Fayette County, Indiana - Chapter 1, 1917

Chapter 1

The first white men to set foot upon the Northwest Territory were French traders and missionaries under the leadership of La Salle. This was about the year 1670 and subsequent discoveries and explorations in this region by the French gave that nation practically undisputed possession of all the territory organized in 1787 as the Northwest Territory. It is true that the English colonies of Virginia, Connecticut and Massachusetts claimed that their charters extended their grants westward to the Mississippi river. However, France claimed this territory and successfully maintained possession of it until the close of the French and Indian War in 1763. At that time the treaty of Paris transferred all of the French claims east of the Mississippi river to England, as well as all claims of France to territory on the mainland of North America. For the next twenty years the Northwest Territory was under the undisputed control of England, but became a part of the United States by the treaty which terminated the Revolutionary War in 1783. Thus the flags of three nations have floated over the territory now comprehended within the present state of Indiana - the tri-color of France, the union jack of England and tlie stars and stripes of the Ehiited States.

History will record the fact that there was another nation, however, which claimed jwssession of this territory and, while the Indians can hardly be called a nation, yet they made a gallant fight to retain their hunting grounds. The real owners of this territory struggled against heavy o'dds to maintain their supremacy and it was not until the battle of Tippecanoe, in the fall of 181 1, that the Indians gave up the unequal struggle. Tecumseh, the Washington of his race, fought fiercely to .save this territoiy for his people, but the white man finally overwhelmed him, and "Lo, the poor Indian" was pushed westward across the Mississippi. Tlie liistory of the Northwest Territorv is full of the bitter fights which tlie Indians waged in tning to drive ^3) the white man out and the defeat which tlie Indians inflicted on General St. Clair on November 4, 1792, will go down in the annals of American history as the worst defeat which an American army ever suffered at the hands of the Indians. The greatest battle which has ever been fought in the United States against the Indians occurred in the state of Ohio. This was the battle of Fallen Timbers and occurred August 20, 1794, the scene of the battle being within the present county of Defiance. After the close of the Revolutionarv War the Indians, urged on by the British, caused the settlers in the Northwest Territory continual trouble and defeated every detachment sent against them previous to their defeat by Gen. Anthony Wayne at the battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794. Although there was some trouble with the Indians after this time, they did not offer serious resistance after this memorable defeat until the fall of 181 1. when Gen. William Henry Harrison completely routed them at the battle of Tippecanoe.

Ohio was the first state created out of the old Northwest Territory, although Indiana had been previously organized as a territory. When the land comprehended within the Northwest Territory was discovered by the French under La Salle about 1670, it was a battle ground of various Indian tribes, although the Fries, who were located along the shores of Lake Erie, were the only ones with a more or less definite territory. From 1670 to 1763, the close of the French and Indian War, the French were in possession of this territory and established their claims in a positive manner by extensive exploration and scattered settlements. The chief centers of French settlement were at Detroit, Vincennes, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Fort Crevecour and at several missionary stations around the shores of the great lakes. The French did not succeed in establishing themselves without incurring. the hostility of the Iroquois Indians, a bitter enmity which was brought about chiefly because the French helped the Shawnees. Wyandots and Miamis to drive the Iroquois out of the territory west of the Muskingum river in Ohio.

It must not be forgotten that the English also laid claim to the Northwest Territory, basing their claim on the discoveries of the Cabots and the subsequent charters of Virginia, Massachusetts and Connecticut. These charters extended the limits of these three colonies westAvard to the Pacific ocean, although, as a matter of fact, none of the tliree colonies made a settlement west of the Alleghanies until after the Revolutionary War. New York sought to strengthen her claim to territory west of the Alleghanies in 1701 by getting from the Iroquois, the bitter enemies of the French, a grant to the territory from which the French and their Indian allies had previously expelled them. Although this grant was renewed in 1726 and again confirmed in 1744, it gave New York only a nominal claim and one which was never recognized by the French in any way.

English traders from Pennsylvania and Virginia began in 1730 to pay more attention to the claims of their country west of the Alleghanies and north of the Ohio river. When their activities reached the ears of the FVench the governor of French Canada sent Celeron de Bienville up and down the Ohio and the rivers and streams running into it from the north and took formal possession of the territory by planting lead plates at the mouth of every river and stream of any importance. This peculiar method of the French in seeking to establish their claims occurred in the year 1749 and opened the eyes of England to the necessity of taking some immediate action. George II, the king of England at the time, at once granted a charter to the first Ohio Company ( there were two others by the same name later organized), composed of London merchants and enterprising Virginians, and the company at once proceeded to formulate plans to secure possession of the territory north of the Ohio and west of the Mississippi. Christopher Gist was sent down the Ohio river in 1750 to explore the country as far west as the mouth of the Scioto river, and made several treaties with the Indians. Things were now rapidly approaching a crisis and it was soon evident that there would be a struggle of arms between England and France for the disputed region. In 1754 the English started to build a fort at the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, on the site of the present city of Pittshurgii, but before the fort was completed the French a])iieared on the scene, drove the English away and finished the fort which had been begun.

The crisis had finally come. The struggle which followed between the two nations ultimately resulted in the expulsion of the French from the mainland of America as well as from the immediate territory in dispute. The war is known in America as the French and Indian War and in the history of the world as the Seven Years' War, the latter designation being due to the fact that it lasted that length of time. The struggle developed into a world-wide conflict and the two nations fought over three continents, America, Europe and Asia. It is not within the province of this resume of the history of Indiana to go into the details of this memorable struggle. It is sufficient for the purpose at hand to state that the treaty of Paris, which terminated the war in 1763, left France without any of her former possessions on the mainland of America.

With the English in control of America east of the Mississippi river and the French regime forever ended, the Indians next command the attention of the historian who deals with the Northwest Territory. The French were undoubtedly responsible for stirring up their former Indian allies and Pontiac's conspiracy must be credited to the influence of that nation. This formidable uprising was successfully overthrown by Henry Bouquet, who led an expedition in 1764 into the present state of Ohio and compelled the Wyandots, Delawares and Shawnees to sue for peace.

Northwest Territory And Quebec Act

From 1764 to 1774, no events of particular importance occurred within the territory north of the Ohio river, but in the latter year (June 22, 1774), England, then at the breakihg point with the colonies, passed the Quebec act, which attached this territory to the province of Quebec for administrative purposes. This intensified the feeling of resentment which the colonies bore against their mother country and is given specific mention in their list of grievances which they enumerated in their Declaration of Independence. The Revolutionary War came on at once and this act, of course, was never put into execution.

