Randolph County, Indiana - Chapter 15: Ihli Physicians of Randolph County, 1914

Chapter 15: Ihli Physicians of Randolph County

Apology - The Pioneer Physician, His Environment - PfevaiHng Diseases, Their Treatment - Calomel, etc. - Fever "freatment - Fees - Pioneer Ideas and Beliefs^General Discussion of Superstitipns - Conjuring to Cure Disease - Indian Doctors - -Sketches of Pioneer Physicians - Randolph County Practitioners Yet Living - Randolph County Dentists.

It was with some misgivings that I consented to write this chapter because so much time, research and care is required that I hesitated. However, I have made the attempt and will try to produce a chapter that will contain historical facts, a few reminiscences of interest, as well as a picture of the conditions of early medical practice in this county. I am conscious of my unfitness, and that I shall probably make some mistakes and many omissions. I make no claim to perfection. I desire to acknowledge ray indebtedness and proffer my thanks to the many busy physicians of the county who have rendered me so much valuable aid, and without whose help this chapter would have been impossible. I am also indebted to Dr. G. W. H. Kemper's "A Medical History of the State of Indiana" for many of the facts herein contained. Many of the sketches incorporated herein are adapted from Professor f Tucker's "A History of Randolph County," without which I would have been helpless in many instances. In a special way, I am indebted to Drs. F. A. Chenoweth and Charles L. Botkin, whose interest and assistance have been invaluable in securing much of the data of the Randolph County Medical Society. Neither must I neglect to mention Miss Lou Way, of Winchester, within whose memory is stored many facts concerning the early physicians, and who has furnished me so much interesting data.

The Pioneer Physician

Dr. George McCoy, writing of the pioneer physician of Indiana, has the following to say of him : "It cannot be said that our early doctors were all men of eminent scientific skill or training. Few of them held diplomas from medical colleges, for seventy or eighty years ago medical colleges were not as thick in the land as they are now. The pioneer doctors learned all they knew by reading, observation and instruction under established practi^ tioners and by their own after-experience. Men of fair education and good common sense in a few years gained good reputations as successful and safe physicians. They learned and were guided by actual practice more than by theory or the formulas laid down in the few books they were able to procure. Each doctor carried his own remedial agents - a small drug store-^in a pair of saddle-bags of huge dimensioij|^, and he dosed out with a liberal hand. They rode on horseback to visit their patients, day or night, far or near, through the dense woods and over slashy paths and rough corduroy roads, fording or swimming streams, and enduring innumerable hardships, which the physicians of the present day would not dare encounter."

During the years of the early settlement of Randolph county the numerous rivers and creeks were fouled and obstructed by fallen timbers, drifts and other accumulations of vegetable debris. The water from freshets and overflows stood reeking and stagnant on the lowlands and in the sloughs and bayous, and gave out their noxious exhalations for miles and miles around, while thick forests and tangled undergrowth, in rich and rank profusion, almost equaled the famed valley of the Amazon. The air was laden with the pestilential miasma, particularly in the autumn season, when biliary and malarial diseases were rife. Whole settlements were at times stricken down and were almost helpless.

The doctors found the ague, in many instances, more than a match for their skill. It was of the real shaking, quaking variety, the chill lasting not infrequently three or four hours, to be followed by raging fever and intense and insatiable thirst. So malignant was this type of fever that as many as three or four deaths of adults ha^e occurred in one family in less than forty-eight hours. Peruvian bark and calomel would temporarily check the fever, but -cold weather seemed to be the only thing that would stop this dreadful scourge, and even this failed in some instances, and the poor invalid either wore himself out or else wore out the disease. (What a blessii^ would have been a little of our knowledge of the relation of the mosquito to the prevalence of malaria and of crude oil to the larvae of the little pest.) In the early settlement the "regulars," in the treatment of fever, relied mainly upon one remedy - calomel. It was, indeed, extraordinary upon the part of the physician to treat any form of disease without the generous use of a large dose of calomel. One old physician has remarked that not to salivate a

Another idea, held -by the pioneer physicians of Randolph county in common with all physicians of the time, was that a patient "sick of fever" must also be bled freely before an internal remedy was administered. The lancet held sway alongside of calomel. If, in raising a log cabin, a man was thrown from his "corner" and badly bruised, the practice was to bleed him copiously on the spot as the first step toward his recovery. In conversation with some of our old physicians who practiced in the "fifties," they, without exception, still claim that phlebotomy was the correct procedure, and that our present-day doctors would not lose so many cases of pneumonia if it was practiced.

There were, no doubt, many things to criticise in the methods of the pioneer physicians, yet we must all acknowledge that they stood out as shining lights in their day and, generation, the equals, if not the superiors, of their contemporaries in all the other walks of life. They did their duty as citizens, and as physicians they were always found doing their "according to their lights." The physicians of Randolph county have succeeded to a noble heritage ; may they prove worthy of their great responsibility. Will Carleton. has paid the old-time doctor a beautiful as well as a deserved tribute, when he says :

Our old-time doctor, even at a time when all men drank alcoholic liquors and really thought they were benefited thereby, knew the harm of it all. In a paper before a congregation of physicians, one of them was discussing tincture of arnica as an applicant in contusions. He was of the opinion that ' it was the whisky and not the arnica which was entitled to whatever credit which was due in these cases. This led him to make the following observation: "Whisky is sometimes good as a medicine if properly used. I have never, and never will, so use it as to turn a sick man into a drunkard."

About 1824 medical books were very scarce in Indiana. The first work on materia medica was probably brought into this county by a Doctor Longshore. The physician who could afford one work on each branch of, the profession was 'considered well off. The book stores in Cincinnati, at this time, could not furnish a work of each branch. The work on materia medica was purchased of a young physician who had lately arrived from Philadelphia, and who was obliging enough to sell the same to Doctor Longshore. It was Murray's work, with notes by Chapman. *

In 1843 Dr. Charles Parry, of Indianapolis, read a paper on the treatment of congestive fever with quinine, before the Academy of Medicine at Philadelphia. After this, quinine seems to have grown in favor with physicians. It is said that this drug was given until, in many cases, a quinine habit was formed, and children sometimes cried for it.

Dr. Cornett, in some of his writings, narrates some very interesting reminiscences^ among which is the following: "In surgery as well as medicine, there has been an advance within my remembrance. I knew a surgeon half a century ago who made it a rule to trephine in every case of fracture of the skull, whether there was depression of the bone or not. He boasted that he had bone buttons enough, bored from the skulls of his patients, to furnish a full set for a double-breasted coat." This same doctor tells us further: "For a number of years I was the only physician in the county in which I was then practicing; I had to travel all over it on horseback by day and by night, without regard to weather or remuneration for services. Occasionally I found myself lost in the woods at night, and would have to tie up my horse and make my bed on the ground until morning." This unselfish spirit and devotion to duty was, typical of the early doctors everywh^e.

I am herewith copying verbatim an old physician's account of fever treatment : "When cailled during the fever and wild delirium, we seated the patient on the side of the bed and held him there, by the aid of assistants if necessary, opened a vein in his arm by making as large an orifice as practicable, and allowed the blood to flow until his pulse became soft and less resisting, or until syncope supervened. We relied more on the effect produced than the amount of blood extracted, our first object being to produce a decided impression upon the heart's action. Our patient, being in a sitting posture, and the blood escaping from a free opening, it did not require a great' length of time to produce the desired effect. Often within ten to twenty minutes after faintness or sickness occurred the subject of this mode of treatment would become bathed in a copious perspiration, and the violent fever and delirium existing a short time before would have entirely passed aw^ay. Now, if the indications seemed to require it, we directed an emetic to be given, usually composed of tartarized antimony and ipecac combined, or wine of antimony. After free emesis and the sickness had subsided, if thought necessary, we gave a brisk cathartic, usually containing more or less calomel. After the primae viae had been well cleared, it was our practice to give opium in such doses as the case required, in order to allay all irritability of the stomach and bowels. We directed the usual febrifuges to be given if the fever should return, and these were given in such doses as required to arrest or mitigate it. We used no manner of temporizing treatment, but aimed our agents directly at the exterminating of diseases. Opium, ipecac, tartarized antimony, nitrate of potassa, spirits mindereri, and spirits of niter, with other means too numerous to mention, were all freqttently brought into requisition.

"Under the above manner of treating a case of remittent fever, it was no uncommon thing, on our second visit, to find our patient sitting up, feeling 'pretty well, except a little weak,' and within a few days able to return to his ordinary avocations. When we met with more protracted cases,, we had recourse to the Peruvian bark, gentian, columbo, and most of the ordinary tonics of the present time, excepting quinia, which was riot then in use. For some time after quinia was introduced the price was such that Hoosiers could not afiford to use it. The first I used cost at the rate of thirty dollars per ounce. - I may state that tartar emetic was a favorite remedy in all the active or acute forms of disease.

"We seldom lost patients from acute diseases. It would have detracted from the standing of a medical man should it have been known that he lost a patient from inflammation. He might lose a patient from sheer debility and be excusable, but not from acute disease, provided he saw the case in an early stage of the attack."

Many of the physicians of Randolph county who have labored so long and so faithfully may have- gained honors, and grateful remembrance, but very few of them have accumulated wealth; none have made more than a living, with but few exceptions, and their fortunes amounting to but a few thousand dollars, were the results of careful economizing, fortunate investments, and. small families. It seems that the healing art, though an honorable profession, is not a lucrative one, especially in small towns or the country.

