Gibson County, Indiana - Chapter 6: | Fauna, 1884 (part 2 of 2)

'where he grew to manhood, married and had two child- | ren born to him, and removed to Georgia. From there, | in 1807, he came to the Indiana Territory, settling in of where Princeton. In the county, und the timber a short distance sou was afterward located, where he lived until 1811. that year he moved farther south After about two years went to Tli 1859. His family numbered nine children, viz: Patience (wife of Robert Montgomery).Comfort Prettyman, James, Wiley, Elizabeth Melleyoolde, Nancy Stone, and George R. James and George nre the only irvivors. Patience lived to be ninety years old. James | born Dec. 10, 1808, and lives on the old homestead. | Elisha Marvel, cousin of Prettyman, brought his family to the county in 1809, and settled the Samuel Redman | place in Johnson Township. Of bis family of seven | children only one, Sena Martin, near Fort Branch ing. James Knowles, alo from Delaware, came in | December, 1811, and settled on the southwest quarter | of Section 28, Township 8, Range 12. He had u family of nine children, Nathan, Epbriam, Eli, | present cities of Lexington and Frankfort, where ho Prettyman, James, Edward, Jesse, and Comfort, the erected a cabin and subsequently built a grist mill on wife of Joshua Wilson, who all came with bim. The four Inst named sons were married and bad families, so that they made quite alittle colony of themselves. Nuthan and Asa are the ouly members of the family now living. Asa resides in Kansas. Nathan was born June 16, 1795, and even at bis extreme old age his faculties aro well preserved. Samuel Barr, Thomas Alcora, the Lucases and several others came and settled in the southwestern part of tho county about the same time.

Fasaty, - Elsba Embree was a native of Lincoln County, Kentucky, born in 1801, and ia the month of November, 1811, came with his parents to Indian Territory. They settled on tract of land about two nnd a half miles southwest of the present county feat, The name of his father was Joshua, and his wother's mme Elizabeth Embree we Edmondson. Joshua Einbreo was a Kentuckian by birth: his wife of Virginia. Tt was a densely timbered district in which they settled, and they erected n cabin and cleared a mnal He was u member of the Baptist und wife ef the Christian church, He lived only about two yours alter coming here; his widow subsequently married a Mr. Spencer, and lived in this county until her dent, which took place June 24, 1829. Elisia Embree received such au eduention ax the district schools of that period wffordol, read law with Judge Samael Hall, nd begun practice in Princeton in 1626, On the 15th of March, 1827, ho was married to Eleanor Robb, the daughter of Robert and Mary Robb. Judge Embree was for many yeurs a prominent man of Gibson

County. (Ste his sketch in Bench and Barr.) He and lis wife had born to them six children, viz: Lenina, James T., Ophelia (died in infaggy), Ophelia

Elizabeth (died in infahey), David F and Milton P Judge Embree hus been dead several years. His widow is yet living, wt the advanced age of eighty-one years, ud a resident of Princeton.

Gudgelof Columbia Township, was a man whose memory is worthy of record in this work. He wns of German origin, nod settled in Peonsylvania. He was married three times and was the father of seventeen children. 'The maiden name of bis last wife was Elizabeth Pane - she wasthe grandmother of Andrew Gudgel of Colusubia Township. After the Revolutionary War was over and peace declared, Mr. Gudgel, like many of the day, concluded to emigrate to tbe then far West beyond the Allegheny Mountains. in the year 1785, he set

Silver Creek, which was propelled by water power. He 'operated the mill for a number of years to the great advantage of the settlers. Mills at that early period Were not numerous in the then wilds of tho West.

characteristic of the old settler, he cleared a small pateh of ground, erected a log cabin, and subsequently made a farm, on which he continued to reside until his death. Prior to his coming to Indiana, in consequence of exposure, he had practically Jost the use of bis lege; but he was a man of determined energy, and he would chop and clear up brush around his cabin for hours while si ting in a chair. The following incident will show the plnek of tho old veteran: - Daring the Indian troubles which occurred about this time, bis family all went to Fort Branch for protection, which was a strong block house, erected as a rendezvous for the settlers of that locality. This plucky old pioneer would not go to the fort, but insisted on remaining at home in his cabin to take care of things. The Indians frequently to his place, and would stroll into bis cabin, and while the

| old man was sitting in his chair, fearless of dinger, th ly savages walked around him, frequently patting hita on the bead, and in their rude fashion complimented him on his bravery. It is one of the peculiarities of Indian character to admire bravery in those they regard | as their foes. His last and third wifo survived him a few | years. By bla tast marriage he had a family of three jldren, viz: Nancy, who married William Tec), and

