Marion County, Indiana - Chapter 10, 1884

The Press

On the 28th of January, 1822, Indianapolis saw her first newspaper. It was the most precocious development of the American instinct for newspapers ever seen in that day, and only paralleled among the mushroom mining towns of the last twenty years. The settlement was less than two years old. The town had been laid out but six months, and no man had owned a lot longer than four. It was not even a " yearling" village. There was no road to it, no way out of it, no business in it. Everybody had been down with the chills the summer before. Nobody had been well enough to raise crops of any kind, at home or in the " big field." Starvation was held off only by supplies brought on horseback from White Water or down the river in Indian canoes. There was no mail and no post-office. In fact, the first steps towards the establishment of a mail route appear to have been the suggestion of the first appearance of the paper. On the 30th of January, two days after the first publication, a meeting of citizens was held to provide a private mail line to the parent settlements in White Water Valley. The county had been organized but a month, and it had held no election and had no officers. There were not more than four hundred souls in the place, young and old, and not a hundred in the adjoining portions of the county. The land office had been making sales in the New Purchase but a single year. There could be little advertising patronage and no local news where everybody knew all about everybody else, and general news could not be much better with no mails. It was about as unpromising a situation as a new paper ever appeared in, but nevertheless the Indianapolis Gazette appeared, and kept appearing irregularly till steady mails and supplies made it regular, and it has appeared regularly ever since. Of its early history a sketch is given in the general history of the city. The partners, George Smith and Nathaniel Bolton, separated in 1823, but reunited in 1824, and continued together till 1829, Mr. Bolton taking the paper alone till its sale, in the fall of 1830, to the late Alexander F. Morrison, who had come from Charleston that year as the representative of Clark County, and in the spring, after the adjournment of the Legislature, had remained and started the Indiana Democrat here. The consolidated paper took the name of the latest, the Democrat. It was owned successively by A. F. Morrison, Morrison & Bolton, Bolton & Livingston, and John Livingston.

City Of Indianapolis

A change came upon it in 1841. Mr. Livingston sold it to George A. and Jacob Page Chapman, then recently proprietors and editors of a paper in Terre Haute, and they moved it to a one-story frame just east of the present site of Masonic Hall, from a little one-story brick where the News building is now, in July, 1841, and changed the name to the Indiana Sentinel. During Mr. Morrison's control of the Democrat, and his later connection with the Sentinel in 1856, he acquired a high reputation as a writer of vigorous and perspicuous English, with a tendency to invective and personal bitterness that made his antagonists cautious of dealing roughly with him. He was one of the four delegates from this county to the Constitutional Convention of 1850. He died in 1857. The Chapmans changed the character of the paper a good deal. They made it more a newspaper than it had been before, while they maintained its spirited attitude and action as the State organ of its party. On Dec. 6, 1841, when the Legislature met, they issued a daily edition during the session, and kept it up till the close of the session of 1843-44, carrying a semi-weekly then, as had been done by their predecessors of the Democrat, till the permanent establishment of the daily, April 28, 1851. In 1846, Mr. John S. Spann became a member of the firm, and Chapman & Spann published the Sentinel till the last of May, 1850. In June of that year the late William J. Brown bought it, and the Chapmans retired from a position in which J. Page Chapman had achieved a national reputation. The campaign cry, " Crow, Chapman," " Tell Chapman to crow," was as frequent in Democratic meetings and in papers as any of the " Polk and Clay" period. It originated in the imitation of cock -crowing practiced by a prominent local Democrat of Hancock County by the name of Chapman - Joseph probably - and the mistaken ascription of the feat to the editors of the Sentinel. It helped the paper a little to its remarkable success, and was the suggestion of the jubilant rooster which now mounts the column of dispatches announcing Democratic victories in most of the papers of that party in Indiana, if not throughout the West. In the spring of 1853, J. P. Chapman started a weekly paper called the Chanticleer, - the name derived from the same suggestion, - with B. R. Sulgrove as associate editor, and the late Gen. George H. Chapman, son of Jacob Page, as city editor. Mr. Sulgrove left it the following winter to take charge of the Journal, and it closed with the end of the first volume. Mr. George A. Chapman died soon after the sale of the Sentinel, and J. P. Chapman's mind became so much disordered that he was sent to the insane asylum in 1855, and kept there several years till he died. It should be noted here that the first building erected especially for a paper was the Sentinel building of 1844, on the east side of North Illinois Street, near the site of the Young Men's Christian Association Hall.

With the retirement of the Chapmans, in 1850, the Sentinel establishment was divided, Mr. Brown taking the paper to a building on West Washington Street, near Meridian, and E. W. H. Ellis, State auditor, with Mr. John S. Spann, taking the joboflSce, and going on with that business at the old stand. In August, 1852, the paper was removed to the " Tomlinson Block," opposite the " Wright House" now "Glenn's Block," Mr. Austin H. Brown having become publisher a short time before, and his father leading editor. On the 2d of March, 1855, the late Dr. John C. Walker and Charles W. Cottom bought out Mr. A. H. Brown, and the editorial control passed to Mr. Walker and Mr. Holcombe. On ^j^ 4th of December, 1855, Mr. John S. Spann and John B. Norman, then of the New Albany Ledger, bought the paper, Mr. Norman becoming editor. He retained the position but six weeks, and returned to New Albany, when the proprietorship passed to the hands of Professor William C. Larrabee, then recently a member of the faculty of Asbury University, and Charles W. Cottom. Jan. 24, 1856, Alexander F. Morrison was associated with Professor Larrabee in the conduct of the paper. Mr. Cottom was city . editor. The following August, 1856, Joseph J. Bingham, of Lafayette, purchased an interest, and the proprietorship became Larrabee, Bingham & Co. till Jan. 13, 1857, when John Doughty joined Mr. Bingham, and Mr. Larrabee retired. Between this change and the 7th of April the old " Capital House" had been fitted up for the reception of the Sentinel establishment, and made the largest and best newspaper building in the State. The cases and other furniture were moved in, and steam started in the press-engine early in the evening of that day. The boiler was new, and through some carelessness or mistake it was exploded, tearing the building into a chaotic mass that seemed incapable of restoration. A press hand by the name of Homan was killed, and several others injured. The publication of the paper was necessarily suspended, but was resumed on the 2l8t, - a two weeks' suspension only, - and has never made a break since. Appeals for help were made through the Journal, and supported by other papers in the State, and some substantial assistance was obtained in this way ; but the establishment was weighted and embarrassed by the effects of the calamity for a long time.

