Goodhue County, Minnesota - Chapter 17: County Schools, 1909

Chapter 17: County Schools

The first settlers of Goodhue county had a strong faith in the value of an education. Those who came from the New England states brought with them the noble ideals of early New England traditions, according to which the first things a community thought of as a community was its school and its church. The immigrants who came directly from Europe came from countries in which education was valued highly and schools well developed. It was natural, therefore, that as soon as a settlement was made anywhere in the county some provision would be made for a school. Even before any public schools could be organized private schools were taught, the first one of which any record is known being held in one of the old Indian mission houses in Red Wing during the year of 1853 and taught by Mrs. H. L. Bevans.

The first school district organized was District No. 1 at Red "Wing, in 1854. Then followed in the order of townships the organization of districts in Wacouta, Burnside, Welch, Stanton, Cannon Falls, Vasa, Featherstone, Hay Creek, Florence, Central Point, Belvidere, Goodhue, Belle Creek, Leon, AArarsaw, Holden, Wanamingo, Minneola, Zumbrota, Cherry Grove, Pine Island, Roscoe, and Kenyon.

It was natural that the conditions of the schools during the first years of pioneer life should be rather primitive. Schools were sometimes kept in private buildings. One is mentioned as being kept in a "lean to," a sort of summer kitchen; another was kept in the attic of a small log cabin where the rafters were so low that the superintendent had to beware of bumping his head when visiting the school. One school was kept in a large barn in the basement of which were the stables for horses and cattle. Benches without backs were the only seats, and the door had to be kept open to afford light. Shooing chickens and clucks and pigs was part of the program. Quite commonly the schools were kept in log cabins which had been used while pre-empting some claim. One of these cabins is described as follows: "The house stood alone on the prairie, which was somewhat rolling, and entirely out of sight of any neighboring house. There was a large square opening, left for a window, on one side. About the middle of the roof there was a smaller opening, which had been used to accommodate a stove pipe. These were used to let in the light. There was also a door at one corner of the building, where light would come in when the weather was pleasant. The door itself had neither hinges nor fastenings. The young lady teacher had plenty of exercise in removing and replacing the door in windy weather. She said in answer to some inquiries of the superintended that she was obliged to place a large prop against the door oftentimes to keep out the wind, and in case of a hard shower, "we huddle together in the dryest corner! "

\n 1864 there were nominally one hundred districts in the county, but only eighty-seven of these were organized. There were fifty-six school houses owned by districts; thirty-four frame and twenty-two log buildings. According to the superintendent's report only six were really good buildings. Home-made seats and desks were the order, and many schools were without blackboards, maps, or globes. There were a1 this time only two districts which employed more than one teacher. They were Red "Wing, employing five, and Cannon Falls, two. The total enrollment was 2.450.

During the year of 1864-65 there were in the county 101 teachers, of whom twenty-five were men and seventy-six women. Three held first grade certificates; fifty-seven, second grade; and forty-one. third grade. M. P. Ilubbel was the first man and Mrs. Julia B. Nelson, then Julia Bullard, the first woman to receive a first grade certificate.

The earliest statistical report of the county superintendent kept on file is from the year 1883. At that time there were four special or independent districts and 143 rural schools, of which five were joint districts with their school houses in the adjoining counties. The total enrollment was 7.404. During the year seven districts had three months of school ; fifteen had four months ; twenty-four, five months ; thirty-two. six months ; forty-five, seven months; eleven, eight months; two, nine months; and one, ten months. Many of the schools were very large. Thus District No. 24 shows an enrollment of ninety-one; District 54. seventy-

The greatesl Dumber of pupils enrolled in the schools of the county during' one year was in 1886, when the total number was 8,127. Since thai time it has decreased until in 1908 it was 6.620. The greatest number enrolled in the rural schools seems to have been in 1884, when there was an enrollment of 5,559. The greatest number enrolled in the city schools was in 1903, when it was 3,131. During the earlier period of the history of the county it was a common thing to find a large number of pupils in the common schools from eighteen to twenty-live years of age and over. As educational facilities multiplied and the schools improved things changed so that in 1908 there were only thirtyeight pupils in the rural schools that were over eighteen years of age. AVhile in the early days few, if any, completed the eighth grade at any age,, the average age at which a common school pupil now finishes this grade is fourteen or fifteen years, and the high school course is completed before the age of twenty. This fact, and the fact that the schools are at present between two generations, the first being almost gone and the second beginning to arrive, will explain the decrease in the school population. All parts of the county were settled about the same time by comparatively young families, and for years almost every family had children to send to school. Now there are five districts with less than ten pupils in each.

During the eighties and nineties the schools of the county developed splendidly along lines of better equipment and organization of work. It was at this time that free text books were introduced and school libraries bought in almost every school of the county. A system of examinations was also introduced, so that it became possible to have common school graduations. During this time. too. the method of conducting teachers' examinations was made more uniform. All this was accomplished largely through the efforts of Superintendent A. E. Engstrom, who rendered the county most efficient service for a period of eighteen years, from 1881 to 1899.

The condition of the schools at the present time may perhaps best be indicated by quoting the county superintendent's annual report for 1 908 :

There are now 165 organized districts in the county. Of these five are city schools with first-class high schools, one is a village school employing three teachers, one employing two teachers, and one a rural school with two teachers. The others are oneroom schools. There are seven districts which are joint with other counties and have their school houses outside of Goodhue county. Five schools have an enrollment of less than ten pupils, and fifty have an enrollment of from ten to twenty.

H1Stoky Of Goodhue County 275

school; fifty schools, eight months; thirty-seven schools, seven months; forty schools, six months; and sixteen schools, five months. Compared with the report of twenty- five years ago it will be seen that short term schools are gradually becoming a thing of the past.

"It may be of interest to know what a school would be like that should represent the average of all the rural schools of the county. Such a school would be found in a schoolhouse worth about $1,000, with seats worth about $75 and apparatus worth $45. There would be about one hundred volumes in the library. There would be twenty-five pupils, of whom three would fail to attend forty days. Five of the pupils would be from five to eight years of age and the others would be from eight to eighteen. The school would be in session seven months and the pupils would attend an average of eighty-eight days. The teacher would receive about $40 a month. The district would have a cash on hand of about $130, receive from apportionment $100, from special tax $220, from one mill tax $55 (showing that the district would have an assessed valuation of about $55,000). It would pay for teacher's wages $280, for fuel $33, repairs $18, library books $2.50, text-books $6, apparatus $2, other purposes $25.