Prior- to 1820 charges were as follows over the state generally: A -visit in town, $1.50, medicines additional; extracting teeth, 25 cents; cathartic pills, 20 cents per dozen; one dose calomel, i ounce paregoric and vial, 62j4_ cents; one dose of calomel and one dose tartar emetic, 50 cents; mercurial pills, jYz cents each; accouchment cases, natural, $5.00; bleeding, 50 cents; one dose of jalap, 25 cents ; pectoral powders, 25 cents each. In 1820 there seems to have been a decrease in the prices of drugs, and the doctor very considerably reduced his charges in proportion. Also I note that a visit in town fell. to $1.00.

In 1848 I find the following fees customary: Visit in town, $1.00; with unusual detention, $2.00; prescriptions, with letters of advice, $5.00 to $10.00; consultations, $3.00 to $5.00; night visits, double; vaccination, 50 cents to $1.00; venesection, 50 cents; simple medicines, per dose, 25 cents; mixtures, 25 cents per fluid ounce; blisters, from 25 to 50 cents; aecouchments, $5.00 to $10.00. The following charges, dated 1857, are taken from bills of a Randolph county physician: Accouchment, $3.00 to $10.00; fracture of an arm, $10.00; setting broken leg, $15,000; bleeding, 25 cents; letter of advice, with prescription, $6.50; vaccination, 25 cents; two dozen powders, kind not stated, 30 cents; one dose of calomel, one ounce paregoric, with bottle, 50 cents ; six mercurial pills, 30 cents ; one blister, 25 cents.

Pioneer Ideas And Beliefs

There was another state of thinking, due to several causes which affected our pioneer doctor, often causing him amusement, but more often vexation and disgust, and that was the superstitions entertained by most of the early settlers. These ideas dealt with almost every phase of life, from the most trivial to the most serious. If one left the house and forgot something for which he must return, he must set down before leaving again, or when leaving, pass out through a different door ; rocking an empty chair was a serious offense, and was likely to cause death in the family; putting one corner of an ax bit down upon something and spinning it presaged bad luck; if in sweeping, two straws were dropped from the broom and by some means became crossed, a serious calamity was due to arrive in a year or less ; in fact, one could scarcely do anything without its being an omen of some significance or other. Since these things entered so largely into the lives of our forefathers, and since, as far as I am aware, these things have not received treatment at the hands of the historian, I propose to discuss superstitions in gen-

The derivation of the word superstition is somewhat enlightening as to its meaning. It comes from superstitio, which is itself a compound, being composed of super, above, or over, and stare, to stand ; the word thus literally means to stand over, whence we have excessive religious belief, possibly a standing over a thing in amazement or awe. The word is loosely used to include all false faith or belief, its distinguishing characteristic being its irrational estimate of something imperfectly understood. We might ailso further say that the answer to the question of truth or falsity varies with time and place, hence it follows that the accepted belief of one time or people may be superstition to another. Most of the popular superstitions oi the present are survivals of earlier science or religion. At a time when there existed no system of recorded observations of natural phenomena conclusions were of necessity drawn from external characteristics, and objects and events were supposed to exercise influences corresponding to the impression produced ^upoii the sense or imagination. This manner of interpretation is responsible for a great mass of superstitions, especially those having to do with the treatment of disease. It is a characteristic of popular credulity that such notions, once prevalent, do not yield to contrary experience. If observation shows the principle to be inaccurate, reasons are always at hand to explain the error ; hence the power of the ancestral habit, which we find arbitrary and which we call superstitious. With all pioneer peoples, such beliefs have an immense efifect on action; the daily method of nutrition, attire, the hunt, agriculture, are determined by an infinity of regulations which are religiously handed down from generation to generation. In some cases it is possible to discover the principle of expediency which gave birth to the requirement; thus, the discovery of the ill efifect marriages between near relatives, and of in and in breeding of stock, causes to be established a religious necessity, limiting the relations of the sexes according to certain rules, sometimes very complicated and ingenious, of which our present customs and laws are but the survival. But in multitudes of other cases no good reason can be offered for demands and abstentions which originally depend on inferences which it is impossible to reconstruct.

A considerable number of superstitions are connected with the heavenly bodies. From very remote times the observation of the stars and their movements has been considered important, but it has been with the night especially, that ancient religious ceremonies are associated. The most distinctive dif- ference between the nights were found by alterations in the growth of the moon crescent; according to universal processes of thought, it was supposed that the time when the moon increases arid becomes dominant, the principle of growth must prevail, and on the other hand, that her wane must be a season of general decay. Hence, it has been everywhere inferred that all operations designed to promote increase ought to be performed at the time of the new moon. That then potatoes should be planted, hair cut, etc. But if it is desired to cause shrinking, the worl»must be done when the moon is at the full so sa)' the maxims of traditional agriculture, and at this time should be cut, alders, spruce, and other undergrowth, because the roots will in this case wither without sprouting.

-Not less important in popular usage is the part played by the course of the sun. As he moves in a particular direction, so it has been thought that in order to produce beneficial results, mankind should, proceed in a corresponding manner ; in worship it was thought necessary to adopt a processional movement in the 'sunwise direction. Even in the Ordinary movements of daily life this order was followed and traces of it survive to the present day. Thus, in order to make good bread or butter, it is essential that the motion should be in the same uniform direction, for reversal of the direction in which the kneading, stirring or churning is performed will undo the work accorftplished, and make failure sure. From household maxims still preserved, it appears that the hand must be moved in a sunw-ise circuit. As the route taken by the sun is holy, so the opposite path will be evil, and has been adopted in practices of witchcraft and magic, and in the old Roman worship, the gods below were adored with this reverse circuit.

Among periods of human life, the terror which attaches to death has made it -the center of a vast body of superstitious habits. A great number of actions and experiences are still popularly regarded as signs of approaching departure. The principle on which the phenomena are interpreted is that of association of ideas. Thus, ringing in the ears is a sure sign of death, because the church has usually rung a "death-bell" over the departed ; carrying a spade through, the house has like significance, because a spade is used to dig graves ; a blue flame in the candle is ominous, for the lowering of the light forecasts the decline of life; a flower blooniing out of season foreshows a decease; the unusually precocious child will never attain adulthood; and so on indefinitely. In like manner, the unusual also is a fruitful source of superstition ; if every child was born with a caul (that is, a membrane encompassing the head) it is doubtful if this would have been taken as an especial sign of good luck.

A considerable number of superstitions relate to the times of the year, and revert to the practices of old religion. Thus, Hallowe'en is attended with observances which seem to have been dependent on its original character as a feast of the dead, when departed spirits were invited to partake in the fruits ..of the harvest; and were conceived as present at the sacrifice and merrymaking. On this night it is usual to perform divinations, now reduced^ to mere jests, in which an unmarried person is expected to discover his or her companion for life. These practices must be regarded as the remainder of serious necromancy, in which the returning spirits were asked to reveal the future.

While the majority of superstitions are remains of antiquity, their inventions have not altogether ceased in historical times. Of this we have examples in the prejudice against the number thirteen, and in objection to Friday as unlucky, since in Christian thought the day of the Crucifixion and the number involving the addition of Judas were of necessity regarded as illomened. The superstition of the evil eye, that is, the belief that certain persons have the power to injure by a look, is still widespread in Eastern countries, where the. belief yet lingers that the demoniac is divinely inspired. Mature worship lingers in such superstitions as those connected with the moon, the belief in its mysterious power to work good or ill, as seeing the new moon over the right shoulder being an omen of good luck, its influence on the weather, etc. The belief in ghosts reflects ancestor worship. The common notion about good luck brought by a horseshoe has been traced back to phallicism. Some of the most common of those things forming a basis for superstitious divination are as follows : Appearances in the air ; fowls picking up grains of wheat; anagrams of person's names; man's features; use of numbers; by dice; by the heavenly bodies; by winds the Bible; by herbs ; by playing cards ; by mirrors ; by dropping melted wax into water ; by writings of paper; by the hand; by certain lucky or unlucky words; by the entrails of animals; by the navel of an infant; by the finger nails; and so on ad infinihim.

It should be said, before taking up the discussion of those having to do with healing, that there were a number of "schools" or methods of bringing about the same results, e. g., there were a number of methods of removing wairts. One was by taking a part of the leaf fat surroimding, what might be called the eye of the left kidney of a hog, melting or rendering it by heating it just as hot as possible without scorching. This was to be applied to the base of the wart just where it came into contact with the healthy skin. Two applications were sufficient to remove any wart, but I am informed that you must, if treating one, go as if you intended to make the third application, when you will find the wart gone. Another method is to pick the wart until .it bleeds a little, then take a grain of corn and rub it until some of the- blood adheres to it, then throw it into the well. The wart will disappear as soon as the grain decays. Still, another method is by making use of the three greatest names, viz. : God, the Son, and the Holy Ghost. To treat a wart by this method you should take your patient to the top of a hill at sunrise, and just as the edge of the sun appears abov^he horizon, you must moisten the- little finger of your left hand and rub around the wart three times and repeat :

The reader will probably notice that this is "blank verse" and a little irregular, but I am assured that it never fails to bring results, if nothing more than to see a sunrise. This latter method might be called the "Eclectic" method- of conjuration, for it doesn't hesitate to borrow from the others as well as furnish some original methods of its own. The three greatest names, sunrise, sunset, the north, south Zenith, nadir, magic squares, anagrams, the livers of bats, teeth of bats, the abdominal segments of the wasp are some of the agents used to bring about charms.

