificers, and the authority of training the militia according to the disci' pline prescribed by Congress ;

To exercise legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the state in M'hich the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings ; and

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying intc execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.

Sec. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as anj^ of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.

No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expeditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of an}' present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.

Sec. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in paj^ment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.

No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

Section 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same term, be elected as follows :

Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress ; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.

[ * The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the Electors sliall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-President.]

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.

No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-Pi^sident, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of them.

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."

Sec. 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have powei- to grant reprieves and pardon for offenses against the United States, exoept in cases of impeachment.

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.

Sec. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may on extraordinary occasions convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.

Sec. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

Section I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of different states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction.

In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shali have been committed ; but when not committed within an}^ state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

Section 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And tlie Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

A person charged in any state witli treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdicfon of the crime.

No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on the claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.

Sec. 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other pro[)erty belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular state.

Sec. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature can not be convened), against domestic violence.

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the otlier mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress. Provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.

All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation.

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.

Constitution Of The United States

bers of the several state Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.

The ratification of the Conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the, states so ratifying the same.

Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names.

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment cf religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon prol)able cause, supported by oath or aflfirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively,

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.

The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person to be voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- President, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from twothirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be the majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a major- ity, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.

Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Sec. 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice- President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of tlie United States, or in any way abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twentv-one vears of age in such state.

Sec. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath as a Member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress mav by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability.

Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall pay any debt or obliiration incurred in the aid of insurrection or rebellion asrainst the United States, or any loss or emancipation of any slave, but such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any state, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Electors Of President And Vice-President

Note. - It is geiierally assumed that the gross weight of Hogs diiniiiiMlied by 1-5 or 20 per cent of itself gives the net weight, and the net weiglit increased l>y K or 25 per cent, of itself equals the i;ross weight.

Rule. - Multiply (by short method) the number of cubic feet by 6308, and point off one decimal place - the result will be the correct answer in bushels and tenths of a bushel.

Note. - In estimating corn in the ear, the quality and the time it has been cribbed must be taken into consideration, since corn will shrink considerably during the Winter and Spring. Tills rule generally hold& good for corn measured at the time it is cribbed, provided it is sound and clean.

Rule. - Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (all in feet) and this product by 5681 (short method), and point off ONE decimal place - the result will be the contents in barrels of 31^ gallons.

Rule. - Under the square of the mean diameter, write the length (all in inches) in reversed order, so that its units will fall under the TENS ; multiply by short method, and this product again by 430 ; point off one decimal place, and the result will be the answer in wine gallons.

Rule. - Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches) and divide the product by 12 - the result will be the contents in square feet.

Rule. - Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length together (the width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet), and divide the product by 12 - the result will be square feet.

Rule. - Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the product by 160 (carrying the division to 2 decimal places if there is a remainder) ; the result will be the answer in acres and hundredths.

Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and two inches thick ; hence, it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space.

Miscellaneous Information. -09

To find the length of the rafters, at one-fourth pitcli, multiply the width of the building- by .56 (hundredths) ; at one-third pitch, by .6 (tenths) ; at two-fifths pitch, by .64 (hundredths) ; at one-half pitch, by .71 (hundredths). This gives the length of the rafters from the apex to the end of the wall, and whatever they are to project must be taken into consideration.

Note. - By )^ or M pitch Is meant that the apex or comb of the roof IstobeKorJi the width of the building higher than the walls or base of the rafters.

Rule. - Level the grain ; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic feet ; multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to the left.

If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer by 2, to find the number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of eai corn to make 1 of shelled corn.

In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is the contents of any given plot in square yards ; then, given the number of yards, find out the number of rods and acres.

The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step. Now, an ordinary-sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on the average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes.

To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to walk in a straight line ; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in a line straight ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote ; and, in walking, keep these objects constantly in line.

Farmers and others hy adopting the following simple and ingenious contrivance^ may always carry with them the scale to construct a correct yard measure.

Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger of the left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the left arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink.

To find how many rods in length will make an acre., the width being given. Rule. - Divide 160 by the width, and the quotient will be the answer.

Rule. - Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in inches, by twice the length, in feet, and divide by !".44. Deduct 1-10 to 1-15 according to the thickness of the bark.

Rule. - The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the interest on any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the decimal point two places to the left ; for ten times that time, remove the point one place to the left ; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three places to the left.

Note. - The reciprocal of the rate is found by inverting: the rate ; tlius 3 per cent, per month, inverted, becomes )^ of a month, or 10 days.

U. S. Government Land Measure

A quarter section, half a mile square - 160 acres. An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter of a mile wide - 80 acres.

The sections are divided into quarters, which are named by the cardinal points. The quarters are divided in the same way. The description of a forty acre lot would read: The south half of the west half of the south-west quarter of section 1 in township 24, north of range 7 west, or as the case might be ; and sometimes will fall short and sometimes overrun the number of acres it is supposed to contain.

Surveyors' Measure

A league is three miles, but its length is variable, for it is strictly speaking a nautical term, and should be three geographical miles, equal to 3.45 statute miles, but when used on land, three statute miles are said to be a league.

How To Keep Accounts

Every farmer and meclianic, whether he does much or little business, should keep a record of his transactions in a clear and systematic manner. For the benefit of those who have not had the opportunit}' of acquiring a primary knowledge of the j^rinciples of book-keeping, we here present a simple form of keeping accounts which is easily comprehended, and well adapted to record the business transactions of farmers, mechanics and laborers.

Interest Table

Multiply the principoi (amount of money at interest) by the time reduced to d<iys; then divide this product by the quotient obtained l)y dividing360 'the numl)er of days in the interest yearj Ijy the per cent, of interest, andt/ie quotient thus obtained will be tlie reijuireJ interest.

Miscellaneous Table Miscellaneous Information. 21S

Virginia. - The oldest of the States, was so called in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh made his first attempt to colonize that region.

Florida. - Ponce de Leon landed on the coast of Florida on Easter Sunday, and called the country in commemoration of the day, which wa» the Pasqua Florida of the Spaniards, or '^ Feast of Flowers."

Miscellaneous Information

Texas is the American word for the Mexican name by which all that section of the country was called before it was ceded to the United States.