During the War for Independence (1775- 1783), the various states with claims to western lands agreed with the Continental Congress to surrender their claims to the national government. In fact, the Articles of Confederation were not signed until all of the states had agreed to do this and Maryland withheld her assent to the articles until March i, 1780, on this account. In accordance with this agreement New York ceded her claim to the United States in 1780, Virginia in 1784, Massachusetts in 1785 and Connecticut in 1786, although the latter state excepted a one-hundred-and-twenty-mile strip of three million five hundred thousand acres bordering on Lake Erie. This strip was formally relinquished in 1800, with the imderstanding that the

Fayettu- County. Indiana

United States would guarantee the titles already issued by that state. Virginia was also allowed a reservation, known as the Virginia Military Di;*- trict, w^hich lay between the Little Miami and Scioto rivers, the same being for distribution among her Revolutionary veterans. There is one other fact which should be mentioned in connection with the territory north of the Ohio in the Revolutionary period. This was the memorable conquest of the territory by Gen. George Rogers Clark. During the years 1778 and 1779, this redoubtable leader captured Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Vincennes and thereby drove the English out of the Northwest Territory. It is probable that this notable campaign secured this territory for the Americans and that we would not have had it included in our possessions in the treaty which closed the Revolutionary War if it had not been for its conquest byClark.

Capture Of Vincennes

One of the most interesting pages of Indiana history is concerned with the capture of Vincennes by Gen. George Rogers Clark in the spring of 1779. The expedition of this intrepid leader with its successful results marked him as a man of more than usual ability. Prompted by a desire to secure the territory northwest of the Ohio river for the Americans, he sought and obtained permission from the governor of X'irginia the right to raise a lx)dy of troops for this purpose. Early in the spring of 1778 Clark l)egan collecting his men for the proposed expedition. Within a short time he collected alxiut . one hundred and fifty men at Fort Pitt and floated down the Ohio to the falls near Jeffersonville. He picked up a few recruits at this place and in June floated on down the river to the mouth of the Tennessee river. His original intention was to make a descent on Vincennes first, but, having received erroneous reports as to the strength of the garrison located there, he decided to commence active operations at Kaskaskia. After landing his troops near the mouth of the Tennessee in the latter part of June, 1778, he marched them across southern Illinois to Kaskaskia, arriving there on the evening of July 4. The inha1)itants were terror stricken at first, but upon being assured by General Clark that they were in no danger -and that all he wanted was their support of the American cause, their fears were soon (|uieted. Being so far from the scene of the war, the French along the Mississippi knew little or nothing about its progress. One of the most important factors in establishing a friendly relation between the Americans and the French inhabitants was the heartv willingness of Father Gibault, the Catholic priest stationed at Kaskaskia, in making his people see that their best interests would be served by aligning themselves with the Americans. Father Gibault not only was of invaluable assistance to General Clark at Kaskaskia, but he also offered to make the overland trip to Vincennes and win over the French in that place to the American side. This he successfully did and returned to Kaskaskia in August with the welcome news that the inhabitants of Vincennes were willing to give their allegiance to the Americans. However, before Clark got his troops together for the trip to Vincennes, General Hamilton, the lieutenant-go\ernor of Detroit, descended the Wabash and captured Vincennes (December 15, 1778). At that time Clark had only two men stationed there, Leonard Helm, who was in command of the fort, and a private by the name of Henry. As soon as Clark heard that the British had captured Vincennes, he began to make plans for retaking it. The terms of enlistment of many of his men had expired and he had difficulty in getting enough of them to re-enlist to make a body large enough to make a successful attack. A number of young Frenchmen joined his command and finally, in January, 1779, Clark set out from Kaskaskia for Vincennes with one hundred and seventy men. This trip of one hundred and sixty miles was made at a time when traveling overland was at its worst. The prairies were wet, the streams were swollen and the rivers overflowing their banks. Notwithstanding the difficulties which confronted him and his men, Clark advanced as rapidly as ix)ssible and by February 2;^, 1779, he was in front of Vincennes. Two days later, after considerable parleying and after the fort had suffered from a murderous fire from the Americans, General Hamilton agreed to surrender. This marked the end of British dominion in Indiana and since that <iay the territory now comprehended in the state has been American soil.

Vincennes, The Oldest Settlement Of Indiana

Historians have never agreed as to the date of the founding of Vincennes. The local historians of that city have always claimed that the settlement of the town dates from 1702, although those who have examined all the facts and documents have come to the conclusion that 1732 comes nearer to being the correct date. It was in the latter year that George Washington was born, a fact which impresses upon the reader something of the age of the city. Vincennes was an old town and had seen several generations pass away when the Declaration . of Independence was signed. It was in Vincennes and vicinity that the best blood of the Northwest Territory was found at the time of the Revolutionary War. It was made the seat of justice of Knox county when it was organized in 1790 and consequently it is l)y many years the oldest county seat in the state. It became the first capital of huliana Territory in 1800 and saw it removed to Corydon in 1813 for the reason, so the Legislature said, that it was too near the outskirts of civilization. In this oldest city of the Mississippi valley still stands the house into wliich Go\-ernor Harrison moved in 1804. and the house in wliicli the Territorial Legislature held its sessions in 1805 is still in an excellent state of preservation.

Today Vincennes is a thriving city of fifteen thousand, with paved streets, street cars, fine public buildings and public utility plants equal to any in the state. It is the seat of a university which dates back more than a century.

First Surveys And Early Settlers

The next period in the history of the territory north of the Ohio begins with the passage of a congressional act (May 20, 1785), which provided for the present system of land surveys into townships six miles square. As soon as this was put into operation, settlers - and mostly Revolutionary soldiers - began to pour into the newly surveyed territory. A second Ohio Company was organized in the spring of 1786, made up chiefly of Revolutionary officers and soldiers from New England, and this company proposed to establish a colony somewhere between Lake Erie and the Ohio river. At this juncture Congress realized that definite steps sh<iuld be made at once for some kind of government over this extensive territory, a territory which now includes the present states of Ohio, Indiana. Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin and about a third of Minnesota, ^^arious plans were proposed in Congress and most of the sessions of 1786 and the first half of 1787 were consumed in trying to formulate a suitable form of government for the extensive territory. The result of all these deliberations resulted in the famous Ordinance of 1787, which was finally passed on July 13, 1787.

Ordinance Of 1 787

There have been many volumes written about this instrument of governinent and to this day there is a difference of opinion as to who was its author. The present article can do no more than merely sketch its outline and set forth the main provisions. It was intended to provide only a temporarv government and to serve until such a time as the population of the territorx- woukl warrant the creation oi states with the same rights and privileges which the thirteen original states enjoyed. It stipulated that not less than three nor more than five states sliould ever be created out of the whole territory. The maximum numljer was finally organized, although it was not until 1848 that the last state, Wisconsin, was admitted to the Union. The third article. "Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged," has given these five states the basis for their excellent system of public schools, state normals, colleges and universities. Probably the most widely discussed article was the sixth, which provided that slavery and involuntary servitude should never be pennitted within the territory and by the use of the word "forever" made the territory free for all time. It is interesting to note in this connection that both Indiana and Illinois before their admission to the Union sought to have this provision set aside, but every petition from the two states was refused by Congress in accordance with the provision of the Ordinance.

