Whitley County, Indiana - The whole text, 1907 (part 3 of 28)

Seek'S Village

Whatever slight history has been written of the Eel river country draws no distinction between Turtle's and Seek's villages. The terms are interwoven together. The writers, knowing no difference, have sought to leave the matter as much unsettled in the minds of the reader as in their own. Our late investigation has not only settled the distinction, but has located each place and their connection with each other.

Like Turtle's, no man knows when Seek's Village was first occupied by the red men, but as it existed long years after the destruction of the former, we know more about it. Of the 26th day of July expedition, there were a number of living witnesses on the spot who could tell of it. They all agreed that it was on the north side of the river instead of the south, as shown on our government charts. At first there seemed confusion, as one witness pointed out a spot where the village stood, another a few rods away, and still another a short distance in another direction. Summing it all up, they were all correct. Seek's Village did not occupy a spot ten rods square, but was scattered over perhaps a hundred acres on Silas Briggs' magnificent farm, at the very eastern edge of Seek's Village reservation, and overlapping into Chapiene's. really the south-west quarter of section 3. Union township. Tt was called Seek's Village, or Indian Green, said all the witnesses The exact spot of Seek's home, the cemeteries and the trail hetween the two villages were lo-

<cated. Old Seek is described as a big Indian with a monstrous bull ring in his nose. The portage, or crossing of the river on the trail to Fort Wayne is yet plainly visible.

Referring to Mrs. Revarre's story of the death of her husband, John Owl, Jr., at Seek's Village, Otis Miner and Rufus Hull were present and helped bun' him. Years afterward Miner told Briggs he had found an Indian in a ground hog hole, and they went to the place, and Miner pointed to the skeleton of John Owl, nearly uncovered by ground hogs.

Referring to the Simrall expedition against the Eel river Indians, we found that a. white man's bridge over Beaver run about forty rods from the road running north and south between sections 9 and 10. Union township, lands now owned by James A. Mossman. had been dug up by the Mossman boys in 1850; another link to the chain of circumstantial evidence that Simrall. after destroying Turtle Village, passed to Paige's Crossing and Compton church, crossing on this particular bridge.

The Portages Or Trails

In a country so densely populated as this was by Indians, there must necessarily be trails or roads through the forest everywhere. They did not run by compass, nor were they permanent. They might change every month for many reasons, as, better and more solid ground, or to reach other places. An attempt to follow many of these has become so tiresome and confusing that we have entirely abandoned them.

fact, the connecting link from the Great Lakes to the great west. To Alexander Mure alone are our readers indebted for the location on the accompanying map of this great highway. No other man living could give it. Moore has kept trace of it all these years, noting and marking every change made by man to obliterate it. This is one of the most important things in this history. The trail or portage is from Turtle's Village through the county, after which it practically follows the Goshen road to Fort Wayne. Also the trail starting from Seek's Village, Briggs's farm, striking the other and crossing it, and moving toward Fort Wayne, practically on the Yellow river road.

On August 3, 1906, M. L. Galbreath, John F. Mossman, Alexander More and myself drove to Roanoke to visit the only Indians living this side of Peru, Mrs. Anthony Revarre, and her son, Anthony Revarre, Jr., now fifty-seven years old and quite an intelligent man with a high school education. Pie was married to a white woman, with whom he lived about ten years, when she died, childless. They lived peaceably, amicably and happily together, say the neighbors. He now lives with his aged mother, who cannot possibly survive another year, says her family physician. The old lady does not speak English at all, but understands quite a great deal. Her son acted as interpreter, speaking in an ordinary tone of voice, and she understood and answered very readily. In propounding questions to her, she would show by her expression that

The following was what was told by her : "My name is Kil-so-quah. In American language I am Mrs. Anthony Revarre. I was born near Markle, in Huntington county, in May, 1810. We did not keep account of days, and I cannot give the day of the month. I am a granddaughter of Little Turtle, the greatest of the Miami chiefs, and the one most loved and respected by all our people. They always felt his counsels were safe and that they could not lose a battle when he commanded. My father said our people had occupied this country for ages, and Eel river and the Maumee and its tributaries were the heart of our possessions. The Pottawattamies and some others came among us, but the country was ours. Turtle's grandfather was a chief in the Eel river country. His father was a Frenchman about half blood, so that Turtle was but three-quarters Indian. Before my father died some one read to him in a history that his grandmother, that is, Little Turtle's mother, was a Mohican Indian. Father was much pained to hear this mistake, for he said he knew his mother was a pure Miami, as was his grandfather's first wife. No, Little Turtle's father was a half-blood Frenchman and his mother a pure Miami. I know my father could not be mistaken. He was an intelligent Indian and took great pride in his ancestry and often talked about it.

who lived on St. Mary's river near Fort Wayne. Turtle then lived at Turtle Village at the bend in Eel river, where he was born and his father before him. She died, leaving two sons and one daughter, and he could not stay there after that, so he moved up on the trail to the Fort, and then married Mak-wah's daughter, niece of his first wife. I do not know of any children by the last wife, nor do I know about any of his first wife except my father Make-sheu-e-quah, and Coesse's father Kat-emong-wah, and one daughter Ma-cute-monquah, who married the Great White Loon. Turtle's second wife was many years his junior, and after his death she married a Shawnee, and went to their reservation in the west, and was back once on a visit, when I saw her.

"Turtle was much devoted to Mak-wah,. who was both brother-in-law and father-inlaw to him, and stayed much at his house; but always lived on Eel river. His three children were born at Turtle Village, and my father went to the reservations on the Aboite and married and lived there; but he and his family often visited, and I was familiar with the Eel river country from childhood. My aunt married White Loon at Turtle Village, and they settled at his place of abode on the Aboite and always lived there. Uncle Kat-e-mong-wah always stayed about Eel river, and was killed in some battle. I do not know the place, but it was on Eel river, and near the spot where Coesse's second wife was born. I have often heard that Mrs. Coesse's father took the body and buried it on the bluff near their cabin, and an intimacy sprung up between the families, resulting in the marriage of the dead man's

"My cousin's name was Me-tek-kah, meaning 'burning the woods.' Coesse was a nickname given him when a child, and even the family came to call him by that name. He has told me he was born at Turtle Village at the bend of Eel river. He was married twice, the first time to 'White Loon's sister (but they had no children). He is buried here beside that first wife. After her death he married Me-tek-on-sac. and they had two daughters and one son. The oldest daughter was Chic-un-sac-wah, meaning 'stump cut off short,' but she was nicknamed Liz or Lizzie; the second was Pac-oc-u-sae-quah, meaning 'straight tree,' and she was nicknamed Louisa. There was one son, nicknamed Simon, who died at the age of sixteen. He died at their farm near Columbia City and was buried there. Coesse came to visit me here in the fall of 1853, and the next day he fell sick of a fever. I wanted to get a doctor, but he would not have any and would take no medicine. He had some trouble in the family and said he did not care to live. He died delirious in less than two weeks, in the log house which stood where this one stands. He died on Sunday morning, and on Tuesday forenoon we buried him between his first wife and my husband on our farm. There were no services. Being very lonely here I took my two children and went up to Coesse's family and stayed there a year, after which I came back here again. Jacob Slessman came from Columbia City and moved me up; he also moved me back the next summer. Mrs. Coesse and family lived on the farm up at Columbia City about ten years after her husband's death, when they sold out and moved to Peru, and they are now all dead except an illegitimate son and half breed, George, who was born after Coesse's death.

"Prior to 1820, Chief John Owl, his wife and one son, came to the Eel river country and stayed most of the time, building a cabin at Seek's Village. His wife died and was buried at the village. Chief Owl soon after went back to the Illinois country, leaving his son John Owl with Seek, and he raised him. On one of our visits up there I became acquainted with him, and afterwards he came down here, and we were married in 1826, and moved up and lived at Seek's Village. My husband was a good Indian and did not drink ; and as there was much dissatisfaction with Seek, there was talk of my husband taking his place as chief; but my husband took sick some months after we were married, lingered more than a year and died. We had no children. My husband was buried beside, or very near his mother at Seek's Village. After my husband's death, Seek was unkind to me and I came back to my father's; and in 1832, four years after my first husband's death, I married Shaw-pe-nom-quah, who was half Indian and half French. His American name was Anthony Revarre. Six children were born to us, four dying in infancy. My son, Anthony Revarre, Jr., who lives with me, is the youngest, and was born on Christmas day, 1849, Just two months after his father's death. His Indian name is Wa-pe-mung-quah,. meaning White Loon, and he was named after Great White Loon. My daughter Wan-nog-quan-quah, meaning snow, mist or fog. nicknamed Mary, went to

Oklahoma about twenty years ago and married there. Both Mary and Tony attended the common schools and the Roanoke Academy and have good English educations. Mary expected to teacli out there, but was married.

"Indians name their children as white people, but an Indian does not have a family and given name : but one name : and as there would result great confusion in naming them after friends, no two names are alike. Thus, Anthony Revarre is named after Great White Loon, but he is only White Loon. If it is desired to name a child after Full Moon, it must be changed to Old Moon, or Half Moon. Names are most frequently taken from nature. American names are given to Indians by their associates, and are regarded only as nicknames.