Geography, Topography, And Geology

The Illinois River, with its tributaries, drains nearly one-third of the State of Illinois. It is one of the most important aftiiients of the Mississippi and flows from the northeast to the southwest fully across the State, draining about an equal amount of territory on either side. Its valley consists^of long arms of beautiful, dry, rolling, fertile prairie, alternating with similar, though narrower, lines of wooded land so distributed as to be convenient to any part of the surrounding country. The latter is as rolling and healthful as the former, and, on every section of either, living water may be readily found. This mighty river is the central water line of the great upper valley of the Mississippi, and has cut into the crust of the earth a dee[ier groove than any other branch of the Father of Waters. For this reason the Illinois is the last river to freeze in the early winter and the first to thaw in the spring, among all the streams in the same latitude. The depth of its channel accounts for the total absence of extensive swamps and morasses along its borders.

Springs, in the northern part of the county, received its name from fountains of tliis sort which at one time attracted a great deal of attention. They are situated on' the west half of the northwest quarter of section 22, township 12, range 11, and were discovered soon after the first settlement of the county, by a party who were following an Indian trail. Shortly after, in 1825. Governor Reynolds and a gentleman named Cook, of Springfield, entered the land, believing that the presence of the springs would make the property valuable. For many years people, suffering with various diseases, resorted tliither from all parts of the adjacent country to obtain the benefit of the waters and, in many cases, received immediate relief. Sometimes from two hundred to three hundred and fifty would be camped near the Springs at one time. In October, 1852, the property was purchased by B. G. Hopkins, having previously been owned by Samuel Hopkins, Abraham Easton and others, who built a large hotel the same year. The main building was forty feet long by about thirtv feet wide, with a commodious ell in the rear and a wins' forty feet long on either side of the main building, giving a total front of one hundred and twenty feet. From this time the Springs were very popular. Often more persons applied for board than could be accomodated at the hotel and the neighboring dwellings were frequently filled. Later the property came into the possession of B. McGlothlen, under whose management the Springs began to lose their popularit3^ In 1862, while the hotel was occupied by Mr. McGlothlen and owned by C. G. Simonds, it was burned to the ground. The waters of the Springs undoubtedly have a pronounced medicinal effect. They are described as being " strongly diuretic, rather more than slightly cathartic and diaphoretic, a good tonic and appetizer." Dropsy, rheumatism, kidney complaints, dyspepsia, and sore eyes are prominent among the ailments they have been known to cure. Just northeast of Greenfield are the Greenfield Springs, which are impregnated with iron, magnesia, calcium, and other ingredients. For debilitated persons they act as a tonic, and assist nature in its work of rejuvenating the system. Many stories are told of the successful use of the waters, by persons who came a long distance, suffering with rheumatism, white swellings, fever sores, etc. Many who have visited Saratoga and the Sulphur Springs, of Virginia, consider the Greenfield Springs their equal in every regard. An effort Avas at one time made to establish a watering place here but without success. The town is a pleasant one, the scenery delightful, the railroad facilities excellent and the enterprize may yet be revived. Some three or four miles northeast of Carrollton, on land now owned by Malachi Carmody, there is another natural font of healing, and Mr. Parham Thaxton well remembers when as many as fifty people habitually congregated there on Sunday and spent the day in drinking the waters, and in quiet repose, in the immediate neighborhood. A similar spring, on the farm of Mr. Thos. Luneen, southeast of Carrollton, just beyond the limits of the city, was much resorted to in years past, and at other points they may be found.

The county has an abundant supply of timber conveniently located. The following list of the indigenous trees and shrubs of the county is the result of years of observation and study by Dr. Daniel Bowman, an old settler of this county and one of the most skillful practical botanists in the State. With the exception of a single shrub growing along the

Botanic Names. Common Names

The surface of the country is generally rolling, and the western portion, in the vicinity of the river bluffs, is quite broken and hilly, thevalleys of the small streams being excavated to the depth of from one to two hundred feet below the general level of the uplands. In the central and eastern portions of the county, the depressions of the valleys are considerably less, seldom exceeding fifty or sixty feet below the general level. In the northern part of the county is what is known as tiie " Grand Pass." It is a narrow channel, connecting a chain of small lakes below the bluffs and near the river. It is said by some to derive its name from the fact that the water which usually flows south from one lake into the otheF, in times of high water, reverses its direction and runs backward into the lake from which it came. It was for many years an important feature of the landscape for the reason that here only could a passage be had beyond the lakes. For this purpose a rough stone causeway was built which was much used when Bridgeport, just west of the lakes, was one of the leading commercial points in the region. The bluff lands are well adapted to the cultivation of fruits, as well as wheat and other cereals, and the timber soil when cleared is as fertile as that of the prairies. The latter are generally small and are covered with the deep black loam so characteristic of the prairies of central and northern Illinois, and their productive qualities are not surpassed by those of any other portion of the State.' ^ As an agricultural region this county ranks among the best, and taking into the account its proximity to the great rivers, its railroad facilities and its varied and rich mineral resources, it must commend itself at once to those seeking a home in this State as one of the most attractive and promising locations to be found. The broken lands in the vicinity of the river bluffs are well adapted to grape culture, and, in the hands of skillful vinegrowers, could be made to yield a more liberal return for the labor required to cultivate them than can be obtained from the richest prairie lands in the county, planted with the common cereals grown in this climate.

There is much beneath these fertile prairies to enlist the thoughtful consideration of geologists. In various places in the county, at the depth of from thirty to forty feet, has been found a black earth, similar to the prairie soil, in which large trees have been imbedded. In sinking deeper the well, on the northeast corner of the square in the city of Carrollton, at the depth of forty feet, was found a large pine tree. The late William Costley, in digging a well at his place of residence, a mile or so south of Macoupin Creek, discovered, at the depth of thirty feet, a mass of rock which had evidently been a wall, against which was a collection of driftwood. The stone taken from the well had been dressed, and bore plainly the marks of a mason's hammer. The late Mr. Samuel Thomas in deepening a well, from which, for fifty years he had been using water, struck a quantity of periwinkle shells, amongst which were found the jaw teeth of some extinct animal, larger than those of our domestic animals, a portion of which were petrified. These discoveries afford much food for reflection.