"Years ago it used to be a common thing for schools to employ two or three different teachers during the same year, one for each term. This has changed so that now practically every distriet employs the same teacher throughout the year. Out of a total of 151 teachers who taught in the rural schools during the year, 140 stayed the whole time in the same school.

"During the past year the state high school examination was taken in twenty-eight schools and about two hundred credits were obtained. The final county examination was taken in 103 schools and 1,764 papers were sent to the county superintendent. Fifty-eight pupils received common school diplomas as a testimonial that they have completed the common school branches and are entitled to enter the high school."

During the school year of 1908-09 the final county examination has been taken by about one hundred and twenty schools and the number of graduates will be about eighty.

Most of the schools are well equipped with those things which are required for efficient work. During the last few years special attention has been given to heating and ventilation, and a large number of districts have installed heating and ventilating plants in accordance with the suggestions of the state superintendent of public instruction.

The educational qualifications of the teachers in the county are unusually good, there being but two or three counties in the state in which there is a larger percentage of the total number of teachers who have a high school or normal school education, and they are counties with exceptional facilities in the matter of high schools.

The teachers' training schools, which are conducted in the county every other summer, do much to increase the efficiency of trie teachers. These schools are paid for by the state and conducted under the direction of the county superintendent and the conductor appointed by the state department of public instruction. Instruction is given in all branches required for a teacher's certificate. In addition, there are classes in pedagogics, school management, and so forth. These schools arc free and a large number of teachers make use of them.

A Teachers' Library Association was organized in 1902. It now owns a circulating library of about three hundred books on school management and methods of teaching, and has proven of great benefit to the teachers generally.

There are five state high schools in the country, all in a very prosperous condition. \Un\ Wing has five buildings, employs forty-six teachers and has an enrollment of 1,41(1 pupils. Its high school yives in addition to the customary courses a commercial course ami a normal course. A manual training department is maintained and during the presenl year the city voted $50,000 for a new building to be used largely for this purpose and for domestic economy. Through a special grant from the state a course in elementary agriculture has been added, with experimental work on a plot of land secured for the purpose.

Cannon Falls has one building and employs twelve teachers. The total number of pupils is 347. It has lately introduced a department in manual training. During the past year regular courses of lectures on farming and domestic economy were given every week during the winter by instructors from the state agricultural school. These lectures were largely attended by the neighboring farmers, as well as by the citizens of the town.

Zumbrota has one building, probably the most modern in construction of any in the county, employs thirteen teachers and has 367 pupils enrolled.

These schools are all well equipped and arc doing splendid work. They have kepi abreast with the .forward movements in the educational world and their courses are gradually being enlarged and adapted so as to make them truly the schools of the people and for the people. A large number of the pupils enrolled in these high schools are country pupils who have completed the work of the rural schools.

Pine Island - Otis Gross, E. S. Stevens, A. M. Dresbach, "William A. Westerson, J. S. Festerson, L. J. Montgomery, H. C. Bell, B. Frank McComb and II. 0. Cady.

Parochial schools have been conducted in the various communities ever since the county was first settled, and have added much to the upbuilding of its citizenship. There have been and are several types of these schools. Three denominations in Red Wing have maintained schools in which the pupils attend the wmole year in place of attending the public schools. A similar school has been conducted at Hay Qreek. In these schools instruction is given in the teachings of the church by which the school is maintained and in some or all of the common branches of the public schools. In some, instruction is also given in a foreign language.

In one community two congregations unite and employ a parochial teacher who teaches five months in each congregation, the schoolhouses being owned by the congregations and located near their respective churches. In these schools instruction is given in some of the common branches. Outside of the five months of parochial school the pupils attend the public school.

In some communities congregations have followed the plan of employing a parochial teacher for the entire year and dividing the congregations into four or five districts with one or two months of parochial school in each. Generally the terms of the public school are so arranged as to allow the pupils of each community to attend both schools. No instruction in the common branches is attempted in these parochial schools, the work being confined to instruction in the teachings and language of the church by which they are maintained. The buildings of the various school districts are generally used also for the denominational schools, though in some cases there are buildings erected for that special purpose.

In many places no teacher is employed by the congregations, but each community is allowed to provide the religious instruction of its children in the way it thinks best. In such communities the public school is usually maintained during the fall and winter and a private school conducted during one or two months of the summer. Sometimes the same teacher will teach both schools.

In practically all of the churches located in the cities and villages the religious instruction is given through the agency of Sunday schools. The work of these schools has been helped and stimulated in a splendid way by the Goodhue County Sunday School Association, which was organized in 1859. and which celebrated its semi-centennial in Red Wing last June. The three guests of honor at this celebration were Professor Jabez Brooks, the first president of the association, and M. B. Lewis and Louis Johnson, charter members and active workers in the association during its whole history.

The comity lias been very fortunate in having within its boundaries several private and denominational schools for advanced education. The first one of these schools was Hamline University, under the auspices of the Methodist Episcopal Church. This school commenced its work in 1854. with Rev. Jabez Brooks as principal, and continued during the next fifteen years, when it was removed to St. Paul. The Red AYing Collegiate Institute was incorporated in 1870. with the following members of the first board of directors: L. F. Hubbard. 0. C. Webster, F. A. Cole, James Lawther, Peter Daniels and W. P. Hood. Two large buildings were erected on College Bluff at a cost of $17,000, the land being donated by Edward Murphy. The school was conducted for about three years. The property was later sold to the Hauges Norwegian Lutheran Synod and has since been used as a college and divinity school for young men. This institution gets its students from all over the Northwest, but many of the young men of the county have also made use of the excellent opportunities which are offered. The Villa Maria is a convent school for girls located near Frontenac. It is in charge of the Ursuline nuns and is doing much for the education of young girls. The Lutheran Ladies' Seminary began its work in the fall of 1893 and has grown to be a very prosperous institution with a large enrollment. Various business colleges have from time to time been conducted in Red Wing and have enjoyed considerable prosperity.

