Crawford County, Indiana - Chapter 17: Chapter on Education Continued, 1926

Chapter 17: Chapter on Education Continued

Many interesting stories are told about these schools in the dark days from 1853 to 1873, one of which is given. When Mrs. Allen of Fredonia was a little girl Bartlett Baker taught the Fredonia school. Every few days he would go down to the Collingwood tan-yard and would skin out a number of the tails from the beef hides which were brought there for tanning. Many of the hides did not smell the best since the beeves might have been killed several days. He put his pot on the fire and made soup out of these tails, many of which were spoiled. Mrs. Frank Allen said that when the soup began to boil and the tails

There were no means provided between 1853 and 1873 in Crawford County for higher education other than the district schools. A few students who were desirous of receiving a good education went to Bloomington. Seth Marshall Leavenworth, Jr., graduated from Indiana University with the A. M. degree in 1839, but the degree did not mean much then. When a man completed the first three years of college he was granted the M. A. degree. After about 1873 this custom was changed.

vided for a county and township institute. The township institute was really a visiting day where all the teachers once each month went to visit a teacher. They stayed all day with this teacher who taught the classes.

The General Assembly in 1873 enacted a new law which provided for a county superintendent who was to be elected by the township trustees on the first Monday in June for a term of two years. He was to be empowered to license teachers, hold institutes, watch the school funds, and have a general supervision over all the schools. The new law did away with school examiners.

Empowered by the law, the trustees met at the court house in Leavenworth on Monday, June 2, 1873, and proceeded to elect a county superintendent. Those present were: Jennings township, John N. Bahr; Johnson township, Elisha Brown; Liberty township, George S. Balthis; Ohio township, William H. Conrad; Patoka township, William H. Buford; Sterling township, Joseph W. Brown; Union township, Joseph Landis; Whisky Run township, W. S. Daniel. John N. Bahr of Jennings township was

Monk, auditor of the county, was made secretary. The president called for the tickets and the secret ballot was taken, the result of which was: Alexander Sipes, 3 votes; John W. C. Springston, 5 votes; John M. Johnson, 1 vote. John W. C. Springston, having received a majority of the votes, was declared elected county superintendent for a a term of two years.

Mr. Springston was born in Spencer County and attended school under Professor Johnson in the old Academy at Marengo. Doctor Hahn of Leavenworth became inter- ested in the young man. He helped him to get a school at Leavenworth. Springston being a poor young man greatly appreciated the help Doctor Hahn gave him. During that school year it became necessary to punish Stewart Barnett and Lige Hahn. These two boys had put strips of pastebeard inside of their clothes in school so that if they were whipped the pieces of pasteboard would deaden the blows some. When the whipping was over the floor was all covered with pasteboard. While staying at Doctor Hahn's home he met Dora Jenette Conrad, who lived at Fredonia. A strong friendship grew up between them, culminating in marriage.

During the first term of his office the state authorized the county commissioners to appoint a superintendent, so on the first Monday in June, 1875, John Batman was appointed, but he did not serve but a few months until the right was given back to the trustees who reappointed Mr. John Springston, who was re-elected in 1877 on June 4. That day the trustees met at the court house in Leavenworth and organized by selecting William H. Conrad of Ohio township president. The ballot was spread with the following results: Jerry S. Hall, three votes; John W. C. Springston, five votes; John M. Johnson, one vote. Springston having received the majority of votes was declared elected. Those present were: John N. Bahr, Jennings township; Chester Atz, Whisky Run township ; John W. Breeden, Liberty township; Joel Vandever, Sterling township; John Williams, Patoka township; L. B. Walls, Johnson township; A. B. Kellums, Union township; William H. Conrad, Ohio township; R. H. Fullenwider, Boone township.