The following geological sketch of the county is taken mainly from the report of the State survey by Prof. A. H. Worthen, assisted by Messrs. Henry Engieman, H. C. Freeman and H. M. Bannister :

The geological features of this county are by no means so varied as those presented in the adjoining county of Jersey, for the reason that the disturbing influences that have elevated the Devonian and Silurian beds above the surface, in that county, did not extend into this, and consequently we find no beds exposed here below the lower carboniferous limestones. The following vertical section of the several formations in the county will illustrate their general thiokness and relative position :

Alluvium. - The principal alluvial deposits in this county are those forming the bottom lands on the Illinois River, comprising a belt from three to five miles in width, and extending the whole length of the county from north to south. These lands are exceedingly fertile, and are amongst the most valuable and productive farming lands in the county. The greater portion of these bottom lands are prairie, sufficiently elevated to be susceptible of cultivation and exceedingly productive. Adjacent to the river bluffs they are elevated entirely above high-water mark, and are not subject to overflow from the annual river floods. Belts of heavy timber occupy some portions of these bottom lands, and skirt the small streams by which they are intersected.

Loess. - This formation is usually confined to the vicinity of the river bluffs, which it caps to the depth of from forty to sixty feet, and gives origin to the bald, grassy knobs which, form so notable a feature in the top'ography of the bluffs^ both on the Illinois and the Mississippi. It is largely composed of beds of marly sand, which sustain a thick growth of wild grass, and occasionally a stunted growth of oak. It is unconformable to the drift clavs below it, and presents its greatest thickness immediately at the river"'bluffs, growing thinner towards the highlands of the adjacent region. It has been formed in the quiet waters of the lakes which once occupied the present valleys of the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers. These marly beds of Loess form an admirable sub-soil, being sufficiently porous to allow a thorough drainage; and, where they underlie a gently rolling or tolerably level surface, they form a quick, warm and very productive soil.

Drift. - Some few sections of drift may be seen in the bluffs of Bear Creek, below Blanchard's coal bank, of forty to fifty-twQ feet in thickness. The lower part is composed of bluish-colored clays, with small pebbles, and the upper part of the common reddish-brown clay, so generally characteristic of this formation. Large boulders of metamorphic rocks are not so abundant in the drift of this region as in many other portions of the State ; but a few are found of moderate size, composed of greenstone, porphyry, and granite, giving unmistakable evidence of their northern origin. Specimens of drifted copper and galena are, also, occasionallv found in the clay and gravel beds of this region, which cover the whole surface of the county, except the valleys of the streams. These have been transported also from the north - the copper from Lake Superior, and the galena from the lead region of northern Illinois or Wisconsin, nnd were transi)orted at the same period and by the same agency that brought the boulders of metamorphic rock.

Goal Measures. - The Coal Measures of this county comprise about a hundred and fifty feet in thickness of sandstones, shales and thin bands of limestone, including three seams of coal, and comprise all the strata from the horizon of coal No. 6 to the base of tiie measures, as they are developed in this portion of the State. The subjoined general section, compiled from many local sections in various parts of the county, will show their general thickness and relative position :

The only outcrop of the Belleville or No. 6 coal, that is found in this county, is on the northeast quarter of section 36, township 10, range 10, just on the county-line between Greene and Macoupin, in the bluff of Hodges' Creek. This bank was owned and worked in 1864 by Thomas Rice, and the seam is here very varial)le in its thickness, ranging from four to seven feet. The upper part of the seam is considerably mixed with sulphuret of iron, and is only fit for steam purposes ; but the middle and lower portions afford a good smith's coal. The seam at this locality dips to the eastward ; and this may probably be considered as its most westerly outcrop. There are only a few inches of shaly clay separating the seam from the nodular argillaceous limestone below, exhibiting here the phenomenon of a heavy seam of coal directly enclosed between beds of marine limestone. The nodular limestone below the coal abounds in fossils at this locality, among which a massive coral, the Chaetetes milliporaceous, is most conspicuous. This coral is generally hemispherical in form, and often attains a diameter of six to twelve inches. The limestone also contains many univalve shells belonging to the genera Naticopsis, Pleurotomaria, Loxonema, etc.

The limestone which forms the roof of the coal is a compact bluishgray rock, which weathers, on exposure, to a rusty-brown color, and contains Productus longispinus, Spirifer lineatus, Fusulina, and joints of Crinoidea.

Below this coal there is another seam that outcrops on the creek in this vicinity. It has not yet been worked to any extent ; and no good exposure of it is to be seen, but it is reported to be about two feet in thickness. It is, undoubtedly, the equivalent of coal No. 5, of the_ general section, and the Howlett coal near Springfield, but is much tliinner here than the seam above it. Bassett's coal, on the southwest quarter of section 27, township 10, range 11, is about eighteen inches in thickness; and the coal is overlaid, first by three or four feet of bituminous shale, and this by a septarian limestone, four feet or more in thickness. The coal is underlaid by a blue clay shale, from four to six feet thick, and this by a brown sandy shale, passing into sandstone, which outcrops down the creek for a distance of half a mile or more, and shows a thickness altogether of twenty-five or thirty feet. This seam probably overlies the coaf at Tulison's, on Wolf River, as well as that on Birch Creek ; biit that point could not be positively determined. It is probable that it represents Coal No. 2 of the general section. The coal in the seam appears to be of good quality ; but it is too thin to be profitably mined at the present time. At many points there is a heavy bed of sandstone intervening between this seam and the coal on Brush Creek ; and a similar bed, tliough perhaps a higher one in the series, is well exposed in the bluffs of Macoupin Creek, at Rockbridge. The exposure here is from thirty-five to forty feet in thickness, the lower part consisting of blue sandy shales, which are overlaid by a massive brown sandstone, passing upward into a brown sandy shale. The sandstone is partly concretionary in structure, the concretions being ([uite hard and forming a durable building sione. On Birch Creek a similar sandstone is well exposed, overlying Coal-seam No. 1 with a thickness of twenty-five to thirty feet.

Nettle's coal-bank is on the northeast quarter of section 25, township 12, range 11, about eight miles northeast of White Hall. The coal averages about three feet in thickness, and is overlaid by from three to five feet of bituminous shale, which forms a good roof to the coal. Above the shale there is a bed of massive sandstone, twenty feet or more in thickness, similar to that at Rockbridge. Under the coal, there is a bed of shaly clay, not more than a foot or two in thickness, which rests upon a hard steel-gray nodular limestone about four feet thick. These beds outcrop along the creek for a distance of about three miles above Nettle's place, the fall of the creek being just about equal to the dip of the coal, and in the same direction, which is to the southeast. On Wolf Run, al)out a mile and a half east of White Hall, a seam of coal outcrops along the creek for a distance of a mile or more, and has been opened at several points. It is from two feet to two and a half in thickness, and is a clear, bright coal, breaking in regularly shaped blocks, and quite free from sulphuret of iron. It is overlaid by about two feet of bituminous shale, which passes upward into a blue clay shale, which is overlaid by sandstone. Below the coal there is an excellent bed of fire-clay, from eight to ten feet thick. The upper openings on this creek are on the lands lately owned by David Rankin, and the lower one on the lands of Isaac Tulison.