Measuring is another very common treatment for disease, especially "flesh decay" or "undergrowth." The patient is usually laid down upon a board and the length of the body is accurately marked. The length is then "measured" by the thumbs of the "operator" in the same way that a. distance might be "stepped off," except that the unit is the width of the thumbs. During the process certain formulae are repeated, which I will not give for fear of securing the enmity of the undertakers. It might be further said that it is astonishing how many people patronize this sort of thing.

Controlling bleeding of the nose Or bleeding from cuts is another class of treatments receiving special attention at the hands of the conjurer. One way of stopping the flow is by placing the right hand on the back of the head in the occipital region, the left over the lambdoidal suture so that it extends from the base to the points of the fingers, then calling upon the three greatest names and declaring that the blood shall cease just so sure as that the blessed Mary shall never" again become a mother. Another method is by reading or repeating Ezekiel 16:6. I have heard some wonderful stories of the stopping of blood by this method, the conjurer being in some cases some distance away. It reminds one of Christ's miracle of healing the nobleman's son.

It is possible by conjuration to control the sex, either in children or the lower animals. Also in case of litters, as of kittens, pups or pigs to control the number as well as the sex. These results are brought about through the three greatest iiames, together with certain rigmaroles. All this must be performed at sunset, facing the west, and before the mid-period of gestation. To insure the baby's never having colic, give it a meat-rind as soon as possible after birth. In most cases this had better not be done in the presence of the attending physician. It is also recommended by most conjurers to take the newly-born babe up by the heels, as this will probably free it from many ills to which flesh is heir.

This list might be extended to fill a volume as large as this and still not have exhausted the subject. Since beginning to investigate along these lines, I have unearthed an aistonishing amount of beliefs, superstitions, magic and witchcraft, all having to do with the supernatural. There are plenty of people in Randolph county today who believe in witches. Within the last year a woman in this county heated a horseshoe and dropped it into her churn because her butter was bewitched, and she hoped to scald the witch by so doing. There are a number of people of my acquaintance and of yours, my reader, who will risk a conjurer sooner than the best schooled doctor in the state. The desire of the fledgling to fly is proof of its ability to fly. Man's desire for immortality is a proof of the immortality of his soul. I wonder if all this superstition isn't a manifestation of the same thing?

Under this head I must not neglect to mention Indian doctors. An Indian medicine-man, Buck-on-ga-helas, was largely engaged in the practice of the healing arts in Fort Wayne in i§04. He was chief medicine-man and surgeon to Little Turtle, the great Miami chieftain. He acquired a great reputation in the cure of bites of poisonous snakes, but more particularly from poisoned arrows then used among the Indians. His practice was not confined to the Indians, but was quite extensive among the white settlers. There isn't much doubt but that this medicine-man had a few patients in and around what is now Ridgeville. There is some slight reason to believe that another medicine-man called Ma-te-a [who] practiced his art in this county.

These Indian doctors were sharp,, shrewd Indians, well acquainted with all the medicinal qualities of herbs, especially as applied to the treatment of snake bites, poisoned arrows,' and the diseases incidental to savage life. By far the greater part of their practice consisted of incantations and juggleries. The doctor M'ould usually dress himself in the most grotesque manner, with face painted to inspire fright, then with a great - variety of contortions of the body approach his patient. He would breathe on him, blow in his face, squirt medicine into his mouth and nose; rattle beans or pebbles in a dry gourd' over him, at the same time keeping up the most horrid gesticulations and noises to frighten, away the di^ase. After thus making his professional visit, he would retire to await the result of his effort. Doctor Kemper, in his ' Medical History of Indiana, .tells us that the Indian doctor would compound his potion and then drink it himself in order to cure his patient. If our present-day doctors practiced' this, wotild it have any effect on the taste of thepotion? Longfellow, in a few of the closing lines of Hiawatha's Lamentation, has set out the rules of practice of the Indian when he tells us :

Then a magic drink they gave him. Made of Nahana - wusk, the spearmint, And Wabeno - wusk, the yarrow. Roots of power, and herbs of healing; Beat their drums, and shook their rattles ; Chanted singly and in chorus. Mystic songs. * * *

Then they shook their medicine-pouches O'er the head of Hiawatha, Danced their medicine-dance around him ; And, upstarting wild and haggard.

Like a man from dreams awakened, He was healed of all his madness. As the clouds are swept from heaven, Straightway from his brain departed All his moody melancholy; As the ice is swept from rivers.

Some Pioneer Physicians

I feel justified in giving herewith a few sketches of the lives of some of our pioneer physicians. I think this is advisable for several reasons: (i) These men lived in times which "tried men's souls." (2) That they should be remembered for what they were as well as what they tried to do, for the record of the physicians of Randolph county has been a creditable one; few moral delinquencies have existed. They have been observant and industrious. Our death rate has not been excessive even in the face of serious epidemics, which, in the past, have stolen upon us like thieves in the night.

Paul Beard, Sr., Lynn. - Professor Tucker's History of Randolph County tells us that this man was born in North Carolina in 1 779 ; came to this county and settled below Lynn, near Lynn meeting-house, in the spring of 181 7. He married Hannah Pearson in 1813. To this union was born nine children. Paul Beard was a physician; belonged to the Society of Friends, and died in 1857, aged seventy-seven years. His wife, Hannah, died in 185 1, aged more than seventy-two years.

His character is summed up by saying that he was a noted man in pioneer days, both as a physician and as a citizen, being upright, respected and trustworthy, and skillful in his profession.

Jehu Hiatt, Winchester. - The subject of this sketch was born in Grayson county, Virginia, near the Goodspur Crossing of Blue Ridge on the New river, one of the souixes of the Kanawha, in 1802. He was brought to

Clinton county^ Ohio, in 1814, and to where Richmond now stands in 1815, before Richmond was laid out. He attended the first sale of lots there in 181 6. Richmond, in 1815, was a corn-field. Robert Morrison had a little store in the neighborhood. He went to KnightstcJwn in 1830, and moved to Winchester in 1833, where he resided till his death, which occurred about 1891.

He was raised on a farm ; worked at tanning and at shoemaking,- and finally read medicine with his brother-in-law, John Thomas, near Middleboro, Wayne county, Indiana. Hd*practiced first at Knightstown, and then at Winchester. He was raised a Friend, became a Hicksite, and some time before his death he announced that he was not a follower of any creed, but a "simple seeker after truth." He was one of the early Abolitionists when that "hated sect" was "everywhere spoken against." Dr. Hiatt, though for many j^ears a widower, his wife having died in 1865, seemed cheerful and contented. ' A few years before his death he built, at his own expense, a small meeting-house on his place a short distance east of town. This was open to any sect, creed or party for "meeting without cost. He was called away by that grim tyrant, which he welcomed as a kind messenger sent to translate him from this imperfect to that all-perfect, celestial home above where the supreme architect of the universe presides.

In the fall of 1843 he began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Woody. During the winter of ,1846-47 he attended lectures at the Ohio Medical College. He began to practice upon his return with Dr. Woody, but shortly afterward the partnership dissolved. Dr. Beverly continuing alone. In 1857 he removed to Fairhaven, but returned to Winchester in 1859. In 1866 he moved to Richmond, returning to Winchester in 1874, since wHictf time Winchester continued to be his residence till his death, which occurred in 1888.^

Nelson T. Chenoweth, Windsor, was bom in Darke county, Ohio, in 1837. He served four years in the Union army in the Sixty-ninth Ohio Company E. He was feared on his father's farm ; became a school teacher ; studied medicine with his brother. Dr. John T. Chenoweth, then practicing in Williamsburg, Wayne county; in 1867 he graduated from the Eclectic Medical Institute in Cincinnati. Upon his return from schools he formed a part- nership with Dr. J. W. Botkin, at Union,sport, this partnership lasting but one year. In 1868 he moved to Windsor, where he practiced till his death, which occurred in 1909 .

James Ruby, Union City. - Doctor Ruby was born in 1807, in Kentucky; came to Wayne county, Indiana, when a small boy. He was twice married - ^first to Martha Myers, and second to Hannah' J. Hamilton - ^the latter in 1847. He studied medicine with his brother-in-law and began practice at twenty; moved to Hollandsburg, Ohio, in 1850, and to Union City in 1867, where he lived and practiced until his death in 1876. -

William J. Shoemaker, Ridgeville. - Dr. Shoemaker first saw the light of day in Richmond, Virginia, in 1820. His father was a soldier in the war of 1812. In 1837 the family came to Randolph county, settling not far from Ridgeville. William J. worked for his father in the woods until he was twenty^two years of age. In 1841 he entered Winchester Seminary, under Professor Ferris; he taught school; became Professor Ferris' assistant; attended the State - University at Bloomington; studied medicine with his brother at Hanover, Ohio ; practiced several years in northeastern Ohio ; returned to Ridgeiville in 1853, o"^ thousand dollars in debt; in 1858 he moved to Kansas; during the winter of 1859-60 he was a clerk in the Legislature that framed the free constitution for Kansas; in i860 he returned to Ridgeville, where he resided till his death in 1898.

John L. Reeves, Union City. - Dr. Reeves was born in Darke county, Ohio, in 1827. He came with his parents to Randolph county in 1832, settling in Jackson township, near New Lisbon. He stayed with his father till he was of age. However, he began to read medicine before that important period, reading under the direction of Doctors Downing and Miller. He began to practice in 1854, at Pittsburg, Randolph county. In 1856 he located at Lancaster, Jay county, Indiana. In 1861 he enlisted in the army, joining the Fortieth Ohio, as lieutenant of Company F. He was promoted to captain and again to major. He attended the Eclectic Medical College of Cincinnati in 1866, after which he resumed hi& practice at Union City, Indiana, where be continued to practice till his death.