A company called the " Sentinel Company" took it after this time and retained it till 1861, when John R. Elder and John Harkness, publishers of the weekly Locomotive, joined with Mr. Bingham and bought it, and removed it to the old Locomotive office, in the building that preceded the present " Hubbard Block." In 1863 a three-story brick building was erected for it on the east side of Meridian Street, on the corner of the alley south of Washington, and it remained here in the same hands till 1865. Then Charles W. Hall bought it, took it back to the Capital House, and called it the Herald. Hall & Hutchinson were owners and Judge Samuel E. Perkins, then recently on the Supreme Bench, was editor. In October, 1866, it went into the hands of a receiver, and was purchased in January, 1867, by Mr. Lafe Develin, of Cambridge City. In April, 1868, he was bought out by Richard J. Bright, late sergeant-atarms of the national Senate, who changed the name back to the Sentinel, and put in Mr. Bingham as chief editor, a position he had held with but little interruption, except during Judge Perkins' administration, since 1856. He was longer the editor than any man who has ever held the position, except Mr. Bolton, and did more than any one before him to give the paper the character of enterprise as a newscollector and ability as a partisan champion and organ, which it still TuUy maintains. Mr. Bright removed the office, in December, 1869, to the building he had enlarged from Wesley Chapel. In 1872, Mr. Bright sold to John Fishback and others forming the " Sentinel Company," and these in two or three years sold to a second company, partly formed of the first; and in 1878, Mr. John C. Shoemaker, State auditor, 1871-73, became the sole owner, and has remained so. In his hands the Sentinel has flourished as it never did before. It is the leading Democratic paper of the State in all respects, - of ability, enterprise, circulation, and influence. It has always been ably conducted, but never more so than in the hands of Col. James B. Maynard, the political editor, and Mr. Charles G. Stewart, the managing editor. The former has held his position some half-dozen years, and his vigorous and effective advocacy of his party seems likely to retain him at his own pleasure. Whatever objections the critical or hypercritical may make to his work, nobody will say that he is ever dull or commonplace. He writes with a vigor, earnestness, and frequent picturesqueness of style by no means common in the columns of partisan organs. Mr. Stewart, the manager, was for many years connected with the extensive book-house of Bowen, Stewart & Co., but for the past three years or more has been on the Sentinel, mainly as manager, but nevertheless writing a good deal, with the advantage of wide and careful reading, cultivated literary taste, and a clear, easy, and graceful style, when the subject allows it, - not frequently the case, however, with an "editorial paragrapher." He has done much to place the Sentinel in its present popular and efficient position. Preceding him and Col. Maynard were Henry P. Keenan, Mr. O'Connor, and Rev. Robert Matthews, under the proprietorship of the different companies. Early in the fall of 1883 the establishment was removed from the Circle and Meridian Street building to a large and commodious building on West Market specially fitted up for it, where it is better situated than ever before. This removal was signalized by the purchase of a six-cylinder press.

On the 7th of March, 1823, a litttle more than a year after the first appearance of the forerunner of the Sentinel, appeared the forerunner of the Journal, the Western Censor and Emigrants Guide, published and edited by Harvey Gregg and Douglass Maguire, two young Kentucky lawyers of recent arrival. Its early history is related in the general history of the city. Its course and success since will be briefly presented here. Mr. Gregg sold out on the 29th of October, 1824, and on the 16th of November was succeeded by Mr. John Douglass, State printer, who had come up from Corydon with the State government in State Treasurer Merrill's caravan but a few days before he made a connection which was to become a memorable one in the history of the State press.

John Douglass was born on a farm in Chester County, Pa., Nov. 12, 1787, and died in Indianlis in 1851. His mother, by the early death of her husband, was left in limited circumstances to battle alone with the pioneer life of a new and sparsely settled district. Like her husband, she was of Scotch descent, and was well trained in principles of right and habits of industry. In the.se principles and habits she trained her son. Her house was distant some four miles from the county school, yet when the school was in session, which was only a part of the year, she sent her boy. He daily walked the four miles, acquiring, with the rudiments of a good education, firmness in purpose and energy in action. As he grew to manhood his mother, seconding his own desire for wider knowledge than the little irregular school could afford, advised him to go to Lancaster and learn the printing business ; he could thus educate and at the same time support himself. He obtained in Lancaster what be desired, but after a year or two went to Philadelphia, where he readily found employment. In 1814 he married Maria Green. Six years later he emigrated with her to Vevay, Ind., encountering on the way such diflBculties as only pioneers can describe. But they were young ; he was sturdy and determined, and she was one of the most active and light-hearted women that ever left a city to find a home in the backwoods.

The prospects of Vevay were not at this time encouraging. A terrible fever prevailed. Mr. Douglass was not established in business before he became a victim of the disease. His wife, watching with him night after night for weeks, could count the cabins of their neighbors on the hillsides and in the valleys by the lights of otlier watchers by the sick and the dead. Nearly every family in the place mourned the death of one of its number.

The superstitious called the unhappy visitatio^a judgment of the Almighty on the vain though impressive ceremonies of the preceding year in honor of Commodore Perry. For the empty coffin that was carried in imposing procession then, with funeral dirges and orations, scores of coffins were now laid in silence in the graveyard.

On his recovery Mr. Douglass removed to Madison, where, in connection with Mr. William Carpenter, he published a paper. The capital of the State, however, offered him greater inducements, and he settled in Corydon. He was elected State printer, and with the change of the seat of government removed to Indianapolis. This last removal was effected in the fall of 1824, in connection with the State treasurer, Samuel Merrill.

Western Censor and Emigrant's Guide. The paper was shortly after called The Indiana Journal. Mr. Douglass remained connected with it until February, 1843, much of the time sole editor or sole publisher. Under his care the Journal was modest and pure in tone, firm in principle, supporting good enterprises, and disseminating valuable information. Mr. Douglass united himself with the Second Presbyterian | Church, under the ministry of the Rev. Henry W. Beecher, and in life and in death was a trusting and earnest believer in Christ.

The Presidential campaign of 1840, through carelessness and neglect of pecuniary obligations on the part of its managers in Indiana, involved Mr. Douglass in painful embarrassment. Industrious as he was, and upright to a scrupulous degree, he could not tolerate the thought of an unpaid debt with which his name, though by no fault of his own, was connected.

The loss of a promising son at the age of sixteen, and of a beloved and beautiful daughter at the age of twenty-two. broke irrecoverably both his health and his spirits. During the last two years of his life he was the object of the deepest and tenderest solicitude on the part of his friends.

The children that survived their parents are Lydia (Mrs. Alfred Harrison), Ellen B., Samuel M. (who died some years ago), James G., and George W. Mrs. William Barkley is a grandchild, the daughter of the eldest son, William, who died in California.

Closely associated with Mr. Douglass before his removal to Indianapolis was the late David V. Culley, who worked with him on State work in Corydon, subsequently removed to Laurenceburg and published the Indiana Palladium, and removed to Indianapolis in 1836 permanently, on receiving from Gen. Jackson, whom he had always ardently supported, the oflBce of register of the land office of the Indianapolis district. He lived to be one of the

D. V. Culley. - Among the men who cast their lot in Indianapolis while it was a struggling village and faintly foreshadowed its present population and commercial importance, the name of Hon. David V. Culley stands pre-eminent as one whose work has done much to create the history of the city. He was a truehearted Christian gentleman of more than ordinary stability of character, sound judgment, and prudence, and therefore a good business man, as was evinced by the accumulation of a good property from no beginning other than industry and economy. His careful management of his own affairs, and his solid acquaintance with administration, with policy, with finance, recommended him to positions of trust and confidence in connection with public matters, and for many years previous to his last illness, which was protracted through several months, those duties occupied much of his time. In his death, which occurred on Friday, June 4, 1869, Indianapolis lost one of her very best and foremost men, a man of whom it is easy to run around the circle of his virtues and difficult to find a point where the line is not continuous.

David V. Culley was born in Venango County, Pa., near the town of Franklin. His father, John Culley, was of Scotch extraction, a New Yorker by birth and a carpenter and millwright by trade. His mother, Anne Sleeper, was a woman of liberal education. Her parents were Philadelphia Quakers, and she held her birthright in the church up to the time of her death. Here in Venango County David V. Culley was reared, receiving from his mother the greater part of all his education. He also acquired at least the rudiments of his trade, type-setting, while still a boy at home. In the year 1818 he with an elder brother came West, and for a time made a home with relatives in Elizabethtown, Ky., where they were subsequently joined by their father's family. While at this place D. V. Culley completed his trade, and in 1823 removed to Corydon, Ind., where he was employed by the late John Douglass, Esq., then State printer, at Corydon, the capital not then having been removed to Indianapolis. Even then, at so early an age, his integrity was conspicuous. A friend who knew him at that time relates that Samuel Merrill, then treasurer of State, being on a certain occasion compelled to leave home for a. few days, needed a guard for the gold and silver of the commonwealth lying exposed in the treasurer's private residence. Mr. Culley, though at the time scarcely more than a boy and had hardly been a year in the State, was selected, with the friend who narrates the incident, to sleep in the treasurer's house and make the public money safe. About 1824 he removed to Lawrenceburg, Ind., which continued to be his residence for twelve years.