On the southeast quarter of section 36, township 11, range 12, about four miles northeast of Carrollton, a coal seam has been opened on the west fork of Whitaker's Creek, which, with the associated rocks, forms the following section :

The beds above the i)ands of iron ore in this section belong to the Coal Measures, and those below to the flower Carboniferous limestone. It will be observed, in this section, that the St. Louis limestone, u[)on which the Coal Measures usually rest in this county, is not represented, unless it be by the bed of hydraidic limestone. The Keokuk limestone is well marked, representing the usual characteristics that distinguish it at other localities. The iron ore above the hydraulic limestone is an earthy-brown hematite of good (Quality. This coal seam is only about eighteen inches in thickness. This coal has been opened on the east fork of Whitaker's Creek ; and also on Bear's Creek, on Mrs. Blanchard's place, about a mile and a half above the mouth of the creek. Blanchard's coal bank is on the northwest quarter of section 14, township 11, range 11. The coal varies in thickness from two to three feet, and is overlaid by bituminous shale, and massive sandstone. This seam appeared to be the same as Nettle's coal, on Birch Creek. A mile and a half beluw Blanchard's, the St. Louis limestone is to be seen on the bluffs of the creek; but the intervening beds between the coal and the limestone are not exposed. In sinking the well for the steam mill in Carrollton, a thin seam of coal, about six inches thick, was passed through at a depth of about seventy feet below the surface. Although the Coal Measures underlie nearly all of the eastern half of the county, they comprise only the horizon of the lower coal seam, over a considerable portion of this area; and, along tlie extreme western borders of the coal field, even this is too thin at many localities to be worked to advantage, and the eastern range of townships must be mainly relied on for a supply of coal. The measures in this county comprise the whole range of the productive Coal Measures, as they are developed in this portion of the State ; but the two principal coals, Nos. 5 and 6, only extend a little over the eastern line of the county, and consequenth^ underlie but a very small area in this county, while the lower part of the measures, which underlie all the eastern portion of the county, only have two of the four lower seams developed, and these range in thickness from eighteen to thirtysix inches. The seam at Nettle's mine, on Brush Creek, and at Blanchard's, on Bear Creek, are probably the same as the Exeter coal, in Scott County, and Tulison's bank, two miles northeast of White Hall, may be referred to the same horizon. Burrow's coal probably holds a higher position, and perhaps represents either No. 2 or 3 of the general section of the Coal Measures in central and northern Illinois.

St. Louis Limestone. - This formation is quite variable in this county, both as regards its thickness and its lithological characters. On Link's Branch, south of Carrollton, and about a half mile east of the State road from Carrollton to Jerseyville, a fine quarry has been opened in this limestone on the lands of Mr. Joseph Stohr, and leased by Mr. Michael Shallue. The thickness of the rock at these quarries is about fifteen feet; and the lower ten is a heavy-bedded magnesian limestone, some of the layers being from two to three feet thick. The prevailing colors are light yellowish-gray and brown ; and these colors often replace each other in the same stratum. The rock is even-textured, free from chert or other siliceous material, and dresses easily ; and these quarries afford most of the cut stone used at (carrollton. The lowest strata at these quarries appears to be h3^draulic limestone, and is about eighteen inches thick. At the crossing of the State road, a half mile further up the creek, the rock is not so even-textured, some of the strata being too hard to dress readily, and others too soft to stand exposure to the atmosphere. The whole thickness of the beds exposed, from the State road to Stohr's quarries, may be estimated from twent^'-five to thirty feet. In the upper part of this group, near the State road, there is also another stratum of what appeared to be a hydraulic limestone, about two feet thick. On the road from Carrollton to Turpin's mill, this limestone is found out- cropping in the beds of the small creeks that empty into the Macoupin. Turpin's mill is on section IG, township 9, range 11, and the St. Louis limestone is found well exposed on a small- branch about a quarter of a mile west of the mill. The lower part of the bed, as it appears at this locality, is a brown arenaceous limestone, while the upper is of a gray and mottled color, and sufficiently pure to be burned for lime, though not a very good material for that purpose. The entire thickness of the beds exposed here is only about fifteen feet. At Thompson's mill, on the northeast quarter of section 10, township 11, range 11, there is an exposure of about twelve feet of this formation. The upper four feet is a brown magnesian limestone, and the lower eight feet, an earthy, grayish-brown liydraulic limestone, exactly resembling in appearance "the hydraulic layers of this formation at other localities. This is the thickest bed of this kind of rock found in the county ; and, if it should prove on trial to be as good a hydraulic rock as its appearance would indicate, it will become valuable for the manufacture of cement. It is no doubt the equivalent of the hydraulic limestone noticed at the coal mine on the west fork of Whitaker's Creek, and is here nearly twice as thick as at that locality. Fossils are quite scarce in this formation, at nearly every locality examined in this county. Some interesting forms of Bryozoa were obtained at the quarries on Link's Branch, and a fine specimen of Conularia, probably C. Verneuiliana, is in the possession of Dr. Farley, of Jersey ville, that was found at this locality.

Keokuk Limest<me. - T\ns formation, with the overlying St. Louis limestone, occupies a belt immediately beyond the western borders of the Coal Measures, and intervening between them and the Burlington limestone inthe vicinity of the river bluffs. This belt is from three to four miles in width ; and the Keokuk limestone, which forms the greatest portion of it, outcrops on the tril)utaries of Macoupin and Apple Creeks, and on the last named creek itself, a half mile below the bridge, on the main road from Carrollton to AVhite Hall. On the small creek a half mile south of White Hall, the upper part of the Keokuk limestone is found outcropping for a distance of a mile and a half or more on either side of the creek. The rock is here a thin-bedded, cherty, gray limestone, with thin partings of calcareo - argillaceous shale. It '^seldom affords strata more than six inches thick, and is therefore not a desirable building stone, except for light walls. It affords some characteristic fossils at this locality, among which are Archimedes Owenana, Platyceras equilatera, Agaricocrinus Americanus, Productus punctatus, Spirifer cuspidatus, and S. Keokuk. The fossils of this formation are not so numerous or so well preserved at the localities examined in this county, as they are in the same beds in Jersey County. On the west fork of Whitaker's Creek, these same beds are exposed, between the coal bank and the mouth of the creek, and afford the same varieties of fossils obtained in the vicinity of White Hall. On Apple Creek, a short distance below the bridge on the Carrollton and White Hall road, the lower beds of this limestone are exposed, affording layers from twelve to eighteen inches thick. No point was found in the county where the whole of this formation could be seen in a single section; and, for a general description of its characteristic features, as well as the determination of its thickness, it is necessary to rely upon the results of local examinations of such portions of the forma- tion as could be found exposed in different parts of the county. Its thickness has been estimated approximately, at one hundred to one hundred and twenty-five feet ; but it may be somewhat greater even than that.