"Coesse. Revarre and a great number of other Indians are buried on what was formerly the Revarre farm but is now in the hands of strangers and covered by a cornfield."

We visited this spot with Tony Revarre, or White Loon, and lie is quite sure be knows "the exact spot where lay his father and Coesse. There is now some agitation in the neighborhood as to taking up the remains and placing them in some cemeterv. Mrs. Revarre is a devoted Catholic, but Tony is not religiously inclined in any direction. Being specially interrogated about some tbings in this county, she answered quite readily. The government charts locate Seek's Village mi the south side of the river, while all the evidence we have, and which is perfectly conclusive, locates it on the north side. When asked in regard to this; she replied "on the north side" as readily as though she could not understand why any one should ask such a settled question. As to the fortifications at More's farm in Union township, she said it was a fort built under the direction of her grandfather. Little Turtle, by the Miamis for protection against hostile tribes as well as against white invaders. That it was positively built by the Indians she knew, because her father had often told her all about it. She knew the place; it was just east of Chapienes' reserve and was the only place in all the country where there was a fort or fortification except at Fort Wayne, and that at this point was her grandfather's last residence. She knew of two fights at the place, both by other tribes besieging the Miamis; one was the Delawares, the other she could not name in English, and the Indian name was unintelligible to us. The Miamis were in each case victorious. Her father became enthusiastic in relating the success of his father. Little Turtle, in these battles.

Asked about the battle where the Aboite river crosses the canal, in Aboite township. Allen county, three quarters of a mile from the line of Jefferson township, Whitley county, she said they fought with white men from Marion. Wabash and all along the way clear up to Fort Wayne, but that the largest battle was the one above mentioned. This is the battle the histories speak of in connection with La Balme's expedition, which is incorrect.

Asked as to the place called Burned Cabins, at Compton church, she readily remembered and located the place, but did not think there was ever a battle there. A generation lived and died there, and there was neither war not pestilence. The chief was Ok-o-los-she-mah, and his mother was half Pottawattamie. She also described the burying ground on the bank of the creek, and said it was about a mile south of Eel river.

She said Seek was a usurper, and never was chief by right. He was half white and had no right to the chieftainship and never gave his people satisfaction ; that he was deposed from the office and Coesse was chief.

Asked by Mr. Mossman where Coesse got his uniform and trappings, he had seen him wear, she replied that Little Turtle took them from Seek and gave them to Coesse.

Asked as to Frances Slocum, she said she had seen her and talked with her. She is much interested in the story, and they have the book in the house, from which Tony often reads and interprets to her. She said that about the same time another white girl, Becky, was also stolen, whose history is similar to that of Frances Slocum,

The Revarres have many Indian relics, though the greatest store of them was burned when the cabin was burned nearly a half century ago. Among those preserved are several armlets, leggins, moccasins, daggers, a silver cross from Quebec, and above all, a pair of buckskin mittens that Little Turtle himself wore.

More'S Farm

LTp to this time, no historian has ever attempted to give an account of the affairs at More's farm. After months of research and examination of the records in the war department and congressional library at Washington, the Pennsylvania Historical

Society at Philadelphia, and all available records in Indiana, we present to our readers a correct account. Every statement made herein is fully verified by record evidence of the highest character.

In 1769, there were many French traders at Ke-ki-on-ga, Fort Wayne. The trade in this year amounted to 5,00x3 pounds sterling. The best of this trade came from the Eel river and about the headwaters of that stream. The trade gradually grew, and each year more traders came. As early as 1761, traders went into the country to secure skins from the Indians rather than wait for them to be brought in to a competitive market. In 1762, there was a sort of trading place established at this point where the traders met the Indians at stated periods. This place on the trails was in fact the head of canoe navigation, and the real point on Eel river where the portage began, or the place of overland travel between Eel river and Kekionga (Fort Wayne). It grew rapidly in importance, and in 1779 and the early part of 1780 the embankment was built by the Miami Indians for their protection against other tribes as well as from white invaders. By this time a large village had grown about the place, all under the chieftainship of Aque-nac-que, the father of Little Turtle, who still had his place of residence at what is called Turtle Village. This trading post was called by the French and English, and is known in their records as "The Post on Eel River." There is no Indian name to be found for it.

In midsummer of 1780 La Balme began his ill-fated campaign against Kekionga and Detroit. Historians who might have ascertained all the facts in relation to this expe- dition, have followed each other in giving short and inaccurate accounts of it. They say he came with a few followers and took Kekionga ; soon after, elated by his success, moved on and was overtaken and annihilated at the Aboite in Allen county where the Wabash & Erie canal crossed that river, about three-quarters of a mile nearly east of the south-east corner of Whitley county. The first historian placed the battle at this place without information further than his own imagination, never having been at the place and guessing that it was on a line with La Balme's march toward Detroit, instead of being more than ten miles in the rear. Other historians have blindly followed this mistake.

La Balme was a Frenchman who came over with LaFayette. He held a commission as colonel from the state of Virginia, and was with Colonel Clarke on his expedition at Vincennes. Restless and impulsive, he could not endure the policy of Clarke, and first went to Kaskaskia and secured a few followers. From that point he went to Vincennes, and his force was augmented to about two hundred men, with whom he started for the conquest of Fort Wayne and Detroit. His motive was no doubt more mercenary and personal than patriotic, and his expedition was without authority, civil or military. He cautiously approached Kekionga, alarmed the garrison and Indians, and scattered than in all directions, and took the place without trouble about the first of October. After occupying it about ten days or two weeks, enjoying with his men the spoils, he started, fully elated, hoping to complete his expectations early in the winter. He left less than twenty men in possession of the Fort at Kekionga, and proceeded ore the 14th of October, out on the portage or trail to More's farm, expecting to take what valuables he could secure there and be guided by impulse as to what to do with the place. He had scarcely left Kekionga. when the traders and Indians having rallied, killed the guard left behind and followed up the command, overtaking them near the county line, and a running fire was kept up until La Balme and his men reached and entered the embankment or fortification. Here he remained for three days, while a large force of Indians gathered about. Finally, he was induced to abandon the place with all his spoil, on promise by the traders that he and his men might be allowed to leave the country divested of everything but the clothing they had on. They marched to point "E" on map, where they were to leave their arms. Arriving at that point, they found themselves surrounded by Indians so hostile they could not have been restrained by the traders had they desired to do so. Instead of delivering their arms, they at once prepared for battle, and the Indians fled to the fort. So matters remained for at least four months, or until some time in February, 1781 ; La Balme with about one hundred and eighty men fully armed, encamped and awaiting they knew not what Small parties went out each day and secured game in abundance for their subsistence. Fires were kept burning against trees next the river night and day, that Indians might be discovered if they attempted an attack : these were the burned trees elsewhere described. There can be no doubt that the old well or excavation which has been referred to, was a well planned heated place

Tjy the officers of the expedition. Finally the Indians rallied, and early in February surrounded the camp and killed all but four men. Two finally reached Vincennes to tell the story, and the other two probably perished before reaching a place of safety. And thus ended in inglorious defeat the expedition of La Balme in Whitley county.

There were no doubt other engagements during the next thirty years at the place by the Indians. Mrs. Revarre says the Miamis were besieged by the Delawares and some other tribe, and that the besiegers were in

The extinction of the Indians was rapid during the last quarter of the eighteenth century and the first two decades of the nineteenth. Turtle Village had almost disappeared by the year 1800, and the village at the fort was nearly in the same condition when Turtle changed his residence to that spot in that year.

Archaeology By John H. Shilts

Archaeology is a subject that is receiving much attention from devoted scientists at this time. The antiquities of man are receiving the attention which they deserve. Most states have their archaeological societies with members all over their own and other states. Some counties have made it a part of their historical society. I am pleased that an interest is being manifested in this county to preserve the relics and landmarks of antiquity. Nothing would please me more and I believe would be of more interest to our people than to see a collection of our county's prehistoric antiquities and the relics of the pioneer settlers of our present homes at one of our old people's future gatherings. We all know that the hand of vandalism is rapidly destroying the things used by our hardy pioneers, and many of our so-called Indian relics are fast disappearing by falling into the hands of persons who care nothing for them except to barter and sell them, and in this way they are getting away from us. They ought to be preserved and kept in our county with much pride and reverence for the people who made and used them.

The existence and antiquity of man during prehistoric times here, as elsewhere, has been classified into the paleolithic or old stone age and the neolithic or new stone age. The old stone age is supposed to have antedated the ice age; all this is shown by the stone implements which have been and are still being found. I know from my own finds and specimens in my museum, that there were periods of advancement and progress during man's existence prior to historic times. The first implements were very rude, were chipped only, and hardly have the semblance of being made for any special purpose. Later on they were shaped into form by chipping and pecking ; but were not made smooth by rubbing and grinding. Following this advancement he began smoothing and polishing his implements by grinding and rubbing them until they were things of beauty. He then, too, began to make ornaments for his person. His pride for beautiful things increased with his advancement and culture.