The following article was written by Springston and is so interesting that the author has submitted the text here: ''For the convenience of the teachers I have been in the habit of holding examinations at various places in_ the county. I have held at least one examination in each township. I always held them in the schoolhouses; I generally gave notice of the examinations through the county papers at least two weeks before the examination was held. It has been my custom to hold the two examinations in the months of September and October each. In all cases I write the questions on the board and have the applicants so arranged that they can see the questions well. In this way I secure uniformity; all are examined on the same subject at the same time. I generally write one question and give a reasonable length of time for an answer.' I then erase this one and write one. This secures promptness on the part of the individual which is very necessary in order to succeed. It also prevents their minds from becoming confused by seeing so many different questions at the same time. I always enforce the rules given by the State Board. The questions used by the State Board are always used by me. I hold my examination on the last Saturday in each month. During the first year I graded according to the rules adopted by the County Superintendents' Convention at Indianapolis in July, 1873. But I think this is too slow. I grant no license on a general average less than seventy per cent. I give credit to the amount of five per cent., which is the same as starting with sixty-five per cent.

general average of seventy per cent. and not below fifty per cent. B. Twelve months; one must make a general average of eighty per cent. and not fall below sixty per cent. to secure this license. C. Eighteen months; to secure this license must make a general average of ninety per cent., not falling below seventy per cent. in any one subject. D. Two year; one must make a general average of ninetyfive per cent., not falling below eighty per cent. in any subject to secure this license.

There are several teachers who were willing to keep a school on six months' license and never advance as long as the trustees will hire them, and strange to say, we have several trustees who will hire them and let the better teachers go without a school. When the self-important six months man now gets his blank he opens his eyes and if there is anything in him he will show it by trying to improve.

The number of questions answered by the candidate is not the only means by which one can determine his grade. A parrot can be taught to answer questions, but it does not mean that it can understand their meanings. Some teachers can never answer questions with any well formed idea of the principles involved. There is nothing that will represent more accurately the character of an individual than the general appearance of his manuscript. Carelessness will be represented by the scratches and blotches on each manuscript.

I have no regular appointments but come on the teacher unawares. I think it is a bad policy to let the teacher know when you are coming. However, if I were to consult my personal feelings I would send some teachers a notice ten days beforehand and jog their memory every day till the visit came. But to get anything like a correct opinion of a man's work the county superintendent ought to let the teacher remain ignorant of his visit. Ile should find the schools as they are to get a good idea of what is going on.

I hardly ever assume the management of a school for three reasons: (1) I am not acquainted with the teacher's methods of managing the school; (2) I being a stranger to the pupils would embarrass them, and I would not get the best results from the pupils. I generally spend a day at a school as this gives me a chance to see the entire system and detect the wants of the school. I never eriticize a school publicly as it lowers the standard of the teacher in the presence of the pupils. I think the superintendent should have a blank book on which he can make a note of all things which happen and then suggest them privately to the teacher. He then has the general condition of the school to present to the county board. I spend about seventy days visiting schools. I use about fifteen days a year holding examinations. I spend about fifteen days a year in holding institutes. I spend about fifty days in my office work. I labored in the duties of my office about 170 days a year which makes my office cost the county about $680 I do not receive anything from any other source. The office last year cost $731. This is considered by some as extravagant but they never take into consideration the amount of. good that is gained. Other offices might cost twice as much but they do not do half the good. The school examiner cost the people and the county about one-third as much as the county superintendent, and many of them did a very poor grade of work.

I have saved the people enough money in one transaction to balance my salary for a year. I also prevented the thief from carrying off three annual salaries for the superintendent. These things had been under the notice of the examiners for several years, but they did nothing. I brought the action myself, and though the case did not go through court, rid the county of the thief. So, for the next two years the county will not suffer on account of the superintendent.

One can hardly excite any interest among the trustees. At our last meeting they selected a uniform system of books for the county. The townships have not a uniform set of charts, but many are very good, such as they are.

The condition of the schools is better. The old houses . have been repaired and refurnished. The town of Leavenworth has built one of the best houses in southern Indiana. It is a two-story brick and has four good rooms. Out buildings are very good, too. In the village of Hartford a good substantial two-story frame building has been erected. Heretofore they had a log cabin. In fact, all over the county the school property has been improved. Yet many things still remain undone. The seats are not fit for the pupils, but our trustees will see the right way soon and get better ones.

The county and township institute, for the most part, is a success. In some townships the trustees and the teachers take no interest. The lady teachers are not able to attend well in the large townships.

This year we had the best institute ever held in the county. There were 102 teachers enrolled. We had no instructors from abroad but labored among ourselves. Instruction was given in the common branches.

Our Normal was attended by about fifty students this year. There was a musical department under Professor J. S. Pfrimmer of Corydon. There are two students attending Indiana University.

Marengo Academy is doing some fine work under Professor John M. Johnson, at which many of our teachers have improved their standing. All things look well for the schools of the county.