Hettie, who became the wife of Harrison McGary. Both Teel and McGary were old and prominent settlers in that part of the county, and many of their descendants still live in end around the neighborhood of Owen: ville. Tbe only son by the Inst marriage was William

| Gudgel (who was the father of Andrew Guágel, of Co. lombia Township). He was bora in the state of Ke tucky in the year 1802, and came here with bis parents years of age, and be, like most of the boys of the pioout with bis family for Kentucky, a region then being | neers, was handy in assisting to clear away the brush 'wrested from the control of the savages by Boone ind | and timber around the cabin home. As he grew to his beroie companions. After a tedious and toilsome | manbood he became quite a noted hunter, and by hie ip they arrived at their destination, and settled on | skill he succeeded in killing a great deal of game. It is Silver Creek, n strip of country which lies between the | related of him by his son Andre, tbat it was no un- comson thing fer him to sally out and on a single trip Kill three or four decr and several turkeys, which were then very plentiful in the densely timbered districts of that neighborhood. The peculiarity of his firearms is worthy of description. His rifle was what was th known as a sixty-bullet gun to the pound. It was a hanmered barrel made by hand, flint lock, horn trigger und very effective in doing its work, In the year 1824 William Gudgel married Ley Thurman, They bad born to them a family of twelve children, who grew to man and womanhood, Eleven are yet living, and ten residents of Gibson County, und one of the state of Ilinois Five of the gallant sons of this old pioneer did service the Union army during the late Rebellion. The names of the children of Willian and Luey Gudgel in the order of their birth were Andrew; T., who was a soldier iu an Minois regiment duri war, died at Pine Bluff, Arkansas;

Yeager - they ure living ona farm a short distance from Owensville. William Gudgel was a farmer, and was an istrious and enterprising man. He reared a large family who are among the best citizens of the county For many years he was an invalid, and in politics was identified with the Whig and Republican parties. His death took place ju February, 877. His widow survives him and now resides ut the old homestead with her sons John and Abraham. Her age is about seventyseven years. In 1811 Calvin Minnis moved with his family to this county. He was an expert hunter and trapper. Mis wife, Polly, died in April, 1853, in her seventy fith He subsoqnently diod at a great residents. Immediately after tho weddi red together their worldly goods, loaded them on a flat bont, out of the Monongahela into the Ohio, thence down that river to the site of Evansville, and then made an overland trip to Patoka, where they squatted on a track of timber land, erected a cabin, and subsequently as they grew in better ciremnstances, erected a good brick dwelling. They reared a family of four sons, several of whom are residents of the county. Peter Simpson moved into this county from Kentucky with a wife und seven children in 1812. He has long since been dead. One of the sons, Richard, became a well known citizen. One of the early merchants of the county was Robert Stockwell, who became « resident of the county in 1815. He did an extensive business in Prinerton for many years. The Kirkman family were

Carolina in 1806 to Chistian in January, 1818, settled Owensville, and the following year came to Princeton. He had a family of ten children, the most prominent of whom was Joseph J. Kirkman. He was very popular with the masses, and was many times" elected sheriff of the county, and served in that office about eightee ich by the early settlers 'was regarded as an accomplishment. He was a clever, genial, whole-souled man, and an excellent story teller, He died on the Mi of March, 1879, in his 79th eur. Mrs. Nancy Stormont, wife of David Stormont, who born iu Ireland und emigrated to America before the Revolution, came with ber family of eight childre sad her mother, Mrs. Mary Boyd, to in the spring of 1812, | Mrs. Boyd was the fist person buried in the old Archer graveyard. She settled about two or three miles northwest of where Princeton now stands, on the farm where her son David now lives, and died there, The names of tho children wero Marth Mary, Robert, Ester, Samuel, Nancy John. David, born Angust 7, 1802, isthe only one of the fam. ily living. Robert was a carpenter, and died in Princes ton. Nancy was the wife of Joseph Hartia, of Princ ton. Charles Jones, Sr., and family cume in 1812, and located west of Owensville. James Fitzgerald settled the Sylvester Benson place in 1812. Roland B. Rich amis, Samuel Blythe, Absalom Boren and William Rutledge were also curly settlers. Rev. Juseph Wi son, the pioneer of the Wasson family in this count also came at an early day and located south o? Owens: ville. James Wiggins, a Kentuekinn, was another 'early arrival. He was a Methodist preacher.