Hamline University. - The pioneers in a new country are as a rule men not only of brawn, but also of supreme faith and courage. It is faith that gives them the stamina to battle against, the difficulties and privations of frontier life. By faith, they see great cities where the eye sees nothing but the wigwams of the .savage ; great industries where no sound is heard save that of the waterfall ; great schools and churches where only the missionary is found seeking to reveal the truth to Nature's children. The early Methodist preachers were no exception to this rule. They believed that the fertile soil of Minnesota would one day furnish sustenance for millions ; that mighty cities would be built, and that an empire of boundless resources would develop upon that vast expanse of forest and plain. Accordingly, one of their representatives, the Rev. David Brooks, made his appearance at the Territorial Council of Minnesota with a remarkable proposition. It chanced that he went to William Pitt Murray, a man who served the people of his state well for many years.

In a speech delivered at Hamline University, at St. Paul, May 10, 1897, on the occasion of the one hundredth anniversary of the birth of Leonidas L. Hamline, Mr. Murray related the incident as follows :

"Early in January, 1854, a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal Church from Wisconsin came to me, I being then a member of the Territorial Council, and handed me a draft of a bill which he desired introduced in the Territorial Legislature, to incorporate the Minnesota Academy, an institution to be under the control of the Wisconsin conference. I said to him that a special charter would be unnecessary, as the winter previous an act had been passed to authorize three or more persons whom might be desirous of forming a corporation for seminary purposes, to become a body corporate by complying with certain conditions named in said act. The gentleman seemed quite anxious to have a special act, under the impression that a legislative act would give it more character, of which I did not approve. Perhaps as an inspiration, I suggested that it would afford me pleasure to aid in the passage of a university charter, which I had to name. The idea to him was a novelty. A denominational university in a frontier territory, with a population of less than eight thousand people - they generally without means - and the Methodist Episcopal Church without a membership sufficient to maintain a conference, "was a pleasantry the old veteran of the cross could not appreciate He being an Englishman, born and bred, may have thought of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, with their numerous colleges and halls, and with their large libraries and wealth. A feeder for some college down east, where there was more money and a higher civilization, was Ids ambition and hope. We did not agree and the bill was returned to him. A day or two after, my associate in the Territorial Council, the Hon. Isaac Van Etten, introduced the bill to incorporate the Minnesota Academy. Having made up my mind that my Methodist brethren either had to have n university charter or none. I had the bill referred to a special committee, of which I was a member. The other members of the committee were indifferent what became of the bill, whether it was reported back to the council with the recommendation that it pass, or report a substitute authorizing the establishment of ferries, or the laying out of country roads, or the erection of sign boards at cross-roads to indicate the right road for country preachers across the prairies to their various appointments. After having consulted with the Rev. -John Kearns, the pastor ©f the old Market Street Church in the city of St. Paul, the parent and first Methodist Episcopal church in the territory of which the Central Park Methodist Church of St. Paul is the successor, and the Rev. B. F. Hoyt, a pioneer clergyman who resided in St. Paul, both of whom were of the opinion that a university charter would be a good thing and might perhaps be got under way before the end of the century. At all events, it would be a good thing to talk about as indicative of the growth of Methodism in the West, although for a long time it might be found nowhere except on the statutes. I then prepared to draft my bill - substitute for the seminary bill. The name for the university, I had already determined upon. There were two reasons. I may say, which led to this :

"'On a summer evening in 1852 I attended a reception at the Wesleyan Female College, at Cincinnati. Ohio, during commencement week, and among the guests was Bishop Leonidas L. Hamline, to whom I had an introduction, and who soon after asked me to have a seat by his side. AYe spent nearly the entire evening together. He appeared to be interested in the Northwest, especially in the young and frontier territory of Minnesota. He wanted to know all about her settlers, what kind of people were making their homes in her villages and on her prairies: whether the church from which he had just resigned the high office of bishop was holding its own among the churches of the territory in its missionary and pioneer work. He seemed pleased at what I told him. During the evening his conversation and advice were fatherly; his aim and thought, apparently, to mark out to me the better way, with now and then incidents of his own early life. To me it was interesting and never forgotten, and as we parted I remember so distinctly his cheery words: 'Good night, good night. God bless you.' The memories of that evening, together with a correspondence with him afterwards, led me to have a very great regard for the Bishop. This, coupled with the fact that Bishop Hamline had been one of the most distinguished prelates in the United States - the peer of any in ability and piety - is what gave the institution its name.

'The next question was, where shall the institution of the future be located? The early legislators believed that the success of an educational institution depended largely upon its proximity to navigable streams, for the reason that a large majority of the earlier settlers made their homes near the Mississippi and Minnesota rivers and Lake St. Croix - and for a further reason that students, like freight', are more cheaply transported by water than by land. Therefore the bill provided 'that said university be located on the Mississippi River, between St. Paul and Lake Pepin,' it being understood that if there was no town worthy of the honor, one could be made. The bill, as reported, or at least substantially so, passed both houses and became a law, March 3, 1854.

'The Bishop was advised of the action of the legislature, and a copy of the act was forwarded to him. This was the first intimation that he had that such a scheme was thought of; he fell complimented and intimated in reply that he would do something for his namesake.

'Within a few weeks after the passage of the act. Hoyt, Brooks and Bidwell issued a call for a meeting of the incorporation to be held on May 19, in the city of St. Paul. In response to the call, a meeting was held, and the charter accepted, when an adjournment was had until June 12, 185*4. When the trustees held their second meeting, more than one village contested for the prize; even St. Paul thought it was a plum worth looking after. The late Major Nathaniel McLean offered twenty acres of land on Dayton's Bluff, now known as Suburban Hills, ami among the most elevated and beautiful building sites on the Mississippi River, then just outside the corporate limits of the town of St. Paul. Lyman Dayton. Ira Bidwell. William II. Randall and Louis Robert also made Liberal offers of broad acres and town lots for its location. William Freeborn, one of the trustees, became very much interested in its location, and, with what he claimed to be a prophetic vision, declared that the little village of Red Wing, with its three hundred inhabitants, and a total valuation of real and personal property for taxation less than $70,000, was in the future to be a city that would rank high in intelligence, wealth and population among the cities of Minnesota, and demanded that the new university be located there, as a matter of right, claiming that myself and others had so promised. The fact was admitted, and Red Wing became the home of Hamline University."

The first board of trustees was a remarkable set of men. Among them representing the clergy of the Methodist Episcopal were Rev. Chauncey Hobart, Rev. John Kearns, Rev. David Brooks, Rev. Matthew Sorin and Rev. Thomas M. Fullerton. The others were Parker Payne. Ira Bidwell, P>. F. Hoyt, Willis A. Gorman, Alexander Ramsey. Samuel C. Thomas, Merritt Allen, Hart Boughton, William Freeborn and W. D. Woodbury.