Mr. Springston brought order out of chaos.- He began to organize the schools, use courses of study, and grade the teachers. After the marriage to Dora Conrad he moved his office to Fredonia.

After the election of President Garfield in 1880 and Doctor Emanuel Hahn of Leavenworth, Secretary of State, John Springston resigned the office, to take effect November 20, 1880. The county auditor called the trustees together on November 20 to fill the vacancy. These trustees were present: Jennings township, M. E. Stewart; Boone township, W. H. Pullenwider; Liberty township, John H. Stewart; Johnson township, G. W. L. Brown;

The board organized by electing J. F. Sanders, president, and A. M. Sipes became secretary. 'The first vote taken showed this result: Jerry Hall, four votes; Clark Brown, three votes; Sam Mann, one vote.

No one receiving a majority of the votes they proposed to drop Mann's name and take another ballot, the result of which was the same as the first ballot.

Boone, Jennings, Ohio and Liberty townships were represented by Republicans and the other four by Democrats. The auditor was a Democrat. Should the vote ever come to a tie then Mr. Sipes would vote for Hall and thus elect him. To prevent that the Republicans scattered their votes as shown above. But' Chairman Sanders now put a resolution to the trustees of this nature: Resolved, that Jerry S. Hall be appointed to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of John Springston. Now the trustees had to vote for or against the resolution, hence Bennett, Sanders, Brown and Mock voted for the resolution and M. E. Stewart, John Stewart, Fullenwider and Jenkins voted against it. This made the vote a tie, so Alexander M. Sipes voted for the resolution and Hall was appointed.

At the close of John Springston's first term of office in June, 1875, the county commissioners were empowered by some law to appoint the county superintendent. So at their June meeting the board appointed John Batman to serve for a term of two years, but later the right was taken from the commissioners or they never really had the right. Mr. Batman held the office for several months. and Mr.

Mr. Hall, the new county superintendent, was born in Harrison County. He taught school at Wyandotte in Jennings township. Here he married one of the Rothrock girls. During his term of office all the old log schools were abandoned. The Young People's Reading Circle books and Teachers' Reading Circle books were adopted, and many other good things done to build up the schools. At the close of his term of office Mr. Hall moved to Indianapolis and became manager of the English Hotel. He died in Illinois in the spring of 1926.

During Mr. Hall's term of office the county normals were very beneficial to our teachers. The old Academy at Marengo was established at that town in 1869 by Professor John M. Johnson. Others were held at Leavenworth, Alton and English. These normals became very popular and did a great service to the county. The following program was found in the attic of an old house in Leavenworth and may be of interest:

English Normal

Spring Term of Ten Weeks ENGLISH NORMAL English, Indiana. ~ Beginning Monday, March 28, 1887, and closing Friday, June 3rd, 1887. Public Examination at English Tuesday, May 31, 1887. James Bossirtr, Co. Supt.

Education, Continued 369 The Normal

For those who wish to attend school, we have so arranged the work of the Normal as to offer facilities not. extended to students in this part of the state. Enough teachers will be employed so that one will not have more than three or four classes. We have made arrangements with the school board at English so that we can use their maps and charts.

English is situated on the L. E. & St. Louis Air Line and near the center of the county. It is a great health resort of sulphur springs and the Christian character of the people makes English one of the most desirable places in southern Indiana for a Normal.

There will be beginning and advance classes in Arithmetic. Particular attention will be paid to the analysis of problems. Numerous practical problems will be illustrated. Algebra:

There will be beginning and advance classes in Algebra. One class will begin in quadratics, using ''Ray's Higher'' and will complete the text.

Mr. Hall was re-elected county superintendent in 1881 _ for a full term of two years. These trustees were present: R. H. Fullenwider, Boone; M. E. Stewart, Jennings; George W. L. Brown, Johnson; John Stewart, Liberty; George Jenkins, Ohio; Mock, Patoka, absent; William Bennett, Sterling; Wm. McMahel, Union; J. W. Eddleman, Whisky Run.

At the general election in 1882 these trustees were elected: Boone, W. H. Fullenwider, Rep.; Jennings, John T. Roberson, Dem.; Johnson, Thomas Gilmore, Dem.; Liberty, none; Ohio, George Jenkins, Rep.; Patoka, Archibald Allen, Dem.; Sterling, W. C. Bird, Dem.; Union, John Cole; Whisky Run, Christian Atz, Dem.