That there was a prehistoric race in America is everywhere admitted and good evidence is everywhere at hand. The archaeologist finds these evidences in mounds and walls of earth thrown up for defense, for worship, for burial and for signal purposes ; in the many shell heaps of immense size found at various places ; in the numerous and curiously fashioned implements of stone, bone, shell and copper made for various uses and ceremonies. In some regions these archaeological treasures are abundant, while in others they are scarce, the latter fact being true of Whitley county. Nothing as yet has been published in the state publications on the antiquities of our county, yet there is sufficient material to be of much interest to the interested collector of these precious heirlooms of an extinct but grand prehistoric people.

The implements of these people are various, but consist chiefly of mortars and pestles, axes, celts, scrapers, arrow points, spear points, drills, perforators, hair fasteners, knives, saws, awls, pipes, hammers, mauls, or mallets, and many ornaments and ceremonial badges. Their mortars are not so common, and but very few have been found here. There was no necessity for mortars, as the people here lived chiefly upon the products of the chase. In localities where they depended on the grains and fruit for sustenance, mortars are very numerous, large and finely formed. The pestles are more plentiful here, and this fact makes me conclude that the aborigine used a cavity in some fallen tree, instead of a rock for his mortar. The pestles and mortars formed the mills of our ancestors. The general form of the pestle is cylindrical and varies very much in size. Those in my collection vary from four to twelve and a half inches in length and from two to twoand a half inches in diameter.

Axes, celts, and flint implements are more numerous in our county and are found everywhere on our farms. These are the most interesting of all the relics we find, because they show great ingenuity in manufacture. They are of various size and form. Some are rudely finished, while others are beautifully polished and finished without a mark to mar the marvelous beauty of the implement. The Indian must have felt proud of a fine axe as evidenced by the great amount of work it necessitated to make a fine one. The Indian's axe has a groove around the pole or upper part. This groove sometimes encircles the axe completely and again only partially. I have two specimens that have a groove up and over the poll connecting with the groove around the axe. This type is very rare. The grooved axes found in this locality do not differ materially from those found in other places only that they, in general, are not so large. The celt, commonly called a hatchet, or tomahawk, is as numerous as the axe and shows asmuch workmanship and skill in its manufacture as does the axe, only that it has no groove. Some of these were highly polished. Axes and celts were used for various purposes but chiefly as weapons of warfare; a death blow being struck with either. The flint implements are found everywhere and nearly every person has found some of them. These consist of arrow and spear points, saws, knives, scrapers, hoes, perforators and drills. We find these from the tiniest of a half inch to eight inches long and made from all the varieties of flint and the very finest moss agate, quartz, obsidian, and jasper. In fact, they are made from all varieties of flint or stone that would chip or flake. These implements, like the axes and celts, are made in all grades from the very rude to the most finely wrought. Scientists have classified the arrow and spear points into leaf shaped with three sub classes, stemmed with three sub classes ; peculiar forms, with seven sub classes and triangular. Where all these were made and where the material was procured, is a matter of conjecture. They may possibly have been transported long distances, in fact, we know that some have been brought from places far away. It is different with the axes, celts, hammers, pestles, and mortars, for these were made of stone and boulders like those which are scattered all over the surface of our farms.

There is another class of objects, widely different in form but which may be classed together. Different names have been given to them which may have been based upon their appearance or upon a theoretical idea of their purpose. I shall call them ornaments or ceremonial objects. Some have been called banner stones, some drilled ceremonial weapons, some pierced tablets, others gorgets, pendants, bird shaped objects, boat shaped objects, etc. Thomas Wilson in his work says: "The names thus given may or may not be correct, but are as good as others that have been suggested in their stead. They should be retained until something more correct can be given." All of these objects are found in Whitley county, although not in great numbers. They are well polished and symmetrically formed and made of slate often beautifully banded or striped. They all have holes drilled in them. I have specimens which are partly made and apparently were rejected or lost. These show that they have been shaped before drilling commenced. Whatever the use of these various objects one fact is certain, the)- were never made for hard usage, but rather their purpose was to have been as an ornament of some kind, and their beautiful symmetry and fine finish entitles them to be classed as objects of fine art.

It is admitted by all that prehistoric man appreciated the luxury of a pipe and enjoyed the effect of tobacco smoke. Smoking was probably his most pleasing occupation. In the making of his smoking tube, he displayed the greatest care and ingenuity. They were made to represent almost every species of animal and bird. Even the human form was outlined in his pipe. In must cases, however, he simply made a neat pipe which he could use and enjoy. The pipes and tubes found in our county are of the plain kind and nearly all are made of the red sandstone and slate. 1 have one pipe made of green stone. This was found on a farm adjoining mine and is a very rare pipe for this locality.

county. I have some fragments of it found on the farm lately owned by D. N. Hart and know of one whole piece, a bowl, said to have been found near Round lake. This is now owned by a collector in an adjoining county.

Our prehistoric ancestors also used copper and iron in making implements and utensils. There is not much to be found here made of these metals. I have a copper spear point which was found on the farm formerly owned by David Miller in Thorncreek township, also four iron tomahawks picked up on farms in this county and one iron spear point, barbed on one side, which was dug up with a skeleton.

1 know of no discoidals, plummets, sinkers, shell implements or ornaments ever being found in this county ; neither do I know of any mounds or earth works existing here, although it is claimed there are some in the county- I have not seen them. so I can neither verify nor disprove the statement at this time. Occasionally fire pits

Remains of the ancient and long extinct animals have been found in this county. Bones of the mastodon have been found in several localities. The giants of the animal kingdom, while gathering grass from or near the swamps, mired their huge forms in the soft earth where their bones have lain for centuries. Remains of the smaller animals are also found in the swamps which are being cleared and cultivated. Horns or antlers of the elk and deer are somewhat plenty on the water covered lowlands of our county.

In conclusion, I will say that I have based my article upon material in my cabinet of antiquities, and would ask all those having any piece or small collection of relics or curios, to let me know: and now again, I appeal to the citizens of Whitley county not to let these things get out of the county. Keep them here for future generations.

The Flora By Albert Bush

Scilla or Squill - A pretty blue flower, a visitor from Siberia come to stay in this country. It is perfectly hardy. We have one native variety, the wild hyacinth, pale blue and very early.

of spring is the skunk cabbage. It belongs to a class of carniverous plants and destroys many insects. It is related to the calla and Jack-in-the-pulpit.

- There is no reason why the adder's tongue should be called a violet ; it is really a lily. The blossom is usually russet yellow, and the upright leaves spotted. It is an early flower; Sometimes called deer's tongue.

Tulip - The tulip comes to us from Asia Minor but indirectly from Holland. The varieties are simply endless. They bloom successive through spring. It is a member of the lily family.

Blood Root - The blood root is like a butterfly, it comes and goes in a day, like the poppy to which it is related. The blossom is lovely and white as a lily, and has a golden center.

Spring Everlasting - This is an insignificant, white, cottony-stemmed plant, which lacks beauty altogether, yet is common in meadows and pastures.

Ethiopian Calla - The so-called calla lily is a beautiful white relative of Tack-in-thepulpit. It comes from Africa, and blooms in the spring.

Wood Anemone or Wind Flower - It really belongs in the half lit woods of spring but it is often found beside the road. The blossom is frail, with five or more white sepals, sometimes suffused with a delicate crimson pink.

Spring Beauty - The little pink spring beauty is a favorite with everyone who loves wild flowers. Like a great many other delicate wild flowers, it has a disappointing way of closing as soon as it is picked, but a tumbler of water and sunlight soon work a change in the shy flower, and we need not throw it away hopelessly withered.

Dutchman's Breeches - This pretty little plant is common in thin woods where shade and sunlight are evenly distributed. In form it shows a relationship with the common bleeding heart of the garden. It blooms in April and May, and is a low-growing, ornamental leaved plant of a rather delicate appearance.

Early Saxifrage - It flowers in April and May, is not a conspicuous plant. We find it nestling among the rocks in pastures and in shady places beside the wood. The leaves have a singular ornamental arrangement spreading around in an even circle like a rosette. The flowers are tiny white and rather insignificant. The name means "rockbreaker."

Large White Trillium - This is considered the finest of all the trilliums ; it is waxy white in color changing to a pinkish tint as it grows older. It is distinctively a woodland lily, which keeps clear of the moderate sunshine of April.

The Painted Trillium - It is not as large as the white, but is more beautiful. The edges of the petals are wavy, and the sharp V shaped, crimson color at the center of the flower is worth a close study under the magnifying glass. It blooms in April.

chrysanthemums. Of the three trilliums mentioned, this seems least attractive; but is nevertheless a handsome wild flower. The trilliums are poisonous to taste.

Star Flower - The tiny star flower is found in woods. It delights in moist places, beside the purple violet. It has a shiny, delicate looking leaf of a pale yellow-green color. The perfect, little star-like flowers are dainty to a fault. Must be seen under a glass to note its fairy-like beaut}'.

Foam Flower or False Mitrewort - The foam flower grows beside the little star flower, and blooms about the same time, although there is nothing especially attractive in the flower, it is dainty and common enough in the wooded hills to command our attention.

Mitrewort or Bishop's Cap - This flower is apt to be found beside its false named relative. The star-like blossom of the true mitrewqrt is fringed in a remarkable manner, reminding one of the conventional rays surrounding the five pointed figure of a star.