The Ordinance contemplated two grades of territorial go\'ernment. During the operation of the first grade of government the governor, his secretary and the three judges provided by the Ordinance were to be appointed by Congress and the governor in turn was to appoint "such magistrates and other civil officers in each county and township as he shall deem necessary for the preservation of the peace and good will of the same." After the federal government was organized in 17S9, a statutory provision took the appointment of these officers out of the hands of Congress and placed it in the hands of the President of the Ignited States. All executive authority was given to the governor, all judicial authority to the three judges, while the go^-ernor and judges, in joint session, constituted the legislative body. This means that during the first stage of territorial government the people had absolutely no voice in the affairs of government and this state of affairs lasted imtil 1799. a period of twelve years.

Second Stage Of Government Under' The Ordinance

The second stage of government in the territory was to begin whenever the governor was satisfied that it contained at least five thousand free male inhabitants of the age of twenty-one years and above. The main difference between the first and second stages of territorial government lay in the fact that tlie legislative functions were taken from the ,i,'o\ernor and juiliijes and given to a "general assemhly or legislature." The Ordinance provided for the election of one representative for each five hundred free male inhabitants. the tenure of the office to be two years. While the members of the lower house were to be elected by the i|ualilied voters of the territorv. the ni)])er house, to consist of li\e members, was lo be a])pointed by Congress in a somewhat complicated manner. The house of representatives was lo select ten men and these ten names were to be sent to Congress and out of this number five w'ere to be selected by Congress. Hiis provision, like the appointment of the governor, was later changed so as to make the upper house the appointees of the President of the I'nited States. The five men so selected were called councilors and held office for five years.

The period from 1787 to 1803 in the Northwest Territory was marked by several bitter conflicts with the Indians. Just as at the close of the French and Indian War had the PVcnch stirred up the Indians against the Americans, so at the close of the Revolutionary War did the English do the same. In fact the ^^'ar of 1812 was undoubtedly hastened by the depredations of the Indians, who were urged to malce forax's upon the frontier settlements in the Northwest Territor\- by the P>ritish. The various uiirisings of the Indians during this critical ])eriod greatly retarded the inllux of settlers in the newterritory, and were a constant menace to those hardy pioneers who difl venture to establish homes north of the Ohio river. Three distinct campaigns were waged against the savages before they were finally subdued. The first campaign was under the command of Gen. Josiah Harmar (1790) and resulted in a decisive defeat for the whites. The second expedition was under the leadership of Gen. Arthur St. I'lair ( 171)1 ), the governor of the Territory, and was marked by one of the worst defeats e\er suffered by an .\merican army at the hands of the Indians. A lack of knowledge of Indian methods of warefare. combined with reckless mismanagement, sufficiently accounts for both disasters. It remained for (len. Anthony Wayne, the "Mad Anthony" of Revolutionary fame, to bring the Indians to terms. The battle of Fallen Timbers, which closed his campaign against the Indians, was fought August 20, 17Q4, on the Alaumee river within the ])resent limits of Defiance coiuity. Ohio. This crushing defeat of the Indians, a rout in which they lost twelve out of thirteen chiefs, was so complete that the Indians were glad to sue for peace. On June ro, I7()5, delegates from the \arions Indian tribes, headed

Ijy their respecti\-e chiefs, met at Green\ille, Ohio, to formulate a treaty. A treaty wa.s finally consummated on August 3, signed by General Wayne on behalf of the United States and liy ninety chiefs and delegates of twelve interested tribes. Iliis treaty was faithfully kept by the Indians and ever afterwards Little Turtle, the real leader of the Indians at that time, was a true friend of the whites. \Vhile there were several sporadic forays on the I)art nf the Indians up to 1811, there was no battle of any importance with them until the battle of Tippecanoe in the fail of 181 1.

Organization Oe The Northwest Territory

The first governor of the newly organized territory was Gen. Arthur St. Clair, a gallant soldier of the Re\-olution, who was appointed on October 5, 1787, and ordered to report for dut\' on the first of the following February. He held the office until Novemlier 22. [H02. when he was dismissed by President Jefferson "for the disorganizing spirit, and tendency of every example, violating tJie rules of conduct enjoined by his public station, as displayed in his address to the convention." The governor's duties were performed by his secretary, Charles W. Byrd, until March i, 1803, when the state oflicials took their office. The first judges appointed in 1787 ,were Samuel Holden Parsons. James Mitchell Varnum and John :\rmstrong. Before the time came for the judges to qualify, .\rmstrong resigned and John Cleves Symmes was appointed in his place. The first secretary was Winthrop Sargent, who lield the position until he was ajipointed governor of Mississippi Territory by the President on May 2, 1798. Sargent was succeeded by William Henry Harrison, who was appointed by the President on June 26, 1798, and confirmed by the Senate two days later. Harrison was later elected as the first delegate of the organized Northwest Territor)- to Congress and the President then appointed Charles \\'illing Byrd as secretary of the Territory, Byrd's appointment 1)eing confirmed by the Senate on December 31, 1799.

The Northwest Territory remained under the government of the first stage until September t6, 1799, when it advanced to the second or representative stage as the result of a census showing that it had the necessary population. In the summer of 1798 Governor St. Clair had ascertained that the territory had a population of at least five thousand free male inhabitants and. in accordance with the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787, was ready to make the change in its tdnn nf _<;()\ernnieiU. ()n ()cliilier _'<), ijwS. the ,£;i)\ernor issued a pniclaniation to tlie qualilied \(itei-s of tlie territory directing tiieni to elioose nienil)er> for tlie lower Imuse of the lerritdrial Legislature at an eleetion to lie held on the third Monda\- of the followint^ Decemher. The twenty-two nienihers so eleeted met on januar\- id. ijijij. and, pursuant to the provisions of the Ordinance, selected the ten men from whom the I'resident of the I'nited States later cliose ti\e fur the Le^islati\e Council. They then adjourned to meet on Septenilter i(). I7i)(), hut since there was not a quorum on that day they held adjourned sessions until the J^rd, at which time a quorum was ]M-esent.

.\t the time the chanjje in the form of .ti;o\ernment went into eti'ect there were only nine counties in the whole territory, and onl\- one, Knox, contained territory within the ])resent slate of Indiana. These counties had heen created either by the governor the nine counties organized hef the number of legislators ;q)|)o

The twenty-two rei)resentati\es and ti\e councilors were the liist re])- resentati\e body to meet in the Northwest Territorw They re])resented a constitiienty scattered o\-er a terrrilory of more than t\\i> hundred and sixtyfive thousand scfuare miles, an area greater than dermany or l'"rance, or even .\ustria-Hungary. It wcuild be interesting to tell something of the <leliberations of these twent\--se\en sterling pioneers, but the linu't of the jiresent discussion forbids. It is necessary, howexer, to make mention of one im])ortant thing which they did in view of the fact that it throws much light on the subsequent history of the Xorthwest Territory.

