Jackson Township (part 2 of 2)

JOHN RICHARDS, farmer and stock-breeder, was born August 7, 1808, in Hawkins County, Tenn. , and is of the family of Michael and Charity (Hubbard) Richards, the first a native of Germany, the second of North Carolina. John Richards came hither with his parents in 1816, and located in Washington Township, where Michael Richards entered land and improved the same. After our subject was sixteen he lived with his grandfather, and later engaged in pipestave making and flat-boating until 1830, when he returned to this locality to remain. He entered forty acres about the time of the county's organization, to which land he added until he had 500 acres, and has owned more land, perhaps, than any man now living here. He possesses 940 acres on Bear Creek with some improvements and good orchards, besides other farm lands, and having given to his children 500 acres, all the conquest of his industry and ability, he having once cut wood at 25 cents a cord, and made rails for 25 cents a hundred. March 22, 1832, Mr. Richards married Priscilla Parks, which union was honored by seven children - Stephen A., Marian, Columbus, Commodore Perry (died in the army), Mary Jane, Michael and John, the last three deceased. After the death of his wife, May 21, 1846, Mr. Richards wedded, January 13, 1847, Joanna Stipp, with issue of six children- He and wife are members of the Christian Church. The paternal grandfather of Mr. Richards lived to be one hundred and eleven, and his maternal grandfather to be ninety- four years old. Mr. Richards has served as Constable, Justice of the Peace and County Commissioner.

STEPHEN A. RICIJARDS, farmer, was born May 6, 1833, in this county, and is the eldest of the family of John and Priscilla (Parks) Richards, natives of Tennessee. Stephen was reared to farming, but became a teacher and lived at home until July 17, 1855, when he married Mary C. Richardson, and to this union were born six children, four living - John A., Joanna, Byron and Mary C. September, 1864, Mr. Richards enlisted in the service, but afterward hired a substitute and began the study of medicine, which he soon abandoned. He has now 160 acres, in good cultivation and with varied improvements. In 1875, he and brother established the iirst store at Richards, carrying on merchandise in general for one year, when the same was sold to their father. January 28, 1884, Mr. Richards was appointed Postmaster at Richards, and for many years carried on a grist mill in the same place. He is a leading Democrat and an honored citizen. Mr. Richards' farm contains gold.

JOHN RICHARDSON, farmer, was born in Tennessee January 16, 1820, and is the second of iPourteen children born to William and Sarah (Stephens) Richardson, natives of Tennessee. John Richardson passed his youth at school and in attending to the farm duties, his parents having moved to Monroe County, this State. January 16, 1843, he married Serilda Bull, and to this union were born six children - Jacob, William, Richard, Owen A., James M. and Sarah Jane; this mother died in November, 1855, and March 15, 1856, Mr. Richardson wedded Mrs.

Kelley, from which marriage descended two children - Nancy C ana Eebecca A. This lady also died - May 24, 1863 - and on July 14, of that year, Mr. Richardson was joined to Anna Stephens, to which last alliance were born nine children, of whom five are living - Jourdan L., Theodosia E., John K., Cordelia F. and Daniel Boone. Mr. Richardson moved to his present place in 1855, purchasing 120 and adding afterward 40 acres, of which he now owns 113 acres, which are well improved and planted. He is in politics a Democrat, and he and wife commune with the Baptists.

WILLIAM R. RITTER. farmer, was born in this township May 13, 1839, and is the third of ten children granted to Jesse and Sarah Ritter, both natives of Tennessee and of Dutch descent. William R. Ritter was raised on a farm, received but a limited education, having in all about one year's schopling. When sixteen years old, he left hie father's roof and went to Shelby County, where he remained working by the month until he was twenty-one years of age, the first year at $85, the second at $115, and when his majority was reached he had saved $400; he then returned to this county, and here worked by the month for a time. February 11, 1862, he married Hannah M. Fleener, daughter of Jacob and Hannah Fleener, to which union succeeded one child- Jesse Anderson. After marriage Mr. Ritter located nine miles southwest of Shelbyville, and in 1869 moved to where he now lives, and owns 120 acres, which land is improved and adorned in the best manner^all the result of bis labor and saving. He is a Democrat, a good citizen and honorable gentlemen.

WILLIAM SNIDER, stock-raiser and farmer, was bom January 13, 1839, in this county, and is the fifth of the eleven children given to William and Elizabeth (Brummet) Snider, natives respectively of Kentucky and Tennessee, and of German and German-Irish extraction. Our subject was brought up to the plow, received some schooling, and remained to assist his parents until his marriage to Sarah Brummet,- to which union were born six children - Cordelia (deceased), Margaret (deceased), Elizabeth (deceased), Ewing, Shookey and Oscar; after the death of this mother, July 10, 1875, Mr. Snider was united with Ellen Cornett, February 17, 1876. He owns 135 acres where he now makes his home, which is improved, adorned and cultivated. He is also owner of 160 acres in Woodruff County, Ark., and gives some attention to stock In 1863, he moved to Monroe County, Ind., purchased 220 acres, sold the same in 1882, and then removed to his present home. Politically, Mr. Snider is an active Democrat, and gave his first vote for Stephen A. Douglas. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Christian Church, while Mrs. Snider belongs to the Methodist Episcopal Church.

ALEXANDER C. SPENCER, M. D., was born December 27, 1846, in Monroe County, Ind., and is the fifth of the eight children born to James W. and Nancy (Alexander) Spencer, both natives of Kentucky. Our subject was reared to farming, and after some time at the common schools he attended the State University for one year. When twentytwo years old he began the work of self sustenance, and in 1870 was elected County Surveyor for one term ; he then traveled further West. In 1876, he entered on the study of medicine with Dr. Campbell, of this county, and in 1883 graduated from the Central Medical College at Indianapolis. October 23, 1881, he married Annie E. Prosser, of this county, but a native of West Virginia. To this union has been born one child - Virgil B. F. Dr. Spencer is a member of the Masonic fraternity. lie was elected Assessor of Benton Township, Monroe County, for two years ; was School Commissioner and County Surveyor for thirty years, and is an active Democrat. He is a reputable citizen and a promising practitioner. He and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church.