In the year 1825 he was married, and the same year was elected to his first oflfice. His wife, Miss Mary A. Brown, was a woman of rare strength and charm of character. She died, full of years and usefulness, on the 11th day of October, 1863, leaving three children, one son and two daughters. His first office was that of State senator, which he filled with such marked ability and fidelity that he was nominated by his party in 1831 for Lieutenant-Governor on the unsuccessful ticket when Governor Noble was elected. He continued his work in a political way on the Indiana Palladium, which he and the late Hon. Milton Gregg established. Under their management it was one of the most effective papers in the State, Mr. Culley proving himself at once a writer and an editor of marked ability. About the year 1834 political difl^erences finally separated them, Mr. Culley retaining the Palladium as a Democratic advocate. During this time he also served two or three sessions in the lower house of the Legislature.

It is not unworthy of note in this connection, as an illustration of Mr. Culley's enterprise as a printer, that in the year 1834 he first introduced in this State the use of composition rollers in press-work. A year after this, having a good oflFer for his paper and printing-office, he disposed of them, and for nearly a year devoted his entire time to the study of the law, which he then proposed to make his profession. At this period, so intense was his application and industry, that he frequently pa.ssed the whole night in study.

President, he appointed Mr. Culley register of the land office, and that, together with the frequent floods in Lawrenceburg, decided him to remove his family to Indianapolis for a permanent home. Soon after this he connected himself with the then newly organized Second Pre-sbyterian Church, of which he became and remained a most active, consistent, and efficient member and elder. For twenty years he was clerk of the church, and for a term of years trustee.

The city of Indianapolis was incorporated in 1838, and in 1841, upon the resignation of William Sullivan, David V. Culley was elected president of the Council, though he had been but five years a resident, - ample proof of the regard in which he was held, as well as of the merit that could so speedily command it. He was re-elected the next year, and the next, and was connected with the city government from that time until the increased infirmity of health compelled him to decline further service.

On the 20th of March, 1851, he was made the first president of the India'napolis Gas and Coke Company, and it may well be said that it was through Mr. Culley's untiring energy and perseverance that gas was manufactured in the city at so early a date. Another example of his enterprise was in bringing stone from Vevay, Ind., over the Madison road, then the only railroad entering Indianapolis, for the purpose of putting a stone foundation under his new residence, the first foundation of that kind in the city. But his labors were mainly thrown in the direction not of his own so much as the public interests. It was natural that such a man should be a patron »f schools. He had a steady belief in the advantages of an education, and in the value and importance of a thorough classical training. For many years he was connected with the Indianapolis public schools as a trustee and as managing superintendent. His persistent labors in that direction will not soon be forgotten, now that the schools have a history and can look back to pioneer days.

A leading paper, referring to his death, says, " His integrity and sincerity of character, as well as his kindness of heart, were so marked, so well known, that he was often during the period of his active life selected as the guardian for minors, and though no duties are more irksome, more easily abused, or more generally thankless, he was never tainted with a breath of suspicion, and never failed to earn the heartiest affection of those he served."

In 1854, Mr. Culley joined what was afterwards known as the Republican party. During the opening horrors of the great civil war he used his pen and gave freely of his means in support of the government. An ardent lover of his country and a true American, he watched his country's progress with a warm and intelligent sympathy. One of the desires of his heart was to see the completion of the first Pacific Railroad, a work that seemed feasible to him years before its construction was undertaken.

While Mr. Culley seemed habitually logical and serious, and had a dignity of manner that peculiarly fitted him to perform the duties of a presiding officer, no man had a keener sense or heartier appreciation of genuine humor. In his later years a well-thumbed volume of Don Quixote lay on his table along with a copy of Shakespeare and Milton, and many hours were passed in the enjoyment of its quaint drollery. His kindly human sympathy was remarkable, too, in old age. He was often found on the ice among the young skaters, as cheerful as any in the company, and in the summer much time of recreation was passed in rowing, in company with his friends. A day's hunting was often enjoyed ; indeed, the pioneer force and energy never seemed to desert him. But, after all, the strength and beauty of his life was to be found in his obedience to the Divine law, in his just estimate of his fellow-men, and his kindly feeling toward them. From the distant standpoint in which we measure his character in its full proportions, David V. Culley seems to have had that perfectness, that uprightness of which the Scriptures speak, for the end was peace. He died as he lived, without fear and without reproach.

On the 11th of January, 1825, theWestern Censor and Emigrant's Guide was enlarged to a superroyal sheet, and the name changed to the Indiana Journal, which it still retains for the weekly edition, while the daily is the Indianapolis Journal. Mr. Maguire was editor a year or so after the change, and was succeeded in 1826 by Samuel Merrill, State treasurer, who kept editorial direction till 1829. Mr. Douglass neither then or at any time meddled much with editorial work. He was the business man, and the backbone of the paper, and contented himself with doing only what he knew he could do better than anybody else. In the fall of 1829, Mr. Maguire resumed his connection with the paper, and continued as editor till 1835, when he sold his interest to the late S. Vance B. Noel, who took his place as editor. Mr. Noel had then but recently returned from Fort Wayne, where he had assisted Thomas Tigar in establishing the Fort Wj.yne Sentinel, though he had previously worked as a printer on the Journal. It may be noted in passing that Gen. Thomas A. Morris, the real victor in the first West Virginia campaign, served an apprenticeship at the case in the Journal office with Mr. Douglass before his appointment as cadet at West Point Academy. Mr. Noel sold out to Mr. Douglass in 1842, and the latter took Theodore J. Barnett as editor, a man of unusual ability, and quite as effective a speaker as he was a writer. He figured as prominently on the stump in the Presidential contest of 1844 as any Whig orator in the State, and he was incessantly bu.sy with his pen when he gave his tongue a rest. His partisan zeal readily took an aspect of personal enmity, and he and the Chapmans quarreled through their respective papers in a way that ill became the standing of either, and once Barnett drew a pistol on Page Chapmam in the post-office, where Bowen & Stuart's bookstore is now. This personal malice magnified a little innocent affair into a felony by Mr. Barnett, and harassed him seriously at times. One Saturday evening he could not find Mr. Noel, and wanted a pound of butter to take home. He wrote an order for it on the grocer in Mr. Noel's name, as he was authorized to do in such a strait, and got the butter. The Sentinel learned that he had signed Mr. Noel's name to the order and charged him with forgery. There was no semblance of forgery or imitation of handwriting to create a deception, but a mere formal note or memorandum for the grocer to make up his account from, duly authorized by Mr. Noel. For two years that " pound of butter" and " forged order" made as prominent a feature of local politics as the tariflF did of national politics. There has been a decided improvement in the tone of the city press since then, at least in iho matter of personal controversies.

Mr. Noel bought Mr. Douglass out entirely in 1848, still retaining Mr. Barnett, and held the establishment till February, 1846. Mr. Douglass never entered into business again after the sale in 1843. Mr. Kent succeeded Mr. Barnett as editor under Mr. Noel's ownership, but remained only a few months, when the late John D. Defrees became editor in March, 1845. In February, 1846, he purchased the establishment of Mr. Noel, and was the proprietor and editor till Oct. 20, 1854. His long connection with the Journal, extending from March, 1845, to October, 1854, has identified him more closely with it than with any other enterprise in which he was concerned, at least among the people of Indianapolis.