Division Of 1800

The Legislature was authorized to elect a delegate to Congress, and two candidates for the honor presented their names to the Legislature, William

Henry Harrison and .\rthur St. Clair, Jr., the son of the governor. The Legislature, by a joint liallot on ()clo))er 3, 1799, elected Harrison b}- a vote of eleven to ten. The defeat of his son undoubtedly had considerable to do with the subse(|uent estrangement which arose between the governor and his Legislature and incidentally hastened the division of the Northwest Terri- tory. Within two years from tlie time tiie territurv liad ailvancol to tlusecond stage of government the division had taken iiiace. On May 7, iSoo, Congress passed an^act divichng the Xortliwest Territorv l)v a hne (h"a\vn from the mouth of the Kentucky river to Fort Recovery, in Alercer countv, Ohio, and thence due north to the boundary hne between the United States and Canada. Governor St. Clair favored the division because he thouglit it would delay the organization of a state and thus give him a longer lease on his position, although he did not favor the division as tinallv determined. He was constantly growing in disfavor with the people on account of his ()\erbearing manner and he felt that he would get rid of some oi his bitterest enemies if the western inhabitants were set ofif into a new territory. However, most of the credit for the division must be given to Harrison, who, as a delegate to Congress, was in a position to have the most influence. Harrison was satisfied that in case a new territory should be formed he would be appointed its first governor and he was not disappointed. The territory west of the line above mentioned was immediately organized and designated as Indiana Territory, while the eastern portion retained the e.xisting go\-ernment and the old name - Northwest Territory. It is frequently overlooked that the Northwest Territory existed in fact and in name uj) until March i . 1803, when Ohio became a state.

Census Of Northwest Territory In 180O

The di\ision of 1800 left the Northwest Territory with onl\- about onethird of its original area. The census of the territory taken by the Cnited States government in 1800 showed it to have a total population of forty-flve thousand three hundred and sixty-five, which fell short by about fifteen thousand of being sufficient for the creation of a state as provided by the Ordinance of 1787, which fixed the minimum population at sixty thousand. The counties left in the Northwest Territory, vvitli their respective populations, are set forth in the ap|)ended table, all of which were witliin tiie present state of Ohio, except ^Vayne:

Ilie population as classified by the census with respect to age and sex is interesting and particularly so in showing that considerably more than onethird of the total population were children under ten years of age.

The above tables show in detail the character and distribution of the population of the Northwest Territory after the division of 1800. It is at this point that the history of Indiana properly begins and it is pertinent to set forth witli as much detail as possible the population of Indiana Territory at that time. The population of 5,6.4 1 was grouped about a dozen or more settlements scattered at wide intervals throughout the territory. The following table gives the settlements in Indiana Territory in 1800 with their respective number of inhabitants:

']'his total iiopulation of nearly six thousand was about equally (li\i(le(l between what is now Indiana and Illinois. There were one hundred and sixty-three free negroes reported, while there were one hundred and thirtytive slaves of color. I'ndoubtedly, this census of 1800 failed to give all of the slave population. It is interesting to note that there were efforts to enslave the Indian as well as the negro, but statistics are not available to show the extent of the effort.

.\11 of these settlements, with the exce])tion of the one in Clark's (Irani, were largely French. The settlement at Jeffersonville was made in large part by soldiers of the Rexolutionary War and was the only real .\merican settlement in Indiana Territory when it was organized in 1800.

The .government of Indiana Territory was formally organized July 4. 1800, and in a large book, now in the secretary of state's office at Indianajiolis, there appears in the large legible hjind of John Gibson thfe account of tlie first meeting of the officials of the Territory. It reads as follows:

"St. Vincennes, July 4, 1800. This day the government of the Indiana Territory commenced, \\'illiam Henry Harrison having been api)ointed .governor, John Gibson, secretary, ^^'illiam Clarke, Henr\- Vanderburgh \- John Griffin Judges in and over said Territory,"

L'ntil Governor Harrison a])peared at Vincennes, his secretar\ , John (jibson, acted as governor. The first territorial court met March .^. 1801, the first session of the governor and judges having convened on the i Jth of the preceding January. The governor and judges, in accordance with the provisicMis of the Ordinance of 1787. continued to ]>erform all le,gislati\e and judicial functions of the territor\- until it was advanced to the representative .stage of government in 180.S. The governor had sole executive jiower and appointed all officials, territorial and county.

During this period from 1800 to 180.S, the territ(jry ni Indiana was considerably augmented as a result of the organization of the state of ( )hio in 1803. At that date Ohio was given its present territorial limits, and all of the rest of the Northwest Territor\- was included within Indiana Territory from this date until 180.S. During this interim Louisiana was divided and the northern part was attached to Indiana Territor\- for purposes of ci\il and criminal jurisdiction. Tliis was, howex'er. only a teniiiorary arran.t^cnient. lasting- about a year after the purchase of Louisiana from l-^-ance. The next change in the limits of Indiana Territory occurred in 1S05. in which year the territory of Alichigan was set off. The southern line of Alichigan was made tangent to the soutiiern extreme of Lake Michigan, and it so remained until Indiana was admitted to the L'nion in iSi(). i'Vom 1S05 to 1809 Indiana included all of the present states of Indiana, Illinois. Wisconsin, about one-third of Minnesota and a small portion of Michigan, in the latter year Illinois was set off as a territory and Indiana was left with its ])resent limits with the exception of a ten-mile strip along the northern boundary. This stri]) was detached from Michigan in tXi6 and this subse- (|uently led to friction between the two states which was not settled until the United States government ga\e Michigan a large tract of land west of Lake Michigan. Thus it is seen how Indiana has receixed its present boundar\' limits as the result of the successive changes in rSo:;. 1803. [8og and 1816.