'The following list includes the first one hundred murringen in Gilson County, after its organization, as nppears from the licenses and certificates, Tu some cx the return to the clerk was not made by the party per

George Brownlee, from Pennsylvania, located iu Princeton and engaged in the mercantile business in 1815. The most prominent member of his family was Jolm Brownlee, who was born Dec. 18, 1794, in Penu- Sylvania, nud was for many years one of the leading | merchants of Princeton, and continued the business

'until bisdeath. He was a 1ember of Captain Crocket's rangers iu Kentucky, who went to the relief of Fort Knox, and his widow, Anughter of William Harrington, draws a pension for that service. He died April 17, 1855.

John Muuford, born in tbe Chester District, 5. C., rode here on horse-back in 1816, married Mary, | daughter of Thomas Archer, and began farming. He | died Oct. 26, 1862. Hie widow still survives. Dr. | Munford and William, residing in Princeton, and Milton on the old Archer place, are sons of Jobn Munford | William Jerauld, u native of Rhode Island, immigrated | to Gibson County in 1816, and settled the Huddeleon place, two miles southwest of Princeton, where he resided about one year and moved into Princeton. Here he engaged in various kinds of business: was partner in a cotton factory, merchandising, ete., until a few years before his death, which occurred in 1892, at the age of ty years. Duter, Edward G. and Sylvester T. Jerauld, brothers of William, came here in 1820, and located in the town of Princeton, where they embarked in business. Daler was an carly constable, and for many years justice of the peace. He subsequently moved to Ilinois, where he was killed, Edward G. was a shocmaker, and kept a shop in Princeton until his death in 1872. George N. his son, is the oldest merchant in Princeton, having been engaged in the same business continually from 1832 to the present. Sylvester T. was a merchant in Patoka for many years and until bis death. In the fall of 1815 Wilham Colvin and family settled in the county.

In carly times there was a bounty of one dollar each offered by the connty for wolf sealps, and the following list, taken from the records of 1815, 1816 and 1817, will give idea of the number of Nimrods in those days: In 1815, Alexander Devin, Baxton Clark, John Weathrow, Benjamin Denton, Franklin E. Owen and Laban

Rodgers, Cadwalder Jones, Samuel Gordon, David and William Reavis. Some of the above presented as many as a dozen or fifteen at a time, but the majority brought only one, two or three at a time, as money was scarce in those days, and they did not wait to accumulate a very largo number.

Piosren Mitis. - Among the first were the «ba mill" A description of one will not prove uninteresting. 'The plan was cheap. The horse-power consisted of a large upright shaft, some ten or twelve feet in heizh with somo eight or ten long arms let into the main shaft and extending ont from it fifteen feet. Auger holes were bored into the arms on the upper side at the end, into which wooden pins were driven. This was twenty feet in diameter, made of skins taken off of teef cattle, which were cut into strips three inches in width; these were twisted into a round cord or tug, which was long enough to encircle the eirenmference of the big wheel. 'There it was held in place by the wooden pins, then to cross aud pass under a shed to run around a drum, or what is called a "trummel head," which was attached to the grinding apparatus. Tho horses or oxen were hitched to the arms by means of raw hide tags. Then walking in a cirele the machinery would be set in motion. To grind twelve bushels of corn was considered a good day's work on a band-mill he most rude and primitive method of manufuetusing meal was by the use of the grater. A plate of tin is pierced with many holes, so that one side ie very rough. 'The tin is made oval, and then nailed to a An ear of corn was rubbed hard ov this grater, whereby the meal was forced throngh the holes, and fell down into a vessel prepared to receive it. An improvement on this was the hund-mill. The stones were sutallor than those of the band-mill, and were propelled by man or woman power. A bole is made im the upper stone, und a staff of wood is put in it, and the other end of the staff is put through a hole in a plank above, so that the whole is free to act. One or two persons take hold of this staff and turn the upper stone as rapidly as possible, An eye is made in the upper stone, through which the com is put into the mill with the hand in small quantities to suit the mill, instead of a hopper. A mortar, wherein com was besten into meal, is made out of a large round log three or four fect long. One end is cut or burnt out so as to hold a peck of corn, moro or less, according to cire stanees, This mortar is set one end on the grou, and the other up, to hold the corn. A sweep is prepared over the mortar so that the spring of the polo raises the piston, and the hands at it force it so hard down on the corn that after much beating meal is manufactured.