Hon. John D. Depbees was born at Sparta, Tenn., Nov. 8, 1810, and was eight years old when his father moved to Piqua, Ohio. In his fourteenth year he was apprenticed to the printer's trade. After serving his time he studied law in the office of Tom. Corwin, at Lebanon, Ohio, and in 1831 removed to South Bend, where with his younger brother he began the publication of a newspaper. He became prominent in politics as a Whig, and was several times elected to the Legislature. In 1844 he sold his South Bend newspaper to Schuyler Colfax, whom he had given a start in life, and removing to Indianapolis, the next year bought the Indiana State Jourmil, which he for ten years edited. In 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln government printer, and held the office until President Johnson, angered at some criticism of his, removed him. Congress made it a Senate office, and he was reappointed in thirty diiys. He held it until 1869, when his opposition to Gen. Grant and enmity to the late Senator Morton afforded them an occasion which they improved by turning him out. At the coming in of President Hayes he was appointed again to the same place, which he held until declining health compelled his resignation. This framework of a life seems plain enough, but as every one's skeleton is the same, the diflFerence in appearance being the filling in of the flesh, so in this life there was a side which to those who knew him best and saw most of it became an inspiration. He was a natural political student and had the gift of political management, and the associates of his early days speak of his rare sagacity and his untiring energy. He was chairman of the State committee, and always the adviser and general conductor of affairs. He could unite two or three antagonisms into a common purpose, and when there were factional or personal differences Mr. Defrees was called on to restore good feeling. He had the keenest sense of humor, which his pluck and ceaseless activity were ever ready to carry into anecdote or practical joke. His energy from his earliest to his latest days was remarkable. His newspaper at South Bend was the first one in northern Indiana, and at every turn of affairs he was seeking some new improvement. " Progress" seemed to be his watchword. He was the first man in the State to use steam to drive a printing-press, the first to use a caloric engine for the same purpose, the first to see the value of the Bullock printing-press and encourage the inventor, the first to use the metallic stretching machine for binding, and the first to use the Edison electric light, except the inventor. At every step he looked still ahead, and never seemed to doubt the ability or genius of man. This faith, stronger than one meets in a lifetime almost, and utterly free fp«ai sordid motives, often made him the victim of desisrning or deluded men. This faith in progress and faith in human kind, and this restless energy which halted at nothing, permeated and colored his whole life. It supplied for himself the deficiencies of early systematic training. What the experience of the printer's trade and the acquisitions of a young law student might give in the way of knowledge were, it may be imagined, of them.selves barren enough. But to him these were the keys with which he might unlock learning's storehouse. Books were his delight. He overcame the lack of a classical education by a thorough study of translations, and the lore of Greece and Rome were his familiar acquaintance. He vfras especially fond of history, and there were few classical works in this line, ancient or modern, he did not know. He was a deep political student, and particu- larly knew the political history of his own country as few know it. He was an unwearied student, and thus as the years went on he became equipped with all the mental outfit of a gentleman. He had a correct literary taste, and was as quick to discern genius or special talent here as in other things. He wrote with a perspicuity and with a terse Saxon force rare in these days. Those who were near to him or came in contact with him in the direction of affairs he acted upon with the characteristic qualities of his nature. He left his impress. He was an influence, and many there are who can rise up and call him blessed, in the memory of the chaste and elevating force that influence was. He was a man of the rarrat courage - a courage that seemed to have no weak side, mental, moral, or physical. The farthest possible remove from a brawler in his nature, an acquaintance with him never failed to make it plain that he would fight on call. This, coupled with the knowledge that he was a " dead-shot" with a rifle, perhaps conspired to make a career among the turbulent scenes of politics singularly free from personal disturbances. His mental courage, his never-failing faith in the power of attainment, have already been spoken of. His moral courage, as is shown forth in a life free from dross as few lives are, was rare indeed. He had the loftiest sense of honor, and the hottest anger and bitterest contempt for a dishonorable, dishonest, or mean thing, and condemnation of such leaped to his lips in a moment, for he had all the quickness of the nervous temperament. But so patiently did he work for its control that in his later life few knew from the calm exterior the rage that took hold of him at the sight of a wrong or meanness. His integrity was flawless. He had not merely the heart to mean rightly, but the head to do rightly, and in his daily walk and conversation he was truth and honesty incarnate. This is the testimony of those who knew him as he lived among them. All his life Mr. Defrees had not been a professor of religion, but if religion is a life he was one of its noblest exemplars. He was twice married, having by his first wife a daughter, Harriet (Mrs. Cyril Oakley, of New Orleans). His second wife was Miss Elizabeth Morris, daughter of Morris Morris, of Indianapolis, to whom were born children, - Morris M.,Lulie, John D. and Anthony C., twins, and Thomas M. The death of Mr. Defrees occurred at Berkeley Springs, W. Va., on the 19th of October, 1882.

Early in the year 1854, Mr. B. R. Sulgrove joined Mr. Defrees in the editorial conduct of the Journal, and in a few days was given the entire direction, Mr. Defrees confining his labors to the business department. Mr. Sulgrove had been a contributor to the Journal frequently during the preceding three or four years, had written a series of sketches of the Constitutional Convention of 1850 for the Locomotive under the name of " Timothy Tugmutton," had written the leading articles' for the Hoosier City, a little paper published by the apprentices in the Journal office in 1 852, and had been associated with J. P. Chapman in the Chanticleer. At that time no press dispatches were received here, the telegraph reports being cut from the evening papers of Cincinnati when received the same night. No attempt had ever been made to report the next morning the occurrences of the night before. When the Eagle Machine- Works were first burned in 1852, Mr. J. H. McNeeley, then city editor of the Journal, while returning home from the fire, which was early one summer night, stopped at the office, took the forms from the press, removed some indifferent paragraph of news, and set up and inserted a brief notice of the fire. Its appearance next morning was a phenomenon in Indianapolis journalism. This was reformed under the new administration of the Journal. City Council proceedings were reported the same night and published next morning. So were occasional lectures and other entertainments. In 1855 the " Old Settlers' Meeting" held on the lawn of Calvin Fletcher's residence, on Virginia Avenue, was reported verbatim - the speeches getting the due allowance of " laughter" and " applause" - to the extent of five columns. It was the first attempt of the kind, and the revolution in the old-fashioned ways of the local press was an accomplished fact. Thenceforward the morning had to see the night's doings duly reported. During the earlier part of the Crimean war telegraphic press dispatches were received, but in no such convenient form or attractive abundance as now. John F. Wallick, the present superintendent of the Western Union, received the reports on a long ribbon of paper that he had to haul out of a big box after it had passed along under the Morse marker, and read to a copyist from each of the papers, usually Mr. Eugene Culley for the Sentinel, and Mr. Sulgrove for the Journal. The latter was then alone and had all the work to do, from writing leaders to making up mail items, book reviews, city reports, and copying telegraph. The dispatches were often greatly confused. The yacht of the New York Associated Press would board a steamer off Cape Race, and receive a news summary ready made up to be telegraphed by the land line to New York and over the West ; and it was no unusual thing for a home report to split a foreign one, and leave the fragments an hour apart, with a tired editor at midnight to pick up the pieces and patch up an intelligible dispatch from them. It was not till about 1856 or 1857 that Coleman Wilson received the first reports by sound, and made life a little less burdensome to the overworked editor by supplying manifold copies. In 1856, Mr. Barton D. Jones obtained a portion of the stock and became city editor, a position he held with decided service to the paper and his own reputation till he gave it up to enter the army in 1861. Austin H. Brown was for a time city editor during the war, also Daniel L. Paine, now of the News.