White Baneberry - The berries, which appear in late summer, are far more apt to attract notice than the flower. Thev are waxy white, with a purple-black spot, and oval in shape : the stems which bear the fruit are very thick and turn reel when the berries are fully ripe.

Black Snakeroot or Bugbane - It means "to drive away hugs." Strange as it may seem, the plant has become useful in a far better way. It is used in medicine, for neuralgic rheumatism, and doctors prescribe an extract of the rout fur that purpose.

Flowering Wintergreen - A delicate little plant. It is no relative of the checkerberry. Has a conspicuous crimson pink blossom and blooms in May and June.

Yellow Violet - The yellow violet grows on the edge of the wood where sunlight and shadow are mixed. The blossom is very small and springs up from between a pair of leaves which start from a bare stem about eight or nine inches tall.

I 'tuple Violet - A common spring flower that grows best in a cool, shady dell where the soil is rich and where there is plentv of spring water.

Bird-foot Violet - The bird-foot leaf is an astonishing contrast to the heart shaped leaves of the other violets. Nothing is more attractively symmetrical in plant form than this particular violet leaf; pressed flat on a piece of paper, its delicate outline is an interesting study for one who loves the decorative side of nature. The flower is rich in blue-purple color, and sometimes a violet purple.

Solomon's Seal - Solomon's seal is easily identified, as it grows beside some woodland road in early May, by its light green leaves, and its long, gracefully curved stalks, from which depends on the under side a series of tiny, greenish or creamy-white flowers always arranged in pairs. The name had its origin in the pitted appearance of the root, which bears a round scar left by the broken off old stalk.

mon's seal is in my estimation even more beautiful than the true. Its spike of fine white flowers and its bright green leaf with parallel veining is particularly graceful. There are several other false Solomon's seals but so rare as not to be strictly classed in our flora.

Jack-in-the-pulpit or Indian Turnip - Jack-in-the-pulpit is a happy looking flower, (if a flower can be said to look happy) and its striped suit reminds one of the conventional funny circus clown. It is too bad to make such a comparison, but I must let it stand, because there are few other flowers which are so suggestively humorous. The pretty little brown club inside the spathe reminds one of a miniature bologna sausage. In the fall this bears a cluster of splendid scarlet berries. The root has a sharp, stingy taste, without any reminder of turnip about it.

Pitcher Plant - The odd tubular shaped leaves of the pitcher plant deserve close attention. Inside of the leaves there is a sweet secretion which attracts insects. The flowers are oddly colored with green and brownish purple. The plant is always found in boggy places where the sunshine is partly obscured.

Robin's Plantain - The robin's plantain is a deceptive-looking character; it is easily mistaken for an aster. It grows about a foot high and the lower leaves lie prone on the ground. There is a hairy look to stem and flower which is not altogether aster like.

Bluets - Of all the dainty, tiny flowers that bloom in late spring, the little bluets are perhaps the daintiest. It is such an attractive little thing that Burpee, the seed

Blue-eyed-Grass - A flower almost as dainty as the bluets. Its color is a purplish ultramarine blue, darker towards the center, where there is a touch of pure gold. There is a curious notch in each one of the six divisions of the perianth, from which protrudes a little point in shape like a thorn. It is a relative of the iris.

Yellow Star-grass - Star-grass is a pretty little yellow flower which blooms almost anywhere in meadows in May and June. The outside of the flower is greenish ; the leaves are grass-like and hairy. It is closely related to the narcissus.

Cinquefoil - The very common cinquefoil is found beside the country highways and byways, and in pastures and meadows and woodland. It is often mistaken for a yellow flowered strawberry, but the cinquefoil has five divisions of the leaf while the strawberry has but three. It blooms from June to September.

Moss Pink - Sometimes planted in yards and cemeteries and runs over everything in the neighborhood where it is placed. It is not a desirable plant.

Wild Columbine - The scarlet and yellow columbine is one of our most beautiful wild flowers. It grows in rich, moist ground, and is a dainty graceful blossom. It is not numerous.

Moccasin Flower or Venus's Slipper - The flower is very handsome, in fact it does not look like an ordinary wild flower but rather like an expensive cultivated orchid. The point of beauty in the flower is its crimson-pink pouch or sack, and its purplishbrown and green sepals and petals.

Yellow Lady's Slipper - The smaller yellow lady's slipper, sister to the flower just described, is found in similar situations where the ground is moist, and has the addition of a slight perfume.

Snake's Mouth - The snake's mouth is a pretty little orchid of a most delicate pure pink color, which may be found in swampy places if one does not mind getting the feet wet. It blooms in June.

Purple Azalea or Pinxter Flower - Late in the spring the purple azalea will be found in swampy places and its lovely crimson pink color is a charming foil for the pale green tints of May.

Great Laurel or Rhododendron - It grows luxuriantly in the softened light of the half-lit woods. As a cultivated plant it is grown in parks and public gardens.

Cranberry, Large - The large cranberry grows in boggy places and may be found in bloom in early summer. The berry is ripe in early autumn. The finest berries come from the buggy district of Cape Cod, but many places grow cranberries. It is curious to find that such total different looking plants as the rhododendron and the cranberry are relatives ; they belong t< i the heath family.

Its peculiar wavy edged, dark green leaves are covered with a net work of fine white lines. The flowers are small, white and waxy-looking and the leaves are circled below in a rosette figure. They are ever green. It flowers in July.

Showy Orchis - Gray says this is the only true orchis we have. It is a pretty flower, the upper part purplish pink, and the lower, lip white; there are few blossoms on a stem, not more than three or four. The two leaves are not unlike the lily-of-the-valley. Its time of flowering is May and June.

Golden Senecia or Ragwort - The golden senecia has a delightful bright color which illumines the meadows where the flower happens to grow with an amber light, such as may be seen in some of the paintings of the old master, Claud Lorraine. The flower resembles an aster in form, but the leaves have an individuality of their own, and are variable in type.

Shin Leaf - The euphonious name "shin leaf" was tacked on the pretty Pyrola for a reason which one may readily guess ; the leaves were used as a cure for bruises and the old custom to call such a plaster shin plaster. It flowers in June and July.

Pipsissews - This is a sweet scented little woodland flower, which is common in all dry sandy soil. It is interesting to examine the blossoms under a magnifying glass, where the beauty of the frosty pink flower with its purple anthers will prove quite a revelation.

Yellow Wood Sorrel - The little yellow wood sorrel is extremely common in meadow, woodland and pastures, and the tiny clover-like leaf may be recognized anywhere snuggling in the grass from May to Octo-

White Wood Sorrel - The crimsonveined white wood sorrel is quite a different character, and is altogether lovely. It likes damp woodland best. The flower stem, which grows about three inches high, bears but one blossom.

Sheep Sorrel - Sheep sorrel is a wretch of a weed, which will flourish in sand or sterile soil and is the bane of the farmer who tries to .raise clover for his cattle. It belongs to the buckwheat family and so can claim no relationship to the wood sorrel, which belongs to the geranium family.

Blue Flag - The large blue flag grows in swamps or beside the sluggish stream, and shows its lovely variegated, blue violet flowers in June or July. Under the microscope its coloring" is marvelously beautiful.

Arrow Head - The little water plant called arrow head blooms in summer beside streamlets and good sized rivers, where it chooses a locality of a secluded and muddy nature. It is well adapted to decorative design.

Sabbatia - One of the most beautiful wild flowers. Its corolla is magenta pink and commonly has eight divisions. It frequents the edges of ponds and blooms in summer.

Evening Primrose - Is common beside the road and in pastures. The peculiarity of the flower is that it opens about sunset, gives out a faint perfume, and then when broad daylight returns, looks limp and withered. It blooms all summer.

Wild Geranium - The wild geranium, which the English usually call wild cranesbill, is a pale purple flower about as delicate as the evening primrose. The plant grows about fifteen inches high and is in its prime in June.

Herb Robert - A variety of geranium, quite common. The flowers are nearly magenta color, that is a deep purple brownish crimson. The stem is rudy.

Indian Poke, or False White Hellebore - About the end of May or the beginning of June large masses of light green, corrugated leaves are seen in the hollows of the meadow, which have a tropical look. The plant is the Indian Poke and is poisonous. Sheep and pigs have been killed by eating the leaves. In late summer the whole plant withers, blackens and disappears.

Bunch Berry - In early June the pretty little flower is quite interesting for several reasons ; what seems to be two white petals, two of which are smaller than the others, are not petals at all but involucre leaves. The flowers are tiny little greenish things with black dots in between. An examination of the flowers under the microscope will at once make the tiny forms clear. The scarlet berries are quite insipid to the taste.

Shepherd's Purse - The commonest kind of a weed. The small white flowers hardly deserve attention, but the seed pod is interesting on account of the triangular pouchshape which gave rise to the common name. It blooms all summer.

Candytuft - The cherry garden candytuft is a member of the common weed shepherd's purse. It is a captivating little flower which is in constant bloom from June until October. All they ask is that their flowers should be picked, and a new supply takes the place of the old.

Corn Flower, or Bachelor's Button - The bluest of all blue flowers, vies with the gentian which Bryant seems to consider a most perfect blue. But a flower of the true blue does not exist, it is only suggested by the forget-me-not.