Burlington Limestone. - The outcrop of this formation is confined to the western part of the county. It forms the main portion of the river bluffs throughout the whole extent of the county, from north to south, and extends eastw;ird from the bluffs, forming a belt from three to four miles in width. At the south line of the county, where Macoupin Creek intersects the river bluffs, the lower part of this limestone, about seventy feet in thickness, forms the upper part of the bluff, and is underlaid by fifty-four feet of the ash-colored shaly limestones of the Kinderhook group. From this point to the north line of the county, this limestone is seen in a continuous exposure, except where intersected by the valleys of the small streams ; and it often presents mural cliffs of limestone along the face of the bluff's, from seventy-five to a hundred feet in height.

At James J. Eldred's place the limestone measures a hundred feet in thickness, above the road at the foot of the bluff, and is capped by a mound of Loess sixty feet high ; and the bluffs very generally culminate in this vicinity in "^bald knobs, covered only with grass, giving a very picturesque outline to the landscape. Tlie limestone at Eldred's place is a light-gray crinoidal rock, in quite regular beds, with comparatively but little cherty material, and forms an excellent building stone, which is extensively used not only at this locality, but by wealthy farmers occupying the bottom lands at the foot of these bluffs throughout the county, for dwellings and barns, and also for fences. About half a mile below the county line, between Greene and Scott, the limestone bluffs are about one hundred feet high, and are capped with forty feet of Loess. At this point there is a bench of brown limestone, projecting a few feet beyond the face of the bluff, and only a few feet above the base, that is covered with rude figures, cut upon the surface of the limestone by some of the aboriginal inhabitants of this country. Among these figures are the outlines of a human foot, and also that of a bear, several that were evidently designed to represent the tracks of birds, and others that do not appear to represent any natural object, but seem rather designed to record, in hieroglyphics, some historic or mythological events. These figures were cut upon the surface of the stone with some hard instrument, to the depth of perhaps one sixteenth of an inch. The surface of the stone on which they were engraved, has been worn almost as smooth as glass, probably by the tread of liuman feet. The bluffs of the Illinois and the adjacent bottoms appear to have been favorite resorts of some of the primeval races ; and their rude antiquities, consisting of stone axes and knives, discs, flint arrow-heads, and an instrument resembling a mason's plummet, made apparently from the compact iron ore of the "iron Mountain in Missouri, are quite common to tlie counties of Greene, Jersey and Calhoun. Fossils are not very numerous in the Burlington limestone, at the localities examined in this county, but the following species were obtained : Spirifer Grimesi, S. Forbesii, Athyris incrassata, A. lamellosa, Productus punctatus, and Actinocrinus concinnus.

thickness of about fifty feet, may be seen at the point wlien the Macoupin intersects the river bhiffs. So far as could be seen, it consisted of ash-colored shales and shaly limestone, and afforded no fossils at tiiis locality. Above this point, its outcrop along the bluff is hidden by the talus from the overlying beds.

Economical Geology

Coal. - About one-third of the entire surface of the county is underlaid by tlie Coal Measures ; and they include the horizon of three or four coal-seams, though but two of these appear to be mined at the present time to any considerable extent. The upper one is the No. 6, or Belleville seam, which is only found along the east line of the county on Hodges' Creek. It underlies a very limited area in this county ; and the exposures above named are probably nearly or <|uite on the western limit of its outcrop. Its line of outcrop indicates that it might be found on Apple Creek, in the vicinity of Athens. It is far the thickest and most valuable seam of coal that is developed in this part of the State, though at points further north the coal immediately below it (No. 5) is equally well developed, and attains an average thickness of about six feet. The lower two seams are comparativel}'^ thin, and nowhere exceed about three feet where they have been examined in this county.

No. 6 varies in thickness in this county from four to seven feet ; while the lower seams, of which there are three, vary in thickness from one and a half to three feet. The two lower seams will probably be found to underlie nearly all the eastern portion of the county; and they will afford an abundant supply of coal for home consumption. The seam that outcroi^s on Birch Creek is prol)ably the same as that on Tulison's land near White Hall ; and it niay be mined at almost any point in the eastern j)art of the county, at a depth varying from fifty to one hundred and fifty feet below the surface. Where it is desirable to mine it at a point where it does not outcrop at the surface, a boring should be first made to ascertain the thickness of the coal and its depth below the surface ; and, when these points are determined, an exact calculation can be made of the expense of opening the mine, and the amount of coal it will afford to a given area. The expense of boring ought not to exceed two dollars a foot for the first one hundred and fifty feet. On Wolf Run and Birch Creek, where the lower seam is exposed, it will average two feet and a half in thickness, and will yield two and a half million tons of coal to the square mile. It is the same as the Exeter coal, in Scott county ; and the coal it affords is better than the average (juality, being ([uite as free from sulphuret of iron, in this count3% as tiie No. 6, or Belleville coal. The seam at Bassett's, on the southwest (quarter of section 27, township 10, range 11, appears to be of a local character, and can not be relied on as a productive bed, over a large area of surface.

Clays. - The best clay for the potter's use, and for fire-brick, is the bed under the coal seam on Wolf Run. At some points the clay is from eight to ten feet thick, and outcrops at the surface, at many localities, from one and a half to three miles fiom White Hall. The thickness of this bed, and its proximity to the railroad, make this one of the most valuable deposits of potter's clay known in the State ; and the near proximity of excellent coal, which may often be mined in the same drift wiiii the clay, makes tins one of the most desirable points for the manufacture of fire-brick or pottery, on a large scale, that can be found in the State. At Blanchard's mine no exposure of the clay under the coal is to be seen, and on Birch Creek the coal seam is underlaid by limestone, below which the beds were not seen ; but in the vicinity of Winchester, and at some other localities in Scott County, the limestone below this coal is underlaid by a thick bed of nearly white clay, almost exactly like that east of White Hall ; and it is quite probable a similar clay may be found underlying the limestone on Birch Creek.