In October, 1854, Mr. Defrees sold the Journal, both the paper and the job-office, to the " Journal Company," consisting of the late Ovid Butler, Joseph M. Tilford, James M. Mathes, and Rawson Vaile. Mr. Mathes had been for some years publishing a religious monthly called the Christian Record in Bloomington, and Mr. Vaile had been publishing a free-soil paper in Wayne County. Mr. Sulgrove retained the editorial control. Mr. Vaile gave his time to the counting-room chiefly. In 1858, Mr. Sulgrove purchased Mr. Butler's interest, and subsequently a majority of the stock, which he sold, in anticipation of going to Europe, in 1863. But he retained editorial direction till the summer of 1864, having been the chief editor then for more than ten years. On his return from Europe in 1867 - he had gone there with Governor Morton in the fall of 1865 - he again took charge of the Journal for some months, and on several subsequent occasions, when the proprietors were at a loss for a temporary manager, he gave them such assistance as he could, and till 1880 was more or less constantly connected with the paper as editorial writer. In 1858-59 the Journal paid Mr. Devens, of Massachusetts, for a weekly summary of the features of valuable patents and improvements of machinery, and this was, probably, the first " outside" work that an Indianapolis paper had ever paid for at that time. Contributions and correspondence were gratuitous wholly for many a year after 1858, except where special value secured a special remunerative arrangement. Till 1860 the office was on Pennsylvania Street, where the " Fletcher & Sharpe Block" stands, having been removed there from No. 8 West Washington Street, the " Sanders Block," in 1849 or 1850. During Mr. Noel's time and a portion of that of Mr. Douglass it was on the south side of Washington Street, where the " Iron Block" is, in a two-story frame. It was first published in a frame on the north side of Washington, opposite the " Washington Hall." In 1860 the four-story brick on the southeast corner of Circle and Meridian Streets was built for it by the company. In digging the cellar a son of Mr. William 0. Rockwood was killed by the accidental caving in of the sandy wall. The house was occupied directly after the Presidential election of 1860. In 186l*'the company sold to William R. Holloway & Co., and Mr. Holloway became editor, with the late Judge Horatio C. Newcomb as political editor. He had held the same position for some weeks previously after the retirement of Mr. Sulgrove. In February, 1865, James G. Douglass, a son of the old proprietor, and Alexander H. Conner, associated themselves with Mr. Holloway under the name of " Holloway, Douglass & Co." In the winter of 1866 the late Samuel M. Douglass joined his brother James and Mr. Conner and bought out Mr. Holloway, retaining possession, as " Douglass & Conner," till 1870. In 1866 they purchased the old First Presbyterian Church, - Dr. P. D. Gurley's, - northeast corner of Market and Circle Streets, and built the eastern half of the present Journal building, - the western half was built by Col. Ruckle about ten years later, - and moved into it early in 1867. Lewis W. Hasselman and William P. Fishback bought the establishment, and Mr. Fishback became editor in June, 1870. Mr. Holloway, then postmaster, purchased a sixth interest. Mr. Hasselman gave his son Otto a sixth interest, and Mr. Thomas D. Fitch purchased a sixth, and this combination held possession till January, 1872, when a second " Journal Company," consisting chiefly of Jonathan M. Ridenour and Gen. Nathan Kimball, late State treasurer, bought out Hasselman, Fishback & Co., and carried on the business for over two years. They procured a " Bullock Perfecting Press," the first ever brought to the State. In 1874-75, Nicholas Ruckle, recently sheriflF of the county, obtained a controlling interest in the company, and Mr. Ridenour left it. Mr. Ruckle retained the business management till 1876, when he sold the paper - retaining the job establishment - to E. B. Martindale and William R. Holloway. He subsequently sold the job department to Hasselman & Co., who still keep it in the same place. Elijah B. Martindale and Mr. Holloway removed the paper soon after their purchase to the corner room of the Journal building, then recently erected, but afterwards removed it to the " Martindale Block," on Market Street, where it is yet. In 1S80 it was purchased by John C. New, assistant United States treasurer, and his son Harry, who still hold it.

The editor of the Journal now, and for the last two or three years, is Elijah W. Halford. His first connection with it was in the latter part of the war, as city editor. During a portion of Mr. A. H. Conner's tenure of the tripod Mr. Halford was the working and thinking man, and demonstrated an unusual capability for hard work and close attention, with a liberal share of literary ability, and the instinct for news that makes the editor, who is as much " born" and as little "made" as the poet. W^hen John Young Scammon started the Inter- Ocean, of Chicago, he made Mr. Halford the managing editor, a position he retained in the midst of much embarrassment till after Mr. Ridenour became business manager of the Journal ; then he returned here, and succeeded John D. Nicholas in his old position. After some years he left it, and took a position on the Evening News, which he retained for a year or two, and returned to the Journal after its purchase by Mr. New. For some time he was associated with James Paxton Luse, the political editor or editor-in-chief, but when that gentleman retired, some two years ago, Mr. Halford took the whole control, under Mr. New's direction, and has the editorial writing done wherever he can get it done best. The plan works well, for the Journal has never been so uniformly well written as now, and never better supported, better managed, or better esteemed, if so well, in all its sixty years of life. Mr. New, though not a professional or even an amateur writer, occasionally does some of the most vigorous and striking editorial writing. Mr. Halford has been connected with the Journal more or less for ten years, - the longest connection any one has had with it, except Mr. Maguire, who was editor or proprietor twelve years ; Mr. Douglass, who was a proprietor for about eighteen years ; Mr. Noel, who was a proprietor about eleven years ; Mr. Sulgrove, who, as editor, proprietor, and editorial contributor, had a connection with it more or less constantly from 1851 to 1880, nearly thirty years; and Col. Holloway, whose connection was pretty nearly continuous for about twelve years. Mr. Defrees' connection lasted only about nine years, and that of Charles M. Walker, as political editor, about as long.

The Sentinel began publishing a daily on the 6th of December, 1841. The Journal published its first daily on the 12th of December, 1842, and continued thereafter during the sessions of the Legislature till the meeting of the Constitutional Convention in 1850. Then it published by contract daily verbatim reports, from the oflBcial reporter, of the proceedings of the convention, and since then (Oct. 7, 1850) it has been continued uninterruptedly as a daily. It was a folio till January, 1866, when it appeared as a quarto, and has continued so ever since. The Sentinel made the same change a little later. The first semi-weekly edition of the Journal was published Dec. 10, 1828; the first tri-weekly, Dec. 12, 1838. Two attempts have been made to publish an evening edition, - one by Hasselman & Fishback, with the late accomplished journalist, George C. Harding, as editor, in 1871, and again by Judge Martindale, - but neither prospered and was soon abandoned. The Sentinel has never tried that form of embarrassment. In 1840, Mr. Noel and Mr. Douglass, of the Journal, published a campaign paper called the Spirit of '76, edited by Joseph M. Moore, a young Whig of distinguished literary ability. In 1844 he edited a second campaign paper called the Whig Rifle, named from a well-known anecdote of Mr. Clay. In 1 854 a third campaign sheet was published by Mr. Defrees, and mainly written by Mr. Sulgrove, called We, the People. In that contest was the germ of the Republican party of the State. In 1850, September 4th, E. W. H. Ellis, who, with Mr. John S. Spann, had purchased the Sentinel iob-o&CQ, started the Indiana Statesman, a weekly of the best character, - superior to any weekly we had then had, - and maintained it for two years, when they sold it to the Sentinel.

In 1847, April 3d, three apprentices in the Journal office, then in the hands of Mr. Defrees, and located in the " Sanders Block," one of the first three-story brick buildings in the city, on the north side of Washington Street, a little west of Meridian, began the publication of a little weekly, as a sort of schoolboy diversion, called the Locomotive. They were Daniel B. CuUey, John H. Ohr, and David R. Elder. It died " in the fullness of time" in three months. It was revived the next January by Douglass & Elder, enlarged a little, and filled chiefly with the sort of matter that goes to the composition of the " society" column of the Sunday papers of to-day. It was all local, and covered so well a field completely neglected by the grave political organs that it soon began to pay. It was the first paper that the women and girls wanted to read regularly, and the paper that makes itself a household favorite is settled for life, if it chooses to be. In 1850, early, John R. Elder and John Harkness bought it, took it to their establishment on the site of the Hubbard Block, and speedily ran its circulation in the county far above any other paper, and for several years it thus got the publication of the " Letter List." Besides its sketches of the Constitutional Convention and its exposure of the drunken orgies of the expiring Legislature of 1851, - the first description that had ever appeared of an annual disgrace for a dozen years, - it published a great deal of local correspondence on social and city and religious affairs, and probably commanded a stronger influence in its range than any other paper in the city. It was entirely neutral - not independent - in politics. In 1861 the proprietors bought the Sentinel and united the Locomotive with it. In the summer of 1845 the Locomotive appeared as a little sheet about as big as a sheet of note paper, and continued three months. Its appearance in 1847, as above related, by the same 'prentice publishers, was a revival of the first one.