As soon as the location was decided upon, the trustees began to make preparations for opening the school. Bishop Hamline gave $25,000, $12,000 in real estate in New York and $13,000 in real estate in Chicago; the citizens of Red Wing subscribed liberally, and the way was thus opened for immediate action.

At that time there was a young man who was preacher in charge of Jackson Street (now Summerfield) Church, Milwaukee. He had graduated with high honors from Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., in 1850. He knew something of the beginning of the settlement of Minnesota and was attracted by its possibilities. So when he was invited to become principal of the preparatory department of Hamline University, to be opened in the fall of 1854, he readily consented and hopefully set out for his new field of labor. This was the beginning of the connection of Dr. Jabez Brooks with Hamline University, a connection not to be permanently severed so long as the institution remained at Red Wing.

On November 16. 1854, the preparatory department was opened with an attendance of thirty-three. Two rooms were secured on the second floor of the store building of Smith, Hoyt & Co., near the river, and here the history of higher education in the state of Minnesota began. The beginning was humble. Fine buildings, great libraries, extensive laboratories - all were wanting; but the essential elements of true education were there - cultured Christian teachers and pupils eager for knowledge.

The faculty was small. In the first annual catalogue, published in 1855, were but three names - Rev. Jabez Brooks, A. M., principal; Miss Louisa Sherman, teacher of modern languages, painting and drawing; Mrs. Frances L. Dunning, teacher of music and ornamental work. Rev. Jabez Brooks was librarian. The students were chiefly from Minnesota ; but Michigan, Iowa and AVisconsin were represented among them. The total number enrolled the first year was seventy-three, thirty ladies and fortythree gentlemen. During the first year of Hamline's history the trustees proceeded to erect a college building. A block of ground in the heart of the town was donated by the proprietors of the town site. Plans were adopted and in August the active work of construction was started. That same fall the building was completed. It was formally opened January 10, 1855.

It has been stated that Bishop Hamline gave $25,000 to the institution in real estate, part of which was in Chicago and part in New York City. The property in New York was set aside for building purposes. Though it was worth $12,000 when given by Bishop Hamline. yet when it came to be sold it had so fallen in value that the university realized from it only a little more than $7,000, and so there fell upon the institution, immediately upon its erection, an incumbrance which constituted the bulk of its indebtedness and finally became one of the causes of its suspension.

In the spring of 1857 President Brooks, whose health was failing on account of overwork, resigned. Thus far, only the preparatory department had been organized, and as a number were ready for college it was decided to establish a full and complete college course. Rev. B. F. Crary, D. D.. was elected president. Up to this time Minnesota had been prosperous. Trustees of the institution had been able to secure the funds necessary for maintaining the institution as easily as could be expected in a new country, sparsely settled, when all the money that could be secured was expended for improvements. But in the same month when it was decided to throw open the doors of Hamline for a full and complete college education to the youth of the Northwest, when with an increased faculty the running expenses of the institution were largely augmented, a financial panic struck the entire country. It was especially severe in Minnesota, because there had been no opportunity for the settlers to store away wealth against the time of adversity. Values ceased to exist; the wealthy became poor; it was a question of daily bread rather than riches, or the rearing of magninYenl buildings for educational purposes.

In 1859 the first college class was graduated. There were but two members, Elizabeth and Mary Sorin, daughters of one of the trustees. In the spring of 1861 came the War of the Rebellion. One of the faculty, IT. B. Wilson, professor «»!' mathematics, and many of the students enlisted. There were few. if any, young men left who were physically able to hear arms. At this time, too, President Crary, who had been struggling manfully to keep Hamline alive in those years succeeding the panic of '57, was selected by a committee of the legislature of Minnesota to organize the public school system of the state, and he accepted the appointment. In the meantime the Rev. Jabez Brooks had recovered his health and the trustees elected him to the presidency. His was no enviable task. The institution was in debt, most of her young men had gone to the war; her friends, many of them, were penniless, and the resources of the state were taxed to the utmost to maintain order on the frontier while her sons fought for the preservation of the Union. He threw into it all the energy of his young manhood. Up and down the state he went soliciting funds. lie did double work in the classroom. He used his private funds to provide for his family; he did everything that was possible for him to do. withholding nothing of time or talents or energy, and Hamline lived.

Tin; last commencement at Red AVing occurred March 4, 1869.' At the annual conference of the church held in October, 1869. a report presented shows that at that time the question of the removal of the college was being agitated. On July 6 of that year the trustees decided thai in view of financial conditions it would not be wise to reopen the doors of the college during the ensuing year. Later the institution was removed to St. Paul, and today it has the honor not only of being the oldest college in the state, but also one of the leading educational institutions in the Northwest. Various reasons, among which financial troubles form an important part, are given for the removal of the university to St. Paid. Red Wing people have always regretted the removal; and there are many friends of the university who assert that, successful as has been the career of that institution, it would have had a still more glorious history had it remained in Red Wing and the drawbacks of s us j tension and removal been obliterated.

The property was sold to the city of Red Wing for $5,000, the transfer papers bearing the date of February 24. 1872. The building was torn down and the material sold to whatever purchasers could be found. The ground is still owned by the city and is dedicated to the uses of a public park. The ground was graded without the expense of entirely removing the foundation walls, and even to the present day in very dry weather the grass dries above the old walls and the outlines of the historic old building may plainly be seen.

scenery of any school in the Northwest. The property was purchased from the Red Wing Collegiate Institute and placed in the possession of the Hauges Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Synod through the personal efforts of H. M. Sande, a farmer living in the township of AYanamingo ; A. Ellingson, of Red Wing, and Rev. 0. Hanson, of AYanamingo. The first school year commenced in September, 1879. Rev. I. Eistenson was the principal and Prof. G. O. Brohaugh his assistant. Several instructors were also engaged, among whom may he mentioned Prof. II. P. Wilson. Seventy students were enrolled during the first year.

The purpose1 of the school is to furnish a general Christian culture and more particularly to prepare ministers and teachers for the synod. The work at first consisted of an academic course of three years and a theological course of three years. As the institution developed it was found necessary to lengthen the preparatory course. This was done in 1889, when it was changed from three to four years. In 1897 it was changed to five years, and in 1908 it was extended to seven years, making it a complete college course. The school year was also changed from seven to nine months. A commercial department has been added, as well as a musical department.