JOHN W. STEPHENS is a native of this township, was born August 26, 1858, and is the third of the four boys and two girls bora to Jordan and Zilpha (Huff) Stephens, natives of Indiana. Our subject was reared to the labor of the farm and the acquirement of education. He was elected Constable some time ago, and is now a prominent candidate for re-election. Jordan Stephens is a pioneer of this county, entered eighty acres where now lives, being a practical farmer. February 24, 1830, he married Agnes Chandler, moved to this county in 1847, and settled in this township. These parents had born to them five boys and two girls. John W. Stephens is a promising gentleman, mentally and physically. He stands six feet seven inches in his shoeless feet, and weighs 210 pounds. He is a prominent Democrat for so young a man, and a generally respected citizen.

WILLIAM E. STUAET, farmer and stock-raiser, was born December 22, 1823, in Hancock County, W. Va., and is the third of the eight children of Joseph and Elizabeth (Campbell) Stuart, both of Scotch descent., and respectively natives of Pennsylvania and West Virginia. The great-grandfathier of our subject was the single member of his family left after the battle of Culloden, Scotland. The grandfather of our subject was the only one of his family spared by the great London plague, and immigrated to America. William E. Stuart in company with his father engagud in the maoufacture of fire brick in 1842, and which was continued until 1866, fiat-boating their wares to New Orleans and other Southern markets, the last brick descending the Mississippi in 1861. In 1866, Mr. Stuart came to Indiana, settled on his present residence site, and purchased 240 acres of well- improved and appointed land, combining a good home and farm. March 7, 1850, he married Hezaniah Campbell, of Pennsylvania. This union gave being to tbree children - Elizabeth Virginia, John and Joseph William. Mr. Stuart is a Democrat, an honored citizen, and he and wife belong to the Presbyterian Church.

ISAAC S. WADE, merchant, was born December 7, 1826, in Belmont County, Ohio, and is a sou of Owen S. and Margaret (Strahl) Wade, natives respectively of North Carolina and Ohio. Isaac S. lost his mother in infancy and was reared by a sister, afterward removing to Noble County, where he learned harness-making and subsequently shoemaking. In 1861, he moved to this county, where he worked at shoemaking for about ten years; moved to Neodmore, engaged in general merchandising successfully, now having as tine a store as the county affords, and doing a very fine trade. August 3, 1858, he married Elizabeth Headley, and to them have been born two children - Owen Headley and Mary Ellen Thatcher. Mr. Wade was appointed Postmaster October 16, 1872, being the first of such officers in his town. He is an honored member of the Masonic fraternity, and has given his children good courses of instruction. He is also an Odd Fellow and an active Republican and worthy citizen. Mr. and Mrs. Wade are adherents of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

THOMAS WALTMAN was born January 22, 1837, in Frederick County, Md., and is the sixth of eleven children born to Thomas and Catherine (Wo]f) Waltman, natives of Maryland. Our subject was reared on a farm, with a common school education, and when about nineteen years old he commenced the task of getting his own living, and followed farming where his father had entered 160 acres, and purchased the first mill, which mill our subject has since managed. March, 1862, he married Ann L. El lender, to which union were born eight children, six- of. them living today - Hiram D., Armilda, Minnie May, Gresilda, John and Bessie. Mr. Waltman is the possessor of 400 acres, under good cultivation, improved with comfortable residence, fair barns, and other appurtenances for use and value, all of which were acquired by industry and skill. Mr. Waltman is a member of the Masonic fraternity; is a Democrat, and has served as County Commissioner for two terms. He and wife are members of the Baptist Church.

WILLIAM M. WALTMAN is a native of Georgetown, Brown County, Ind., was born November 15, 1844, and is the tenth child of Thomas and Catherine (Wolf) Waltman, natives of Maryland and of German extraction. The grandfather of our subject, IVIichael Waltman, was a soldier of the Eevolution, William M. Waltman, at the age of fourteen years, went to work in a tannery, where he labored some years. November 15, 1865, he raarriefl Mary B. Moser, which nuptials resulted in nine children - Walter V., Edgar C, Hattie L., Thomas M. (deceased), John A., Charles G., Maggie, Bertie W. and Kubie. Mr. Waltman is the possessor of 180 acres, 80 being improved, constituting a good home and valuable property. He was admitted to the bar in 1874. He is a member of the Freemasons, and a charter member of Lodge 527. He is a self-made man truly-, and has accumulated his property and acquired his good name by industry and ability. He is now Notary Public at Georgetown, and esteemed as an honorable, benevolent citizen. He and Mr. Chafin were the founders of the Brown County Democrat. Mr. Waltman, Sr., was one of the first promoters of the Brown County Old Settlers' Association. The grandfather of Mrs. Waltman was a soldier of the war of 1812.

DR. JAMES G. WAED was born July 25, 1845, in Williamsburg,. Johnson County, Ind. , and is the third of the ten children of Dr. Kufus and Clementine D. D. J. M. (Alexander) Ward, natives respectively of Virginia and Kentucky, the former being one of the oldest practitioners of Johnson County. Our subject, during youth, received a fair education, and December, 1862, he enlisted in Company I, Tenth Indiana Cavalry, and was engaged in the following battles: Decatur, Nashville, Franklin and Mobile, and was discharged in the fall of 1865. After this event, he attended school at Blooraington, and thereafter farmed until 1868, when he engaged in saw-milling for three years. In 1872, he commenced the study of medicine with Dr. Maxwell, attended lectures at Indianapolis in 1883-84, having practiced at Bloomington; he now resides at Bean Blossom, and has a good practice. March 24, 1863, while on furlough, he married Serepta Peterson, by which union were produced six children - Ida B., Eufus, Mahlon (deceased), Bezeta Clementine, Harrison Gammell and Hannah J. Dr. Ward is a member of the Masonic fraternity, a Republican in politics, an esteemed citizen and a successful practitioner of medicine