In 1845 or 1846 a Mr. Depuy began the publication here of an anti-slavery paper called the Indiana Freeman. It was a good paper. Its editor was a fine scholar, a man of unusual literary attainments, and was assisted by a few accomplished residents of his faith, but in those days "abolitionism" was but a little less odious or ruinous stigma than pauperism or brigandism. Mr. Depuy's office, on the south side of Washington, on the site of the Iron Block, was occasionally threatened with violence, and on several occa.sions he and his friends watched all night to protect it, but nothing worse was ever done than such puerile pranks as smearing his office with tar and mud and taking his sign away and putting it on some out-house. The publication was stopped in a year or two.

In September, 1848, Julius Boetticher began the publication of the Volksblatt, the first German paper in the city, possibly the first in the State, when the German immigration was not large, and very few Germans had done much to create the national reputation for industry, integrity, and thrift which is now so well established. It was a bold enterprise, not to say an audacious one, and it barely escaped a disastrous failure. Mr. Boetticher did his own work, with the help of his little daughter on the " case" and his little son for miscellaneous service ; but as little outlay as he made his income was not equal to it, and some years afterwards he told the editor of the Journal that he should have abandoned the enterprise in despair if it had not been for the late Professor Samuel K. Hoshour's class in German. The professor desired his pupils to learn living and colloquial as well as classic German, and recommended them to sub- scribe for a German paper. The Volkshlatt was in its tenth or twelfth week, and growing more weakly all the time. The class - of some thirty pupils - subscribed for three months at half a dollar each, and this lift put the paper's head above water long enough to give it a good vitalizing breath. It was maintained for nearly twenty years by Mr. Boetticher. At his death it was taken by the " Gutenberg Company," who still hold it.

Besides these five early weeklies - Chanticleer, Locomotive, Statesman, Freeman, and Volkshlatt - that have appeared and disappeared after a length and energy of life enough to make some mark on the community, there are several others to be noted in the history of the city press chiefly for an evanescence that has left hardly a name that anybody can recall. In 1848 a weekly called the Free Soil Banner was published by William Greer and Lew Wallace, - the general, - and another. The late Ovid Butler probably famished the money. The Family Visitor, a temperance paper, was started by Rev. B. T. Kavanagh in 1851. About the year 1853 it was changed to the Temperance Chart, and conducted by Jonathan W. Gordon, the eminent advocate. The Hoosier City, a little local weekly started by the Journal 6fl5ce boys, lived three months. In 1852 the IVee Soil Democrat, by Rawson Vaile, merged in the Journal in 1854. In 1853, September 3d, Theodore Hielscher established the Freie Presse as a German supporter of free-soil principles against the Volkshlatt, which was decidedly Democratic. It was continued till after the outbreak of the civil war, but with less influence than it might have had if Mr. Hielscher had possessed more practical sense and less unreasoning enthusiasm. He was a man of scholarship and ability, but he was incapable of viewing any political question practically and impartially. He could see nothing but the logical tendency or result of a principle, and there he would go if it went to the bottomless pit. In 1855, Mr. Charles Hand started the Railroad City, and made a very eff'ective hit by a caricature showing a couple of prominent Democrats stealing a view of the secret Know-Nothing State Convention in Masonic Hall from the top of the Masonic out-house in the rear. It died in a few months. About the same time Dr.

Jordan and Mr. Manford began the publication of the Western Vhiversalist, the character of which is sufficiently indicated by its name. It was maintained for a couple of years or so. Dr. M. G. Clark about the same time started the Witness, a Baptist weekly, printed in the Journal office. It lived but two or three years. In January, 1857, Andrew and Solomon Bidwell began with a radical weekly, which they called the Western Presage, admirable in mechanical execution, but frothy in mental quality, and ran it out in less than a year. In 1857, Rev. T. A. Goodwin removed to the capital the Indiana American, an anti-slavery, anti-liquor weekly, that had been established many years in Brookville, and ranked among the best in the State. He kept it fully up to its reputation here, but in a few years sold it to Downey & Co;, who made a daily evening paper of it, and sold it to Jordan & Burnett, who called it the Evening Gazette, made it a very creditable paper, but could not make it profitable, and sold it in 1868 to Smith & Co., who sold it to Shurtleff, Macauley & Co., who sold to Mr. C. P. Wilder, who sold it to the Journal, under the Douglass & Conner administration, to be sold and known no more. The American as a weekly was resumed in 1869 by Mr. Goodwin, but was suspended in a few years finally.

The war was not an encouraging time for newspaper projectors. The demand for news was never half so eager or so profitable to publishers, but it seemed fully satisfied with the enterprise and efforts of the papers already established. Soon after the first battle of Bull Run, when every loyal soul was sore with disappointment, and expectation was hungry for compensating good news, the Journal began publishing its telegraphic dispatches, reporting battles and military movements first in slips, and later in a little sheet with other matter to make a sort of little evening edition, and sold them to newsboys who made the streets vocal with yells, " Journal, extra, 'nother battle," till far into the night often, when additional news would warrant a second or third edition of the telegraphic slips. The invariable cry was " 'nother battle," whether there had been a fight or night. It sold the slips and sold them well. No man cared for change for a dime, as long as we had any silver money, for news of a successful Union fight, and the boys many a time got ten cents and a quarter for what cost them but a cent. It was a harvest time for them and for the papers that had enterprise to use it well. But no paper was begun in the city in that time.

On Dec. 22, 1867, the late George C. Harding, with Mr. M. G. Henry, began the publication of the Saturday Evening Mirror, on West Maryland Street, near Meridian. In a year or so John R. Morton took Mr. Henry's place in the publishing department, and the late William B. Vickers, a grandson of Nathan B. Palmer, joined Mr. Harding in the editoral work. Mr. Harding was already distinguished in his profession as a master of the paragraphic art, and a skillful delineator of character, as well as a clear-headed and solid-reasoning debater of such public questions as he chose to discuss ; while Mr. Vickers was fast earning he reputation with which he died before his prime, of a graceful fancy and refined taste, with no little of the pungency in paragraphic work of his more noted associate. In the winter of 1869, during the session ' of the Legislature, the Mirror was published as an evening daily, and continued till it was bought by Mr. Holliday, of the News, and consolidated with that rapidly-growing evening paper. The weekly was not attempted to be continued after the sale of the daily, and Mr. Vickers began a weekly in its place called Town Talk. In a few weeks, however, Mr. Harding revived the Mirror, made a second union with Mr. Vickers, and in the latter part of May, 1870, sold out to the latter, who carried on the paper with moderate success till he took a position as managing editor of the Journal about 1871, when he sold it to B. 0. MuUiken, who killed it in a few weeks. At this time Mr. Harding was in charge of the first evening edition of the Journal, which his ability maintained for a time against the better management of the News, but it " cost more than it came to," in the old backwoods phrase, and was abandoned. Mr. Harding then formed a connection with a Cincinnati paper, and later with a Louisville paper, and returned to Indianapolis in a year or two and began the publication of the Saturday Herald in 1873, in connection with Mr. A. C. Grooms, for many years cashier of the Journal counting-room.