The school soon outgrew the "Old Building," and "Summer Hall" was bought and completed in 1882. In 1902 the synod decided to build another building, and this was completed in 1901 and is known as the "Main Building." Besides this and the two old buildings which now are used for dormitories, there is a president's house, a hospital and a heating plant, the whole property now costing approximately $100,000. .

During the past year the school has employed three professors of theology and five professors in the academy and college, together with several special instructors. The total number of students was about two hundred.

Those who have served as presidents of the seminary are T. Eistenson, J. Kyllingstad, A. Wenaas, J. N. Kildahl, O. S. Meland, H. H. Bergsland and M. G. Hanson. Among those who have acted as instructors may be noted S. Gunnerson, E. Kr. Johnson, G. Rast, J. A. Leas, L. Chally, A. J. Reichert. O. R. AYold. J. Telleen, M. O. Wee, E. AY. Schmidt for the theological department, and G. O. Brohaugh, IT. II. Elstad, C. R, Hill, E. AY. Schmidt. I. M. Anderson. Julius Boraas, E. 0. Ringstad. William Mills, G. EL Ellingson and O. 0. Stageberg for the preparatory department. Selma Gibson and G. A. Eausner have had charge of the musical department,

Since the beginning of the school 138 have graduated from the theological course, nearly all of whom are pastors or missionaries in the various fields of the synod. The total number of graduates from the preparatory department is 237. Of these seventy-two have become pastors, twenty-eight have taken up school work as teachers, professors or superintendents, twentytwo are in business, there are twenty physicians, eleven lawyers, four editors, three publishers, four dentists, three farmers, two bankers, two engineers, thirty-one students at various institutions. Rev. Martin Gustav Hanson. - To a college man there is always one distinction which in his heart of hearts is more precious than all else that he may achieve in life, and that one thing is the honor of being called to a chair of his alma mater, in the halls of which his own young manhood has received the stamp which marks it in after life. Immeasurably greater, however, is the privilege of some time attaining the presidency of that institution, and thus having an important share not only in its progress and work, but also in its policies and discipline. Among the men to whom the felicity of such a lot has fallen is the subject of this sketch. Born at Wanamingo. this county, July 11, 1859, he is the son of Oesten and Maria (Christopherson) Hanson, both natives of Norway. The father came to America at the age of fifteen years and located at Lewiston. Wis., later removing to AVanamingo. where he was one of the pioneers. For thirty-seven years he was a preacher of the gospel, working against fearful odds, preaching the ideals of Christianity to a people who were wrestling with the problem of existence, and to whom the realities of life were necessarily presented in their daily toil in the most materialistic aspects. A pioneer preacher in those days must needs be a man of strong inward faith and also rugged physique, a man who could preach to the hearts of the people the true word, and at the same time be able to meet with unfailing courage the almost unnumbered pioneer discomforts. His wife, gifted in all motherly and wifely finalities, was an able support in all his undertakings. It is pleasing to record that Oesten Hanson lived to see the seed he planted bear fruit in abundant measure, and to see a pioneer people develop into a community of prosperous and God-fearing agriculturists. For a long period he served the churches at Aspelund, Kenyon and Roseoe, his death occurring August 4, 1898, he having many years survived his wife, who died in 1866. The following account of his services was published shortly before his death: :'Pastor Hanson has been a member of the synodical council of the Hague Synod since 1863, has served as president or vice president of the synod for more than a quarter of a century; has been president of the Red Wing Seminary and of the synod's mission committee, and has been prominently identified with the synod in other ways for more than three decades. He has three sons who are ministers of the gospel - Rev. M. G. Hanson, Rev. H. A.

Hanson and Rev. Thomas L. Hanson." Martin, early in life left without a mother's care received his education in the public schools of Wanamingo, and then entered the Red Wing Seminary, at that time a much smaller institution than at present. In 1884 he received his diploma from that school, and was ordained the same year at Lee county. Illinois, his first charge being the Emanuel and East Emanuel churches at St. Paul. Minn. At the same time he served the congregations at Renville and Frost, Minn. In 1892 he was sent to Grand Forks, N. D., where he had pastoral charge of the district including the churches at Grand Forks, Reynolds, Buxton, Valle, Grafton, Nash, Crookston and Oslo. In 1898, when those in charge of the Red Wing Seminary were looking for a capable man for the presidency of that institution, their attention was called to the young clergyman who a few years before had graduated from its doors with honors. He accordingly received the call and accepted, believing that in this position was a wider field of usefulness. His work since that time is too well known to need comment, and future historians of the institution will write of him that praise which it is not always fitting should be written of a modest man still in the prime of his activities. His work for five years as vice president of the synod, for six years as president of the same body, for four years as president of the district of North Dakota, and for many years as president of the Inner Mission of the Synod, in which position he is now serving, are a part of the chronicles of his denomination. Rev. Hanson has taken to himself as a companion in life, Caroline Runiee, of Crawford county, Wisconsin, daughter of Ole and Guri Runiee. natives of Norway. This union has been blessed with five children. Oscar A., born August 14. 1887, at St. Paul, Minn., died in infancy. Adolph M. was born September 11, 1888, at St. Paul. Babel G. was born November 24, 1890, in the same city. Reuben B. was born August 30, 1892. at Grand Forks, N. D., and George W., who is a general favorite with the faculty and student body of the seminary, was born under the shadows of the classic halls of that institution of learning August 4, 1899.

The Orphans' Home at Vasa had its beginning in 1865, when four little children were thrown on the mercy and charity of others. Dr. E. Norelius conceived the idea of opening a place for them, and so a room in the basement of the old Lutheran Church at Vasa was fitted up. Soon, however, other children were found to be in need and this room became too small. With a little assistance Dr. Norelius purchased a small tract of land and constructed a building, more properly a shanty. It was made of rough boards and patched together and mended in every coneeivable way to keep out the winter's cold. The increase of little orphans who were being cared for by the pastor soon made the quarters too small for convenience. A home was therefore constructed and did good service until 1879. when the building was levelled to the ground by a cyclone. A subscription list was started and another building was constructed. Again came a sad day, November 2:5. 1899. when the home was burned to the ground. The Swedish Augustana Synod, which had taken charge of the home, immediately, assisted by the local board of directors and residents of Red Wing and Vasa. took steps to build the comfortable home which is occupied at the present time. In the meantime the Little folks had been sheltered in the homes of neighboring families, some of whom afterward decided to adopt the little strangers who had thus been thrown on their mercy. The building, which is a frame structure, is neat and attractive. the total cost being aooul $8,000. The children are well cared