ABRAHAM CANARY, ? tock-raiser and farmer, was born in Mercer County, Ky., April 12, 1819, and is the second of the four children of Michael and Elizabeth (Gashwooler) Canary, natives of Kentucky and of German descent, who moved to this State in 1829, located in Johnson County, entered land and commenced the work of making a home and a farm, where Mr. Canary housed his family, reared four children and died in 1861, aged eighty-three years. Abraham was reared on the home place, and shortly after reaching his majority married Miss Mary, daughter of Thomas McDaniel, and thereafter engaged in farming in Johnson County, until 1861, when he moved to this township, and in August of that year enlisted in Company D, Eighty-second Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, served three years, and took part at Lookout Mountain, Buzzard's Roost, Missionary Ridge, Murfreesboro, Stone River, Perry ville, 'the Atlanta campaign and Gen. Sherman's march to the sea. At Scorehy Valley he was captured, held nine days, paroled, and thirty-five days later joined his regiment. June, 1864, he was discharged and resumed farming, having now a well-improved, stocked, cultivated farm of 100 acres. October 31, 1881, Mrs. Canary died, and September 1, 1882, he wedded America Perkins. Mr. Canary is a strong, aggressive Democrat, also a valued citizen. >

WILLIAM CRABB, dealer in general merchandise at Spearsville, was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, April 23, 1823 , and is the youngest of the twelve children bestowed upon Henry and Ann (George) Crabb, natives of Pennsylvania and of Irish and German extraction respectively. William's paternal grandmother was a member of the Keller family. He remained with his parents on the farm until 1854, when he moved from Ohio to Indiana, located at Unionville, engaged jointly in farming -and selling goods, remained one year, came then to Spearsville and has been engaged' in the mercantile line for more than thirty years, being the oldest merchant of the place, with a large and established trade. He has also a fine peach orchard near this town. Mr. Crabb has been foui: times married, first, to Eleanor Taylor, in 1846, with an outcome of one child - Henry Newton. Mrs. Crabb died in 1849, and he then married Matilda Moore, also with an outcome of one child - Mary J. ; this mother died in 1851, and he married Elizabeth Peterson, with an issue of six children - Seward, Alice, William R., Keller E., Lena and Maud E., of which number the third and fourth are teachers; this lady died January 1, 1878; when he married Keziah Tracy. Mr. Crabb is a member of the Greenback party, and he and wife are members of the church ^the first of the Presbyterian and the latter of the Christian Church.

JOHN B. CRAVEN, stock-raiser and farmer, is a native of England, was born December 15, 1848, and is the eldest of the eleven children of William and Mary Craven, also natives of England, who emigrated to the United States in 1853. John B. Craven was reared to the profession of agriculture, educated in the schools of Ohio and Indiana, and remained with and assisted his parents in making a home and clearing a farm in this county, whither they had moved in 1864. After his majority he returned to Ohio and assisted to clear as a farm-hand until September 7, 1871, when he married Martha A., daughter of William and Nancy (Goforth) Hamblen; the product of this union was three children - Mary Almie, Nancy Olive and Essie Myrtle. Mr. Craven has a good f arm^ of sixty acres, which has been cultivated and is well improved, stocked with mules, cattle and hogs, making a very agreeable home and a valuable property - all of which is wholly the consequence of his application and constancy to business. He is a much esteemed and liberal citizen.

WILLIAM B. GRAY, was born in Monroe County, Ind., November 19, 1832, and is the ninth of the family of Andrew and Nancy (Bass) Gray, natives of Kentucky. Our subject was I'eared a farmer, obtained a mediocre education, lived at home uritil he was ot age, then went to Illinois, and worked by the month, purchased a saw mill and managed the same for three years, and in 1860, returned to Indiana, where, on the 29th of November, he married Miranda Caughron, of Johnson County, which union gave being to seven children - Andrew W. (deceased), Ida May (deceased), Mary L., Florence E. (deceased), Wilber G., Cyrus Edgar and Miranda (deceased). Mr. Gray enlisted March 1, 1864, in Company I, Twenty-second Regiment Indiana Volunteers, and was in the battles of Rome, Kenesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Jone.sboro, Atlanta, Bentonville, and was in the Washington grand review. After his discharge, August, 1865, as Corijoral, he resumed the plow. He owns a farm of excellent quality and in high cultivation, with good buildings, barns, orchard and the like - all obtained by his thrift and economy, Mr. Gray is an earnest Republican, an esteemed citizen, and he and wife have been members of the Methodist Episcopal Church since the year 1846.

REV. ANDREW B. GRAY is a native of Monroe County, Ind., was born March 12, 1834, and is one of six boys and eight girls descended from Andrew and Nancy (Bass) Gray. Andrew was brought up on a farm, and when not engaged in farm duties, during the winters, attended the accessible schools; he afterward went to Asbury University for one year, and then taught five terms in this county. January 15, 1856, he married Sarah J. , daughter of David and Mary Shaffer, and to them were bestowed seven children - G. O. Norman, Addie Bell, Corinne Juliet, Sarah Roxanna, Mary Alice, Arthur Leon and Charles William. In 1845, Mr. Gray settled "where he now resides, on 40 acres of his father's pre-emption. , August, 1862, he enlisted in Company D, Eighty-second Indiana Volunteer Infantry, soon after which event he took measles, and was in consequence discharged. He is au active Republican, and was appointed to fill a vacancy as Trustee, caused by the real Trustee's enlistment Mr. Gray is an esteemed citizen, one of the county's ablest friends, and he and wife are consistent members of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

REV. WILLIAM HAMBLEN, minister and farmer, was born in Leo County, Va., July 31, 1814, and is a son of John M. and Mary (Campbell) Hamblen, respectively natives of North Carolina and Maryland, and of English and Irish extraction. William Hamblen was reared to farming in Virginia, and learned boot and shoe making, and in 1886 emigrated to this State, entered Government land, and has since made this county his home. In June, 1846, he enlisted for the Mexican war in the Third Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was discharged after six months. Returning home, he followed his trade until 1856, at which time he was ordained a minister of the United Brethren Church, to which he devoted his attention until the year 1872, when he changed to the Methodist Episcopal Church South. June 10, 1839, he married Miss Nancy, daughter of William and Juriah (Barnes) Goforth. Seven children have crowned this union - Elizabeth Jane, Mary, John William (deceased), Richard, Williamson, Sarah C, and Martha A. Rev. Mr. Hamblen is a Democrat in politics, apd gave his first vote for Martin Van Buren in 1836. As a practical farmer, he has been successful, now owning and controlling a farm of forty acres.