The latter gave place to Mr. Samuel N. Bannister the same year, and he, with some money and a great deal of energy, soon made it a profitable enterprise. In 1876, Mrs. Gertrude Garrison became editorially connected with it and materially assisted it by her ability. A couple of years or so after her accession to the Herald Mr. Harding's diflSculty with Mr. Light occurred, and his mental condition put him in an asylum near Cincinnati for some weeks. After his trial and acquittal in court he sold out his interest in the Herald to Mr. Bannister, and went to Iowa, where he bought a weekly and ran it for the better part of a year. In the fall of 1880 he returned here, and in connection with Charles Dennis, a versatile and accomplished writer, aided by Mrs. Garrison, established the Saturday Review. An accidental injury to one of his legs in May, 1881, terminated in a fatal attack of erysipelas, and then Mr. Dennis and A. C. Jameson took the Meview for a few months, when Mr. Jameson gave way to Mr. Bert. Metcalf In 1883, Mr. John 0. Hardesty, a veteran and well-known editor, bought the paper and still holds it successfully. The Herald was kept up by Mr. Bannister alone for some months after Mr. Harding had retired. Then he sold an interest to Mr. A. H. Dooley, formerly of Terre Haute, who had successfully established the Argo in Quincy, 111. It has been editorially controlled by Mr. Dooley since 1880, with the effect of making it one 'Sf the cleanest and best family papers ever published in any State. Mr. Hardesty does the same for the Review, following the course of Mr. Dennis.

A few days after the suspension of the Mirror by Mr. Harding, his partner, John R. Morton, started the Journal of Commerce, a weekly devoted to trade and finance. It was at first edited by Enos B. Read, the founder of the People, and then by Dr. W. S. Pierce, a distinguished business man and politician, and brother-in-law of Governor Thomas A. Hendricks. It was kept up with indifferent success for about two years. Soon after leaving the Journal of Commerce, Mr. B. B. Read, in connection with Harry Shellman and George J. Schley, began the publication of the People as a Sunday paper, with occasional illustrations and a special devotion to local news and interests. It was speedily successful, and continues with no apparent decline. It has been published for some years in the old Journal building, on the corner of Circle and Meridian Streets. Mr. Read has good assistance, but when liis health allows him to attend to his own work he makes as interesting and valuable a weekly as one could wish for Sunday reading, though the People is now, and has been for a half-dozen years, published as a Saturday paper. Contemporaneously with these weeklies two children's or Sunday-school papers were published by Rev. W. W. Dowling, The Little Sower and The lAttle Watchman, both dead or removed now. During the financial discussions that arose in the general embarrassments following the panic of 1873, the ^S'mji was established, as the organ of the " Greenback" or " Fiat" party, by James Buchanan, and maintained here by him and Edward S. Pope and others with ability and influence till a year or so ago, when it was removed to Richmond, in this State. Very recently it returned here. The Olobe, an ephemeral publication, was merged in the Sun. The Tribune is a German daily of liberal opinions, edited by Mr. Philip Rappaport, a lawyer and a gentleman of fine attainments; office, 62 South Delaware Street. The Telegraph is a German Democratic daily established about the year 1867, published by the " Gutenberg Company," at 27 South Delaware Street. The same company publishes the Weekli/ Telegraph and the Spottvogel, or Mocking Bird, a Sunday paper, and the Volksblatt. The Telegraph is one of the best newspapers in the city, and has a patronage equal to its merit. The other dailies in full life are the News and Times.

The JVews was established by Mr. John H. Holliday, in December, 1869, the first number appearing on the 7 th of that month. Mr. Holliday had the newspaper experience of some years of service on the Sentinel and other city papers to enable him to judge shrewdly of his means and opportunities, and he saw a good place to put a cheap evening paper with all the news of a costly morning one, condensed when practicable, in full when desirable, and vary it with editorial matter dictated solely by his own judgment, with no reference to party interests or purposes. He would do no " puffing," and have no reciprocity of favors that always leaves a paper a large creditor in the end. He really " filled a long-felt want," and the News was a definite success almost from the start, but it had some serious difficulties to overcome. Patience, energy, and fair dealing have worked out their Usual result, and the News has the largest daily circulation of any paper in the State. With Mr. Holliday has been associated, almost from the start, Daniel L. Paine, a poet who is subject to the unusual failing of writing too little, the author of several beautiful operettas which he has never had set to music or put on the stage ; the author also of " Elberon," the best poem on the death of President Garfield that was published in any newspaper in the country at the time. For some eight years or so Mr. Morris Ross has done the editorial writing and contributed largely to the establishment of the paper's reputation for wide and accurate information and literary ability. Gideon B. Thompson has been, at one time or another, still longer connected with the city department, and made a reputation in its conduct both for himself and the paper.

The Times was begun in July, 1881, by William R. Holloway, who had then recently left the postoffice after a twelve years' term. He had been connected with the press from childhood almost. His father, at one time commissioner of patents, was for years editor and publisher of the Richmond (Wayne County) Palladium, and while still in his nonage William became a printer and compositor on a Cincinnati paper. He served Governor Morton, his brother-in-law, as private secretary till his purchase of the Journal, in 1864, but thenceforward he was almost always connected with a newspaper, even when attending to the multifarious duties of postmaster of a large office like that of Indianapolis. He had the knowledge of the business, the enterprise, and energy for the projector of a large morning daily, and he used them with admirable judgment and complete success in establishing the Times. Charles M. Walker, then recently editor-in-chief of the Journal, became editor of the Times, and since his acceptance of the chief clerkship of the postoffice department under Judge Gresham, at Washington, Mr. Smith has done the editorial writing

The Sunday Times, now usually a double quarto, is one of the most attractive publications in the country. The weekly of the Times is the Industrial IHmes, and is made an entiirely non-partisan paper. It is an excellent publication for working men and families of all classes. The Journal, it may be noticed here, publishes a folio supplement on Saturday, the Sentinel a quarto supplement sometimes, sometimes a folio on Sunday. Both the Sunday papers are admirable publications, and have a very large circulation. The Hews usually publishes an eight-column page on Saturday evening, instead of the ordinary seven-column page. The German Spottvogcl is a Sunday paper. About the 1st of November, 1883, the " Indiana Publishing Company" began the publication of a humorous weekly, with cartoons, in the fashion of Punch and Puck and all the comic papers of the past and present. The illustrations as well as the reading-matter promise to make the enterprise as successful as it is entertaining. It should be noted here that both the Sunday Times and Sunday Sentinel have a department devoted exclusively to the interests, social and political, of women, called the Women's Department. That of the Sentinel is edited by Mrs. Florence Atkinson, and that of the Times by Mrs. Mary Wright Sewall. Both are well written and carefully made up.

The list of little dailies and weeklies and monthlies that have come up and flourished a few months or years and died, and left no sign of their existence but a name that few remember, is a long one, and probably impossible to make complete, but as nearly as it can be done it is done in the following statement : Of dead dailies there is, first, the Dispatch, published by W. Thompson Hatch about the year 1850, mainly to provide a place for eulogistic notices of members of the Legislature. It died in a few months, and has been wholly forgotten ever since. In 1857, Cameron & McNeeley began the publication of the Citizen, and kept it in pretty brisk existence for about two years, when John D. Defrees bought it and merged it in his Atlas, which he started, in 1859, on South Meridian Street, printing it with an Ericsson hot-air engine, the first one ever brought here, and the only one, probably. Mr. Defrees kept his paper going till after the election of 1860. In 1861 he sold it to the Journal, which thus absorbed the Citizen and Atlas. It may be as well noted here that the Journal subsequently bought the Evening Gazette (about 1867), the Times in 1870, and in 1871 the Evening Commercial. In June, 1870, the Daily Times was started by Dynes & Cheney nominally, but really by James H. Woodard, the wellknown correspondent " Jayhawker." It died in a week, and was bought as just stated. The Evening Commercial was first published by Dynes & Co. in 1867, and then sold to M. G. Lee, who conducted it till 1871, when it was sold to the Journal and made the Evening Journal.