Dr. David Ferguson, Union City, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1813; graduated from Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 1837;- began practice in Butler county, Ohio, in the same year; seems to have gone to Clark county, Ohio, in 1838, where he practiced about eleven years; he came to Winchester, Indiana, in 1849; immediately after the war he settled in Union City. He was active in the Presbyterian church and also an active worker in the Independent Order of Odd Fellows. He died in 1884.

John W. Botkin, Unionsport, - Doctor Botkin was born in Randolph county, Indiana," two miles northwest of the present town of Carlos City, Indiana, September i, 1819. His .parents, Hugh Botkin and Rachel (Keener) Botkin, came from Tennessee and entered land, the first to be entered in what is now West River township, in September, 181 7. The last of the Potawatamie Indians (a band of four hundred) to leave the confines of the county, had their camp near his father's entry, and did not inove westward until he was about three years of age.

His father had a large family, and he, as well as his brothers, did not wear trousers until he was ten years old, the long buskskin shirt being the fashion for boys of that age. His early education was received from the district schools and private teachers. He studied and practiced as was the custom of all young doctors in that day, with a Doctor Delaney, who lived in the southern part of Delaware county. He was' associated with Doctor Delaney for three years, after which he began practice for himself in West River township, near Huntsville, in 1840, he being then twenty-one years of age. Here he practiced for sixty years, (except from 1878 to 1885, when he practiced in Winchester). This much is true of him that is not true of any other physician in the county, and probably never will be again, he was born and practiced medicine continuously in the county for sixty years. The only other predecessor he had in the practice of medicine ifi this township was Dr. Ellihue Hunt, who came from Kentucky. Dr. John M'cChristy, about 1850, practiced for a few years here and moved away.

Doctor Botkin endured all the privations that came to the early pioneer. His practice was extensive, covered a large territory, because doctors were few, and no means of travel except by horseback. For many weary years, he had to prepare his own medicines, from the roots, leaves, berries and barks of the various plants and trees that were indigenous to his community. It was many years after he began to practice before he could buy in the market the various tinctures and extracts that he had been forced to manufacture for himself, and these could he had only by going to Cincinnati and returning on horseback. He brought frOm Cincinnati the first ounce of quinine ever brought to the county, paying seven dollars and fifty cents for the same. He was coiiteniporaiieou§ with Doctor Taylor, a pioneer physician in northern Wayne county, and they were of mutual help to each other in their consultations.

Later in life he attended medical school at Cincinnati. He was a great student of his subject, as well as of men. His frank, open expression, his inborn integrity and honesty, in dealing with patrons, led all who knew him well to trust him. This drew to him a large business that extended over many years.

A younger brother. Dr.- Jonathan Botkin, practiced with him for two years, dying in 1856. Dr. N. T. Chenoweth, long a physician at Windsor, began his practice with Doctor Botkin, as did Dr. A. H. Farquhar, who practiced at Ridgeville, this county. His son, Dr. T. W. Botkin, of Farmland, and his grandson. Dr. B. S. Hunt, of Winchester, have each been associated with him in practice! He had three other grandsons who entered the practice of medicine. Dr. Charles Botkin, now of Farmland ; Dr. Clyde Botkin and Dr. Morton L. Hunt, the latter two now deceased. He established Dr. John T. Chenoweth in practice at Huntsville in i860. He was a kindly man and very religious, his.'faith never being on display, he preferring to live it. He was married to Mar)' Peacock, of this county. To them were born five children. He died in January, 1901.

Doctor Teal, whose given' name I am unable to give, was another early physician of Randolph county. He married Miss Lizzie White, who afterwards became Mrs. Leander J. Monks, in 1857. He was in the drug business as well as practicing medicine. They lived in the Monks house on Franklin street. He probably came from Dayton or somewhere in that vicinity. He died during the war.

Dr. James Listen, to say the least, was one of Randolph county's earliest physicians, coming here about 1820. He married Rachel Way, the youngest sister of Miss Lou Way's father. After practicing here for a short time he went to Peru, Indiana, and built the first cabin there. In 1849 he went with a large company overland to California in the capacity of physician. . After several years he returned to his family, which he left near Peru on a farm. Some time after this he moved to Bunker Hill, Indiana, where he died in the early seventies.

Dr. Cook resided and practiced in Winchester during the cholera epidemic in 1849. During the epidemic he was called to Lynn on a mission of mercy, probably, and while there was himself stricken with the terrible scourge and died in three days. He left a sweetheart, Miss Amanda Way, to whom he was to have been married in three weeks.

Dr. George Edgerly was in partnership with Doctor Ferguson in the practice of medicine in Winchester in 1849. He remained but a short time, when he moved to Mtincie, Indiana. I have been unable to find any further trace of him.

Henry Way. - Probably one of the first physicians to settle on Randolph county soil was Dr. Henry Way. He was. bom in Beauty Spot, South Carolina, on the Big Peedee river, in the latter part of the eighteenth century. He probably came to this wrinity about 1816, settling near Maxville. He belonged to the "First Families" of the South and was educated as such. He was thoroughly disgusted with the institution of slavery which fact is probably responsible for his leaving the Southland to come to a new country. He was active in the affairs of the Society of Friends, and as such, was actively engaged with Levi Cofifin in the underground railroad. He became so offensive to the South that a price oi five hundred dollars was put upon his head, dead or alive, whereupon he is said to have gone to Cincinnati, discarded his Quaker garb and beaver for a suit like the dandies of the times wore. He then rnade a tour of the South, going as far south as Mississippi, ostensibly visiting the plantations for some purpose or other, but really to incite the slaves to attempt an escape. It is said that he would make known his purpose to some slave who would circulate the report over the plantation. The Doctor would then steal out of the mansion-house in the dead of night and meet the negroes in some lonely spot and try to teach them how to proceed in order to successfully escape. He is said to have caused several hundred negroes to escape at this time. When he had returned, he gave a full account of his doings to the Cincinnati papers. When the southern planters found out how they had been hoaxed, their feelings were certainly not sweetened toward the North. Doctor Way was many years in advance of his time in his ideas of disease. One of his insistences was that consumption was contagious, and his instructions concerning the care and isolation of cases of this dread disease would remind one of those of a physician of today. Some time after the war he emigrated to Illinois, when he died about 1880.

Dr. Robert Woody came to Randolph county from Newport, now Fountain City, in the early 30's. He read medicine with Dr. Henry Way, after which he began to practice in Winchester, occupying the house now the residence of Judge L. J. Monks on Franklin street. Being a student of Doctor Way's he very naturally held many of his views on the political questions of the day as well as on disease. He is said to have been a very successful practitioner and stood high in the esteem of his fellow men. About the close of the war, he moved to Eaton, Ohio, where he died in 1867.

Jacob Bellville. - Another of Randolph- county's early physicians was Doctor Jacob Bellville. He was born in New Castle, Delaware, about 181 1. The family seem to have moved to near Dayton, Ohio, upon the representation of an elder member of the family the Rev. Jacob Bellville, the uncle of the subject of this sketch. It was the doctor's original intention to follow the avocation of a farmer, but he received an injury to his chest which made manual labor impossible, so he read medicine. In 1852, he came to Winchester, bought out the property and good" will of Doctor Woody, moved into his home (now the Monks homestead) and began to practice. After two years, he returned to Dayton, Ohio, where he successfully practiced until his death, January 26, 1881.

Dr. George W. Bruce, Winchester, Avas born at Eaton, Ohio, January 17, 1822. Here he lived until he began the study of medicine. He began the practice of his profession a:t Huntington, Indiana; frpm there ue moved to New Paris, Ohio, and in 1852 or 1853, located in Winchester where he resided continuously, except for a brief period prior to i860, when he lived on a farm near Deerfield.

Doctor Bruce rendered distinguished and honorable service to his country in the war for the preservation of the Union. He was first appointed assistant slirgeon of the Eighth Indiana Infantry, which position he held until January, 1863. He was then appointed to the same position in the First Indiana Cavalry, and served with that regiment until the expiration of his term of service. He was then appointed surgeon of the One Hundred Forty-second Infantry, which position he held until the close of the war.

Doctor Bruce practiced his profession continuously after his return from the army until about 1885, when his interest in mining proi>erties in Missouri, claimed his personal attention. That he might properly care for these interests, he gave up the general practice of his profession. It has been said of Doctor Bruce that he never refused to respond to the call of distress because of the poverty of the sufferer, or from fear of not receiving compensation for his 'services. He died April 17, 1896.

Dr. C. S. Evans, Union City, was born in Chester county, Pennsylvania, in-1832; came to Richmond, Indiana, in 1837, and to Spartanburg, Indiana, in 1852; to HoUandsburg, Ohio, in 1857; ^"^^ *° Union City in 1868. He read medicine with Doctor Lawrence, at Spartanburg, in 1852-55; practiced at HoUandsburg, Ohio in 1857-68, graduating from the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati in 1863.

surgeon in the summer of 1863 ; had charge of the Cincinnati barracks, and then of a post hospital at Paris, Kentucky; -rejoined the regiment in Maryland and then left the service, his time having expired and something over. He died in 1913.

Dr. Joel N. Converse, Union City, was born December 13, 1820, in Madison county, Ohio. He read medicine and practiced from 1841 to 1S52,; graduating in 1846, from Starling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio. He settled at Union City, in 1852, at the commencement of the town and resided there until the autumn of i88o,'when he sold his residence and removed to Chicago, where he died in 1892.