The Ordinance of \-/?'j provided that whenever the population of the territory reaclliedTive thousand free male inhabitants it should \-ote u])on the (|uestion of advancing to the second or representati\-e stage. Goxernor Harrison issued a proclamation .\ugusl 4, 1804. directing an election to be held in the various counties of Indiana territory on the nth of the following" month. In the entire territory, then comprehending six counties, there were tmly three hundred and ninety-one votes cast. The following table gives the result of this election :

It will be noticed that there is no \iite returned from Wayne and this is accounted for bv the fact that the proclamation notifving the sheriff of that (4) county was not received in time to gi\e it tlie proper advertisement. Wayne count}' at that time included practically all of the present state of Michigan and is not to be confused with the Wayne county later formed within the present limits of Indiana. As result of this election and its majority of one hundred and twenty-nine in favor of advancing- to the second stage of government, the governor issued a proclamation calling for an election on Januar}' 3, 1805, for nine representati\ es, the same being apportioned to the counties as follows: Wayne, three; Knox, two: Dearborn, Clark, Randolph and St. Clair, one each. The members of the first territorial Legislature of Indiana convened at X'incennes on July _'<;, 1805. The members of the house \\ere as follows; Dr. Ceorge 1^'isher, of Randolph; William Beggs and Shadrach Bond, of St. Clair; Benjamin Parke and John Johnson, of Knox ; Da\is Floyd, of Clark, and Jesse B. Thomas, of Dearborn. This gives, however, onh' seven representatives, Wayne county ha\ing been set off as the territory of Michigan in the spring of this same year. .\ re-a])portionment was made b}- the goxernor in order to bring the quota of re])resentati\es u)) to the required number.

The T^egislative Council consisted of five men as provided by the Ordinance of 1787, namely; Benjamin Chambers, of Dearborn; Sanuiel (nv.'itbmey, of Clark; John Rice Jones, of Knox; Pierre Menard, of Randolph, and Tohn Hay, of St. Clair. It is not possible in this connection to give a detailed history of the territory of Indiana from 1805 until its admission to the Union in i8t6. Readers who wish to make a study of our .state's history can find volumes which will treat the history of the state in a much better manner than is possible in a brief summary of this character. It may be noted thai there were five general assemblies of the Territorial Legislature during this period of eleven vears. Each one of the five general assemblies was divided into two sessions, which, with the dates of convening, are given in the appended summary :

Congressional Delegates Oe Indiana Territory

Indiana Territory was allowed a delegate in Congress from 1805 until the close of the territorial period. The first three delegates were elected by the Territorial T..egislature, while the last four were elected by the qualified voters of the territory. The first delegate was Benjamin Parke, who was elected to succeed himself in 1807 over John Rice Jones, Waller Taylor and Shadrach Bond. Parke resigned March i, 1808, to accept a seat on the supreme judiciary of Indiana Territory, and remained on the supreme bench of Indiana after it was admitted to the Union, holding the position until his death at Salem, Indiana, July 12, T835. Jesse B. Thomas was elected Octol)er 22, t8o8, to succeed Parke as delegate to Congress. It is this same Thomas who went to Brookville in 1808 with .-Xmos Butler. He was a tricky, .shifty, and, so his enemies said, an unscrupulous politician. Pie was later elected to Congress in Illinois and became the author of the Missouri Compromise. In the spring of 1809 the inhabitants of the territory were permitted to cast their first vote for the delegate to Congress. Three candidates presented themselves for the consideration of the voters, Jonathan Jennings, Thomas Randolph and John Johnson. There were onl\- four counties in the state at this time, Knox. Harrison, Clark and Dearborn. Two counties, St. Clair and Randolph, were a part of the new territory of Illinois which was cut off from Indiana Territory in the spring of 1809. The one newspaper of the territory waged a losing fight against Jennings, tlie latter appealing for support on the ground of his anti-slavery views. The result of the election was as follows: Jennings, 428: Randolph, 402; Johnson, 81. Jonathan Jennings may be said to be the first successful politician produced in Indiana. His congressional career began in 1809 and he was elected to Cxjngress four successive terms before 18 16. He was president of the constitutional convention of 18 16, first governor of the state and was elected a .second time, but resigned to go to Congress, where he was sent for four more terms by the voters of his district.

The Ordinance of 1787 specifically provided that neither slavery nor invt>luntary ser\-itude should ever exist in the Northwest Territory. Notwith- .standing this prohibition, slavery actually did exist, not only in the Northwest Territory, but in the sixteen years while Indiana was a territory as well. The Constitution of Indiana in 18 16 expressly forbade slavery and yet the census of 1820 reported one hundred and ninet\' slaves in Indiana, which was only forty-seven less than there was in rSio. Most of these slaves were held in the southwestern counties of the state, there being one hundred and eighteen in Knox, thirty in Gibson, eleven in Posey, ten in Vanderburgh and the remainder widely scattered throughout the state. As late as 1817 Franklin count)' scheduled slaves for taxation, listing- them at three dollars each. The tax schedule for 181 3 says that the property tax on "horses, town lots, servants of color and free males of color shall be the same as in 1814." Franklin county did not return slaves at the census of 1810 or 1820, but the above extract from the commissioners' record of Franklin county proved conclusively that slaves were held there. Whether any of these slaves in Franklin county were in that part detached in 181 9 to form a part of Fayette is not known. No record has been found to show that slaves were ever held in Fayette county after its organization. Congress was petitioned on more than one occasion dtiring the territorial period to set aside the prohibition against slavery, but on each occasion refused to assent to the appeal of the slaverv advocates. While the constitutional convention of 181 6 was in session, there was an attempt made to introduce a provision permitting the holding of slaves, but the effort failed.

The Indian Lands

The United States government bought from the Indians all of the land within the present state of Indiana with the exception of the Vincennes and Clark grants. The first purchase of land was made in 1795, at which time a triangular strip in the southeastern part of the state was secured by the treaty of Greenville. Bv the time Indiana was admitted to the L'nion in 1816, the following tracts had been purchased: Vincennes tract, June 7, 1803: Vincennes treaty tract. .August iS and 27, 1804: Grouseland tract, August 21. 1805; Harrison's purchase, September 30, 1809: Twelve-mile purchase, .September 30, 1809.

X'o more purchases were made from the Indians until the fall of 18 18, at which time a large tract of land in the central part of the state was purchased from the Indians. This tract, known in Indiana history as the "New Purchase," included all of the land north of the Indian boundary lines of 1805 and 1809. and south of the Wabash river with the exception of what was known as the Miami reservatidu. This treaty, known as St. .Mary's, was tinallv signed on October 6, t8i8, and the next Legislature proceeded to divide it into two counties, Wabash and Delaware.

Organization Of Counties

.As fast as the population would warrant, new counties were established in this New Purchase and Favette county was the first to be so organized ' county on the ist of the foll^winj^- month. Imh" purpose of reference, a list of tlie counties organized u]) until 1819, when I-'ayette comity was established, is here appended. The dates given represent the time when the organization of the county became effective, since in many instances it was from a fewmonths to as much as seven years after the act estabhshing- the county was passed before it became efifective.

The first tiiirteen counties in the above list were all that were organized when the territory of Indiana petitioned Congress for an enabling act in 181 5. They were in the southern part of the state and had a total population of sixty-three thousand eight hundred and ninety-seven. At that time the total state tax was only about fi\'e tliousand dollars, while the assessment of the whole state in 1816 amounted to onlv six thousand forty-three dollars and thirty-six cents.