GEORGE W. HAMBLEN, farmer and stock-raiser, was born in this township August 4, 1847, and is the sixth of seven children descended from Jesse and Rachael (Taggart) Hamblen. George W. was reared at home, assisted his father on the farm, obtained a good common school education, and so continued until manhood. July 2, 1871, he married Miss Mary E., daughter of Alanson and Eliza (Clemons) Corwin, and a native of Bartholomew County, Ind. This union gave being to four children - Edward, Addie, Omer and Nettie. Mr. Hamblen is owner of a 190-acre farm, under good improvement, with valuable stock and embellishments, all of which he has acquired by his indomitable will and un aided efforts. He is a worthy and honored citizen of his township, and, with Mrs. Hamblen, a consistent member of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

DAVID JAMES, dealer in general merchandise, at Spearsville, is a native of Noble County, Ohio, was born February 8, 1849, and is the third of the six, in family born to Theodore and Clarissa (Merry) James, natives of Ohio, and of German extraction. David James attended school and was reared in Ohio. August 17, 1867, he married Miss Hannah, daughter of Abram M. and Helen (Hart) Bryan, and to this happy pair were bestowed seven children, five of whom are living - Orpha A., Olive B., Gracie M. B., Orvel S. and Reed G. In 1871, Mr. James emigrated to this township, purchased land near Georgetown, farmed four years, then sold, rented land for one year, and engaged in produce-dealing for three years, after which experiment he moved to Spearsville in 1879, and engaged most successfully in his present line. Mr. James has been a useful and diligent citizen, having contributed more, perhaps, to the growth and prosperity of the town than any one other person. He is a Democrat by party preference, a prominent citizen, and he, his wife and two daughters are members of the church, of which our subject is an assistant Class Leader.

ALFRED A. KNEE, Postmaster, grocerymau and shoe-maker at Spearsville, was born in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, May 7, 1834, and is the eldest of the ten children of Philip and Prances Knee, natives of Pennsylvania and of German extraction. Alfred A- Knee received his education and grew to mature age in Ohio, where, as well as in Indiana, he taught school for a time. May 7, 1861, he married Elizabeth Sharp, a native of Ohio, who died in 1866, having been the mother of three children, all deceased. August 7, 1862, Mr. Knee enlisted in the One Hundred and Second Ohio Regiment, in which he served three years, being in the Army of the Cumberland. They were at the battle of Decatur, and pursued Gen. Forrest through several towns. In 1863-64, he suffered from rheumatism and otorrhoea, and has since been deaf in the right ear. After his discharge, he followed farming and shoe-making. In 1870, he, married Nancy E. Tracy, of Belmont County, Ohio, but without issue. In 1877, Mr. Knee located in Spearsville as a shoe-maker, and December, 1881, engaged in his present business; he was afterward appointed Postmaster, and is yet doing duty. He controls a farm or sixty acres, having good improvements and a number of horses, cattle and hogs. In politics, he is a Republican, and, with Mrs. Knee, a member of the Christian Church.

JAMES W. MoILVAIN was born June 29, 1814, in Belmont County, Ohio, and is a son of Andrew and Anna (Spear) Mcllvain, natives of Delaware, and respectively of Irish aiid English descent. Our subject was reared on a farm and remained, at home until he became of age. April 2, 1835, he married Miss Louisa B. Mead, a native of Virginia, and to their union were granted seven children - Elizabeth (deceased), Joseph A. (killed at the battle of Atlanta), Leander J., James E., Crary J., Milton H. and Lovina Amanda Malvina. Mr. Mcllvain moved to his present residence in 1845, containing 520 acres entered by him in 1841, of which he now has 240 acres, having given considerable to his children. He has long been known for his benevolent acts, and has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, since his eighteenth year; had a built within forty rods of his house, and has been a Steward in that denomination for forty-five years. He was elected Justice of the Peace under the old Constitution; in 1847, one of the three Trustees of township, and again elected Justice in 1874, being commissioned by Oovs. Hendricks and Williams. He beg^n voting with the Bepublicans in 1856, and is a stanch member of that party. He has had a somewhat eventful life, his house having been bored by bullets during the war on account of his adherence to the Union cause. Mr. Mcllvain is a member of the Masonic fraternity.

LEANDER JOHN McILVAIN, farmer and raiser of stock, was born February 2, 1842, in Belmont County, Ohio, and is the third child of James W. and Louisa (Mead) Mcllvain. Leander J. Mcllvain was reared on a farm, with limited education, aud remained with his parents until August, 1861, when he enlisted in Company H, Eighty-second Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and was engaged at Perryville, Stone River, Murfreesboro, Ch ickamauga, Peach Tree Creek, Buzzard Roost, Missionary Ridge, Atlanta, Savannah, Goldsboro and Sherman's march. He was discharged June, 1865, and returned to active farm life. October 25, 1866, he married Miss Mary A., daughter of William and Mary A. Douglass, and to this union five children were born - Mary L., James William, Henrietta, Minnie Florence and Andrew F. Mr. Mcllvain is a member of the Horse Thief and Felony Detective Societies. In 1867, he located on his present. farm of ninety-eight acres of good land, with improved buildings, orchard, and full supply of stock, etc. In politics he is an active Republican; was commissioned Postmaster in December, 1878. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

EPHRAIM McKEE, farmer and stock-raiser, was born in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, May 2, 1830, and is the eldest of the seven children descended from James and Cassie (Morris) McKee, natives respectively of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and of Irish and Welsh descent. Our subject emigrated from Ohio to this State, with his parents, in 1845; settled in this township on Government land, made a home from nature's wilds, and roared and educated a family of six children. After two years, Mr. McKee sold this farm and purchased the tract on which he now resides. It comprises 440 acres, well cultivated, improved, stocked and adorned - a fine property and commodious home. February 17, 1852, he married Phebe A. Stilabwer, a native of Germany, to which unio^ were born Michael, Mary E., Ann Eliza, Caroline, John Hj, and Marth^ Ellen, deceased. Mr. McKee is a practical farmer, who has acquired hi^ property laboriously and honestly. He is a Democrat in politics, and. with his wife, a member of the Lutheran Church.