Hydraulic Limestone. - The St. Louis limestone afPords some layers that seem to possess hydraulic properties, at several localities in this county, though they are generally rather too thin to be of much value at the present time. The thickest bed seen in the county is at Thompson's mill, on Apple Creek, where it is about eight feet in thickness. This locality would afford a sufficient amount of material to justify the erection of a cement mill at this point, should the rock prove, on trial, to be as well adapted to this purpose as its appearance would indicate.

Iron Ore. - On the west fork of Whitaker's Creek, there is a seam of iron ore, underlying the coal at that locality, about eighteen inches in thickness. The ore is a hematite of a dark, brick-red color, and appears to be of a good quality. Coal and limestone, for reducing it to metallic iron, are abundant in the vicinity of the ore.

Limestone for Lime. - The best material for this purpose that has been met with in this county, is that afforded by the light-gra}^, semicrystalline beds of the Burlington limestone, along the river bluffs. Some of these are a nearly pure carbonate of lime, and are not surpassed for this purpose by any limestone in the county. The lower part of the Keokuk limestone, as it appears below the bridge on Apple Creek, will afford a very good limestone for this purj^ose ; but the St. Louis group, which usually affords the purest limestone of all, affords no material adapted to this purpose at any of the localities examined in this county.

Building Stone. - All the principal limestone formations in this county afford good building stone for ordinary purposes ; and some of them afford a superior article, suitable for cut-stone work and ornamental architecture. The most abundant supply, as well as the finest material of this kind, will be furnished by the Burlington limestone, which outcrops in the vicinity of the river bluffs. The rock is tolerably even-bedded, in strata varying from six inches to two feet in thickness, and can be very easily and cheaply quarried, so that it is now used, not only for all the ordinary purposes for which building stone is required, but also for fencing the farms along the foot of the bluffs. Several elegant farm-houses have already been built in this county from this material ; and, as the wealth of the country increases, something like a correct taste in architecture will obtain among the people, and a desire for more substantial and elegant buildings will be the result. This will give increased value to our supplies of fine building stone ; and quarries that are now reckoned of little value to the owners will eventually become sources of wealth to an extent that can not at present be realized.

The St. Louis limestone will perhaps rank next in value for supplying the wants of the citizens of this county with good building stone. The quarries on Link's Branch, near Carrollton, are capable of supplying the wants of that town, and the surrounding country. The rock obtained at this locality, is a yellowish gray, or brown, magnesian limestone, soft enough to be cut with facility, when freshly quarried, and make a fine building stone, either for cut-work or for heavy walls. Some of tlie beds are thick enough to furnish dimension-stone of a large size. This bed will furnish a good material for heavy walls, at every locality where we saw it exposed in this county. The Keokuk limestone will also furnish a very good building stone, wherever the lower part of the bed is found exposed. This portion of the bed affords layers of light, bluish-gray, compact, limestone, from six inches to a foot in thickness, that may be used for all the ordinary purposes for which material of this kind is required. In the upper part of the bed the layers are thin and cherty.

The sandstone overMng the coal-seam on Birch Creek, has all the characteristics of a reliable building stone. It is a massive micaceous sandstone, containing considerable ferruginous matter, withstands atmospheric influences well, and forms a bold mural wall along the bluffs of the creek, from fifteen to twenty feet in hight. It will furnish an abundant supply of building stone for this part of the county. On Bear Creek, the sandstone is more unevenly bedded, and somewhat unevenly textured, some portions of it showing a disposition to crumble on exposure to the atmosphere. If quarried for building stone, when it presents this appearance, it should be selected with care ; and the soft portions of the rock should be rejected. In a word, this county has an abundant supply of building stone, not only for the use of the inhabitants within its borders, but also a large surplus for the supply of other portions of the State.

Introductory History

Probably not the least interesting portion of the history of Greene County would be that which pertains to the lives and fortunes, the civilization and the language of that wonderful race which peopled these prairies, and dwelt in the bluffs of the Illinois, so long ago that no trace is left, save the few time-worn relics, found in caves and scattered all over the great West. In their manner of living and the knowledge of mechanical arts, they were as much superior to the Indians as the period of their existence was more remote. Abundant evidence that a portion of this mysterious people once made Greene County their home is readily obtained, but their origin, their history, and their identity are wrapt in doubt seemingly impenetrable.

So far as history knows, the original human inhabitants of the region, now called Greene County, Illinois, were the American Indians. Over these fragrant prairies the Kickapoos and Pottawotamies hunted and fouglit, with no dream that Europeans would ever drive them from their heritage. The French were the first white people who made explorations here. Very soon after the beginning of the Seventeenth Century, before the colonization of Virginia, subjects of France had made ex[)lorations and a permanent settlement in Canada. Thence the zeal of the French Jesuits lead them to push westward and southward, until, about 1660, they reached the northern part of Illinois, by way of the lakes. One of the most noted of these religious enthusiasts was Jacques Marquette, who, with Louis Joliet and five other Frenchmen, made extensive explorations in this State. In 1G7>^, these men floated down the Wisconsin River to the Mississippi, and thence were borne by the Father of Waters, as far south as the latitude of Memphis. Here they turned the stem of their boat against the stream and began to row northward. Just above where Alton is now situated, they left the Mississippi and thrust their bark into the untried waters of the Illinois. Up this stream they slowly rowed, taking careful note of the country, its animals and productions. They made frequent landings, both for the purposes of exploration and to preach to the Indians, whose curiosit}" was aroused b}^ the appearance of the strangers. It is very likely that these were the first white men who ever beheld any portion of the territory now known as Greene County. So much were they struck with the beauty and richness of the country through which they passed, and so glowing was their report of their travels, that, for some j^ears, their description was regarded, in France, as a fable or a dream, rather than an account of realities. About six years later another Frenchman, Hennepin, floated down the river, and was followed, in 1682, by LaSalle. These explorers claimed the whole country for France, and, at this time, Greene County was a dependency of the Frencli Crown and a part of that vast undetermined region known as Louisiana. Frenchmen also came into the State by way of New Orleans and the Mississippi River, and thus reached it, from both the north and south, at nearly the same time. In the north, settlements were made at Peoria and in the south, on the American Bottom at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Fort Cliartres, Prairie du Rocher and other points, of which the latter Avas nearest Greene Count}'.