At the regular meeting June 4, 1883, held in the auditor's office at Leavenworth the trustees named above were present. The one from Liberty was absent. Mr. Robertson was made chairman and Mr. Atz presented the name of E. J. Bye and Mr. Jenkins presented the name of Thomas Duffin. Ballots were taken which gave Bye six votes and Duffin two. Therefore Bye was elected to serve till June, 1885. EH. J. Bye, the new county superintendent, was born in the parish of Clerkshire, London, England, on December 31, 1848. His parents embarked for the United States when he was three years of age. He married Leora Alice Schoonover on February 22, 1873. He joined the Methodist Episcopal church at Mount Lebanon when he was a young man, became an ardent reader, a faithful Christian, and a good citizen. He became a teacher at the age of 19 and taught school till he was 56 years of age, when he was county superintendent for two years. He was the last charter member of the Odd Fellows Lodge of Milltown. He died October 10, 1924, at his home in Milltown. The author was personally acquainted with Mr. Bye, who he knew was a warm-hearted, true-hearted, high-minded citizen.

When the board met at the auditor's office in June, 1885, Christian Atz was made chairman. Nominations being in order, Wm. Bennett of Sterling nominated John H. Weathers, and James Speedy nominated James Bobbitt. The ballot being spread, the vote was taken with these results: James Bobbitt, 5 votes; John Weathers, 3 votes; John Johnson, 1 vote.

Under Mr. Bobbitt's term of office much improvement was made. The schools at Alton and English were graded. A little high school work was done. Alton had two teachers, English three teachers and Leavenworth had four teachers. The new brick schoolhouse in Leavenworth was considered then to be one of the best in southern Indiana.

Many schools were furnished with new seats in which two persons could sit. The long settee or wooden bench was removed. Uniform books for the county were much desired. MceGuffey's spellers and readers were then used. Yet the teachers were very poorly traind. Once in a while one more daring than the rest went to the State Normal or to Bloomington. Among these one may mention 8. C. Miller of English, Sherman Tower of Leavenworth and Edward A. Tower of Leavenworth. Both the Towers were in the State Normal when the main building was destroyed by fire in the eighties. Frances Temple was a student

The election of 1886 returned these trustees to power: Boone, Lyman Brooks; Jennings, Kelly Jenkins; Johnson, Robert Gilmore; Liberty, J. H. Hammon; Ohio, J. T. Wiseman; Patoka, J. S. Sinclair; Sterling, Wm. Bennett; Union, J. W. Senn; Whisky Run, L. C. Pfeiffer.

The trustees tried to get books for the county and a uniform set of maps and globes. The old wooden seats in many districts were replaced with new ones which were large enough to hold two persons. The trustees were willing to help schools all they could but the funds were low, teachers were poorly trained and the houses were crowded, many of which had from 40 to 70 pupils enrolled. These pupils were all sizes and ages. Even married men of twenty-five years of age entered school.

Under such conditions the teacher who could command order was the one wanted. Corporal punishment was the chief aim of the teacher. So whipping was an every day occurrence.

The above board of trustees met at the court house in the town of Leavenworth on June 6, 1887, and elected W. A. Pierson for a term of two years.

Kelly Jenkins was elected chairman. Nominations being in order, Mr. Gilmore nominated W. A. Pierson, L. C. Pfeiffer nominated E. J. Bye, John W. Senn nominated Fielding Priest. By motion of J. W. Sinclair the nominations were closed and the ballot spread with this result: W. A. Pierson, 4 votes; E. J. Bye, 1 vote; Fielding Priest, 2 votes; J. M. Johnson, 1 vote.

be dropped; with a second it passed. The ballot was spread, with the same results. Resolution was made to drop the lowest two, was put and lost. Ballot was spread the third time, with the same results as at first. J. W. Senn made a motion to adjourn but the motion was lost. J. S. Sinclair moved that Wm. A. Pierson be appointed county superintendent. Mr. Pierson was one of Orange County's noble sons who worked hard for his education. He had lived for several years at Marengo where he taught school. Mr. Pierson was a tireless worker, a good school man, and a Christian gentleman. When his term of office expired he located in Indianapolis where he still lives.