Believing that it will be of interest to many of our readers of the preseut to make a comparison on the cost of articles during the early days of the county and now, we therefore append the price of a few articles as recollected by some of the old settlers. About the years 1810-20 good calico sold here for fifty cente per yard, and do. mestie in about the same proportion. Goods of the same quality can now be purchased for eight cents per yard. Along about 1825 home-span of the best quality of jeans woven by the diligent hands of the wives daughters of the settlers, brought from seventy-five to eighty cents per yard. The industrious housewife considered if she had woven one and one-half yards of good cloth that she had performed a good day's work.

Linen made from fax brought thirty cents per yard. 'The usual price for coffee in 1816 was seventy-five centa per pound. Pork, much of it mastfatted, sold during the inflated period of 1836-97 for six dollars per hundred pounds dressed, und ghout the same general icen were then paid forother produets. It wonder that the panic occurred with such an inglated condition of what was then mostly worthless currency. 'Dressed pork, prior to this, from 1816 to 1835, brought only $1.50 and $2.00 per hundred. Butter sold from 1820-30 at about six and one-fourth cents per pound, and wheat nveraged about fifty cents per bushel. Lit- was then raised. From 1820785 corn and oats about fifteen cents per bushel. In 1816 the price of salt here was three dollars per bushel, and the average price for n first-class cow and calf was not over seven dollars, and a good horse could be purchased for twenty-five dollars. We subjoin n copy of the following Bill of sale of record which will enable the reader to gather nn iden of the value of property in this county at that early date "Know all men by these presents that T, George Curtis, do give n bill of sale unto Eli Hawkins (for the of titiy dollars, it being for vah this 13th day of July, 1819), viz: A gray 'ight years old, fourteen and one-half hands high, one dark brindle cow with a calf, a heifer w year old this spring whose color js red and white, one bed and furniture, enpbowr! aud furniture, kitchen utens set of shoemaker's tools, one table, chest and trunk, also house and two hnif-acre lots lying in Colombia lots, which I, the suid Curtis, Samuel Adams, Gibson County, Indiana. ln witnsss wherennto I set my hand and this day und date above mentioned. Attest V. Grow Contes Recorded the 21 day of Ängust, 1813,

Fiar Boyiso. - Probably the most extensive tr carried on in this way was between 1823 and 1810, aud the largest operators here were the Devin Brothers, merchants. The firm was then composed of Joseph Alexander Devin, Jr. They sent a large number of Hat boats between the years 1832 and 1850 to the

(ew Orleans markets. TI apay of cora and pork, and occasionally wheat. Orleans was then the best market for tho farm products ruived in this section of Indiana. The highway of travel was via the Putoks, Wabash, Ohio and Missisippi Rivers, und usually occupied from five to six weeks to make the round trip. A complement of five men was the usual number required for cach boat. It was of the Devins, was captain of their boats, und made 'great many trips for them. The boats were usually constructed and loaded at the village of Patoka. In the winter of 1836-37 the Devin Brothers bought and packed nearly a million pounds of pork, aud when nas igation opened in the spring they had it loaded on fiat boats und transported to New Orleans and sold. They realized a good prot on their undertaking. Co. James W. Cockrum, Sr., was also largely engaged in the flat-boat trade, and it is related that be many ns fifty Bat:boat lads of pork, com and flour, out of the Patoka and Wabash Rivers.