Meantime the English had made settlements in Virginia, Massachusetts, and at various points between, and the King of England claimed, by virtue of these all the country west as far as the Pacific. Soon after the year 1700, the English began to penetrate into this wilderness, and it became evident that a conflict between their claims iind those of the French, to this Garden of the World, was inevitable. But it was not the richness of the soil that attracted these earliest pioneers. The conversion of the savages and the profits of barter with them, were the two motives which drew hither the advance guard of European civilization. Trading posts were established at various points, but no land was broken, no grain harvested. The French, in the character of missionaries, were most successful in winning the affections of^ the Indians, and hence profited by their assistance during the war which followed. The struggle was a long and bitter one, but the battle of Quebec, in 1759, finally decided that America should be controlled by English, not French, influences.

And so, a few years after, the great West was ceded to England, and Greene County became a possession of George III. This region was at this time the scene of much bloodshed. Not only were there frequent turmoils between the Indians and the white settlers, but wars between the various tribes were of almost constant occurrence. The Kickapoos and the Pottawotamies could never live in peace together, and Greene County very probably was the field of many a battle between them.

As a result of the war of the revolution, this whole land became independent of the English crown. During tliis struggle, Col. George Rogers Clark was sent by Patrick Heniy, Governor of Virginia, to secure this jiortion of the country for the Americans. He dropped down the Ohio and marched up through the State, in 1779, with 150 men, and, with the utmost skill and bravery, gained possession of the region almost without bloodshed. Thus Greene County became part and parcel of the great State of Virginia. In 1782, Virginia ceded the territory, west of the Alleghanies and north of the Ohio, to the United States, and it was then known as Illinois County, Virginia. Five years later, by the famous " compact of 1787," the region, west of the Alleghanies and north of tlie Ohio, was erected into "The Noi-thwest Territory." From this, in 1800, the territory of Ohio was cut off, and, in 1805, the remaining portion, including the present State of Illinois, was named Indiana Territory. Four years later (1809), Congress declared that that })ortion of Indiana Territory lying west of the Wabash River, including what is now Wisconsin and a part of Minnesota, should constitute a separate commonwealth to be called Illinois. In 1790 St. Clair Count}^ was organized and included all that portion of the present State south of the Little Mackinaw Creek, near Peoria. The county seat was at Cahokia. Five years later Randolph County was taken from St. Clair on the south, and, in 1812, Madison County was organized. At this time Madison County stretched to Chicago on the north, and its sheriff would have found it difficult to have visited every portion of his bailiwick, for the collection of taxes. Greene County was organized in 1821, and included the present counties of Jersey, Macoupin, (jreene, Morgan, and Scott.

Thus the territory, now known as Greene County, Illinois, has, in in turn, been one of the haunts of the pre-historic races, the hunting ground of the red man, the possession of the French crown, a part of Louisiana, a dependency of England, a portion of Illinois County, Virginia, a part of the great Northwest Teriitory. Then it was included in St. Clair County, in the Territory of Indiana, then Madison County, Illinois, and finally Greene County.

Earliest Settlements

At the beginning of the war of 1812, the aspect of affairs was far from hopeful to the isolated dwellers in the Territory of Illinois. Immigration had expanded the settlements and scattered them over a wide territory, but they were very weak. Along the western border of the Wabash River a few improvements had been made and a number of settlements existed in southern Illinois, but the Wood River, near Alton, was the northern frontier. There was a little hamlet at Chicago and a few French villages in the northern part of the State, but altogether the whole Territory contained but twelve thousand people. Under the influence of the alarm occasioned by the prospect of an Indian war, the prices of guns, rifles, and powder jjad risen wonderfully, so that a good rifle sold for fifty dollars, a sum equal in value to four times that amount at the present time. The people were all poor and almost entirely without forts or other protection, and under the circumstances, a war with the Indians was dreaded as a terrible calamity. The English had stirred up the Indians to the most bitter hatred against the American settlers, and Tecumseh and the Prophet had sworn to drive every pale face beyond the Ohio River. An earthquake's shock was felt the December previous, and to add to all the direful portents, a comet, which was deemed a certain precursor of disaster, appeared in the sky. The government was petitioned to send a body of soldiers for the defense of the colonists, but in the weak condition of the national resources, the request could not be granted. Compelled to defend themselves, the Rangers, a body of volunteer mounted soldiers, were organized in 1811 in Goshen settlement. General Howard was the commander of the organization and Colonel Judy, of Madison County, was at the head of one of the companies. One of their camps was at Fort Russell, one and a half miles from Edwardsville, Madison County. For several years these brave, determined men rode over the bare and silent prairies for hundreds of miles, now chasing a squad of fleeing savages, now hurrying to the defense of a threatened settlement. They Avere almost constantly in the saddle, rarely slept under a roof, were independent of civilization for food or comforts, and exercised almost superhuman vigilance in keeping the red men at bay. They were familiar with every feature of Indian warfare, and their deeds of daring and endurance have been made the theme of many a thrilling poem or romantic tale. Among the narratives of the daring and hardihood of these men, current among the old settlers of the county, is the following:

In August, 1814, Tom Higgins, a native of Kentucky, was one of a party of twelve men under the command of Lieutenant Journey, who were posted near this region. Early one morning, as the party started out across the prairie, and were crossing a small ridge, which was covered with a hazel thicket, they fell into an ambuscade of the Indians, who rose suddenly around them, to the number of seventy or eighty, and fired. Four of the Rangers were killed, among whom was Lieutenant Journey. One other fell badly wounded, and the rest fled, except Higgins. It was an unusually sultry morning. The day was just dawning. A heavy dew had fallen the preceding night. The air was still and humid, and the smoke from the guns hung in a cloud over the spot. Under the cover of this veil, Higgins' surviving companions had escaped, supposing all who were left were dead, or that, at all events, it would be rashness to attempt to rescue them from so overwhelming a force. Higgins' horse having been shot, he dismounted, but finding the wound had not greatly disabled the animal, he continued to hold the bridle, feeling confident of being able to make his retreat. Seing a small elm tree near, he hurried toward this, intending to shoot from its cover. At this moment the cloud of smoke partially arose, disclosing to his view a number of Indians, one of whom he shot. Still concealed from view, Higgins reloaded his gun and turned to fly, when a low voice near hailed him with, " Tom, you won't leave me ? "

On looking around, he discovered one of his companions named Burgess, who was lying wounded on the ground, and he replied instantly, " No, I'll not leave you. Come along, and I'll take care of you."'