HANNIBAL I. MEAD was the sixth of the seven children born to Joseph and Elizabeth (Grey) Mead, natives of Virginia, and respectively of English and German descent. Our subject was born March 24, 1822, in Virginia. He was reared to labor on a farm, and was carried to Belmont County, Ohio, by his parents in 1830; fourteen years later, he moved to this township, entered eighty-four acres, to which he added until he owned 300 acres, and made a comfortable home and a good farm. October 4, 1848, he married Miss Nancy Jane Hamblen, of this county, to which union were born three children - Milo Milton (deceased), Florence A. and Louisa Ellen. Mr. Mead was an active Democrat; has served two terms as Township Trustee, three as County Commissioner, and was serving as such at the time of his decease, March 31, 1878. He was a member of the Masonic order, Hnd a benevolent, respected gentleman. His widow is living on the homestead, greatly esteemed by all.

JOHN G. MILNES, farmer and stock-raiser, is a native of Halifax, Eng., was born June 23, 1835, and is descended from William and Hannah (Greenwood) Milnes, the second of their seven children. These parents came to the United States in 1841, landed in New York, came to Johnson County, Ind., purchased a farm, remained three years, thence came to this township, here settled on land and remained until their deaths - he in 1853, she in 1880. John G. Milnes was reared at home, and September 6, 1854, married Elizabeth Ann Porter, a native of Ohio, who gave birth to ten children - William, Louisa, Ann M., Mary E. (deceased), John H. (deceased), Charles, Sarah E., Joseph, Ida and Minn'e. Mr. Milnes has in control and is owner of 384 acres, which are improved by good residence, orchard, and stocked with horses, cattle and sheep, the whole acquired by honest labor and frugality. Mr. and Mrs. Milnes are consistent and honored members of the New Light Church, and Mr. Milnes is an upright and esteemed citizen.

JAMES P. MOSER, M. D., of Spearsville, is a native of Jackson Township, this county, was born October 11, 1849, and is the fifth of the nine children of Calvin and Margaret (Hunting) Moser. James P. was reared to the duties of fajm work, also attended for some time the schools of his neighborhood, and so applied himself that he was able to teach, which he did for awhile, afterward entering the high school at Bloomingtbn, where he prepared himself to acquire a profession. He further taught school, and later entered the office of Dr. B. S Arwine, of Georgetown, and devoted himself assiduously to the study of medicine for two years, afterward attending lectures at, and graduating from, the Cincinnati Medical College, June 14, 1876. August 11, 1870. Dr. Moser married Miss Josephine, daughter of Crawford and Elizabeth Livingston. The result of this union was three children - Laura V., Roston Scott and Elmer Bramble. Dr. Moser located at Georgetown one year after his graduation, thence moving to Spearsville, where he has successfully and continuously practiced medicine and surgery. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, a Democrat, and was Secretary of Brown County Board of Health in 1883. Dr. and Mrs. Moser are members of the Baptist Church.

' JOHN SMITH, farmer and gunsmith, was born in Wayne County, Ind., May Q, 1827, and is the second of fifteen children granted to Charles and Nancy Ann (Langley) Smith, natives respectively of Tennessee and North Carolina, and of Scotch and German extraction, who moved to Madison County in 1832, entered and cleared land and made a home. Mrs. Smiih died in 1872, but Mr. Smith is yet living. On this land our subject grew to manhood, and served an apprenticeship to gunmaking of seven years, afterward working as a journeyman for two years, and has since followed this business for himself, being one of the best workmen in the State. In January, 1851, he married Miss Lydia E., daughter of Jonathan West, which union has been endeared by eleven children - George W., Charles C, Suwan, JosephE., Jane, Jeremiah, Mary, Alice, Julia, Rebecca and Norah (deceased). Mr. Smith is owner of an improved farm of 155 acres, making a good home, but devotes his time himself wholly to gunsmithing. He is a Freemason and an Odd Fellow; an Independent in politics, and he and wife are members of the Missionary Baptist Church.

WILLIAM W. STOCKWELL, farmer and stock-raiser, was born in North Hampton, Mass., February 27,' 1829, and is the third of twelve children born to William and Clarissa W. (Whittemore) Stookwell, natives of Massachusetts, and of English extraction. William W. Stockwell grew to manhood at home, and attended the public schools until he becaihe of age. December 6, 1863, he married Mary M. Jerome, which union was crowned by one child - Frank J. Mrs. Stockwell died March 9, 1867. After moving from Ohio to Indiana, Mr. Stockwell became a sub-mail contractor, and after two years came to and located in this township. April 12, 1868, he married Alice A. Wisenberg, with a result of two children - Herbert W. and Florence L. Mr. Stockveell's place comprises 111 acres in good cultivation, and with considerable stock and improvements. He has been for years a correspondent of several literary and scientitio journals in Ohio, New York and this State. He is also author of many poems and songs for camp and fireside; likewise a work embracing incidents in the life of George W. Murray during four years' service in the late war and term of confinement in Libby Prison.

AUSTIN F. STOCKWELL is a native of Ravenna, State of Ohio, was born August 25, 1834, and is the fifth of the twelve children of William and Clarissa (Whittemore) Stockwell. Austin P. Stockwell was reared on the home farm, attended school in boyhood, and rekiained with his parents until he reached man's estate. March 26, 1859, he married Miss Mary P., a daughter of Zedoch and Maria Wright, which union was endeared by seven children - Perry A., William E., Yernon E., Alice M., Franklin I., Myrtle N. and Palmer R. The last named, but eldest, born December 14, 1862, has attended the Central Indiana Normal School and Business Institute, thereby fitting himself for an educator, which profession he has followed for four years. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and also of the Methodist Episcopal Church. August 17, 1864, our subject enlisted in Company C, One Hundred and Seventy-seventh Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry; served until the close of the war, and at the battle of Shelby ville Pike, while on a " double-quick," received a fall which has caused permanent disability, and was discharged July 28, 1865. Mr. Stockwell is Treasurer and Quartermaster of Adams Post, G. A. R., and an esteemed and worthy citizen. Mrs. Stockwell is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. ^ ^

WILLIAM P. TAGGART, farmer and stock-raiser, is a native of this township, was born May 28. 1832, and is the second of the nine in family of William and Sarah (Mullis) Taggart, natives of Tennessee, and of Scotch and Irish extraction respectively. Our subject was reared at home, attended the ordinary schools, and assisted his parents. August 6, 1851, he married Zerelda, daughter of L. Eliakim and Nancy Hamblen, to which union were born two children^Amanda Jane and Martin Elbridge. Mr. Taggart has a fine farm of 1,000 acres, which place is well stocked, improved and planted - an enviable possession, which has been wholly acquired by his unflagging industry and astute management. He is a reputable citizen, an honorable gentleman, a voter with the National party, and he and wife have been members of the Methodist Episcopal Church for several years. In 1879, Mr. i'aggart engaged in saw-milling on his place most successfully, and in 1880 introduced buhrs for grinding corn.