The next man to be elected county superintendent was John W. Goldman. . The complexion of the trustees changed some. Quigley Odle was elected trustee of Jennings township on the Republican ticket over Kelley Jenkins in 1888. So when the trustees met on June 3, 1889, by call of the auditor these men were presented: T. Q. Odle, Jennings; Boone, Lyman Brooks; Liberty, W. H. Taylor; Union, James Smallwood; Ohio, Isaac Johnson.

Mr. Goldman during his term of office used his influence to encourage young men and women to attend school. In 1891 Edward Tower of Leavenworth graduated from the Indiana State Normal. The private normals were doing much good work for the teachers. The county superintendent caused the institutes to be held at Marengo during his term. These old-time institutes were a merry time for the teachers. Many of the best institute instructors in

The Democrats at the election in 1890 elected a majority of the trustees. The returns showed these men were elected: Boone, W. T. Watson; Jennings, Jim Shaw; Johnson, E. P. Brown; Liberty, W. H. Taylor; Ohio, Wm. Merrillees; Patoka, J. R. Crews; Sterling, Wm. Richards; Union, James Smallwood; Whisky Run, W. 8S. Spencer.

The Democratic trustees held a caucus in Grantsburg many weeks before the election. There were several candidates, among whom one can name John Zimmerman, Pierce Walts, Tom Kelly and James R. Duffin. The ballots were cast all day, with no definite results till late in the day, when John F. Zimmerman was nominated. The trustees were called together on June 1, 1891. J. R. Crews moved that William Merrilees be made chairman. The motion carried. Moved to vote by ballot carried. Then motion was made that Zimmerman be elected by unanimous vote and carried. So the ballot was spread and vote taken, resulting in Zimmerman's election by unanimous vote. Zimmerman lived near Eckerty in Patoka township. He was a Democrat. The county institute was a success during his term of office. The schools were graded to some extent. Most district schools had these years or grades: First, second, third, fourth and fifth grades. McGuffey's Readers and Spellers, Thalheimer's History and Ray's old third part Arithmetic were used in the county.

The election of 1893 pushed Zimmerman aside and put J. R. Duffin of West Fork into the office. Duffin was a young man who had been educated at Danville, Indiana.

The election of 1894 was a political landslide for the Republicans. Boone township elected B. Pierson; Jennings, Martin Scott; Johnson, I. B. Bobbitt; Liberyt, L. Terry ; Ohio, George Riddle; Patoka, John Deich; Sterling, W. T. Beasley; Union, Joseph B. Blevins, and Whisky Run, Christian Atz. Atz, Scott and Beasley were Democrats. The other six were Republicans. In June, 1897, they elected Charles A. Robertson for a term of two years. Later, in 1899, he was re-elected for a term of four years. A new law extended his term from two to four years. The trustees were also elected to have four-year terms in 1900.

Mr. Robertson, who was a very courteous gentleman, made a very fine county superintendent. Morally he was a good citizen and set a good example before the pupils of the county. He introduced report cards which the pupils liked very much. Despite all the good he had done in favoring higher training and supervising the school, he did not get elected in 1903. To his honor one may say that he made a clean fight and ought to have been reelected. But one of his Republican trustees turned Democrat, which ended in the defeat of the Republicans.

The election of a county superintendent in 1903 was one of the most exciting elections ever held in Crawford County. There were five Republicans and four Democrats elected as trustees in 1900. About 1902 Luther L. Jones, who lived at Schooner Point, told people that he intended to vote for a Democrat for county superintendent. Nothing the Republicans could do helped the matter. The

Democratic caucus selected Luther Flanigan of Milltown, but Alpheus J. Beals voted for his brother, 8. A. Beals, who also received the four Republican votes, thereby electing Beals.

Mr. Beals, who was a Democrat, grew up in Jennings township. He was a very industrious worker. Had been a teacher in the grades of the Leavenworth schools for several years. He took the school work in hand with a strong grip. He did away with the old unsanitary slates and pupils were required to get pencils and paper tablets. Some one from another county criticized him on account of the slates, but Beals was right, and the others wrong.

During his long term of office Leavenworth, English, Marengo and Milltown schools were granted commissions. New buildings were erected at Marengo and English.