Dr. Robert H. Morgan, Spartanburg, was born in Wayne county in 1827; attended school in various public and private institutions; read medicine at Marion, Ohio, with Doctor Lomax, 1850-51. He volunteered in 1861 in the Eighth Indiana (three months), Company D, Capt. Silas Coigrove. At the expiration of this enlistment, he re-enlisted in the Fifty-seventh Indiana; was corhmissioned First Lieutenant of Company D. He was discharged for disability in May, 1864. He probably began to practice in Marion^ Ohio; from there he went to Nora, Illinois, and probably began to practice in and around Spartanburg about 1859, continuing there after the war till his death in 1884.

Dr. Elisha T. Bailey, Ridgeville. - Another one of the pioneer physicians of Randolph county was Elisha T. Bailey. He was born in Clinton county, Ohio in 1821 ; moved to Warren county, Ohio, in 1824; to Wayne county, Indiana, in 1829; to Green township, Randolph county, in 1847; and' to Ridgeville in 1850. He read medicine with Stanton Judkins, of Newport (Fountain City), Indiana, in 1843-47; began to practice in 1847. He attended lectures at Miami Medical College in 1853-54. He was one of the pioneers of Ridgeville, haying settled there before there was any town, and resided there until his death in 1890.

Dr. H. H. Yergin, Union City, was born in Wayne county, Ohio, in 1839, and came to Union City in 1867. He graduated from the scientific course at college, Delaware, Ohio, and at the Cleveland Medical College, Ohio, in 1864, pursuing the post-graduate course in the same school in 1866. He is a member of several medical societies including the American Medical Association. He was employed by the "Bee Line"' and the "Pan-Handle" railroads as surgeon for accident among -their employees.

Dr. Sylvania Remmel, Winchester, was born in Clinton county, Ohio, in 1818; her parents settled in. White River township, Randolph county, in

1819. She began the study of medicine with Dr. Benjamin Puckett, an elder brother in 1858-61. She began to practice in Winchester in 1861. About 1862 her family moved to Illinois, where she continued to practice. In 1874, upon the death of her husband, she returned to Winchester, continuing her practice till her death in 1907. i

Dr. John E. Markle, Winchester, was born in Ithaca, New York, December 2, 1838. In 1854, he came with his parents to a village now known as Markleville, where, in 1859, he began the study of medicine, with a Doctor Cook: In i86q, he attended a course of lectures at the Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati. He began the practice of medicine in Fishersburg, Madison county, Indiana, in 1861. When the dark cloud of war burst, young Markle enlisted as a private in Company E, Thirty-fourth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry. For bravery displayed at various times,, in some of the most trying and dangerous circumstances, he was promoted until he attained the captaincy of Company K.

On the 15th of October, 1865, he was commissioned assistant surgeon of his regiment which position he held until 1866, when he was mustered out of the service. At the close of the war he resumed the practice of his profession at Portland, Jay county, Indiana. In the winter of 1867-68, he attended a second series of lectures at the Ohio Medical College, graduating therefrom in 1868. He continued to practice at Portland, until 1873, when he removed to Hagerstown, Indiana, and in the following year to Winchester, where he has since pursued his vocation. During the winters of 1878-79, he attended a course of lectures at Bellevue Hospital, New York, graduating therefrom in the spring of 1879.

He was pension examiner of this county under the Garfield and Arthur administrations, and also under General Harrison's administration. He was the first Secretary of the Board of Health of this county, serving as such two years. He was nominated and elected clerk of the circuit court, serving from September, 1897, to January, 1902, serving the same number of days as clerk that he did in the serviceof his country. He laid down life's burdens March 20, 1903. Doctor Markle was a useful and valuable man to society, and a large concourse of people assembled at his funeral to express their appreciation of this patriot, this man of science, this - kind-hearted physician and surgeon.

In 1866, he was united in marriage to Miss EmiLy Victoria Johnson, -which union was productive of two children, Minnie, who died in infancy antl'Dr. Grant C. Markle, who was a.ss0ciated with his, father in practice at the time of his deiath.

Dr. William G. Smith, Winchester, was born near New Carlisle,. Ohio, in 1837. He received a good common school education in youth, read medicine under Dr. John Crowley and graduated- from the Ohio Medical College in 1.869. He began to practice at Fairview, Randolph county, in 1863. From there he moved to Deerfield, where he practiced for five years. He then came to Winchester. He attended Bellevue College, New York City, from which he graduated in- 1880. In October, 1874, Doctor Smith and Dr. J. E. Markle formed a partnership for me practice of medicine under the firm name of Smith and Markle. They continued in partnership until June, 1882. There was no time during these years that the firm did not enjoy a large and lucrative practice.

.; After the dissolution of this partnership Doctor Smith continued to practice alone until December, 1891, when he associated himself with Dr. Charles McNaull, a graduate of Bellevue College, which partnership continued to exist until the day of his death.

Doctor Smith was recognized by his contemporary physicians as a splendid diagnostician. He had the faculty of telling what ailments the patient had. His knowledge of anatomy was extensive and accurate, also a thorough knowledge of the physiology of the various organs ; this is probably largely responsible for his phenomenal success as a general practitioner. He early associated. himself with a society .of doctors styled the "Medicar Society of the Muncie District" in which he was an enthusiastic worker and supporter. He was also one of the fourteen original members of the "Randolph County Medical Society," organized in 1876. Doctor Smith's name is held in veneration by many of the county's present day physicians because of the kindly word of advice, the valuable aid given in time of need. In consultation, he was always kind and courteous to the physicians present, always disposed to look hopefully to the recovery of the patient.

In June, 1866, he was married to Julia Lucas. To them came three children, George, Bessie, and Harold, all of whom are at present living. Doctor Smith gave up the cares of this life in August, 1892.

Dr. John T. Chenoweth, Winchester, was born in Darke county, Ohio, November 19, 1833. He was a descendant'of John Chenoweth who settled in Maryland, in 1716. He attended the district schools and'was a pupil of Enos L. Watson in the early 50's. He fitted hitiiself for teaching, and taught in the district schools. When a young man he learned the trade of brick mason. He was a contracting builder for a few years and most of the buildings that he erected are in a good state of preservation yet. January 4, 1857, he was married to Hannah V. Miller. To this union we.re born five children: Forrest A., Herschal V., Arthur, Ethel May, Martha M. He studied medicine with Dr. Lansdown of Greenville, Ohio, and attended the Eclectic Medical Institute during the fall and winter of 1859-60. In Majrch, iSflO, he located at Huntsville, Indiana, where he practiced his profession till 1865. During the first part of the Civil war he treated the families of soldiers without charge. While living at Huntsville, he with the help of others assisted in ferreting out the designs of the Knights of the Golden Circle. It was through his counsel that a Randolph county citizen went to Terre Haute and joined the Knights. After receiving all the grips, pass words, and instructions, this citizen visited the meetings at various places where he came into possession of all the plans of the order to aid the Confederacy. These plans were communicated to Governor Morton, who delegated this citizen to get evidence against these Knights.

In November, 1865, Doctor Chenoweth located at Williamsburg, Wayne county, Indiana, where he continued in the active practice of his chosen profession till the fall of 1874. During the fall and winter of 1874-75 he attended the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati. He received his diploma from that institution in March, 1875. April, 7, 1875, he moved to Winchester, Indiana and was in very active practice till time of his death, which occurred April 19, 1903. He was a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Free and Accepted Masons and Knights of Honor. He was true to all trusts thrust upon him. His hatred for all trickery and hypocrisy was marked. He was a lover of truth, honor and justice. Many young physicians would go to him for advice and were always repaid for their going. He was always ready to help the weak. During his first few years of practice he would go to see his patients on horseback, because of the bad roads. He was a lover of good horses and always had his barn full of horses that would take him to his patients without loss of time. His presence in the sick room was a tonic and the patient would always bless him, although some never paid him.

Dr. Lewis N. Davis, Farmland, was born in Clark county, Ohio, in 1849. His parents came to Randolph county, in 1851. In i8s9'-they emigrated to Saline county, Missouri, consequently the boyhood of Doctor Davis was spent in Randolph and Saline counties. He received a common and high school education. In 1870 he began the study of medicine with his brother, R. P. Davis, then of Redkey, Indiana. In September, he entered Miami Medical College of Cincinnati, . Ohio, from which he graduated in 1873. After graduation, he remained with his brother in Redkey until

In May, 1882, he supplemented his college education by a clinical course in Cincinnati, at the Good Samaritan Hospital, and in 1889, took a course in the Polyclinic of New York City. He has contributed to the literature of his profession, giving to the world the results of his own practice and observation. He is a charter rnember of the Randolph County Medical Society, organized in 1876; of the "Delaware District Medical Society; also he was a member of the American Medical Society. To these societies, he has contributed many able papers; also to the leading medical periodicals of the United States, some of which have been translated into German. His scholarly attainments and professional ability were universally recognized.