indebted to a sketch written by Capt, Willium Kurtz and published in the Princeton Democrat. Tho first cyclone passing over the country was in June, 1814, from the northwest in an easterly direction. Tt demolished the Barker House Hall's Hill adjoining Princeton. The house was a log structure, and at the time contained nine children, none hurt seriously, 'The Williams family, who were ia it, had just arrived from Peuusylvania, The scanty farniture was scattered by the wind in every direction; (he largest trees were torn up by the roots, and everything standi path lev dled to the ground; it was one-fourth of a mile in breadth, rising and falling at times. The house terward rebuilt, In 1899, William Darnesan hi living north of Patoka on his farm, vere standi door when s cyclone passed between his house clearing a swathe about forty feet wide, uprooting large. trees and tearing down fences, He describes th becoming very dark and close, although it war abont 3 o'dock in the afternoon. -Tho cloud was funnel: shaped. The wind carried in its point a ball of fire as it went rolling on in whirl. In passing through a wheat field it burned the staiks off, lenving nothiog but black ashes about foot wide. It lifted a lange poplar tree fifteen feet up in the air, and turned it completely 'over, roots up. Me. Barnes was then living in wht is kuown as the Key place. On Suuday evening, Feb. 37, 1876, the most severe cyclone which ever over Gibson County struck Princeton. Its course was from the southwest, It destroyed almost the southern part of Princeton, doing damage to the extent of over fifty thousand dollars. It happened about church time and few of the people wero at their homes, It took the roof anà steeple of the C. P. Church, and several private dwellings and ontlouses were razed to the ground. The following will illastrate the peculiari of this kind of storm : The Sutton family, living at the time in its course in the south part of town. The hone was a large two-story frame, comparatively new. The ie county were anxious to make the trip and would do | distant thirteen feet from the foundation. The posts of for little pay. Joseph P. MeClure, a brother-in-law | the fence entered through the floor, breaking the house ing for a taut, where he and ga head lad in a abont ten feet square, debris by a il other fa Wilch was jast hi to sive them 116 inches was found broken through th through which they erevlel ont. The storm c for several Ln 1827 he qu his father, who was then wr Shillyvidle, Tenn., t» move to th A he gave him the 160 neres of bund he Francisco, where he contiuned t Col. James Cockraa then purchased the old Hargrove ferm on 28. Ranger, ed matil provements sevrval of the and purchased a farm on which a part of tbe town of Oakland was afterwards laid ont. He was a very enterprising man in the establishunent and bailding up of the town of Oakland. He and Jacob Hargrove estabdishe] a general store on the site where Oakland is, in 1855. They also shipped a great deal of provisions, pork and grain by flst-boats, via Patoka, Wabash, Ohio and Mississippi Rivers to the New Orleans markets. To early days James W. Cockrum was a colonel of militis, and was also a member oflegisiature of Indiana. He died in November, 1473. Col. Cockrum a wife bul a family of fourteen children, only two of whom are now living, William M. and James M., both residents of Oakland,

John D. Boren, born in 1798, x single man, located iu the county in 1818, and married here and reared a family: Siml Kirkpatrick was another early sett ad Abraham Mauck located near Owensville were the original settlers of that name. Samuel P. Welborn, third son of Moses Welborn, the fon of the Welborn family im Indiana, located in Gil deed, whose life-work ix accom: whose thoughts dwell mainly on the past, rcasures are, there are no days like the old i vo responsive an echo in h ef litigation. Gone, too, some say, is that simple, strong, upright, honest integrity which was so marked a ¢ So rapid bas been the imthe arta of man, that a. study of the manner in which people lived and worked only seventy years ago seems like the study of It is important to remember that while a majority of settlers were poor, that poverty carried with it no crushing sense of degradation like that felt by the very poor of our age. They lived in a cabin, it is true, Imt it w their wen, and had been reared by their hands. Their house, too, while inconvenient and fur from water-proof, was built the prevailing style of architecture, and would compare favorably with the homesof their neighbors. They were destitate of many of the conveniences of. lie, and of some things that are now considered necesseres; but they patiently endured their lot and hopefully locked forward to better. They had plenty to wear as protection against the weather, and an abundance of 'wholesome food. They sat down to a rade table to cat from tin or pewter dishes: but the meat thereon spread - the flesh of the deer or bear: of the will duck or turkey of the quail or squirrel was superior to that we eat, and had been wen by the skill of the head of the house or of that of his vigorous sons. The bread they ate was from corn or whest of their own raising. They walked the green carpet of the grand prairie or forest that surrounded them, not with the of a beggar, but with the clastic step of a self-respected freemen." The settler bronght with him the keen axe, which was indispensable, and the equally necessary rifle; the frst his weapon of offence against the forests that skirted the vwater'conmies and, near which he made his home: the second that of defence from the attacks of his foe, the cunning child of the forest. His frst labor was to fell trees and erect his unpretentious cabin, which was radely made of logs, und in the raising of which he had the cheerful aid of his neighbors. It was usnally from fourteen to sixteen fet square, and never larger twenty feet, and wus frequently built entirely without glass, nails, hinges, o locks. The manner of building was as follows: lange logs were lai in position as sills; on these were placed strom sleepers, and on the sleepers were id the rowgl-hewed puncheons, which were to serve as floors. The logs were then built up till the proper height for the enves was reached: then on the ends of the building were placed poles, longer than the other end-lozs, which projected some eighteen oF more inches over the sides, and were called "bntting pole fint row of clap-boaris. These were, course, split, and ws the gables of the cabin were built up, were so nid on as to lap a third of their length. They werd often kept in place by the weight of a heavy ich was lid across the roof parallel to the ridge-