Red Wing Lutheran Ladies' Seminary. - Twenty years ago the now sainted Rev. II. A. Preuss suggested the advisability of erecting a school for young ladies at \\c<\ Wing on the very spol on which the Ladies' Seminary now stands. The suggestion was not acted upon at the time, but in the year 1889 some of the members of the Red Wine- Norwegian Lutheran Church, deeply feeling the want of an institution of this character, determined to ered a seminary in this city, and secured the very tract of before. In this year. 1889, however, the Luther College at Decorali, Iowa, was totally destroyed by fire. The incorporators of the Red Wing venture, knowing thai their help was needed at the rebuilding of the Decorali school, generously postponed the erection of their own institution. In the beginning of 1892 they thought that the time had come for them to proceed with the execution of their project. They therefore solicited subscriptions, adopted a .plan and began active work. Owing to the financial depression the opening of the school was delayed one year, but They succeeded in completing the present magnificent structure so that active school work commenced November 5, 1894.

The school is located on a bluff overlooking the city and the Mississippi river. The main building and dining hall are constructed of pressed brick on cut stone foundations. The music hall, a newer building, is constructed of the same material.

The seminary aims to give its pupils a thorough and practical education on a Christian basis, and includes the usual academic literary, musical, art. religious and scientific courses, both col-

Legiate and preparatory, together with many branches distinctively feminine, such as domestic science, housekeeping, needlework and cooking.

The total number of pupils enrolled during the school year 1908-09 was 183. Of these 10 were by nationality Norwegian, 48 German, 11 American, 7 Swedish, 5 Danish, 1 Swiss and 1 Finish. Of these 156 were boarders and 27 city people.

Six pupils were enrolled as specials, 11 were in the preparatory course, 40 in the domestic economy, 1 in the normal, 55 in the seminary and 14 in the college courses. Twenty-one were enrolled in the department of elocution, 15 in the commercial course. 57 in the art department. 43 in the vocal department, 15 in the piano department. 3 in violin and the Choral Society numbered 133.

At the graduating exercises on June 10, 1909, 18 received diplomas from the seminary course, 1 from the normal, 7 from the domestic economy and 11 from the commercial courses; 4 received diplomas from the piano department and 1 from the voice culture department.

Rev. Hans Allen, president of the faculty of the Lutheran Ladies' Seminary, is a gentleman of unquestioned integrity and marked scholarly attainments, one who stands high in the ministerial and educational ranks of the county. He is a native of Decorah Iowa, born March 15, 1861, son of Guttorm Allen, who came to America in 1844, and the same year enlisted in the Mexican war. Here he did his adopted country brave and efficient service. Upon his return he located at Jefferson Prairie, Wis., and married Kirsten Rishovd, a native of Norway, who came to this country in 1846. At Jefferson Prairie he farmed for a short time, afterward removing to Decorah, Iowa, Avhere he purchased 360 acres and carried on agricultural operations on an extensive scale. He died in 1902 and his wife followed him to the Great Beyond diiring the following year. Hans Allen attended the common schools of his neighborhood and entered the Luther College of Decorah, Iowa, receiving his diploma with honors in 1883. He supplemented this training with a three years' course at the Concordia College, St. Louis, Mo., after which he was ordained to the ministry in the fall of 1886. His first charge was at Portland, Trail county. North Dakota, where he served eight congregations in an able manner for six years. His work in this capacity attracted attention, and in 1892 he was assigned to a congregation at Mankato, Minn., where he labored acceptably two years. In 1894 came the opportunity for wider service when he was called to the presidency of the Lutheran Ladies ' Seminary, in which capacity he has remained to the present day, having charge of the institution and occupying the chair of Norwegian Literature, Bible and Church History. As a disciplinarian he combines the qualities of justness with gentleness, as a teacher he is an acute thinker and incisive reasoner, and as a citizen his opinions command esteem, respect and consideration. Rev. Allen was married June 13, 1887, at Decorah. Iowa, to Emma Wingaard, of that place, daughter of Ole and Marie Wingaard, natives of Norway. The mother is now deceased and the father lives in Decorah. To Rev. and Mrs. Allen have been born three children : Nellie M. E., born April 3, 1888, and Clara L., born January 22, 1892, are students at the seminary, while Esther E., born March 28, 1898, attends the parish school of Evangelical Lutheran Trinity Church at Red AVing.

The Minnesota State Training School, formerly known as the Minnesota State Reform School, has a beautiful location of about 450 acres of land, something over a mile below the city of Red AVing. The group of buildings is situated on an elevated plateau leading down by a gentle slope to the Mississippi river and commanding a view that in itself should be an inspiration to the wayward or unfortunate ones who spend their youth in the school. The institution has been in existence since January 15, 1868, and had occupied its present site since October, 1891. The State expended over $300,000 on the property and buildings, gained from the sale of the old site of the school in St. Paul, that location having wonderfully increased in value since the establishment of the sjchool in 1868. The school is occupied on the family plan, each family of some fifty boys, classified according to age, having a cottage and playground of its own, but with a dining hall in common. The girls' school is a building by itself, 300 feet west of the other buildings, and its management is entirely separate and distinct from the boys. The exterior of the buildings are of brick and stone, the interior being entirely of hardwood. There is nothing at the school to suggest that it is a penal institution, the boys themselves looking like cadets in a military school, clothed as they are in neat uniforms. Graded schools, similar to ordinary public schools, are conducted, one-half of the scholars attending in the forenoon and working in the afternoon, and vice versa. The grading and beautifying of the extensive grounds have all been done by the boys, who also cultivate the large garden patches which supply the schools with vegetables and fruit for use on the tables and feed for the stock. The boys do all their housework, cooking, baking, laundry work, etc., and the entire institution is a marvel of neatness. The school maintains a carpenter shop, shoe shop, tailor shop, printing office and other establishments. A small paper, the Riverside, is printed by the boys, who also supply the material for its contents. Another enjoyable attraction of school life is a well trained brass band. The boys and girls are sentenced under sixteen years of age, and can be kept, the boys until they are twenty-one and the girls until they are eighteen, but they may be paroled on their good behavior during that time. There are no statistics available on which to base a percentage of those redeemed by the good influence of the school, but it is believed that the results rank well with the results obtained by other state institutions of similar character. Religion is made a part of the ever-day life, with special services Sunday.