Dr. Richard Bosworth, Winchester, was born in Gallia county, Ohio, in 1832. In 1836, he accompanied his parents to Jay , county, Indiana. Doctor Bosworth received a good education in the Liberal Arts, attending the public schools, the Jay county seminary, and Liber College. Taught school in the winter of 1849-50. Began to study, medicine in 1854; continued to 1857, pursuing his studies a part of the time in the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. Because of lack of means, he was obliged to leave the university before completing the prescribed course and begin practice. Accordingly he located at Pleasant Mills, Adams county, in 1857. He soon left this place and settled in Deerfield, where he practiced until the war. In the meantime, he had found opportunity to attend another course of lectures at the University of Michigan, but again he abandoned his studies and entered the Union army. In August: 1862, Doctor Bosworth was appointed surgeon-atlarge for the state of Indiana. At New Orleans and other places, his duty consisted of inspecting hospitals, which duty he discharged until the following spring, when, by reason of a severe attack of bronchitis, he obtained leave of absence and returned home. After remaining at home for six weeks, the Doctor re-entered the service, becoming assistant surgeon of the Thirty-sixth Indiana, which position he held until the expiration of the regiment's period of service.

Doctor Bosworth, after his discharge, returned to Randolph county, and shortly, for the third time entered the University of Michigan, from which he graduated in March, 1865. He was again appointed surgeon-at-- large by Governor Morton, and for some time thereafter was busily engaged in the discharge of his official duties. At the close of the war Doctor Bosworth returned to Winchester, iiandolph county and was soon engaged in a

Becaiise of bad health, due to overwork. Doctor Bosworth, in. 1880, retired temporarily from practice, going to the Pacific slope. Subsequently he spent one winter in Florida, from which state he returned much improved in health to resume his practice.

In 1864, Doctor vBosworth was married to Miss Sarah A. Hale. To this union were born three children : Rosecrans J., Leander U. and Flora M. all of whom are still living. Doctor Bosworth is an enthusiastic Mason, having taken all the degrees of the York Rite. At eighty-two years of age, the Doctor is hale and hearty, except for crippled legs which he received in an accident, in which his buggy was upset and he himself was dragged for some distance over the hard turnpike. The Doctor has been a liberal contributor to the churches of Winchester, and no proper help to worthy enterprise, charitable or otherwise has he withheld.

Dr. Isaac N. Trent, Muncie, a former practitioner in Randolph county, was born in 1854, in Carroll county, Indiana. He was reared on a farm till he had almost reached man's estate, when he began to work at the carpenter's trade. He attended the common schools until about seventeen years of age, when he entered the Battle Ground Collegiate Institute, at Battle Ground, Indiana. After two years work here, he taught school in Carroll county for seven years. He began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. W. N. Gates in Carroll. In 1879 he attended one course of lectures at the Ohio Medical College, and in 1880, one course at the Kentucky School of Medicine at Louisville, graduating in 188 1. He began practice at Losantville, Randolph county, forming a partnership with Dr. H. P. Franks. In 1886, while still maintaining his partnership with Doctor Franks, he went to New York City and spent a year in the hospitals- and graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of that city in 1887; he then returned to his partner at Losantville and remained till- 1888. He then went to Columbus, Ohio, for a year; and in 1889, settled in Muncie, Indiana, where he resides and practices at the present time.

Dr. Hamilton P. Franks, Losantville, was born in Hardin county, Ohio, in 1849. Doctor Franks was reared on a farm, received a common school education in his county and attended a school of dentistry at Newark, Ohio. He practiced his profession at Thornville, Ohio, for five years. Afterward he entered Ohio Medica,l College at Cincinnati, Ohio, then he entered the Kentucky school of Medicine at Louisville, from here he went to the Indiana

Medical College of Indianapolis. In 1887-88 he, attended the medical department of the University of New York,' at New York City, graduating therefrom. In 1874, Dr. Franks moved to Losantville, Randolph county, and has practiced there ever since.

Dr. Alonzo H. Good, Selma, also a former practitioner of Randolph county, was born in Wayne county, Indiana, in 1843. He received a common school education and entered the Union army in 1862, enlisting in Company D, Sixty-ninth Indiana volunteer infantry. He was wounded and taken prisoner in the first engagement, was paroled on the field of battle, sent to Paoli camp at Richmond, Indiana, where he remained until exchanged. He afterwards contracted measles which caused the loss of his voice and he was offered a discharge which he refused. In consequence he was traiisf erred to the sanitary department. He was afterward offered a commission by Governor Morton as major in the .Nineteenth Indiana Cavalry, which he declined, because he did riot believe his physical condition fit to go into active duty. In 1864, he was transferred to the Ninety-fourth Company Volunteer Relief Corps, in which corps he served till the expiration of his term of service, being mustered out as first sergeant of the Twentieth. Company Second Battalion, Volunteer Relief Corps.

Prior to his enlistment. Doctor Good began the study of medicine; in addition to this he was kept much of the time in the medical department of the army. Upon his return to Wayne county, he began to study with Drs. P. H. Jamison of Indianapolis and J. B. Clark oi Economy^ Indiana. In 1867, he began to practice in Bloomingsport, Randolph county, Indiana, continuing for fourteen years. In 1880 or 1881 he moved to Selma, where he still continues to practice his profession honored of all men.

Dr. J. H. Fahnestock was bom in Miami county, Ohio, February 14, 1842. Moved with his parents to a farm near Versailles, Ohio, and later to near Union City, Indiana. He obtained his education from the common schools of Ohio. At the age of thirteen he began to read medicine, in the meantime working on his father's farm. In 1862, he enlisted in the Union army, serving almost three years. . Doctor Fahnestock is a graduate of the Eclectic Medical School of Cincinnati, Ohio, and also from the Southern Medical Institute of Memphis, Tennessee. In 1877, ^^ began to practice, locating near Union City. Some time later, he moved to Union City, where he enjoyed a long and very successful practice of his profession. At present he is located in Fostoria, Ohio.

Dr. George W. Thompson, son of Samuel and Edith Thompson, was born in German township, Darke county, Ohio, April 11, 183 1. He moved into Randolph county, Indiana, at the age of thirteen, and in 1849^ was married to Elizabeth Wiley. As a young man, Doctor Thompson began the study of medicine under Dr. Charles Austin and later practiced with him.

When the Civil war broke out in 1861, Doctor Thompson, answering his country's call, gave up his practice and enlisted in Company B, Sixtyninth Indiana as Second Lieutenant and at the expiration of his enlistment in this regiment he served in the One Hundred Forty-seventh Ohio as chaplain, returning to his practice at the close of the conflict.

Doctor. Thompson graduated from the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1878, and was active in the practice of medicine until his death, August 13, 1904. He was -a member of Sedgewick Post No. 38, Grand Army of the Republic, and also an active member of the Masonic order.

Dr. Joseph J. Evans, Winchester, was born in Wrightstown, Belmont county, Ohio, September 17, 1839. His father moved to Bremen, Fairfield county, Ohio, in 1840, when he was about one year old. In this old town Doctor Evans lived, attended its common schools until he was about seventeen years Old. He attended the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, Ohio, in the years of 1857, 1858 and 1859. He read medicine in his father's office up until 1862 and began the practice of his profession in the fall of 1862, in Straitsville, Perry county, Ohio, where he remained until September, 1867, when he moved from there to Winchester, where he has resided since that time engaged in the practice of medicine.

Dr. Martin Conner, Parker City, was born in Maryland, February 8, 1827. While he-was very young his parents moved to New Castle, Indiana, then they seem to have moved farther west. He began to read medicine with his brother William Conner, who was practicing at Windsor, Indiana. William was himself a student of Doctor West at Hagerstown, Indiana. Dr. Martin Conner began to practice in 1854. In February of 1855, he was married to Susan R. Peoples, and in the fall of that year they moved to Parker, Indiana, where Doctor Conner practiced till his death in 1876. To this union were born six children, four of whom are yet living together with his wife, wJio is hale and hearty, doing her own work, keeping house for a son, she being in her eighty-third year.

Dr. Conner did not enlist in the army during the Civil war, but remained at home where his helping hand was always extended in helpfulness to the families of those who were at the front. The Conner home was open at all times to the distressed families of Union soldiers, and the hand of healing, was laid on without money and without price. Doctor Conner died of that dread disease consumption, brought on by over-exposure in the practice of his profession. He was prominent in Independent Order of Odd Fellows and Methodist circles. He was laid in his narrow cell in Rehobeth graveyard in Randolph county.

The following list purports to be a complete roster of physicians yet living, with those professional items concerning each, which are important as history. In some instances th^ items are meagre, particularly in regard to -professional training. It was impossible to see all of them and it proved to be equally impossible to secure answers to letters of inquiry^ so.it was necessary to give just what could be gleaned from the records in the clerk's office, which in some instances' was scant enough.

- Abel, O. E., born in i860, in Jay county, Indiana; school of practice is Regular; practiced some years in Winchester; now at Trenton, Randolph county.

Barnard, P. C, born in 1868, in Henry county, Indiana; graduated from Central College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1901 ; school of practice is Regular; practiced at Oakville, Indiana, ten years, Hamilton, Indiana, two years, at present at Parker City.

Beauchamp, H. W., born in 1873, i" Shelby county, Indiana; school of practice in Physio-medical ; was located at Arba, Randolph county ; present place of practice, Scranton, Pennsylvania.

Beck, Isaac E., born in 1863, in Jay county, Indiana; school of practice is Physio-Medical; was located at New Pittsburg; present location unknown.

Berry, N. D., born in 1854, in Darke county, Ohio ; school of practice is Regular; formerly practiced in Spartanburg, but now of Muncie, Indiana.

Bosworth, Richard, born in Gallia county, Ohio, in 1832; graduated from University of Michigan Medical School in 1865 ; school of practice is Regular; practiced at Pleasant Mills, Indiana, Deerfield, Indiana; now of Winchester, Indiana, and has retired. - _

Botkin, Thomas W., born in 1844, in Randolph county, Indiana; school of practice is Eclectic; began in Unionsport, Randolph county-, but now of Farmland, Indiana, and has retired.