Changes In The Constitution Of Indi.An.A.

The Constitution of 1S16 was framed by forty-three delegates who met at Corydon from June 10 to June 29 of that year. It was provided in the Constitution of 1816 diat a vote might be taken every twelve years on tlie <|uestion of amending, revising or writing a wholly new instrument of government. Altliough several efforts were made to hold constitutional conventions between 1816 and 1850. the vote failed each time until 1848. Flections were held in 1823, 1828, 1840 and 1846, but each time there was returned an adverse vote against the calling of a constitutional convention. There were no amendments to the 1816 Constitution, ahhough the revision of 1824, h\

The Union By Ernest V. Shockley

It was not until 1848 that a successful vote on the question of calling a constitutional convention vi'as carried. There were many reasons which induced the people of the state to favor a convention. Among these may be mentioned the following: The old Constitution provided that all the state officers except the go\ernor and lieutenant-governor should be elected by the Legislature. Many of the county and township officers were appointed by the county commissioners. .Vgain, the old Constitution ,attempted to handle too man}- matters of local concern. All di\-orces from 1816 to 1848 were granted b\' the Legislature. Special laws were passed which would apply to ])articular counties and even to particular tt)wnships in the county. If Noblesville wanted an alley vacated or a street closed, it had to appeal to the Legislature for permission to do so. If a man wanted to ferry people across a stream in Posey county, his representatixe i)resented a bill to the Legislature asking that the proposed ferryman l)e gi\en permission to ferry people across the stream. The agitation for free scliools attracted the support of the educated people of tlie state, and most of the newspapers were outspoken in their advocacy of better educational privileges. The desire for better schools, for the election of state and county officials by the voters, for less interference by the Legislature in local aft'airs, led to a desire on the part of majority of the ])eople of the state for a new Constitution.

The second constitutional convention of Indiana met at Indianapolis, 7, 1850, and continued in session for four months. The one hundred and fifty delegates labored faithfully to give the state a Constitution full}- abreast of the times and in accordance with the best ideas of the day. More power was given the people by allowing them to select not only all of the state officials, but also their county officers as well. The convention of 1850 took a decided stand against the negro and proposed a referendum on the question of prohibiting the further emigration of negroes into the state. The subsequent vote on this question showed that the people were not disposed to tolerate the colored race. .\s a matter of fact no negro or mulatto could legally come into Indiana from 1832 until 18S1. when the restriction was removed by an amendment to the Constitution. Another important featm-e of the new Constitution was the ])ro\-ision for free schools. AVhat Ave now know as a public school, supported at the expense of the state, was unknown under the 1816 Constitution. The new Constitution established a s}-stem of free public schools, and subsequent statutory legislation strengthened the constitutional prox'ision so that the state now ranks among the lead- eis in educational matters througliout the nation. The people of the slate had voted on the question of free schools in 1848 and had decided that the\ should be established, but there was such a strong minority opjiosed to tiiem tiiat nothing was done. Orange county gave only an eight per cent, vote in favor of free schools, while Putnam and Monroe, containing DePauw and Indiana I'niversities, resjiectively, voted adversely hy large majorities. lUit. with the backing of the Constitution, tlie ad\'ocates of free schools began to l)ush the fight for their establishment, and as a result of the legislative acts of 1835. 1857 and 1867, the public schools were placed upon a sound basis. Such in brief were the most important features of the 1852 Constitution. It has remained substantially to this day as it was written sixty-five >ears ago. It is true there have been some amendments, but the changes of 1878 and 1 88 1 did not alter the Constitution in any important particular. There was no concerted effort toward calling a constitutional convention until the Legislature of 191 3 provided for a referendum on the question at the polls, November 4, 19 14. Despite the fact that all the ix)litical parties had declared in favor of a constitutional convention in their platforms, the question was voted down by a large majority. .\n efYort was made to have the question submitted by the Legislature of 191 5, but the Legislature refused to submit the question to the voters of the state. The Legislature of 19 17, however, passed an act authorizing the calling of a constitutional convention. The election of the one hundred and ten delegates will be held September 2(k 1917. and the con\-ention will meet in January, 19 18.

The present state of Indiana was comprehended within the Northwest Territory from 1787 to 1800, and during that time the capital was located within the present state of Ohio. When the Ordinance of 1787 was jnit in operation on July 17, 1788, the capital was established at Marietta, the name being chosen by the directors of the Ohio Company on July 2, of the same year. The name Marietta was selected in honor of the French Queen, Marie Antoinette, compounded by curious combination of the first and last syllables of her name.

When Indiana was set oft by the act of May 7, 1800. the same act kicated the capital at \'incennes where it remained for nearh thirteen years. The old building in which the Territorial Assembly first met in 1803 is still standing in \'incennes. In the spring of 1813 the cajjital of the territory T^as moved to Corydon and it was in that cpiaint little village that the first session of the Indiana Legislature convened on November 4, 1816. It remained there until November, 1824. when Samuel Merrill loaded up all of the state's effects in three large wagons and hauled them overland to the new capital - Indianapolis. Indianapolis had been chosen as the seat of government by a committee of ten men, appointed in 1820 by the Legislature. It was not until 1824, however, that a building was erected in the new capital which wovild accommodate the state officials and the General Assembly. The first court house in Marion county was built on the site of the present building, and was erected with a view of utilizing it as a state house until a suitable capitol building could be erected. The state continued to use the Marion county court house until 1835, by which time an imposing state house had been erected. This building was in use until 1877, when it was razed to make way for the present imposing building.

Military History

Indiana has had some of its citizens in four wars in which United States has 'engaged since 1800: The War of 181 2, the Mexican War, the Civil War, and the Spanish-American War. One of the most important engagements ever fought against the Indians in tiie United States was that of the battle of Tippecanoe, November 7, 181 1. For the two or three years preceding, Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet, had been getting the Indians ready for an uprising. Tecumseh made a long trip throughout the western and southern part of the United States for the purpose of getting the Indians all (U-er the country to rise up and drive out the white man. While he was still in the South, Governor Harrison descended upon the Indians at Tippecanoe and dealt them a blow from which they never recovered. The British had been urging the Indians to rise up against the settlers along the frontier, and the repeated depredations of the savages but increased the hostility of the United States toward England. General Harrison had about seven hundred fighting men, while the Indians numbered over a thousand. The .\mericans lost thirty-seven by death on the battlefield, twenty-five were mortally wounded and one hundred and twenty-six more or less seriously wounded. The savages carried most of their dead away, but it is known that about forty were actually killed in the battle and a proportionately large number wounded. In addition to the men who fought at Ti])pecanoe, the pioneers of the territory sent their (|uota to the front during the War of 181 2. Unfortunately, records are not available to show the enlistment by counties.