Red Wing Collegiate Institute. - This institute was organized and incorporated August 28, 1870, with the following board of officers : president, Lucius F. Hubbard ; secretary, Charles C. Webster; treasurer, F. A. Cole. Directors: James Lawther, Peter Daniels, Lucius F. Hubbard, Charles C. AVebster, F. A. Cole and W. P. AVood. The grounds were donated by Edward Murphy, of Minneapolis, and funds raised for building purposes by issu-' ing stock certificates to the amount of $12,500. Daniels & Simmons took the contract for a consideration of $14,800, and to complete it a mortgage was given to Joseph Averill, of Danvers, Alassachusetts, who advanced $5,000. The institute was successful for about three years, when, for want of funds it was sold to Joseph Averill, to satisfy the above noted mortgage. January 8, 1878, it Avas purchased by Hans Marcuson, in trust for the Hauges Norwegian Evangelical Synod, and afterwards deeded to a board of" directors, viz.: Hans Marcuson, Gunelf Tollefson.. Knut John Stangeland, and Andrew Ellingson, with the design of making it a Lutheran Theological Seminary.

Frank A. Whittier, whose efficient management of the State Training School has won praise from far beyond the borders of the state, is a native of this state, born June 22, 1860. His parents, Albert and Lucy A. (Wellington) Whittier, both natives of New Hampshire, were descended from old Granite State families. They ventured in the early days into what was then the new country of Ohio. Imbued with the pioneer spirit, they found that the rich valleys of Ohio Avere fast passing the stages of early settlement, and consequently determined to try their fortunes still further to the westAvard. Consequently the year of 1856 saw them located in Minneapolis, where young Frank A. ivas born. In the summer of 1860, they settled in Empire township,

Dakota county, and purchased 240 acres of land. The father at once set to work with vigor and soon the land was under cultivation, while a comfortable home sheltered the family. Here the roof tree was established, and happiness and prosperity was the lot of the family until December 14, 1884, when the stricken home mourned the loss of the mother. A few years later, in 1891, the father took up his residence with a daughter in Farmington, this state, where he died, August 23, 1904. Frank A. was brought up on a farm, and attended the district schools in Empire township. Later he graduated from the Hastings High School, in which institution he made so good a record that he had no difficulty in securing a clerical position in the bank there. A year later he returned home, and remained on the farm until 1888. From that date until 1893 he ran an establishment for the retail handling of dairy products in St. Paul, this business later being disposed of to the Crescent Creamery Company. His next employment was with the municipal engineering department of the city of Minneapolis, and in 1895 he was appointed state agent for the state prison and reformatory, in which position he remained until he came to -Red Wing as superintendent of the Minneapolis State Training School, an office which he has retained to the present day. It is interesting to note that while on the farm for the benefit of his health, after leaving the bank at Hastings, Mr. "WMttier taught in the rural school districts for several years. In politics he is a Republican, in fraternal affiliation a member of the Masonic order and of the Independent Order of Foresters. In religious belief he favors the Universalist church. Mr. Whittier was married, April 2, 1884, at Empire, Minn., to Margaret Cameron, by whom he has five children. Albert A., a graduate of the University of Chicago, is a civil engineer in the state of Utah, while Walter F., Grace, Horace B. and Myra' live with their parents.

Villa Maria Convent, a school for girls, under the direction of the Ursuline nuns of the Roman Catholic church, is situated on Lake Pepin, near the village of old Frontenac, the well-known summer resort.

A more beautiful site for a school could not well be found; on a rise of ground, commanding a wide view of lake, valley, hill and plain, surrounded by park-like forests, and arched by the full sweep of the heavens, all the natural influences combine to elevate and instruct the mind. Nor are historical associations lacking, for on this very spot there stood, more than a century and a half ago, St. Michael's, one of the old French missionary for«ts of the upper Mississippi.

Israel Garrard, who spent a fortune and a great part of his life in improving and beautifying the already naturally beautiful village of Frontenac, to the attractions of which the villa now contributes in no small degree. Noticing the rapid growth of the school conducted at Lake City by the Ursulines, and appreciating the difficulty for them of accomplishing in crowded quarters the work at which they aimed, the general offered in 1885 a tract of land for a more commodious institution. The offer was accepted with gratitude, and, thanks to the noble generosity of Mother Kostha Bowman, the project was soon realized, and the construction of the largest educational building of the time, in the Northwest, was begun. The foundations were laid in 1888, and under the able superintendence of F. J. Evans and the assistance of 0. D. Prescott, the work progressed rapidly, the main building being completed and dedicated in 1890.

The building is cruciform in shape, with a length of 301 feet, and a width of 90 feet, exclusive of porches. It is four stories high, and is surmounted at the north end by a tower lifting a golden cross 150 feet above the ground. The main entrance is at the northeast corner, and opens into a spacious hall, extending to the opposite side, where a broad stairway of polished oak gives access to the floors above. The hall is lighted by large stained glass windows, and is crowned by a dome.

On the left of the hall, on the ground floor, are the parlors, and from the right leads a corridor 200 feet long, out of which open the dormitory, the refectory,- and. at the farther end, the kitchen. The convent proper, for the nuns occupy the entire four stories of the west wing. Besides the many windows, there is a ventilating chimney, and the rooms are noticeably airy and comfortable.

On the second floor are the library, the museum, and the laboratories for physics and chemistry. Above the dormitory are a large, sunny study hall, music rooms and recitation rooms, and adjoining these are the gymnasium and recreation hall.

On the third floor, the art rooms occupy the east end. and the greater part of the remainder of the space is given up to the chapel, a lovely devotional apartment, with high arched ceiling, frescoed walls and stained glass windows. In a vaulted recess at one end is the altar, an artistic piece of workmanship of polished wrood, carved and gilded. Framed into it above is a magnificent painting of the Blessed Virgin, the work of one of the old masters, presented to one of the nuns by King Louis II. of Bavaria.

building, and serves as protection against fire. For further protection from this danger there are patent extinguishers on every lioor. Artificial heat is supplied by the hot water system, and there is telephone connection.

That the names of their generous benefactors may not be forgotten, the nuns caused to be inserted into the northeast corner of the building a stone bearing the inscription, "Israel Garrard, noblis Benefaciente Gratulantes, Soc. Urs. Felice;" while over the door, in the chapel, a tablet is inscribed: "In memoriam - Hon. J. B. Bowman - nostri benefactoris mortui." In the hearts of the nuns these names are held in perpetual grateful memory.