Mignonette - Our common garden mignonette comes from the Levant, and is an annual cultivated for the sweet scent of its tiny rusty and greenish white flowers. It blooms all summer.

Phlox, Drummondii - Phlox is the Greek name for fire, and although all the phloxes are not fierv-hued, there are many of them brilliant and red enough to deserve the name. The range of color in the Drumnioml phlox is extraordinarv. There are cream white, pale yellow, pale salmon, pink, deep pink, crimson pink, magenta, purple lilac, pure red, crimson and solferino.

Caraway - The caraway has found its way into the fields and pastures from the kitchen garden and has really become a very familiar wild flower in many parts of the country. The plant grows about twenty inches high, and blooms about the middle of June. Its aromatic seeds are used plentifully to flavor the familiar New York New Year's cake.

Wild Meadow Parsnip - The wild meadow parsnip is not as common as caraway. The fine flowers, similar in appearance to the caraway, are pale golden yellow, and the leaves are twice compound. The stem of the plant is grooved, and the leaves, toothed at the edges, are dark green.

Indian Pipe - Found in rich woods, smooth, waxy white all over, three to six inches high, with one rather large nodding flower of five petals and ten stamens. It grows on the root of other plants and may be found beside a decayed stump of some forest giant.

Common Da)' Flower - It has light violet blue flowers, irregiilar in shape, and three-petaled. The flowers seem to grow out of an upper spathe like leaf, and the leaves are lance-shaped and contracted at the base. Tt is related to the spiderwort.

Spider Wort - Ts an attractive little three-petaled purple blue flower with orange yellow anthers, which unfortunately has a very short life. The little blue clusters snuggled at the base of the narrow green leaves form a very pretty bit of color harmony. Tt blooms in earlv summer.

Buttercup - - The child's favorite wild flower. The leaf is one of the most charming instances of symmetry in nature. There are not many flowers which can boast of

Dandelion - The common dandelion, which stars the meadow in May and June with its radiant circles of gold, would be a garden favor were it less common. A big dandelion placed under a magnifying glass is one of the grandest studies in golden yellow that can be imagined.

Oxeye Daisy - The oxeye daisv, like the dandelion, was brought to this country by the white man. Its presence in the grass is so annoying to the farmer that it has been called the farmer's curse.

Heliotrope - The beautiful sweet-scented heliotrope comes from Peru and Chili. It is a perennial, held in high esteem by all. The name comes from the Creek, and means turning to the sun. The essence of heliotrope is used as perfumery.

Milkwort - Milkwort is a common weed which generally grows in wet, sandy ground and bears pinkish crimson flowers in a head somewhat similar to a clover, but smaller. It was thought that in pastures thev increased the milk of cows. Tt blooms all summer.

Indian Cucumber Root- - Named from the taste of the tuberous, horizontal and white root stalk. It flowers in early summer, but the blossom is not attractive. Tn September the beautiful dark purple berries, three in a cluster, attract attention.

Nasturtium, or Indian Cress - The nasturtium is perhaps one of the most satisfactory of all the garden annuals. The flower comes to us from South America, chiefly from Peru and Chili. It can stand hot waves and drought better than any other denizen of the garden. What a glory of color it brings us! - golden yellow, palest straw color, rich maroon, burning scarlet, intense red, scarlet pink, delicate salmon, peach bloom pink, and a great list of variation of these colors. The plant wants plenty of water, sunlight and sand to grow in. If the ground is too rich it grows leaves.

Lady's Slipper - A close relative of the jewel weed, the garden balsam, or lady's slipper, bears a striking resemblance to the wild species. The balsam comes to us from India. It blooms in summer.

Geranium - There are a great many varieties under cultivation, peppermint, rosescented, pennyroyal, ivy leaved, horseshoe. As a rule all the mixed, showy flowered are called Lady Washington geraniums. Geraniums come from Cape of Good Hope and are related to herb robert. sorrel, jewel weed, nasturtium, canary bird vine. All are attractive when in flower.

Purslane or Pusley - A troublesome weed of the garden. Once a much relished dish of greens, which has since been displaced by spinach and young beet tops.

Shrubby St. John's Wort - This plant can hardly be called beautiful, and it is considered a great nuisance in farming lands. Has a superstitious name.

Purple Flowering Raspberry - The purple flowering raspberry is not purple at all. This is a popular name without any truth in it. The flowers are crimson-magenta in color and look something like a wild rose.

Yellow Field Lily - The yellow field lily begins to hang its golden yellow buds over the meadows in June and in July the pretty bells are in their prime. It has a pretty badly freckled face, which perhaps is the reason it hangs its head.

Wild Red Lily - In my estimation the wild red lily, which always grows in shady places, is the most beautiful one of all the wild species. The stalk grows about two feet high and generally bears but one flower, orange yellow outside and vermilion inside, spotted with brown madder.

Black-eyed Susan - The black-eyed Susan, as the children call it. Gray says is a western flower. It was introduced into our meadows with clover seed. The plant grows about eighteen inches high, blooms in July. The flower rays are a rich golden yellow, and have a graceful reflex curve.

Catch Fly - The catch fly is common in waste grounds and is easily identified by its two parted white petals. It is the most beautiful imaginable under the magnifying glass. The petals are not so remarkable, but the calyx is as delicate as though it were molded in spun glass.

Field Mouse-ear Chickweed - It is one of the commonest weeds that grow by our roadside. It blooms from April to August. It has an Alpine origin and does not stand the hot weather well. It is named from the shape of its leaves which resemble a mouse's ear.

and spreads its weak stems, covered with fine foliage, all over the garden beds. The tiny white flowers are very insignificant. They bloom through spring and summer.

Verbena - Our charming garden verbenas are many of them indigenous to this country. As a rule the flowers are purple. Other garden varieties are pink, red and white. They come from South America. The verbenas flower all summer.

Blue Vervain - Blue vervain is a tall weed with tiny, homely flowers, that grow in waste places and beside the road. The plant begins to show its tiny blossoms in Jul\-. It is a relative of our beautiful garden verbenas.

Water Arum - The water arum is similar in appearance to the cultivated hot house flower called calla lily. It is common in boggy places. It flowers in early summer, and is pretty enough to deserve cultivation, but the calla is so much superior that the horticulturist takes no interest in the lesser flower.

Wild Sarsaparilla - The wild sarsaparilla. which must not be mistaken for the true sarsaparilla of soda water fame, is nevertheless often used as a substitute for the officinal article. Its long slender yellow roots are as aromatic as the mucilaginous twigs of the sassafras tree.

Hedge Bindweed - In appearance the flower is exactly like a pink morning glorv, to which it is closely related. It is a South American plant.

Dodder - That most distressing weed which goes by the name of dodder is a plague which, in its disintegrating power, can only be compared to sin. The little vine is parasitic, and it saps the energy of everv plant it can fasten itself upon.

Poison Ivy - Gray says it is a vile pest. It poisons some people dreadfully, its only redeeming trait being its berries and pretty red leaves in the fall.

Clematis, or Virgin's Bower - The clematis is among the lovely vines which grow in your yards and gardens. Nothing is prettier than its graceful branches decorating a rustic fence. There are several varieties, one with handsome reddish flowers, one with yellow, another with blue.

The Poppy - The poppy family is so large and so varied in tvpe that a garden filled with all the different varieties would present an astonishing picture of contrasting forms and colors from the first of June until the middle of October. All come from the old world. The poppy is an extraordinarily beautiful flower : the variety known as Fairy bush excels.

Pot Marigold - It is a common garden flower and blooms from July to November if protected from frost or all winter in the green house. To insure this, however, the flowers must be picked continually or thev cease to bloom.

Gaillardia or Blanket Flower - In the Gaillanlia of our gardens we really have a cultivated Mower which is our own - a native of our country. The lines are ileep red and pale yellow, gold, rich red and white.

Summer Chrysanthemum - A charming annual held in high esteem by farmer's wives. The double flowers are splendid in golden yellow and yellowish white and the plant blooms with prodigal liberality. There are a great man}' varieties, single and double.

Common Loosestrife - The common loosestrife grows in low, wet ground, and may easily be distinguished from the fourleaved variety by its branching habit and its flower clusters which terminate the stem. It is also more leafy.

Turtle Head - It may l>e found in the same surroundings as the loosestrife or perhaps in lower ground. Its flowers are white or pinkish and it blooms in August.

Tall Meadow Rue - The beautiful tall meadow rue Ijegins to show its plumes of feather)' white flowers in earl}' summer when the yellow field lily is in full bloom. It has ornamented blue green leaves.

Spreading Dogbane - The spreading dogbane is so common all over the country in thickets and woody dells that one cannot fail to find it without the aid of a regular search. The flowers are quite as beautiful as many small garden' favorites.

Common Milkweed - The common milkweed needs no introduction ; its prettv pods of white silk are familiar to every child. It blooms in the early part of summer. Its heavy perfume is cloying, as it is too sweet.

Butterfly Weed - A variety of milkweed, but does not exude a stickv "milk": the shape of the flower is like the milk-weed. It grows in drv. sandy places.

Harebell - The dainty harebell, which looks so frail that it seems as though a cold gust of wind might wither its transparent blue, is one of the hardiest of all our small wild flowers and derives its name from its leaf.