JOHN M. UEidH is a native of Eatonsburg, Penn., was born May 30, 1831, and is the. eldest son of David and Ann (Eckenroad) Urieh, who emigrated to Ohio from Pennsylvania, located in Mahoning County, and cleared and established a home. They were natives of Pennsylvania, and parents of ten children - John M., Lucinda, Absalom, Lafayette, Henry, Frank, William (deceased), Laura, Mary and James (deceased). Mr. TJrich left the world in 1850, aged fifty-six. Mrs. U?ich yet survives on the home farm, aged seventy- three. Our subject remained with his mother on the farm until October 14, 1858, at which period he married Miss Eliza M., daughter of William and Clarissa W. Stockwell, which union was cemented by eight children - William W. (deceased), Elmer E., Frank W., Edna A., Ida M., Pearl J. (deceased), Claude C. and John E. Mr. Urich is the owner and manager of a farm of 100 acres of excellent land, productive, cultivated, improved and stocked. He came to this attractive home in 1866, having then removed from Ohio. . He is a respected citizen and a worthy gentleman. Mr. and Mrs. Urich are consistent members of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

JACOB PERRY WALKER, stock-raiser and farmer, was born in Henry County, Ky., January 27, 1828, and is the eldest of the twelve children born to Samuel and Nancy Young Walker, natives of Kentucky and of German extraction, who emigrated to this State in 1839, settled in this county, entered Government land, and reduced the forest and wilderness to a home and a farm. Here they resided thereafter - he closing his life in 1874, leaving his wife to survive him, a member of the Christian Church, as was her husband. John Perry Walker obtained the rudiments of an education, and remained at home until May 26, 1853, when he married Cynthia White, with an issue of seven children, three of whom are living - Emily, David and Nancy M. The mother of these children died April, 1877, and December 12, 1879, he wedded Rachel Amanda Wright. Mr. Walker is owner and director of a farm embracing 240 acres, in good cultivation, with good stock and improvements, giving some attention to raising varieties of stock. He is a member of the Masonic body, a practical farmer, a Democrat in politics, and an upright and respected citizen.

SAMUEL WALKER, Trustee of Hamblen Township, is a native of this county, was born February 3, 1847, and is the fourth of the eight children of Charles H. and Jane Rairden Walker, natives of Kentucky. Our subject attended subscription school and worked on the farm, and remained at home until a short time before his majority,when he began^to care for himself by working on a farm and then in a saw mill. January 4, 1872, he married Miss Caroline B., daughter of John and Jane Gosser, to which union succeeded two children - Ernest G. and Estal E. Mr. Walker is owner and controller of 160 acres of good and well-improved land, which is fully stocked and equipped, and he is also the proprietor of land on which a church and schoolhouse have been erected. He is a voter of the Democratic stock, and is now serving his second term as Township Trustee, which service is well and worthily appreciated. He has been an industrious, prudent man, and is generally highly respected, Mr. and Mrs. Walker are consistent members of the Christian Church.

JOHN M. WALKEE, dealer in dry goods, boots and shoes, groceries, queensware. glassware, etc., at Spearsville, was born in this township April 20, 1855, and is the youngest of the family of Charles H. and Jane Walker. John M. Walker worked for his father and attended school until he was eighteen years old, when he commenced on his own account as a farm hand. January 19, 1882, he married Miss Sarah J., daughter of Hamilton E. and Margaret Heskett, and to this union two children have been born - Elsie M. (deceased) and Verless. In February, 1882, Mr. Walker abandoned the plow and the field, and took up mercantile business at Spearsvile, since which date he has done a thriving and encouraging trade. He is a first-class business man, an honorable citizen, a Democrat politically, and an advocate of justice and progress. Mrs. Ws,lker is a member of the Christian Church.

WILLIAM G. WATSON, stock-raiser and farmer, is a native of Monroe County, Ind.; was born November 28, 3833, and is the eldest of the family of ten born to Jonathan and Elizabeth (Steward) Watson, natives of Kentucky, who moved to this township about 1834, where they continued throughout their lives, he dying in 1867, she in 1870, after having made a home on. entered land. William remained with his parents and attended subscription schools until April 6, 1859, when he married Eachel Parsley, the fruit of which alliance was seven children - Louisa, William E., Steward, James H. (deceased), Laura, Cordia and Eufus. Mr. Watson is the owner of 210 acres of quite well- improved land, which is also fully stocked and adorned, his residence now being- where the great spectacle enterprise had its beginning. Ho votes with tke Democratic party, has served two terms as Assessor of this township, from 1864 to 1868 as Sheriff of the county, and in 1870 was elected Auditor, in which service he gave full satisfaction. Mr. Watson is a member of the Masonic fraternity to the degree of Eoyal Arch, and he and wife are members of the Christian Church.

SAMUEL WEBBEE, farmer, was born in Noble Countv, Ohio, October 27, 1841, and is the third of eight children born to Ira' and Hannah (Moore) Webber, the former a native of Maine, the latter of Virginia, who emigrated to this State in 1865, purchased a farm on Salt Creek, where Mr. Webber died October 13, 1871, and where his wife is yet living. Samuel Webber grew to almost manhood on the home place, and October 1, 1861, enlisted in Company C, Seventy, seventh Eegiment Ohio Volunteers; served three years and participated in the following engagements: Shiloh Jenkins' Ferry and siege of Corinth; was wounded in the leg before Corinth, and still carries the ball; he afterward was assigned to carpenter tvork, and was wounded in the elbow while building a bridge at Jenkins' Ferry. After his discharge in 1864, he moved to

Indiana in 1865, and April 23 of that year married Bethania C. Harper, who died the succeeding autumn. Mr. Webber thereafter came to this county, and resided with his parents until September 16, 1866, at which period he married Miss Minerva A., daughter of Joshua and Mary. Dean, which union has ,been endeared by five children - Frank E., James H., Charles C, Laura E. and Pearl E. Mr. "Webber is a practical farmer, owning 241 acres, with a good share of stock and numerous improvements. He is a member of the Masonic order, and as a Democrat has served his township as Trustee, also as Commissioner, and is a reputable citizen. He and wife are members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. SOLOMON WYATT, of Spearsville, is a native of New Jersey, was. born December 19, 1815, and is the seventh of the nine children of Solomon and Sarah Wyatt, natives of Delaware and of English descent. Our subject was reared on a farm in his native State, where he worked on the farm, attended the subscription schools, and afterward served an apprenticeship of three years at finink-making in Philadelphia; he then moved westward and located in Belmont County, Ohio, where he remained two years; moved to Indiana in 1848, settled in this township, purchased a farm, and in 1866 moved to this town. December 29, 1861, he married Miss M!ary, daughter of Zephaniah and Catherine (Cleft) Johnson. Mr. Wyatt is a man self-made and independent. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity, by political preference a Democrat, has donated land for building a church near Spearsville, and is a greatly respected citizen. Mrs. Wyatt is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church.