The course of study embraces all tbe branches of a thorough English education, combined with the culture of art, music and languages, and extends from lowest primary through the grammar and high school grades. Successful steps have been taken to have the school accredited to the University of Minnesota, so that graduates from the Villa who wish to continue their education in the University may be admitted to its courses without examinations. Lessons are also given in music, the arts and languages, as well as in the various branches of handiwork, for which the Ursuline nuns have won a high reputation.

The physical development of the pupils is provided for in gymnasium and playground, and in the extraordinary opportunities for the natural out-of-door exercises of walking, driving, boating and bathing, under the supervision of the ever-watchful nuns.

Above all do the nuns regard the moral development of the child, and broad and deep do they lay the foundation stones of character. Religious instruction is given to the Catholic children, while all thejr pupils are trained daily and hourly in the precepts and practices calculated to foster those noble qualities of head, heart and soul that go to the formation of true womanhood. The character and accomplishments of the graduates who have gone out from Villa Maria during these past thirty years give ample testimony to the devotion of the nuns, and the thoroughness of their training.

The Gustavus Adolphus College, of St. Peter, was started in Red "Wing in 1862 by Dr. E. Norelius. The next year it was removed to East Union. Carver county, and named St. Ansgar's Academy. In 1874 a corporation was formed and in the next two years suitable buildings were erected at St. Peter's, where the institution has since been located, growing to tremendous importance.

cember 7, 1871, son of Johannes and Ellen Boraas, who came from Stjordalen, near Trondhjem, Norway, directly to Goodhue county about forty years ago. He received his preliminary education in the schoolhouse of district 92, and from 1886 to 1890 attended the Red Wing Seminary, graduating with honors from the academic course in the spring of 1890. After teaching school in the country for a year he entered the University of Minnesota, where he diligently pursued the college course from 1891 to 1895, graduating in the latter year as valedictorian of his class. He received his degree of Master of Letters from the same institution in 1898. From 1895 to 1898 he was one of the popular instructors at the Red Wing Seminary and his appointment in the latter year as superintendent of county schools to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Mr. Engstrom met with popular approval. Since then Prof. Boraas has continued to serve in the same capacity, being elected successively in 1900, 1902, 1901, 1906 and 1908. Professor Boraas is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa, an honorary college fraternity. He was married on Thanksgiving Day, 1897. at Kenyan, Minn., to Julia Rygh. and their happy home has been blessed with three children - Vivian, Harold and Nora. Prof. Boraas has placed the schools of Goodhue county on a high plane and his methods have been freely discussed and favorably commented upon by the educational journals. Among the causes of his success are these : He was thoroughly equipped by nature and education and has been absorbingly devoted to his work. He has a way of interesting the children in such a manner as to bring forth their best efforts and at the same time gain their love and respect. Besides being an educator he has the practical common sense of a business man, which has enabled him to enlist the co-operation of parents and school boards in bringing about the necessary improvements and reforms. A vein of kindly humor, of which Prof. Boraas is possessed, is a pleasing part of his personality which impresses those he meets, whether in a business, educational or social way.

As a writer Prof. Boraas' products are also in demand. He is the author of a useful book for teachers, entitled "Getting Along in Country Schools." This book, designed to furnish those lessons which, hitherto, teachers have learned only through years of experience, has already had a wide circulation and is more than accomplishing its purpose. Its success has caused a demand for other books along the same line from his gifted pen. In addition to this. Prof. Boraas has written several serials for the "Young People's Friend," and has contributed extensively to the various school journals.

one of the pioneer public school teachers of the county, and during her three decades of teaching many of the boys and girls who have since become well-known residents of the state passed under her tuition. She was born at Walled Lake, Oakland county, Michigan, September 23, 1838, daughter of Harmon and Tamizen (Dunning) Pettibone. The father was a native of Bennington, Vt'., and the mother of Saratoga Springs, N. Y. They moved to Walled Lake, Mich., and there the father was proprietor of a hotel. In June, 1854, they located in Red Wing, Harmon Pettibone having made a trip here in the spring of the previous year. He built a mill on the present site of Charles Betcher's mills and became associated in the milling business with Ruben Knapp, under the firm name of Pettibone & Knapp. Later the firm became Freeborn & Pettibone, with William Freeborn as partner. In 1858 Mr. Pettibone sold out his interests here and moved to Hastings, this state, where he ended his days, in June, 1869. His wife died March 25, 1882. Sarah E. received her early education at Walled Lake, Mich., and graduated from the Hamline University, at that time located in Red Wing, in 1861. While still a student, she started teaching, in 1857, her private school being soon afterward converted into a public school. From that date until July 1865, she taught school in Goodhue, Dakota and Hennepin counties. Later she again resumed that profession, teaching in all for the long period of thirty-three years. She was married December 11, 1865, at Hastings, Minn., to Samuel J. Hasler. Mr. Hasler was born at Harrisburg, Penn., March 18, 1831. He studied law at St. Paul, and came to Red Wing in 1855, his first employment being that of carpenter and ship builder. He joined the Union Army in 1861, enlisting at Mt. Vernon, Ohio, in Co. G, 20th Ohio Vol. Inf., serving under General Logan. He was promoted from private to captain, and commanded his company on the famous march through Georgia, under Sherman. Soon after his return to Red Wing he was elected justice of the peace, holding this office from 1866 until his death, June 6, 1887. He was an influential citizen of the early days and took a prominent part in the negotiations which ended with the building of the county court house. He was a Republican in politics, a Methodist in religion, a member of the Masonic order and of the G. A. R. To Mr. and Mrs. Hasler were born six children. Heman P., born August 3, 1866, is preparing to become a veterinary surgeon at San Francisco, Cal. Maude B., born July 29, 1868, married Joseph Batlo, and lives in Minneapolis. Wilhelmina T.. born October 10, 1871. married George Woodfill, a Minneapolis merchant. Frank J., born April 9, 1874, married Anna P. Ellingson, and lives in Rod Wing. Emma J., born March 25, 1876. died January 25. 1881. Susie G., born March 26, 1878, married Herbert 0. Clark, and lives at St. Paul Park, this state. Mrs. Hesler is secretary of the Eastern Star and treasurer of the W. R. C, in which she is a leading member. She is also chairman of the executive committee of the Colvill Park Association, which has for its object the providing of a spacious breathing place for the people of Red "Wing during the summer months.