Self-heal - All summer long this tireless little flower blossoms almost anywhere we may happen to look. The bumblebee is attracted by this flower. It must be studied under the microscope to see its full beauty.

Hardhach or Steeple Bush - Grows in low grounds. The flowers are pink, the plume sharp pointed. It is a very interesting flower under the microscope.

Jewel-weed, or Touch-me-not - The jewel-weed is common everywhere. The flower is scentless and is only pretty in color, which is a spotty orange yellow. It is like the garden balsam and one is not surprised to learn that it is related to this favorite.

Toadflax, or Butter and Eggs - A pretty wild flower which is common everywhere. The children's name for it, butter and eggs, so far as colors are concerned, is remarkably appropriate. The flowers have a cherry look, like the flock of daffodils on the margin of the lake which Wordsworth sang about. They bloom from July to October.

Wild Blue Toadflax - Not so pretty as its orange and yellow relative. Toadflax is a first cousin to the beautiful garden snapdragon, which is purple, violet, blue and white.

Indian Tobacco - The Indian tobacco (from which is obtained a noted quack medicine) is one of the least interesting of our blue wild flowers.

Cardinal Flower - -The magnificent red of the cardinal flower fully entitles it to its name, as there is no other wild flower which approaches it in color.

Wild Sunflower - The plant grows about four feet high and has rather narrow, darkgreen leaves which have a rough feeling. My impression of the general appearance of this wild sunflower is that it is prolific in green leaves and sparing in yellow flowers.

Tansy - Tansy is the very common yellow flower which looks like a thick cluster of ox-eye daisies with the white rays all picked out. It blooms and smells strong all summer and if dried lasts and smells stronger all winter.

Wild Carrot - The wild carrot is a familiar flower of every wayside and pasture. It was brought from Europe. The plant is related to the caraway.

Mullein - A common troublesome weed. It is a native of the Old World. Nothing is softer or more delicate in color than the pale green leaves when they first appear above ground. The flowers bloom all summer.

Common Everlasting - Everlasting is so well known by everyone that it needs no description. The plant is conspicuous in every field by its cottony foliage which is

Bouncing Bet or Soapwort - An European plant but now growing wild here. The flowers are the most delicate crimson pink imaginable, almost pinkish white.

Petunia - The garden annual petunia gets its name from petum, the aboriginal term for tobacco. It belongs to the night shade family and is a near relative of common tobacco. The finest of all petunias are called Giants of California.

Larkspur - The larkspur of our gardens comes variously from Europe, Siberia and China. It has a lovely spear of deep blue flowers which gracefully waves to and fro in every passing breeze. Larkspur is a member of the Crowfoot.

Hollyhock - The old-fashioned hollyhock still holds its place in modern gardens. but the old single variety is being displaced by a new double one, which is as full as the fullest rose and quite as beautiful. The colors of these double flowers are rose, pink, salmon, white, lilac, magnetia, primrose, yellow, deep red and maroon.

Scarlet Rose Mallow - The most gorgeous of all the plants indigenous to the United States. A glorious red scarlet flower, and scarlet wild flowers are extremely rare. The swamp rose mallow is a similar flower with pale pink petals which grows in the north. It blooms in summer.

Gladiolus - The gladiolus is still a great favorite of the garden, but it has been so much improved that the old red and pink varieties are supplanted by an infinite number of brilliant hued flowers. It blooms in late summer and autumn.

Tiger Flower - The charming tiger flower, which looks like a scarlet or yellow iris, comes to us from Mexico. It is a pity the blossoms are so frail ; they rarely last after midday. The center is spotted like an orchid.

Coreopsis or Calliopsis - Bright-eyed coreopsis is one of the cheeriest of our smaller garden flowers and it is another distinctly American character. It blooms all summer as late as September.

Marigold - The marigold is an old garden favorite, but has been greatly improved. Plants originally came from South America and Mexico. It blooms from June to October. The colors of the marigold are extraordinary; golden yellow, orange yellow. pure lemon yellow, russet red edged with gold, and golden yellow spotted with brownish claret color - these are all rendered in the purest tones.

Zinnia - The garden zinnia has only one palpable fault: it is unmistakably stiff. It has an astonishing range of color,- which comprehends nearly the whole scale - white, cream, buff, pale yellow, deep yellow, lemon yellow, orange, light orange, scarlet crimson, magenta, three pinks, lilac, dull purple, dull violet, maroon, and an intense deep red, jacquemont color.

Sunflower - The sunflower is distinctly American and comprises a large, varied, and interesting division of the composite family. It blooms in late summer and in September.

Fireweed, Great Willow Herb - The fireweed curiously enough flourishes on ground which at some time has been burned over. One may easily understand why it is called willow herb, as its leaf is exactly like that of the swamp willow. It is related to the veining primrose.

Boneset - This is a favorite plant among the country folks, for whom it furnishes a popular medicine, once used for ague, "boneset tea," - who likes it?

Ladies' Tresses - Toward the end of summer and through September the sweet smelling tiny flowers called ladies' tresses may be found in swamps or wet meadows. This flower belongs to the orchis family, related to the moccasin flower which blooms in the spring and summer.

Goldenrod - The name goldenrod conjures up the thought of an immense family of flowers thirty odd members of which a person with a fair knowledge of botany may easily identify. There are in all about seventy varieties. The goldenrod is certainly our representative American flower.

Aster or Star Worth - There are between forty and fifty species of wild asters in this country, so I can only draw attention to the commonest ones. Most of these have a distinct individuality, which will be impossible for one to mistake who will closely follow the description.

China Aster - There are so many varieties that I can only mention those of prominent type. The Victoria is an old favorite, then Truffant's, Betteridge's, Triumph, Comet, and the most beautiful new variety.

Bitter Sweet - Bitter sweet is a beautiful climbing, twining shrub, with which everyone who sees the scarlet berries inside the open orange-colored pod, ought to be familiar.

< iarget, or Pokeberry - The flowers are conspicuous, but the purple berries attract some attention. The juice has been used for coloring purposes but unsuccessfully, as it fades.

Closed, or Bottle Gentian - Is an inhabitant of the northern woods. Its flowers are like tiny thick tenpins in shape and are often a very good blue. It is of the latest fall flowers.

tive. The leaves are similar to the spring dandelion, but blunt toothed and very small, growing close to the ground. It blooms from July to November.

Nightshade - The little purple flowers grow in small clusters, and appear in summer. It is curious to learn that the nightshade is closely related to the potato, the egg plant, and the pretty ornamental shrub called Jerusalem cherry.

Winter Berry or Black Alder - At the close of the season of flowers in autumn our attention will be attracted by the brilliant berries of the black alder, which dot its gray stems and cling to them long after its leaves have dropped. It is common in swamps, growing as a shrub.

Chrysanthemum - The chrysanthemum is an oriental flower, which comes to us from Japan and China. There are something like 400 varieties and ever increasing. but the florist's chrysanthemums are not hardy. They are mostly of the Japanese class ; it is the older Chinese varieties which stand the cold of our northern winters best. The chrysanthemum is indeed the last and most beautiful flower of all flora's train ; and whatever we may say of the rose we must acknowledge the lovely golden flower another queen, the queen of autumn. When the summer flowers are gone and the birds have flown southward ; when the chill winds come down from the icy regions of the north, when there are no leaves, no blue sky, then comes our autumn queen, and fills our laps with a wealth of bloom the like of which we never saw in June.

dumb. The frost flowers greet the icy moon - Then blooms the bright chrysanthemum. Thy smile the scowl of winter braves, Last of the bright robed flowery train, Soft sighing o'er the garden graves : 'Farewell! Farewell! we meet again!' So may life's chill November bring Hope's golden flower, the last of all Before we hear the angels sing Wrhere blossoms never fade and fall!"

Political History

When Whitley county began her political career in 1838 a convention was held for the first county ticket, ignoring politics and selecting competent men who would consent to serve the people in the various positions for the pittance they would receive from their fellow settlers.

By 1840 the settlers, scattering as they were, lined up according, as the people of the entire nation were organizing into bitter partisan warfare that reached its noonday during and after the Civil war. Good roads, rural mail delivery, telephones, telegraphs and agencies of rapid transit have brought the people so near each other that, with the county seat so near the center, the people of the entire county mingle together each week as though a single neighborhood. A quarter of a century ago a journey from many parts of the county to Columbia City meant a day going and a day returning, and visiting was confined within small circles. The great changes have entirely done away with the school house orators, exaggeration and falsehood that formerly fanned political campaigns into veritable cyclones.

The political parties have always been pretty evenly divided with a slight preponderance in favor of the democrats. In 1 840, Harrison (whig) received 98 votes and Van Buren (democrat) 91, a whig majority of 7, and not again until 1904, when Roosevelt carried the county by 78, was there a majority adverse to the democratic candidate for president, and but twice in the sixtyeight years have the republicans elected their entire county ticket, but in sixteen of the thirty-five biennial elections they have elected part of their local ticket.