ELDER DAVID M. BECK, ex-County Superintendent, was born February 4, 1836, in Lawrence County, Ind., and is the sixth of ten children descended from David and Elizabeth (Phillips) Beck, the former a native of North Carolina, the latter of Kentucky, who were married in Washington County, Ind., and in 1850 located in this county, where Mr. Beck remained until death, having given up his ministry a few years previously, which he had followed thirty years. Elder Beck grew to manhood on a farm, received a practical education, after which he began teaching in Lawrence and Brown Counties, having taught in both twentythree terms. August, 1872, he commenced his ministrations in the Christian Church, to which he still adheres. In 1877, he was appointed Superintendent of Brown County, and in 1879 re-appointed. September, 1856, he married Miss Mary J. Litten, who died leaving one child, Paris M. (deceased). March 22, 1862, he wedded Mary J. Allen, to which union eight children were born - Julia A., Emma J., Lottie E., William W., Cora A., Laura L., David C. and James A. (deceased). Elder Beck owns a good farm of eighty-three acres, beautifully located, and with many improvements and adornments. He is now a Democrat, also a Prohibitionist, and a worthy, trusted and honored citizen.

DR. MAEION A. DUNCAN, physician and surgeon of Bellsville, was born June 9, 1855, in Marion County, Ind., and is the eleventh of the thirteen children of Alexander and Sarah F. (Redick) Duncan, natives of North Carolina, and respectively of Scotch and Irish descent. Dr. Duncan was- reared as a farm boy near Nashville, this States attended the common schools, and one term at the State University. When quite a boy he expressed a predilection to be a doctor, and commenced the study of medicine at twenty-two years of age, under Dr. J. M. Cook, with whom he remained one year, then attended lectures at the Ohio Medical College; returned home, and began practice at Jonesville in 1879. In 1880, he removed to Nashville, staid two years, and finally located at Bellsville, where he has done well. December 23, 1881, he married Miss Lucinda Francis, bom April 24, 1855, the crown of which union has been two children - Pearlie and Varnie. Dr. Duncan is a good business man, a promising physician, an energetic Democrat, and a trusted citizen. Mrs. Duncan is a member of the Christian Church.

ARNOLD S. GRIFFITT, M. D., physician and surgeon, was born September 19, 1840, in Morgantown, Ind., and is the sixth of twelve children born to Reuben and Lovina (Shell) Griffitt, both deceased, natives of East Tennessee, and of German extraction. Reuben GrifiStt was Justice of the Peace for a number of years, and Postmaster at Morgantown for thirty-three years. Arnold S. Griffitt worked on a farm until he was twenty-eight years of age; he received the rudiments of an education in youth, and when twenty-six began studying medicine with Dr. J. L. Grinnell, under whom he remained two years, then attended lectures at Louisville University, Kentucky, graduated in 1869, and located at Nashville, where he continued until 1879; removed to Taylorsville for eighteen months, thence to Nashville again until 1882, at which period he purchased seventy-five acres in this township, and farmed in connection with his practice. While at Nashville he was Postmaster four and Pension Examiner two years. September 9, 1861, he wedded Miss Emeline F. Anderson, who died leaving four children - Lucetta E., Annie 0., Katie and Joseph G. He nest married Mrs. Emma Taggart August 16, 1876. Dr. Griffitt is a member of the Masonic body, an active Republican, and an esteemed citizen. At present Dr. Griffitt is selling goods, holding the positions of Postmaster and Notary Public at Story, as well as medical practitioner. From 1861 to 1866 he taught school. He and wife belong to the Methodist Episcopal Church South.

ROBERT HENDE19.S0N, farmer and stock-raiser, is a native of Jackson County, Ind., born August 28, 1827, and is the eldest of ten children of Robert and Parmelia (Newkirk) Henderson, the former a native of Virginia, the latter of Indiana. The father of our subject was born 1795, remained in Virginia until he was fourteen years of age, moved thence to Kentucky, thence to Lawrence County, Ind., in 1815, and to this county in 1829. Our subject grew to manbood on a farm, having been brought here when an infant, and remained with his parents until he was twenty-three years of age. December 13, 1850, he married Mary A. Davis, from which union sprang eleven children, of whom are living - Emeline, James M., John C. B., Parmelia, Robert M., Benjamin, Jasper and Freeman. Mr. Henderson has a good farm of 200 acres, on which ie lives, also one of 200 acres in Jackson County, which farm is well, improved. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity and a Democrat; was elected County Commissioner in 1870, re-elected in 1872, and is now a candidate for re-election. Mr. Henderson is an excellent citizen, and he and wife are members of the Baptist Church.