Botkin, Charles L,, born in 1878, at Unionsport, Indiana; graduated from Medical College of Indiana in 1904; school of practice Regular; practiced .at Winchester and is at present at Farmland.

Blossom, J. C, born in 1872, at Decatur, Indiana; graduated from the Kentucky School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, in 1900; school of prac-

Brenner, Ivan E., born in 1886, at Mt. Ayr, Indiana; graduated from Indiana University School of Medicine, in 1913 ; school of practice is Regular; is located at Winchester, Indiana.

Cherioweth, Forrest A., born in 1858, in D^rke county, Ohio; graduated from the Medical College of Ohio, at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1886; school of practice is Regular; located at Winchester and has practiced there continuously from 1886.

Clapper, David, born in 1850, in H,enry county, Indiana; school of practice is Homeopathic; practiced at Losantville; present location, Mooreland, Henry county, Indiana.

Chapman, John A., born in East Dubuque, Illinois, 1872; graduate of Des Moines School of Osteopathy in 1904 and is practicing in Union City at present time.

Cox, Cyrus R., born in 1853, near Winchester, Indiana; graduated from College of Physicians and Surgeons of Indiana, in 1878; school of practice is Regular: began practice at Winchester, but now of Lynn, Indiana, where he has been since 1882.

Cromer, L. G., born in 1859, at Cedar Blufifs, Alabama; graduated from Medical College of Ohio, in 1890; school of practice Regular; began to practice in Hillgrove, Ohio; has been in Union City since 1965.

Cromer, Mary O., born in 1868, at Lewisburg, Preble county, Ohio; graduated from the Miami Medical School, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1904; school of practice is Regular ; began practice in Union City, where she still continues

Current, Orpheus E., born in 1872, in Redkey, Jay county, Indiana; graduated from Medical College of Indiana, in 1897; school of practice is Regular; located in Farmland, Indiana, where he still practices.

Cory, Henry W., born in 1867, in Wabash county, Indiana; school of practice Homeopathic; practiced short time in Parker City; present location unknown.

Darnell, Terrence E., born in 1879, at Vandalia, Illinois; school of practice Regular; was located in Carlos City, Indiana; present location unknown.

Davis, George H., born in 1875, in Darke county, Ohio; graduated from the Indiana University School of Medicine^ in 1909; school of practice is Regular; located in Spartanburg, Indiana, till 1912; since then in Union City, Indiana.

Drumm, Howard; born in 1875, ^t Muncie, Indiana; school of practice is Regular ; was located in Parker City ; present whereabouts unknown ; graduated from Indiana Medical School of Purdue, in 1907.

Evans, Joseph J., born in 1829, in Belmont county, Ohio; attended lectures at the Starling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio ; began to practice in 1862, at Straitsville, Ohio; in 1867 he moved to Winchester, where he is at present residing, but is not no% actively practicing.

Fisher, M. L., born in 1843, ^^ Clark county, Ohio; school of practice Physio-medical; practiced in Winchester, but some years ago moved to Montana.

Franks, Hamilton P., was born in 1849, i" Hardin county, Ohio; graduated from Indiana Medical College and University of New York; school of practice Regular; began practice in Losantville, where he still resides.

Frederick, George W., born in 1861, in Randolph county, Indiana; graduated from Ohio Medical College 1885; school of practice Regular; began practice in Ridgeville, but left there a few years ago and went to K'okomo, Indiana.

Freeman, Benjamin F., was born in 1876, in New Palestine, Indiana; graduated from the Medical College of Indiana; school of practice Regular; began practice in Ridgeville, Indiana, where he practiced till a few years ago, when he moved to Kansas City, Missouri, but is now located at New Palestine, Indiana.

Gardener, Emma G., bom in i860, in Eaton, Ohio ; graduated from the Kirksville School of Osteopathy; practiced in Winchester for about four years, when she married ex-sheriff George Bright, after which she gave up her practice. -f!

Griffis, Vierl C, born in 1883, in White Water, Indiana; graduated from Indiana Medical College of Indiana, 1907; located at Spartanburg; school of practice Regular.

Gustin, Francis M., born in 1854, at Middletown, Indiana ; graduated from Herring Medical College, Chicago Homeopathic and is practicing at Union City, Indiana.

Hanna, Raymond W., was born in 1888, at Waveland, Indiana; graduated from the Kirksville School of Osteopathy, and is practicing in Winchester.

Hastings, A. H., was born in 1843, in Henry county, Indiana; school of practice is Homeopathic; practiced some years in Winchester; moved to Muncie, where he is practicing at present.

Heiner, Edgar K., was born in i860, at Hemstead, Maryland; school of practice Regular ; practiced at Ridgeville a short time, when he emigrated to Worthington Indiana.

Heller, Oscar, was born in 1871, in Hancock county, Indiana; school of practice Regular; practiced in Ridjteville short time, when he left for Greenfield, Indiana.

Hinshaw, Wm. H., born in 1858, in Randolph county, Indiana; school of practice Physio-medical; practiced at Bartonia, Randolph county, but has left and present location unknown.

Huddleston, Albert F., was born in 1859, east of Liberty, Union county, Indiana; graduated from the Pulte Homeopathic School of Medicine in 1881 ; came to Winchester, where he has since resided and practiced his profession.

Hunt, Bader S., was born in 1869, near Unionsport, Randolph county, Indiana; graduated from Rush Medical School in 1894; school of practice is Regular; his whole professional career has been spent in Winchester, Indiana.

Innis, Robert E., was bom in i860, in Tipton county, Indiana; school of practice is Eclectic; practiced in Parker, but moved to another location which is unknown. ~

Johnson, Ed. W., was born in 1857, in Union City, Indiana; graduated in 1884 from Ohio Medical College ; practiced in Union City ; now in Canada.

Johnson, Harvey B., was born in 1852, at Somerset, New York; graduated from Medical Department Wooster University, Cleveland, Ohio, in 1881; school of practice is Regular; has practiced in Dustan Falls, Ohio, six years. Homer, Illinois, seven years, Sheridan, Michigan, eight years, and Ridgeville, Indiana, where he is now located about twelve years.

Kelley, Clifton M., was born in 1855, at Lynn, Indiana; graduated from the Medical College of Ohio, 1891; school of practice is Regular; has practiced at Palestine, Ohio, for three years, Deerfield, Indiana, two years, and in Winchester up to the present.

Keith, Freeman E., was born in 1872, in Havelock, New Brunswick, Canada ; graduated from' University of Indianapolis ; school of practice is Regular; has practiced in Richmond, Indiana, two years, Toledo, Ohio, one year. New Brunswick, Canada six years and in Modoc, Indiana to the present.

Kienzle, Fred W., was born in 1872, at Madison, Indiana; graduated from the Medical College of Indiana in 1902; school of practice is Regular;

Kramer, Joseph A., was born in 1876, at Lithapolis, Ohio; graduated from Louisville Medical College in 1908, and is since located at Parker City, Indiana. School of practice is Regular.

Lambert, Thomas J., was born in Randolph county in 1869; graduated from Jener Medical College, Chicago, 1906; eye, ear, nose and throat specialist; practiced in Chicago until January, 1914, when he located in Union City.

Lee, John M., was born in 1883, at Rushville, Indiana; graduated from the Miami Medical College, 1906; school of practice is Regular; has practiced in Denver, Colorado, to 1908; Indianapolis, Indiana, to 1909; Winchester, Indiana, to 191 1, and when last heard of was in Denver, Colorado.

Lemmon, Brandt E., was bom in 1883, at Corydon, Indiana; graduated from Louisville School of Medicine, 1908; began practice at Saratoga; present whereabouts unknown.-

Little, Benjamin F., was born in 1854, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; school of practice is Homeopathic; was located in Parker City; present location -unknown.

McWhinney, B. P., was born in 1868, at Campbellstown, Ohio; school of practice is Eclectic ; was located in Union City, Indiana, but now is practicing in Indianapolis, Indiana.

McFarland, Omer G., was born in 1883, i*" J^y county, Indiana; school of practice is Regular; was located at Losantville, Indiana, but has since moved, and present location is unknown.

McCormack, William D., was born in 1859, at Cadiz, Indiana; graduated from Physio-Medical School of Indianapolis; has practiced at Sulphur Springs, Indiana, from 1886-1888; Richmond, Indiana, 1888-1890; Falmouth, 1 890- 1 895; Modoc, Indiana, 1895 to probably 1908; present location unknown.

Markle, Grant C, was born in 1869, at Portland, Indiana; graduated from medical department of University of Louisville in 1892 ; has practiced continuously in Winchester since then.

Martin, Charles E., was born in 1886, in Jay county, Indiana; graduated from Miami Medical College, Cincinnati; school of practice is Regular; has practiced in Farmland, but at present is located in Carlos City, Indiana.

Milligan, C. E., was born in 1862, at Portland, Indiana; graduated from the Physio-Medical College of Indiana at Indianapolis in 1890, and has practiced in Winchester continuously since graduation.

Morgan, Thomas W., was born in 1859, at Nova, Illinois; graduated from Wesleyan College of Cleveland, Ohio; school of practice is Regular; after graduation, settled in Spartanburg, where he is at present practicing.