Majorities by which county officers have been elected would average considerably below a hundred. Many have been elected by less than fifty and not a few by less than ten majority. In 1878 the democrats elected a county treasurer by four majority and a county commissioner by three. In 1848 the two candidates for county treasurer were a tie. In 1890 the republicans elected a clerk by two, and in 1900 one democratic candidate for commissioner was defeated by four, while the candidate for county assessor was elected by one majority. The largest majority ever given a candidate on a straight party fight was 831, majority for Col. I. B. McDonald (democrat) for representative, in 1870 over Ambrose M. Trumbull (republican). McDonald carried every voting precinct in the county. The like never occurred before and is not likely to do so again.

In i860 Douglas received 1133 and Lincoln 1067, a democratic majority of 66. There was also three votes for Breckenridge, southern democrat.

At the first presidential election in 1840 there was a whig" majority of 7 and at the last presidential election there was a republican majority of 78. Thus opposition to the democrats carried the first and last presidential elections at an average majority of 42.

The democrats carried the fifteen intervening presidential elections at an average majority of 189, the lowest was 3 in 1844 and the highest 392 in 1876.

In the presidential landslide of 1904 the republicans had a majority for their state ticket considerably reduced below that of Roosevelt and elected their candidate for sheriff by 97. W Tile the democrats had a majority of 65 for Robinson for congress; 151 for Green, district prosecutor; 145 for Depew, joint representative; 122 for Brand, county treasurer ; 151 fur Walter, surveyor ; 13 for Williams, coroner; 105 for Irwin, commissioner, and 65 for Mowery, commissioner, an average majority for all county and district officers, except sheriff, of 102.

During all the vicissitudes of the parties ; the death of the whig party, the birth of the republican party in 1856 and its ascendancy up to 1872 ; the rise again of the democracy to a majority in the Lower House of Congress in 1874 and its hand to hand conflict with its competitor, in almost equal battle up to its great victory in 1892, and its decline again ; during all these times the voters of Whitley county have been but little swayed from their moorings, showing that there has been complete organization on both sides. There are few counties in the country where there has existed such complete part}' machinery reaching out to each school and road district. From the democracy's slender majority in 1844 to 1874 it held the county offices almost exclusively, first under the leadership of James B. Edwards and later that of Eli W. Brown, with I. B. McDonald and others as able lieutenants.

Against this compact and finely balanced organization there was a revolt in 1874. resulting in the nomination of a ticket alternating candidates, republican and democratic, under the name of People's Party, hut keeping hands entirely out of politics outside the count)-. It was signally successful in that year.

In 1876 its success was partial. In 1878 it elected three candidates. After that, parties lapsed back to their old positions until 1886, when the scheme was tried again, resulting in complete rout and failure. For many years the third party has been in evidence under name of Greenbackers or Prohibitionists but not in number sufficient to warrant a place in history.

Man}' of the Greenbackers were perfectly sincere in their action but their leaders 'were mostly adventurers who sought to make merchandise of their following in a market where each vote was a great factor in determining the local result, so that it became marketable to individuals rather than parties.

While the Prohibitionists in the main have been true to principle and have voted their sentiments without regard to the balance of power the}' could produce, there have been notable examples to the contrary.

first real stand for a tight on the whole county ticket, though it often before made an effort for some individual candidate and sometimes with success. Conditions were not auspicious for the democrats and their opponents entered the tight with an advantage i >n their side and a ticket of good strong men. hut lost out because of poor management. The highest democratic majority was 222 for Harrison, clerk, and the lowest 45 f< t Yontz for auditor.

In 1888 the republicans elected their candidate. W. W. Hollipeter, for sheriff by 67 majority, and the democrats all the balance of the ticket by majorities from 247 down to less than a hundred.

tn 1892 William F. McNagny, of this count)-, was the democratic candidate for congress and gave a stimulus to the campaign. His majority was t>2>7 and the lowest majority for the democrats was 191.

In [896 the entire democratic ticket was again elected by majorities all over a hundred, except Meyers for treasurer who had 73; and two years later, in 1898, the democratic majorities were quite decisive, averaging above 200.

the election of part of both tickets, so also was the result in 1902 and 1904. the former year the preponderance was with the republicans and the latter with the democrats.

In 1897 experts were employed to go over the books of the count)' for several years past that the people might know whether or not their servants had been honest and to prove or disprove the many charges and counter-charges that had been recklessly made.

The result was most satisfactory and quieting to the people. Not a dishonest act was discovered ; not a cent had been misappropriated or stolen. A few very small irregularities were pointed out due to different methods in bookkeeping which were readily adjusted and reconciled. Whitley county during its entire history has been a storm center of politics but its government has been honest and satisfactory.

John S. Cotton, democrat, was elected representative from Whitley county in 1868 by a majority of 238. At the regular session of the state legislature in January, 1869, the democratic members being in the minorit)-, resigned three days before the close of the session to break a quorum and prevent the ratification of the negro suffrage amendment. The appropriation bills had not passed, which gave Governor Baker a good excuse to call an extra session to force the negro suffrage amendment to passage. A special election was called and Cotton became nominee again on the issue of negro suffrage. Lewis Adams, up to this time a democrat, and former member of the legislature, was nominated against him. Cotton was elected by 72 1 majority, carrying every township but Troy, which he lost by 15; the republican majority at the fall election before had been 76. Adams lived in Troy. This vote is significant of the feeling of the people at that time on this question.

Congressional

On the organization of Whitley county it was in the fifth congressional district, composed of the counties of Union, Fayette. Wayne, La Grange, Randolph, Henry, Deleware. Allen. Grant and Huntington, Whitley added in 1838, represented by James H. Rariden from 1837 to 1841 ; and by Andrew Kennedy from 1841 to, 1843.

Under the apportionment of 184 J we were placed in the tenth district as follows: Randolph, Delaware, Grant, Jay, Steuben. Blackford, Adams, Wells, Huntington, La- Grange, Allen, Whitley, Noble and Dekalb and at the August election. 1842. Andrew Kennedy was elected from the new district", and by re-election held till 1847. William Rockhill held from 1847 to J849- Andrew J. Harlan from 1849 to J85i- Samuel Brenton from 185 1 to 1853.

Under the apportionment of 1852 the following counties comprised the tenth district: Elkhart, Kosciusko, Noble, La- Grange, Steuben, Dekalb, Allen and Whitley. Ebenezer M. Chamberlain was the representative from 1853 to 1855. Samuel Brenton from 1855 to 1859. Charles Case from 1859 to 1861. William Mitchell from

Under the apportionment of 1867, Allen was taken from the district and Huntington given to it, making the tenth district as follows : Kosciusko, Whitley, Huntington, Noble. Dekalb, Steuben, LaGrange and Elkhart. William Williams was the representative from 1867 to 1873.

Under the apportionment of 1872 the twelfth district was Jay, Blackford, Huntington, Wells, Adams, Allen and Whitley. This apportionment bill was approved at a special session of the legislature, December 2^,. 1872, after the congressional election. The state's apportionment being raised from eleven to thirteen representatives, two congressmen, Godlove S. Orth and William Williams, were elected from the state at large, and Henry B. Saylor, of Huntington, by the old tenth.

Under the apportionment act of 1879 the twelfth district was LaGrange, Steuben, Noble, Dekalb, Whitley and Allen. The apportionment acts of 1885, 1891, 1895 and 1 90 1 have left the district remaining the same. Robert Lowry, of Allen county, was representative from 1883 to 1887; James B. White, of Allen county, from 1887 to 1889; Charles A. O. McClellan, of Dekalb count}-, from 1889 to 1893: William F. McNagny, of Whitley county, from 1893 to 1895; Jacob D. Leighty, of Dekalb county, from 1895 to 1897; James M. Robinson, of Allen county, from 1897 to 1905:

Newton W. Gilbert, from 1905 till September, 1906. when he resigned. Clarence C. Gilhams. of La Grange county, was elected for both long and short terms in 1906.

Article Ii

Sec. 2. - The general assembly may, within two years after their first meeting and shall, in the year 1820, and every subsequent term of five years, cause an enumeration to be made of all white male inhabitants above the age of twenty-one years. The number of representatives shall, at the several periods of making such enumerations, be fixed by the general assembly, and apportioned among the several counties according to the number of white male inhabitants above twenty-one years of age in each ; and shall never be less than twentyfive (25) or greater than thirty-six (36), until the number of the white male inhabitants above twenty-one years of age shall be twenty-two thousand ; and after that event, at such ratio, that the whole number of representatives shall never be less than thirty-six, nor exceed one hundred.

on this being convened, in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided by lot, from their respective counties or districts. as near as can be, into three classes ; the seats of the senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the first year ; and the second class, at the expiration of the second year; and the third class, at the expiration of the third year; so that one third thereof, as near as possible, may be annually chosen forever thereafter.

Sec. 6. - The number of senators shall, at the several periods of making the enumeration before mentioned, be fixed by thegeneral assembly, and apportioned among the several counties or districts to be established by law, according to the number of white male inhabitants of the age of twentyone years in each, and shall never be less than one third, nor more than one half the number of representatives.

New Constitution Adopted February Io Article Iv

Sec. 2.- - The senate shall not exceed fifty, nor the house of representatives 1 me hundred members ; and they shall be chosen by the electors of the respective counties or districts into which the state may, from time to time, be divided.

with ten members until 1821, when it increased to twelve. In 1822, it rose to 16 and by 1838, when Whitley county was organized, it had risen to forty-seven and by 1 84 1 it has risen to the constitutional limit of fifty. The number of representatives increased steadily at almost every session, so that by 1836 it had reached its limitation of one hundred.