"The space between the logs was then chinked, bed with a course mortar. A huge fireplace cl in «t one end of the house, in which fre was kindled for cooking purposes, for the settlers generally were without stoves, and which foruished the needed

The whole country, sow dotted with smiling farme and Bappy nage traversed Flo and wiren wan then a wilder. 'bean The verant somo la the children packed ke con a box, ome In wagons and sme on horreback with pack times the soft inner bark of the wood was used for the same purpose. The cabin was lighted by meant of greased paper-windows. A log would be left out along one side, and sheets of strong paper, well grensed with coon-grease or bear would be carefally tacked in. The above description only applies to the emliest times, before the rattle of the saw-mill was heard within our borders. The furniture comported admirably with the house itself, and hence, if not elegaut, was iu nest perfect taste. The tables had four legs, and were rudely made from a puncheon. Their seats were stools having three or four legs. The bedstead was in keeping with the rest, and was often so contrived as to permit it to be drawn up and fastened to the wall during the day, thus affording more room to the family. The entire furniture was simple, and was framed with xo other tools than an axe and anger. Each was bis own carpen and some displayed considerable ingenuity in the construction of implements of agriculture, and utensils and forniture for the kitchen and bouse. Knives and forks they sometimes had, and sometimes bad not. 'The common table-knife was the or butcher-kuife Horsccollars were sometimes made of the plaited husk 'of the maize sewed together. They were easy on the neck of the horse, and if tug-traccs were used, would last a long while. In some instances, carts and wagons were constructed or repaired by the self-reliant settler: and the wofol creakings of the untarred axles could be heard at a great distance. The women corresponded well with the description of the rirtuows roman in the last chapter of Proverbs, for they "sought wool and fias, and worked willingly with their hands." They did not, it is true, make for themselves "coverings of tapestry," mor could it be sid of them that their "clothing was silk and purple:" bat they "rose while it was yet night, and gave meat to their household," and they "girded their loins with strength and strengthened their arms." "They looked well to the ways of their household, and ate

| not the bread of idleness." They laid "their hands to the spindle and to the distaff," and "strength and honor were in their clothing." Many bows and ribbons were worm, but scarcely any jewelry. The tow dress was superseded by the cotton gown. Around the neck, instead of a lace collar or elegant ribbon, there was disposed a copperas-colored neckkerchief. In going to 'church or other public gathering in summer weatber, they sometimes walked barefooted till near their destination, when they would put on their shoes or moccains. They were contented ond even happy without any of the elegant articles of apparel now used by the ladies anà considered necessary articles of dress. Ruffles, five laces, silk bats, kid gloves, false curls, rings, combs and jewels wero nearly unknown, nor did the lack of them orden veel either dug cot or coppered and ned "nopens; were a comme mc for tea ol which each member of the far Tynes and fr rapper. A toned formed the drinking empe vex their souls. Many of them were grown before they ever saw the interior of a well-supphed dry. goods store. 'They were reared in simplicity, lived in simplicity, aud were happy insimpliciay. It may be interesting to speak 'more specifically regarding cookery and diet. Wild meat was plentiful. The settlers generally brought some food with them to Inst till a erop could be raised. Small patches of Indian corn were raised, which, in the eariest days of the settlements, was beaten in a mortar. 'The menl was made into a coarse, bnt wholesome bread, on which the teeth could not be very tightly shut on account of the grit it coutained. Johnny-exke and pones were served up at dinner, while mush and milk was the stand potatoes, and these. v roping bees, leg rllinzs, amd s» pobpie. Cotice as thes were very deur, thea a drink fit only for it would not "stick to ich used, and honey was Batter was the same p women and the ribs." Maples only five cents a poui while eggs were three « prevailed. one killed hogs all shared. were to be seen in great m every doorway: 4 the gabble of the turkey and quaek of the duck were heard in the land. Nature contributed of her fruits. The women manufactured nearly all the clotli- by the family. Iu cool weather gowns made linsey-woolsey" were worn by the ladies. The chain The fabric was usually plaid or striped, and the differing colors. were uecorling to the taste and faney of the fai maker. Colors were bine, copperas, turkey-red, light