States was engaged in a' war with .Mexico. Indiana cunlrihuled live regiments to the government ihnang tliis struggle, and her tr()(i[)s perfurnied with a spirit of singular promptness and patriotism iluring all the time thev were at the front.

Xo Northern state had a nmre i)atrit)tic go\ ernor during the Civil War than Indiana, and had e\ery goverudr in the North (k)ne his dul\ as eoiiseientiously as did Goverudr Morton that terribly struggle would undduhtedly have been materiallx- .shortened. When President Lineoln issued his call i m April 15. r86i. for 75.000 volunteers. Indiana was asked to furnisii 4.6f<3 men as its quota. A week later there were no less than 12,000 volunteers at Camp Morton at Indianapolis. This loyal uprising was a tribute to the ])atriotism of the people, and accounts for the fact that Indiana sent nmre than joo.ooo men to the front during the war. Indiana furnished i)raetically seventy-five per cent, of its total poijulatidu eajrable nf bearing arms. and on this basis Delaware was the only state in the Union which exceeded Indiana. Of the troops sent from Indiana, 7,-'43 were killed or mortally wounded, and iy.4-'9 died from other causes, making a total death lo>^ of over thirteen per cent, for all the troops furnished.

During the summer of 1863 Indiana was thrown into a frenzy of excitement when it was learned that General Morgan had crossed the Ohio with J, 000 cavalrymen under his command. Probably Indiana never experienced a more exciting month than Jul\- of that year. Morgan entered the state in Harrison county and adxanced northward through Corydon to Salem in Washington county. As his men went along they robbed orchards, looted farm houses, stole all the horses which the\ could find and burned considerable property. bVom Salem, Morgan turned with his men to the east, having been deterred from his threatenecl advance on Indianapolis by the knowled.ge that the local militia of the state would soon be too strong for him. He hurried with his men toward the Ohio line, stopping at Versailles long enough to loot the county treasury. Morgan ])as,sed through Dearborn county over into Ohio, near Harrison, and a few days later, he and most of his band were captured.

During the latter part of the war there was considerable opposition to its prosecution on the ])art of the Democrats of this state. .\n organization known as the Knights of the fiolden (."ircle at first, .-nid later as the Sons of Liberty, was instrumental in stirring up much trouble throughout the state. Probably historians will never be able to agree as to the degree of their culpabilit\- in thwarting the govermiient authorities in the conduct of the war.

That they did many overt acts cannot be questioned and that they collected arms for traitorous designs cannot be denied. The famous battle of Pogue's Run was the result of the activities of this secret organization. Governor Morton and General Carrington, by a system of close espionage, were able to know at all times just what was transpiring in the councils of these orders. In the campaign of 1864 there was an open denunciation through the Republican press of the Sons of Liberty. On October 8 of that year the Republican newspapers carried these startling headlines: "You can rebuke this treason. The traitors intend to bring war to your liome. Meet them at the ballot box while (irant and Sherman meet them on the liattle-field." A number of the leaders were arrested, convicted in a military court and sentenced to be .shot. However, they were later pardoned by the President.

The 'Spanish- American War of 1898 was the next one in which troops from Indiana pla3-ed a part. When President McKinley issued a call for 75,000 volunteers on April 25, 1898, Indiana was called upon to furnish three regiments. War was officially declared April 25, and formally came to an end bv the signing of a protocol on August 12 of the same year. The main engagements of importance were the sea battles of Manila and Santiago and the land engagements of El Caney and San Juan Hill. According to the treaty of Paris, signed December 12, 1898, Spain relinquished her sovereignty over Cuba, ceded to the United States Porto Rico and her other West India Island possessions, as well as the island of Guam, in the Pacific. Spain also transferred her rights in the Philippines for the sum of twentv million dollars paid to her for jxihlic works and improvemssnts constructed by the Spanish government.

In 1916 Indiana sent three regiments to the Mexican front, but none of them saw fighting service. Tiie last two regiments were ordered back to the state in February, 191 7.

Political History

It is not possible to trace in detail the political history of Indiana for the ])ast centurx- and in this connection an attempt is made only to survey it brief! v. l'"or more than half a century Indiana has been known as a pivotal state in politics. In 1816 there was only one political party and Jennings, Noble, Taylor, Hendricks and all of the politicians of that day were grouped into this one - the Democratic party. Whatever dififerences in views they might ha\e held were due to local issues and not to any questions of national portent. Chiestions concerning the improvements of rivers, the building of canals, the reiiio\-al of a>urt houses aiul similar (|uesti<ins of stale and eountv importance divided the politicians in the early history of Indiana into <;rou])^. There was one group known as the White Water faction, another called the Vincennes crowd, and still another designated as the White River delegation. I'Voni 1816 until as late as iS^J, Indiana was the scene of personal politics, and (.luring the years .\dams. ( 'la\- and Jackson were candidates for the presidency on the same ticket, men were known politically as .\dams men. Clay men or j.ackson men. The election returns in the twenties and thirties disclose no tickets laheled Democrat. Whig or Republican, hut instead the words "Adams," "Clay," or "Jackson."

The question of internal improvements which arose in the Legislature of 1836 was a large contributing factor in the division of the politicians of the state. The Whig party ma\' be dated from 1832, although it was not until four years later that it came into national |5rominence. The Democrats elected the state officials, including the go\ernor, down to 1831, but in that year the opposition i)arty. later called the Whigs, elected Xoah Noble governor. h"or the ne.xt twelve years the W'higs, with their cry of internal improvements, controlled the state. The Whigs went out of power with Samuel Rigger in 1843, and when they came into power again they appeared under the name of Republican in t8Cii. Since the Civil War the two parties ha\e practically divided the leadership between them, there having been eight Republicans and six Democrats elected governor of the state. The following table gives a list of the governors of the Northwest Territory, Indiana Territcn-y and the state of Indiana. The b'ederalists were in control up to 1800 and Harrison antl his followers ma\- be classed as Democratic-Republicans. The politics of the go\ernors of the state are indicated in the table.

Goveknoks Of Indiana A Century Of Growth

Indiana was the first territory and the second state created out of the old Northwest Territorw It has just celebrated its one hundred anniversary, and it becomes the purpose of the historian in this connection to give a brief survey of what these one hundred \ears have done for the state. There has been no change in territorial limits, I)ut the original territorv has been subdivided into counties year by year, as the poinilation warranted, until from thirteen counties in 1816 the state grew to ninety-two counties in 1859. I'^nmi 18 16 to 1840 new counties were organized every year with the exception of one year. Starting in with a papulation of 5.64 1 in 1800, Indiana has increa.sed by leaps and bounds and in itjio had a population of two million seven hundred thousand eight hundred and seventy-six. The appended table is interesting in showing the growth of po])ulation by decades since 1800:

.Statistics are usually \ery dr\- and uninteresting, but tliere are a fewfigures which are at least instructive if not interesting, b^ir instance, in i(;io. 1,143,835 people of Indiana lived in cities and towns of more than 2,500. There were 822,434 voters, and 580,557 men between the ages of eighteen and forty- four were eligible for military service. The interesting book of statistics from which these figures are taken, covering e\ery phase of the growth of the state, is the biennial report of the state statistician.