In 1835, Ezra S. Trask was elected state senator for the term of three years for the district composed of Wabash, Jay, Grant, Huntington and the territory attached thereto for judicial purposes (meaning Whitley county) and was our senator at date of organization, but at the fall election of 1838 James Trimble was elected senator. From that date to the present we have had the following senators :

Under New Constitution

At the organization of the county in 1838 William Vance was representative and was re-elected in August, 1838. (District - Huntington, Jay, Wells, Black ford and Whitley.)

Clerks Of Court

The clerk of courts was ex-ofncio clerk of the board of county commissioners from the organization of the county to 1841, when that duty was transferred to the county auditor.

Circuit Court Judges

Common pleas judges were Stephen Wildman, James C. Bodley and William M. Clapp. Whitley and Noble counties constituted the nineteenth district.

Early Reminiscences By John R. Anderson

I was bom in Muskingum county. Ohio, October 7, 181 6. the son of Samuel and Rebecca Rose Anderson, natives of Ireland and New Jersey, respectively, and of Scotch and German extraction. I came to Richland township. Whitley county, Indiana. October 9, 1837, and have lived continuously on the same farm I entered, ever since. My name is on the tax duplicate for every year that one was made.

The third child born in the township was Jacob Kistler, now living at Larwill, the son of Jacob and Sophia Kistler, and he was born August 20, 1839.

The first death in Richland township was Samuel Jones in February, 1837. He died al)out the place afterwards called Summit, one mile west of Larwill. He was the father-in-law of Norman Andrews.

\liout the same time John Jones died at the home of Ezra Thompson. The family was moving through and the son became sick from exposure and Thompsons t< 11 >k them in, where he died.

The third death was Mrs. Evaline Ditton, who died October 17, 1837, and she was buried on the farm called the Henry Norris farm, now owned by George Miller. Her casket was made out of some old wagon box boards, by her father, Mr. Andrew Compton, and myself. There was no one to hold a funeral. The grave was not marked and is lost and plowed over, as well as the graves of others at the same place.

The next deaths were Zebulon Burch and Anna Burch, his wife, and some children, among whom was a son named Joel. The next was Mr. James Perkins, father of Mrs. John Graham. His bod}- was removed some years after.

The next death was that of David Welch, the man who died at South Whitley. , about whom so much has been said and written, as being the first man to die in the count}'. An effort is now being made to find the tody. I have recently been on the ground and am sure I know the exact spot, for 1 have always been familiar with the place.

He was not a stranger or sojourner, but lived with his family, consisting -of a wife and four children, in a log cabin near Clear Creelc. north of South Whitley. He was rather shiftless, and worked at odd jobs and finally took his turn with the other settlers going after provisions and to mill on Turkev Creek, near Elkhart.

He came home on the seventh day and had been drinking heavily and to sober off, his wife told me he drank two large spoonfuls of turpentine and that night he died. The next day the neighbors gathered in and as there was no lumber David Payne made a casket out of his (Payne's) wagon box. There was no funeral, but in the evening they located a place on the Goshen road near the south-east corner of John Edwards' town lot in the alley six or eight feet from the road.

The first cemetery was the one above described on the George Miller farm and it is all plowed over. Though I helped bury most of those interred there I cannot find the place.

The second cemetery was Otto Webb's. Six or seven were buried there. Some were taken up, and the spot is plowed over and lost. The next cemetery was started by George Clapp on section 24, Richland township. This is the present Oak Grove cemetery. This was the fall of 1839. Clapp deecled the ground, a quarter of an acre, to the county, but it was long kept up by the citizens, but of late years the county has cared for it, and it is well kept and has a number of fine monuments.

About 1S38 an Indian was buried in section 18, near Boonville, and about the same time a squaw was buried near the door of Monroe Snyder's resilience and two Indians on the Trerabley farm.

was dedicated by Rev. Anderson Parrett. The German Lutherans had an organization over about Eberhards, and their preacher had an appointment and it happened that the United Brethren had an appointment for the same da)- and hour and the Lutherans got the start and would not let the United Brethren take a part. He said he did not want his services broke in two in the middle, so the United Brethren announced he would preach in two weeks and retired, but in two weeks they came together again. The German started in to take full charge and after he had given out the first hymn the United Brethren announced that it was the first time he had ever seen a hand car get ahead of a locomotive. He retired but gave out an appointment for four weeks and told the Lutheran he would not again give way to him. In four weeks the United Brethren came and also a Universalist and there was a clash again. The Universalist said: "Let's hold services together; there is no difference between us." The United Brethren said: "No difference; there's as much difference as between a hawk and a buzzard. The hawk hunts for his meat and the buzzard steals his."

The Methodists finally secured the house and some years ago built the present brick church and it is a successful and thriving congregation.

In the fall of 1837, William Rice went to Huntington and got a commission to organize the township. The name Richland had been agreed upon at a meeting of settlers at Rice's house in October. In December the first election was held at the home of Ezra Thompson in the north-west quarter of section 9, near the cross roads and adja-

The voters at that election were Ezra Thompson, J. R. Anderson, Edwin Cone, David Hayden, William Rice, Otto Webb, Zebulon Burch and Andrew Compton.

The Whitley County History, published some years ago, has the names differently, but this is correct. I was there and have always kept the list of the voters.

Echo Of Seventy Years Ago

Through the courtesy of S. P. Kaler, The Post is enabled to publish a valuable historical article written by the late Mrs. Eliakim Mosher, before her death, with comments upon the same by John R. Anderson, who still resides in Richland township. The article describes their nineteen days' trip from Coshocton county, Ohio, through the wilderness to the chosen land, where both spent their long lives, Mrs. Mosher preceding him upon a journey he will yet take.

Andrew Compton and Mary Stafford Compton, his wife, with two men, John Anderson and Sam Holloway, started from Coshocton county, Ohio, September 27, 1837. They wandered through the forests, picking their way through western Ohio to Pickaway and Black Swamp and then 011 to Fort Wayne. As there was no road to Whitley county they took the towpath From Fort Wayne to Huntington. It commenced to rain soon after leaving Fort Wavne and continued to rain during the whole afternoon. Near Fort Wayne the first Indians were seen. They were still very barbarous, wearing the fetlock and rings in their noses. As night came on we camped in the woods. Here we made ourselves as comfortable as possible. A fire was the first thing needed. This we succeeded in getting after shooting twice into a bunch of tow. The wind roared and the fire leaped high as the supper was being prepared. Supper being over, the horses were made fast so they could not get away. Then bed quilts were hung up as a protection from the wind. All slept on the ground during the night.

By noon the next day we reached Huntington. There we sought to provide ourselves with a few needful provisions. Fifty pounds of salt was secured for five dollars. Other articles purchased were also very costly. After leaving Huntington we drove four miles to Delvin Hill. Here we camped for the night, enjoying the same accommodations we had enjoyed before.

The next morning we started on our journey again. During the entire day we did not see a person and not even a house. From this we knew that we were getting into extremely new country. At night we again camped in the woods during a storm. The saplings were very thick and therefore afforded good protection. At this place the wolves were very thick and during the night they commenced howling" and became very hold. The men cut trees and made pens for the hogs in order to keep them from the hungry wolves. The next day was Sunday, but nevertheless we broke camp and journeyed on until we came to a cabin in the woods. The woman in the cabin made us very welcome, as she seemed to be overjoyed to sec people of her own race. She was especially pleased with the children of the party. Here we secured corn, which we kept for seed on our new farm. As we journeyed on we came to the river, which was deep and with no means of crossing. The problem of crossing was a serious one, but it was solved at last. John Anderson rode over on the one horse which we owned. He drove with him the cattle and hogs, but the current carried the hogs down the stream for some distance.' The family was secured in the large wagon, to which were hitched two oxen. The oxen moved slowly down the bank and out into the stream. In a short time they were dragging the heavy wagon up the opposite bank. We were now across Eel river, about where the old mill dam is near South Whitley, but which was then called Springfield. Near sundown we reached Mr. Burch's ; this was only a few miles from the land which we were to occupy. October 16th found us on our chosen ground. We had completed our journey in nineteen days.

Comments By John R. Anderson

We camped under a birch tree about forty rods from the canal and about four miles below Roanoke and got to Huntington about ten o'clock next day.

We drove thirteen hogs ; one old Jersey Blue slab-sided and long-nosed sow, an animal that would kill a dog or a wolf or a hare. Everything that came in her way she would grab with her big mouth and dispatch with one snap, and go on as if nothing- happened. I told Compton that rail pen would not hold that sow a minute and it didn't. She slung it to pieces in an instant and the hogs all got out, but they staved with us and the old sow protected the hogs and us, too. The next morning as we were starting for Edl river we ran over one hog with the wagon and killed it. Compton said we w-ould take the carcass along for soap grease. Hollowav and I knew we would have to dress and cut up the hog and we put up a job. When we heard wolves howling we said they smelled the carcass. That settled it, and the hog was thrown away.