E. H. MOORE (of the firm of Moore & Tilton, New Bellsville, Ind.) is a native of Coshocton County, Ohio, was born September 19, 1846, and is one of the ten children of Peter and Mary (Nelson) Moore, natives respectively of Pennsylvania and Ohio. The grandfather of our subject, Patrick Moore, emigrated from Ireland, settled in Westmoreland County, Penn., then moved to Ohio, where he came to death, the father of eleven children. Peter Moore was a native of Ohio, bom August 12, 1810; was married in 1832, and in 1850 went to California, where he engaged in mining for two years; then came to this county, where he came to death October 12, 1871: his wife November 10, 1881. Their family were Robert, Susan, John, Laban, James, Irena, Edward, Emmanuel H., Thomas J. and George W. October 4, 1864, our subject entered the war of the rebellion in Company D, One Hundred and Fortieth Regiment Indiana Volunteer Infantry, and served until the close of the war, being discharged July, 1865. November 22, 1866, he maiTied Miss Mary E., daughter of Benjamin and Rebecca Moore, a native of Belmont County, Ohio. In 1868, Mr. Moore moved to Grundy County, Mo., and in 1873, returned to this county, where he engaged in farming for a year, then began dealing in tobacco, in which he has since been engaged, now extensively, and in 1881 he opened a store with J. G. Tilton. Mr. and Mrs. Moore have a family of five - Anabel (deceased), Edward L. , Linnie M. , Benjamin F. and Clara R. Mr. Moore belongs to the Masonic order and the Methodist Episcopal Church.

tucky, where they married, then moved to Bartholomew County, Ind., in 1831, and thence to this county, in 1841, where Mr. Ping closed his life, Tebruary 2, 1883. Mrs. Ping is still living in- this township; their family was William, Catherine, Betty, Logan, Walker, David, Deborah, John T., Silas and Job J. John T., our subject, married in Bartholomew County, Ind., February 2, 1862, Miss Elizabeth, daughter of Jesse and Elizabeth Campbell, and born in Muskingum County, Ohio, July 1, 1841. After marriage, Mr. Ping settled in this township, and Februar)' 7, 1865, enlisted in Company K. One Hundred and Forty-fifth Indiana Kegiment, served until January 21, 1866, when he was discharged. After his return he moved to Bartholomew County, remained until 1870, then returned to this county, where he has since resided, in pursuit of his trade as carpenter. Mr. and Mrs. Ping are parents of six children - Sarah F., Eosalie, Emory (deceased), Cora A. (deceased), Andrew B. and John W. Mr. Ping is a greatly respected citizen.

JOHN C. WEKT was born in Preble County, Ohio, November 11, 1809, and is a son of Jacob and Catherine (Balsley) Wert, natives of Fayette County, Penn. The grandfather of our subject, Christian Wert, emigrated from Switzerland to Pennsylvania, before the Revolutionary war, where ho wedded Maria Neeley, and moved to Fayette County, where he subsequently died. He was a soldier in the Revolution and the father of six children. Jacob Wert was born in 1784, was a soldier of the war of 1812, was married in Fayette County, Penn., moved to Ohio in 1807, and settled on what is now a part of Cincinnati; this land he sold and moved to Preble County, where he died in 1850, his wife surviving him thirteen years: they were parents of fourteen children. John C. Wert whan a young man learned the trade of milling, which he followed for a large portion of his time. November 4, 1832, he married Miss Jane E. , daughter of Larkin and Susan (Crisler) Weaver, and a native of Virginia. In 1846, Mr. Wert moved to Aurora, Ind. , worked as a miller, and in 1855 purchased a mill in Ohio County, which he managed until 1867, at which time he came to this county and purchased and settled on the farm which is now his home and sustenance. Mr. and Mrs. Wert have been the parents of twelve children - William, James, Maria, Susan, Washington, Amanda, Arabelle, Isabelle (deceased), Thomas (deceased), Charles, Eliza and Harvey. Mr. Wert is a Mason, a Republican and an Odd Fellow.

HEZEKIAH AXSON, farmer and stock- raiser, is a native of Yadkin County, N. C, was bom Angust 19, 1831, and is the eldest son of Samuel and "Winnie (Mathews) Axson, both natives of North Carolina, and respectively of English and Irish extraction. Samuel Axson moved to Monroe about 1838, and to this county twelve years afterward. Hezekiah Axson received a subscription-school education in youth, and remained at home until he was twenty-one years old, and followed various occupations, principally farming. September 5, 1861, he entered the service and remained three years, serving in the following battles : Pittsburg Landing, Stone Kiver, Chickamauga and others. He received two gunshot wounds, one in the left thigh, and one in the left shoulder, and was mustered out September 2, 1864. After this experience he resumed farming. April 15, 1854, he married Miss Mary Helenburg, a native of Virginia, from which union have sprung seven children - Andy W. (deceased), Mary J., Amanda E., Stanley, Alice M., John T. and Cordelia. Mr. 'Axson is a member of the M.asonic fraternity, a Republican in politics, and an estimable citizen. His greatest ambition is to leave with his children a good education as a basis for life.

DE. JOHN H. LEONARD is a native of Monroe County, was born December 27, 1843, and is the eldest of eleven children bom to William and Lucinda (Grimes) Leonard, both natives of Indiana. William Leonard came with his parents to Monroe County about 1825, of which locality he is yet a resident. John H. was reared a farmer, with such education as the schools afforded, and when seventeen began the business of telegraphing, which he followed until he was thirty years of age, at which time he began to study medicine under Dr. Dowden, at Owensburg, with whom he studied three years, then attended a course of lectures at the Louisville Medical College, and afterward located at Elkinsville. Brown County, Ind. , in 1876. His first marriage was to Dulcinea Carr, which union was blessed with three children, two having been named - Charles (deceased) and Dora E. After the death of this mother, Dr. Leonard married Miss Louisa E. Stark, by which marriage has been born one daughter - Ida B. Dr. Leonard has a good and growing practice. He is a prominent Democrat, and the present Assessor of the township. He is a trusted physician and a good citizen, and, as is his wife, a members of the CBristian Church. »

THOMAS MADGETT, farmer, was born in Ennis, County Clare, Ireland, March 24, 1817, and is a son of John N. and Sarah (Perry) Madgett, the former a native of Ireland, the latter of Canada. John N. Madgett received a good education at an endowed school, and May, 1807, was commissioned Doctor of Pharmacy, and followed that profession throughout his life, having been in a hospital at Ennis; Mr. Madgett died in 1849, and Mrs. Madgett fourteen years before; they were membors of the English Church. Thomas Madgett obtained a classical education in the land of his birth, passed his early years at farming, and when thirty-eight emigrated to America, lived for a time in New York and Cin-

Biographical Sketches

«innati, and finally came to this county, where he now lives. He entered achool land at the time, and now has a fine farm under good cultivation. Mr. Madgett is a member of the Masonic fraternity, has been Township Assessor and Township Trustee, and is at present County Commissioner. He is a leading citizen, a devoted member of the Methodist Episcopal -Church, and resides with his sisters.