The weeklies established recently and still living, besides those already referred to, are The Independent, by Sol. Hathaway, a nou-partisan, but not " neutral" paper, of decided opinions and a large local circulation, maintained by Mr. Hathaway's wellknown humor and ability to treat commonplace things entertainingly ; the Indiana Baptist, published by Elgin & Chaille ; Indiana Farmer, 34 East Market Street ; The Indianapolis Leader, organ of colored citizens, by Bagby Brothers ; The Indianapolis World, also an organ and chAnpion of colored rights ; The Educational Weekly ; The Live Stock Review, 476 South Illinois Street ; The Republican, 42 North Delaware Street ; The Monitor Journal, published by M. E. Shiel, old Sentinel building on Market and Circle Streets ; Southside and Country, after some years of existence and influence, has been suspended and succeeded by the Gazette ; Monroes Ironclad Age is the quaint title of a " free-thinking" paper, conducted on North Illinois Street by Dr. J. R. Monroe, for many years one of the foremost and best-known writers of the State, and a poet of great fertility of fancy, and vigor not to say vehemence of style. His paper is largely read by "sceptics," "evolutionists," and "agnostics," and commands correspondence from all parts of the country; Western Citizen, started by Thomas Mc- Sheehy and his brother five or six years ago, was recently suspended and succeeded by the New Record, as a sort of Catholic organ ; Western Sportsman and Live Stock News, published by Nelson Randall, 18J North Pennsylvania Street ; the Zukunft, a German paper published by the Gutenberg Company, 27 South Delaware Street. The Grand Army Guard was started in July, 1883, as the organ of the great patriotic body from which it takes its name. It is edited by Ben. D. House, long connected with the city, and known all over the State as one of its first poets. The only semi-weekly is the Bulletin. These, with the older weeklies, make as complete a list as is now attainable. Those that have died, besides those already named, are the Organette, published by Samuel LeflSngwell ; the Iconoclast, of unsavory reputation ; the Torchlight, of which little is known but the name. The living monthlies, including the semi-monthly Manvfacturer, published by Max Hyman, are first and foremost the Farmer. The Indiana Farmer was established by Osborn & Willetts as early as 1835 or 1836, but ran out about 1840, when Mr. Noel revived it, with Henry Ward Beecher as editor. If the latter knew nothing much about farming he knew a great deal, instinctively or experimentally, about human nature, and made his magazine quite as valuable and a good deal more interesting than men would who were better farmers. It went down when Mr. Beecher left in 1847, but it has been revived and suspended several times since, till some ten or a dozen years ago, when the Northwestern Farmer, started by T. A. Bland, was taken in hand by Mr. J. G. Kingsbury and Mr. Caldwell, and made one of the permanent and indispensable agricultural publications of the West. The Drainage and Farm Journal, published by J. J. W. Billingsley, No. 32 Thorpe Block; Gleaner 'and Miller, YinhMshed by Andrews & Moore - it does not appear in the mailing list of the post-office ; Indiana Official Railway Guide, published by Hasselman & Co., Journal building; Oroton of Glory, succeeding Happy Pilgrim, No. 88 East Georgia Street ; the Indianapolis School Journal, published by William A. Bell, Journal building ; Industrial Journal, No. 70 East Market Street; Masonic Advocate, published by Martin & Rice, No. 14 Masonic Temple ; Millstone, an industrial paper published by the Nordyke & Marmon Machine- Works Company, edited by David H. Ranck; National Lesson Paper, by the Standard Publishing Company, No. 35 Thorpe Block ; National Presbyterian, published by the same company ; Odd- Fellows' Talisman and. Literary Journal, published by John Reynolds, Odd'Fellows' Hall ; Physio-Medical Journal, No. 71 East Ohio Street; Pythian Journal, No. 27 South Meridian Street ; Rough Note*, an insurance paper published by Rough Notes Company, Thorpe Block ; Scholar's Monthly, by Standard Publishing Company, Thorpe Block ; The School News, Henry D. Stevens publisher, Plymouth Church building ; The Jersey Bulletin, a record and publication in the interest of breeders and fanciers of Jersey cattle, published by F. M. Churchman, one of the most noted breeders of Jersey stock ; the Indiana Medical Journal, The Pharmacist, the Wood- Worker, Western Record, Organizer, Fanciers' Gor zette, Indiana Law Magazine, Missionary Tidings, succeeding Woman's Own ; Midland Monthly, succeeding the Telephone; Agricultural Press, published by Cyrus T. Nixon.

The recently-started monthlies that have a little more recently disappeared are Farm, Herd, and Home, begun some two or three years ago by Austin H. Brown and A. Abromet, very recently suspended ; After Supper, the fanciful title of a literary and family publication ; the Telephone, a very promising literary magazine, suspended within a year and replaced by the Midland Monthly; Woman's Own, replaced by Missionary Tidings; Trans- Continental, recently suspended ; Cock and Hen, succeeded by the Fanciers' Gazette ; Our Folks, stopped about a year ago. The Champion and Revisfa are dead monthlies of which nothing is left but the name.

In concluding this sketch of the history of the press justice to the present management of the leading papers requires a recognition of the great improvement in them in two directions, aside from their greater resources, better systems, and larger enterprise. Personalities have almost wholly disappeared. Attacks on private character are nearly unknown. Editors don't coddle or " cuss" each other by name, i as they did thirty years ago or twenty years ago.

Tom Smith, of the Brushbiirg Bugle, doesn't ask Bill Harris, of the Oakridge Owl, to " drop in and take something the next time he is in the town," or ask him " how his lame leg is ;" and such things were common in the country papers in the decade preceding the war, and not unknown to city papers. The identification of the editor and his paper was nearly as absolute as his identification with his name, and even " metropolitan" journals often spoke of an editorial outgiving as something coming from that " fool, Jones," or the " shrewd and judicious Brown." It is not thirty years since Greeley told Raymond he " lied," and called him a " little villain." A reform was begun, though by no means completed, in this direction by the same influences that reformed the country-village fashions of the daily Journal and Sentinel in 1854, and thenceforward. The practice of alluding to the paper impersonally, excluding all personal reference, took root then, and spread in time to the country papers. Now it would surprise an Indianapolis reader to see his paper calling the editor of another paper a " liar" or mentioning his name at all in connection with any editorial utterance. The access of impersonality has greatly improved the tone of the press by enhancing its sense of its dignity.

The other direction in which there has been a decided improvement is the relaxation or disregard of party discipline. Party organs sometimes criticise party action and party leaders in a way that would have made a leader or editor of 1844 or 1852 " stare and gasp." Not only so, but very many more papers disclaim all party allegiance, and hold themselves free to act as they deem best than formerly. It was the common reproach of neutral papers thirty years ago that they had not " brains enough to form an opinion." And there was so far a basis for it that, while neutral papers were very neutral and very far from being uncommon, an independent paper was very uncommon. Now all this is changed. A neutral paper, that is, a newspaper, not a literary or specialty paper, is a rarity ; an independent paper with opinions on all public subjects and a ready declaration of them is a familiar existence. Thirty years ago a partisan editor would as soon have repudiated his wife as any public declaration of a leader or any assertion of a platform. He felt bound to stand by everything the party did or demanded, to magnify every good thing and excuse or palliate every bad one. He " never scratched a ticket" or questioned a nomination. There are plenty of these " thick-and-thin" partisans yet, and always will be, but there are ten who will not put on such manacles now to one that was as self-supporting thirty or even twenty years ago. The party paper of the decade before the war never quoted anything from one of the "adverse faction" except to contradict or ridicule it. Now it is common for partisan papers to copy antagonistic articles and let an opponent speak for himself. There is no doubt more sordidness, more meanness, more sneaking corruption in parties nowadays than there used to be, but there is also more liberality of sentiment, more courtesy, and more general and accurate information in party discussions in the press than there ever was before.