By skillful maneuvers Mr. Beals had succeeded in getting enough trustees elected to keep him in office, but in 1914 he lost the trustees. These were elected: Boone, Ed. Parr, Rep.; Jennings, Fred Bischoff, Dem.; Johnson, M. G. Real, Rep.; Liberty, John Brown, Dem.; Ohio, Garrison Bird, Rep.; Patoka, George Smith, Rep.; Sterling, Noble Denbo, Rep.; Union, Kenna Senn, Rep.; Whisky Run, John Ferguson, Dem.

The Republicans had six trustees and the Democrats had three. When the election came in 1917 H. W. Toney was elected. Mr. Toney worked hard for the schools. He attended the institutes and encouraged the teachers. He was one of the cleanest young men ever elected to the office. Yet for some reason or other he was not re-elected.

On June 6, 1921, when the board met, Mr. Parr of Alton nominated H. H. Pleasant. Reuben Cox of Eckerty seconded the nomination. The vote showed five for Pleasant and four for Toney. The trustees were: Boone, Parr, Rep, for Pleasant; Jennings, McIntosh, Dem., for Toney ; Liberty, T. H. Miller, Rep., for Pleasant; Ohio, J. R. Rainforth, Rep., for Pleasant; Patoka, Joe Riley, Dem., for Toney; Sterling, Charles P. Miller, Dem., for Toney; Union, Charles Ford, Rep., for Pleasant; Whisky Run, Willard Vance, Dem., for Toney.

H. H. Pleasant, who was elected county superintendent, was born in Jennings township. He attended the district school at Magnolia. Later he spent some time in the Leavenworth High School, walking five miles there and back each day except when he had a chance to ride. Encouraged by Professor Dodson he entered the State Normal in 1903, from which he graduated in 1910. He also graduated from Indiana University with the B. A. degree and M. A. degree in 1918 and 1920. He had been superintendent of several high schools and had a fair knowledge of the work in which he is now engaged.

Before Mr. Pleasant entered upon his duties August 16, 1921, a new law was enacted which raised the age of school attendance to 16 years. The state board adopted the plan which entirely changed the plan which Superintendent Pleasant had in force.

The law required all the schools to be scored. Those falling below fifty on a score card sent out by the state were to receive no state aid. Mr. Pleasant visited State

Superintendent Burris and explained the condition of the roads, schools and teachers. Burris suggested that he would bring Governor McCray along and spend a day visiting our county schools. The party landed in English October 18, 1921. When the Governor saw the condition of the houses he decided that the score would be put off until 1923. Then the big problem was to get the patrons to hold working days and clean up the old houses. The good people took up the matter with a will. Before the time was out all the schools were able to score above fifty per cent.

The schools were built up wonderfully during his term of office from a material point of view, but Mr. Pleasant did not have time to supervise the work as well as was needed.

Mr. Pleasant did not believe that a school superintendent should mix up in politics. So the election of 1922 for trustees put these men in office: Boone, Sid Purcell, Dem.; Jennings, Jesse Dean, Dem.; Liberty, Ott Hanger, Dem.; Ohio, John Crecelius, Rep.; Patoka, Clad Murray, Dem.; Union, Henry Knight, Dem.; Whiskey Run, Willard Vance, Dem.; Johnson, Chester Lamon, Rep.

Despite the hard work done in scoring the schools, there was no chance for Superintendent Pleasant to be re-elected. In the summer of 1924 Superintendent Pleasant was elected to teach in Central Normal College. So on September 15, 1924, he resigned. The trustees met and the Democrats nominated 8. C. Adams of Leavenworth and elected him. He was a graduate of Indiana University and

Superintendent Pleasant was very impartial while he was in office. He did not let politics make any difference with him. Mr. Adams was of like mind. He spent one year as county superintendent and withdrew from the field and would not stand for re-election. The county lost the services of a fine Christian gentleman.

The year of 1924-1925 saw the state aid law amended so that supplies and supplementary readers might be bought with state aid. So a goodly amount was bought by our trustees. The election of county superintendent in 1925 resulted in the selection of one of Patoka's noble sons, John D. Murray. He was about 26 years of age, a graduate of Oakland City College, and one who was interested in the improvement of his teachers.

The teachers began extension work under his term in 1925. The state aid ruling was changed so that equipment may be had for the schools. Leavenworth received about $2,000 worth of supplies in 1925. Others got their share, too.

Finding the schools is a very difficult undertaking in Crawford County. Mr. Adams left home one day to visit schools. When he found himself he was over in Perry County. He found his way home in safety, but late at night.