"I can't come," replied Burgess, "my leg is smashed all to pieces." Higgins sprang from his saddle, and, picking up his friend, whose ankle bone was broken, lifted him on the horse, telling him to fly. But the horse, taking fright, at this instant, darted oif, leaving Higgins with his wounded comrade, on foot. Still the cool bravery of the former was suflBcient for every emergency, and, placing Burgess down gently, he told him, "Now, my good fellow, you must hop off on three legs, while I stay between you and the Indians," instructing him at the same time to get into the highest grass, and crawl as close to the ground as possible. Instead of following himself in the same direction, the galhint Higgins took another direction, in order to withdraw the attention of the enemy from the wounded man. As he left the thicket, he observed a large Indian near him, and two others, on the other side, between him and the fort. Tom coolly surveyed his foes and saw it was necessary to act the general. Having an enemy on each flank, he determined to separate them and fight them singly. He bounded toward a ravine not far off, the largest Indian following him closely. Higgins turned several times to fire, but the red man danced about so wildly that it was impossible to get a sure aim. The other two were closing upon him and he found that unless he could dispose of the first he would be overpowered. He, therefore, halted, resolved to receive a fire. The Indian, a few paces distant, raised his rifle. Higgins watched his adversaria's eye and, just as he thought his finger pressed the trigger, he suddenly jumped to one side. He received the ball in his thigh and fell, but rose again and ran. The largest Indian, sure of his prey, loaded again, and with the two others pursued. Tiie}' soon cam^ upon Higgins and fired, three balls takin^r effect in his bodv. He now fell and rose several times, and the Indians, throwing away their guns, advanced upon him with spears and knives. He kept them at bay with his gun, and finally shot one of them dead.

With four bullets in his body and an empty gun, two Indians before him, and a whole tribe but a few rods off, almost any other man would have despaired. Not so with Higgins. He readily saw that the two surviving Indians lacked courage and, facing them, began to load his rifle. They raised a whoop and rushed upon him. A fierce and bloody conflict ensued. The Indians stabbed Higgins in many places, but it happened, fortunately, that the shafts of their spears were thin poles, rigged hastily for the occasion, which bent whenever the point struck a rib or encountered one of Higgins' tough muscles. From this cause, and by reason of his great agility, he received no deep wounds, although his whole front was covered with Gnashes. At last one of them threw his tomahawk so that it sunk deep in Higgins' cheek, severed his ear, laid bare his skull to the back of his head, and stretched him on the ground. The Indians rushed on, but Tom kept them off with his feet and hands, until he managed to regain his feet. Then, clubbing his rifle, he rushed upon his nearest foe, dashed his brains out, and broke the stock of his gun. The other Indian now came manfully to the fight. Uttering a fearful yell, he rushed on, determined to stab his enemy. The Indian, unwounded, was by far the most powerful man, but the moral courage of our hero prevailed, and the savage, unable to bear the fierce glance of his untamed eye, began to retreat slowly toward the place where he B had dropped his rifle. Tom knew that if the Indian recovered his gun, his own case was hopeless, and, throwing away his rifle barrel, he drew his hunting knife and rushed in upon him. A desperate strife ensued, and several deep gashes were inflicted, but the Indian succeeded in castino- Higgins from him and ran to the spot where he had thrown down his gun, while Tom searched for the rifle of the other savage. Thus the twof both bleeding and out of breath, were searching for arms with - main body of the Indians had passed away, and a number of the latter, having passed the hazel thicket, were in full view. It seemed, therefore, as if nothing could save oiir heroic ranger. But relief was at hand. The little garrison at the station, six or seven in number, had witnessed the whole'of this unparalleled combat and, at last, jumping upon their horses, rushed at full gallop toward the scene of the conflict. The Indians in the thicket had just discovered Tom, and were rushing down toward him with savaee yells. His friends were spurring their horses to reach him first. Higgins exhausted from loss of blood liad fallen and fainted, while his adversary, too intent on his prey to observe anything else, was looking for a rifle. The rangers reached the battle-ground first. _ One of them tendered Tom a rifle, but he was past shooting. His friends lifted him up, threw him across a horse, before one of the party, and turned to retreat just as the Indians came up. They made good their escape, and the Indians retired.

After being carried into the station he remained insensible for some days, and his life was preserved with difficulty by his friends. They extracted all the bullets but two, which remained in his thigh. One of these gave him a great deal of pain, although the flesh was healed. At length* he heard that a physician had settled within a day's ride of him, whom he went to see. The surgeon was willing to extract the ball butasked the sum of fifty dollars for the operation. This Tom flatly refused to give, as it was more than half a year's pension. As he rode home, he turned the matter over in his mind, and determined upon a cheaper plan. The exercise of riding had so chafed the part that when he arrived home, the ball, which could not usually be felt, was plainly perceptible. With the assistance of his wife, he deliberately laid open his thigh with a razor, until the edge of the blade touched the bullet. Then, thrusting in his finger, " flirted it out," as he termed it, " without costing a cent."

° Although rough, warlike men, these Rangers did not fight from the love of bloodshed, or from a distaste for the quiet of a settled life. _ As they rushed over the State, they kept their eyes open for eligible points for making new settlements. The attractions of Greene County, the beauty and richness of its prairies, the extent of its wooded lands, the clearness of its streams were first brought to the attention of those at a distance through the agency of these men. Among the members of the band who were so pleased with the soil and topographical features of this country as to make it their home in later years, were John W. Huitt, Samuel Thomas, Orman Beeman, Thomas McDow, Hiram Huitt, John Greene, William Greene, Thomas Carlin, Jacob Linder, John Jonnson, Martin Wood, Young Wood, Davis Carter and Wiley Greene. They reported to others the attractions of the region near the Ma- coiipin and Apple Creeks, and, soon after the close of the war, settlers began to come in quite rapidh'. Of all the Illinois Rangers, only the venerable John W. Huitt, of this county, remains. Alexander Mills, of Morgan Countv, and Orman Beeman and Thomas McDow, of this county, were among the last to pass away.