The rolls wen and big wheels, into two ki "and the other the enced only spun the chai 'Two kinds of looms were in use. The most primitive in construction was called the "side-loom." The frame of it consisted of two pieces of scantling running ob liquely from the floor to the wall. Later, the frame Zoom, which was a great improvement over the other, came into use. The men and boys were "jeans" and linsey-wooleey huating shirts. The "jeans" wore colored either light blue or Many times when the men gatherel to a log-rolling or bara-raising, the women would assemble, bringing their spinning-wheels with them, In this way sometimes as many as ten or twelve would gather in one room, and tbe pleasant voices of the fair spinners were mingled with the low hum of the spinving-wheels. "Oh! golden early days!" Snch articles of apparel as could not be manufacture! were brought to them from the nearest store by the miilcanier. These were few, however, "The wen and boys, in mauy instances, wore pantaloons mude of th dressed skin of the deer, which then swarmed the prai ries in large herds. The young man who desired to look captivating to the eye of the maiden whom he loved, had his "bucks" hinged, which lent than a not 'unpleasing effect. Meal sacks were also made of buckshin. Caps were made of the wolf, fox, wildcat and musk-rat tanned with the far on. The tail of the fox wolf often han from the top af the cap, lending th wearer a jauuty air. Both sexes wore icccasins, which in dry weather were au excellent substitute for shoes. 'There were no shoemakers, und cach family mudo its own shoes. The settlers were separated from their neighbors often by miles. There were no church housen or regular services of any kind to call then together; hence, no doubt, the cheerfulness with which th cepted invitations to a houve-raisiug, or a log-rollinz, or ora ker of any kind, To nttend these gatherings, they would go ten vr sometime more mi Generally with the invitation to the men went one to tbe women, to come to « quilting. The good woman of the house where the festivities were to take place 'would be busily engaged for a day or more in prepare: tion for the coming guests. Great quantities of provisfons were to be prepared, for dyspepsia wus unknown to the pioncer, and good appetites were the rule and no the exception. At all the log rollings and house rai ings it was to provide liquor. Excesses were not indulged Tho fiddler wss never forgotten. After the days work had as is done at this day; but were hauled home in the Imsk and thrown in a heap generally by the side of the erib, so that the cars, when bnsked, could be thrown direct into the crib. Tho whole neighborhood, male and female, were invited to the ahurking, ax it w called. The girls, and many of the married ladies, erally engaged in this amusing work, These shuchi nearly always ended in a dance, which generally lasted 'until day-light. Tn the morning all wowd go home on horseback or on foot. Dancing was the favorite amusement, and was participated in by all. "Alike at aces, damen of ante aya Had led hate chen tough tbe aita maze; 'And the gay granate, ued in enti lowe, Has o the burden of tree or"

'The amusements of that day were more athletic and rude than those of to-day. Among the settlers in a new country, from the nature of case, a higher value is set upon physical than mental endowment, Skill in wooderaft, superiority of muscular development, aceumey in shooting with the rifle, activity, swiftness of foot, were qualifications that brought their possessors fume, Footracing was often practised, and often the boys and young men engaged in friendly contests with the In At all gati jumping and wrestling were indulged in, and those who excelled were thenceforth men of notoriety. Cards, dice, and other gambling implements were unknown. At their shooting vatehes, which were usually for the prize of a turkey, or a gallon of whiskey, good feeling generally prevailed. Jf disputes arose, they were settled often by a square stand-up fight, and no one thought of using other wenpons than fists, They hell no grudges after their fights, for this was considered manly. It was the that, if the fight occurred between two pers the victor should pour water for the defeated as he washed away the trucos of the fray, after which the Jattor was to perforin the sume service for the former. The picture hero drawn of the pioneers, their modes of livtheir customs, and nts, while lacking enire completeness, we feel is not inacenrate aod untruthful,