The state has increaserl in wealth as well as population and the total stale tax of six thousand forty-three dollars and thirty-six cents of i8i() increased in roi6 to more than six nn'llion. In 181(1 the only factories in the state were grist- and saw-mills; all of the clothing, fiu-nitm-e and most of the farming tools were made bv the pioneers themsehes. .\t that time tlie farmer was his <i\\n doctor, his own blacksmidi. Ins own lawyer, bis own dentist and, if be had divine services, he had to be the preacher. But now it is changed. The spinning wheel finds its resting place in the attic; a score of occupations ha\e arisen to satisfv the manifold wants of the farmer. Millions of dollars are now invested in factories, other millions are invested in steam and electric roads, still other millions in jniblic utilitv i)lants of all kinds. The governor now receives (5) a larger salary than did all the state officials put together in 1816, while the county slieriff has a salary which is more than double the compensation allowed the first governor of the state.

Indiana is rich in natural resources. It not only has millions of acres of good farming land, but it has had fine forests in the past. From the timber of its woods have been built the homes for the past one hundred years and, if rightly conserved, there is timber for many years yet to come. The state has beds of coal and quarries of stone which are not surpassed in any state in the Union. For many years natural gas was a boon to Indiana manufacturing. but it was used so extravagantly that it soon became exhausted. Some of the largest factories of their kind in the country are to be found in the Iloosier state. The steel works at Gary employs tens of thousands of men and are constantly increasing in importance. .\t Elwood is the largest tin plate factory in the world, while Evansville boasts of the largest cigar factory in the world. At South Bend the Studebaker and Oliver manufacturing plants turn out millions of dollars worth of goods every year. When it is known that over half of the population of the state is now living in towns .and cities, it must be readily seen that farming is no longer the sole occupation.

A system of railroads has been built which brings every corner of the state in close touch with Indianapolis. In fact, tvery county seat but four is in railroad connection with the capital of the state. Since iQOO electric lines have been built all over the state, no less than nine lines radiating from Indianapolis. Every county has its local telephone systems, its rural free deliveries and its good roads unifying the various parts of the county. All of this makes for better civilization and a happier and more contented people.

Indiana prides herself on her educational system. With sixteen thousand public and parochial school teachers, with three state institutions of learning, a score of church schools of all kinds as well as private institutions of learning. Indiana stands high in educational circles. The state maintains universities at Bloomington and Lafayette and a normal school at Terre Haute. ^lany of the churches have schools supported in part by their denominations, 'i'he Catholics have the largest Catholic university in the United States at Notre Dame, while St. Mary's of the Woods at Terre Haute is known all over the world, .\cademies under Catholic supervision are maintained at Indianapolis, Terre Haute, F"ort Wayne, Rensselaer, St. Meinrad, Jasper and Oldenburg. The Methodists have institutions at DePauw. Moore's Hill and U])land. The Presbyterian schools are Wabash and Hanover Colleges. The Christian church is in control of Butler and Merom Colleges. Concordia at Ft. Wayne is one of the largest Lutheran schools in the United States. The Quakers support l"~ailliam College, as well as academies at i'ainnount. Bloominf^dale, Plaintield and Spiceland. The Baptists are in cliari^e of Kranklin College, wliile the Cnited ihethren give their allegiance to Indiana Central University at Indianapolis. The Seventh-Day .Kdventists have a school at Boggstown. The Dunkards at North Manchester and the Mennonites at Goshen maintain schools for their respecti\e churches.

The state seeks to take care of all of its unfortunates. Its charitable, benevolent and correctional institutions rank high among similar institutions in the countr\-. Insane asylums are located at Indianapolis, Richmond, Logaiispiirt, K\ans\ille and Madison. The State Soldiers' Home is at Lafayette, while the National Soldiers' Home is at Marion. The Soldiers' and Sailors' Orphans' Home at Knightstown, is maintained for the care and education of the orphan children of Union soldiers and sailors. The state educates and keeps them until they are sixteen years of age if they have not been gi\en homes in families before they reach that age. Institutions for the education of the blind and also the deaf and dumb are located at In(hana]K)lis. The state educates all children so afflicted and teaches them some usefid trade which will enable them to make their own way in the world. The School for I'eeble Minded at Fort Wayne has had more than one thousand children in attendance annually for several years. Within the ])ast few vears an epileptic village has been established at New Castle, Indiana, for the care of those so afflicted.

.\ prison is located at Michigan City for the incarceration of male criminals convicted in any of the courts of the state of treason, murder in the first or second degree, and of all persons convicted of any felony who at the time of conviction are thirty years of age and over. The Reformatory at Jefifersonville takes care of male criminals between the ages of sixteen and thirty, who are guilty of crimes other than those just mentioned. .\ state penal farm was established by the 1013 Legislature and it is now in successful o])eration in Putnam count}". h>male criminals from the ages of fifteen upwards are ke])t in tiie women's ]irison at Indianapolis. .\ school for incorrigible boys is maintained at I'lainfield. It receives boys between the ages of seven and eighteen, although no boy can be kept after he reaches the age of twentyone. Each county provides for its own jxu^r and ])ractically every countv in the state has a poor farm and many of them have homes for orphaned or indigent children, hiach countv in the state alsf) maintains a correctional institution known as the jail, in which |)risoncrs are committed while waiting for trial or as jjunishment for conxicted crime.

things which make for a better appreciation of Hfe. Within the limits of our state have been born men who were destined to become known throughout the nation. Statesmen, ministers, diplomats, educators, artists and literar}^ men of Hoosier birth have given the state a reputation which is envied by her sister states. Indiana has furnished Presidents and Vice- Presidents, distinguished members of the cabinet and diplomats of world wide fame; her literar}- men have spread the fame of Indiana from coast to coast. Who has not heard of Wallace, Thompson, Nicholson, Tarkington, McCutcheon, Bolton, Ade, Major, Stratton-Porter, Riley and hundreds of others who have courted the muses?

And we would like to he living one hundred years from today and see whether as mutrh progress will have been made in the growth of the state as in the first one hundred years of its history. In 2017 poverty and crime will be reduced to a minimum. Poor houses will be unknown, orphanages will have vanished and society will have reached the stage where happiness and contentment reign su])reine. iMery loyal Hoosier should feel as our poetess, Sarah T. Bolton, has said :