Morony, J. H., was born in 1856, in Logan county, Ohio; graduated from the Starling Medical College in 1885; school of practice is Regular; has practiced in Carlos City nine years ; Lynn, Indiana, eight years ; Alexandria, Indiana, one year, and Winchester since.

Mulliken, Clarence W.-, was born in 1881, at Ninevah, Indiana; graduated from medical department of Indiana University in 1908; school of practice is Regular; practiced in Tuba, Arizona, 1909 to 1912; Valentine, Arizona, 1912 to 1913; Adams, Indiana, 1908 to 1909; at present is located in Ridgeville, Indiana.

Nixon, Jesse E., wras born in 1874, at Portland, Indiana; graduated from Indiana Medical College in 1905; school of practice is Regular; has practiced at New Mt. Pleasant, 1905 ; soon located in Ridgeville, and has since gone to Portland, Indiana.

Nixon, John, was born in 1859, at New Mt. Pleasant, Indiana; graduated from Ohio Medical College in 1882; schoolof practice is Regular; since which time he has practiced in Farmland, Indiana.

Nixon, John S., was born in 1887, in Farmland, Indiana; graduated from medical department of Indiana University in 1912;' school of practice is Regular; house physician St. Luke's Hospital, New York City, then in partnership with father in Farmland.

Proctor, J. A., was born in 1829, in Butler county, Ohio ; graduated from the St. Louis College of Medicine in 1850; school of practice is Regular; began at Oxford, Ohio, then moved to Fairfield, Indiana, and finally to Union City, in 1877, where he is engaged in the drug business.

Reese. George B. M,, was born in 1869, in Cralion county, Pennsylvania; school of practice is Regular; at last accounts was at Losantville, Randolph county.

Reid, Robert W., was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1886; graduated from Ohio Miami Medical College of Cincinnati University in 1912; school of practice is Regular ; located in Union City, Indiana, in 191 4.

from Starling Medical College, Columbus, Ohio, in 1885; school is Regular; practiced in Longbottom, Ohio, seventeen years; at present in Winchester; where he has practiced fifteen years.

Reynard, E. G., was born in i860, in Randolph county, Indiana; graduated from Medical College of Ohio in 1884; school of practice is Regulaf ; practiced in Lightsviile, Ohio, until about 1890, when he located in Union City, where he is now practicing.

Reynard, Granville, was born In 1857 in Cerro Gordo, Randolph county, Indiana ; graduated from the Ohio Medical College and did post-graduate in New York in 1881 ; school of practice is Regular; has practiced at Castine, ' Ohio, 1881-1884, then located in Union City, where he still resides and practices.

Riegal, Harrison C., was born in Darke county, Ohio, in 1878; graduated from College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago, in 1905 ; school of practice is Regular; practiced in Spartanburg, Randolph county; has removed, and whereabouts unknown.

Robinson, John S., was born in 1885, at Salem, Indiana ; graduated from Indiana University School of Medicine in 19 12 ; school of practice is Regular, practicing at present in Winchester.

Rogers, Aaron G., was born in 1849, ^t Rogersville, Indiana; graduated from Miami -Medical College in 1880; school of practice is Regular; practiced one year at Terre Haute, Indiana, then came to Parker City, where he continues to practice.

Root, William \V., was bom in 1868, at Niagara Falls, New York; graduated from the Rush Medical College in 1904; school of practice is P.egular; began practice in Parker, after considerable experience as teacher of science in various high schools and colleges. He was in the employ of Parke, Davis & Company, wholesale druggists, at Detroit, Michigan, but now in Philadelphia.

Ruby, Fred McK., was born in 1881 at Union City, Indiana; graduated from department of medicine and surgery. University of Michigan, in 1903 ; specializes on eye, ear, nose and throat; school of practice is Regular; is located in Union City.

Ruby, Samuel B., was born in 1855, in Hollandsburg, Ohio; school of practice is Regular; his whole professional career has been spent in Union City.

Schenk, George H., was born in 1875, at Salamonie, Jay county, Indiana; graduated from Eclectic Medical College, Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1902; located in Ridgeville, where he yet practices.

Shaddy, Elmer D., was born in 1873, at Bennington, Indiana; graduated from the Kentucky School of Medicine in 1 901; school of practice is Regular; practiced at Westchester 1901-1904, and located at Saratoga, where he now practices.

Silvers, James M., was born in 1873, in Randolph county, Indiana; school of practice is Regular ; was, for a time, located' in Ridgeville ; present whereabouts unknown.

Simmons, William D., was born in 1864, in Randolph county, Indiana; school of practice is Eclectic; practiced some time in Union City, Indiana, but now of Bloomington, Indiana.

Snodgrass, Benjamin, was born in 1859, in Clark county, Ohio; graduated from 'Marion Medical School; school of practice is Physio-Medical; practices in Union City, Indiana.

Smith, Isaac M., was born in 1855, in Hancock county,, Indiana ; school of practice is Eclectic; practiced in Parker, but is now loated in Muncie, Indiana.

Spitler, Chester A., was born in 1879, at Brookville, Ohio; graduated from Indiana Medical College in 1907; school of practice is Regular; began practice in Saratoga, Indiana, where he is at present.

Spitler, Charles E., was born in 1873, at Vorhees, Ohio; graduated from St. Louis College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1891 ; is Regular, and located in Saratoga, Indiana.

Vanderburg, J. M., born in Randolph county; school of practice is Eclectic; practiced in Parker City, but now is in Albany, Delaware county.

Walker, William H., was born in Switzerland county, Indiana, in 1867; was graduated from Louisville College of Medicine; school of practice is Regular; practiced a few years in Winchester, then moved to Portland, Indiana, where he is at present located.

Wallace, John M., was born in 1878, in Richland, Ohio; graduated from Indiana Medical College in 1903; school of practice is Regular; has practiced at Franklin, Indiana, four years, then moved to Rtdgeville, Indiana, where he is at present.

Welbourn, E. L., was born in 1843, in Marion county, Ohio; graduated from Eclectic College of Pennsylvania at Philadelphia in 1866; located in Union City in 1866, and resides there at present.- Since 1870 he has been engaged in the manufacture of proprietary medicines.

Wiggins, D. S., was born in 1874, at Losantville, Indiana; graduated from Indiana Medical College; school of practice is Regular; practiced in Losantville, later moved to New Castle, Indiana, where he is now practicing.

Wright, Carl H., was born in 1878, in Henry county, Indiana; school of practice is Regujar; practiced some time in Parker; present location is un-r known.

Young, Frank, was born in 1866, at Somerville, Ohio; gradua,ted,from Eclectic Medical Institute at Cincinnati, Ohio; practiced a short time at Union City, then moved to Dunkirk, and from there to Bradford Junction, Ohio. ' .

Zeller, B. F., was bom in 184% in Lancaster, Pennsylvania; graduated from Ohio Medical College in 1885 ; school of practice is Regular ; has practiced in Champaign county^ Ohio ; Beamsyille, Ohio ; Crab Orchard, Kentucky; in Texas, and has been in Union City for twelve years.

Zeller, F. Arthur, was born in 1871, in Darke county, Ohio; graduated from Ohio Medical College in 1898; school of practice is Regular; was in United States army as a surgeon immediately after graduation; now located in Union City, Indiana.

^Zeller, Ward C, was born in 1874, in Darke county, Ohio; graduated from Ohio Medical University at Columbus, Ohio, in 1897; school of practice is Regular; began practice at St. Paris, Ohio; has been in Union City for last five or six years ; eye, ear, nose and throat specialist.

Summary: There are at present (August, 191 4) in Randolph county sixty-one active practicing physicians. Of this number forty-six are Regulars, five are Eclectic, four are Physio-Medicals, four are Homeopathists, and two are Osteopathists, regularly licensed.

The dentists practicing at present in Randolph county number but fourteen. ^Each one is a graduate from some recognized school of dentistry and is regularly licensed. The date following the name is the date of the last license issued to the practitioner ,^ and does not necessarily mean the beginning of. that individual's practice.

Atkinson, Woodruff G., 1901, located at Union City. . : Beals, John H., 1907, located at Winchester. -:;: Eastman, Blaine, 1913, located at Winchester.

The Randolph County Medical Society was probably the offspring of at least two small, societies - The Union Gity Medical Society and The Winchester Medical Association. These societies were organized about 1857, and kept up their meetings with more or less regularity until about 1876, when they were reorganized under the plan of the American Medical Association. At first none but "regulars" were admitted, but now "every legally registered physician residing and practicing in Randolph county, who is of good moral and professional standing, and who does not support or practice, or claim to practice, any exclusive system of medicine, shall be eligible for membership."

Purposes Of The Society

In the constitution of the society, I find the following : "The purposes of this society shall be to bring into one organization the physicians of Randolph county, so that by frequent meetings and full and frank interchange of views, they may secure such intelligent unity and harmony in every phase of their labor as will elevate and make efTective the opinions of the profession in all scientific,. legislative, public health, material and social afifairs, to the end that the profession may receive that respect and support within its own ranks and from the community to which its honorable history and great achievements entitle it ; and with other county societies to form the Indiana State Medical Association, and through it, with other state associations, to form and maintain the American Medical Association."

"In all proper ways the public shall be taught that business methods and prompt collections are essential to the equipment of the modern physician and surgeon, and that it (the public) suffers even more than the profession when this is not recognized.

"This society shall endeavor to educate its members to the belief that the physician should be a leader in his community, in character, in learning, in dignified and manly bearing, and in courteous and open treatment of his brother physicians, to the end that the profession may occupy that place in its own and the public estimation to which it is entitled."