Hall County, Nebraska - Chapter 15: Commercial History of Grand Island, 1920 (part 1 of 2)

Chapter 15: Commercial History of Grand Island

Commercial Beginnings oe Grand Island - Stores in 1873 - Business Leaders of First Decade - Businessmen of 1876 - During the Next Ten Years (1876-1886) - During THE Last Thirty-two Years - The Hotels - Restaurants - Confectioneries - Saloons - Barber Shops - Livery, Feed and Sale Stables - Blacksmith Shops - Agricultural Implements - Elevators - -Flour and Feed - Lumber and Coal - Coal - Grocery Stores - Meat Markets - Bakeries - IcE Dealers - Dry Goods and Shoes - WoLBACH Stores - Shoe Stores - Clothing Business - Millinery Stocks - Drug Stores - -Book Stores - Jewelry Stores - Furniture and Undertaking - Wall Paper Stocks - Hardware Stores - Other Stores - Commercial Organizations - -Hall County Immigration Society - The Merchants Club - - The Board of Trade - The Business Men's Club - The Commercial Club commercial beginnings of grand island As hereinbefore noted, the town of Grand Island, as it now stands, moved over to its present location from the first settlement to the site located by the Union Pacific railroad Company in the spring of 1866. The first track of the Union Pacific railroad was laid by that company on the 8th day of July, of the same year, and the first house built in the present confines of Grand Island was a section house, built by the same company. On the same day (July 8, 1866) the first construction train was run into the city.

Theretofore there had grown up during the nine years intervening since the arrival of the first colony, on July 4, 1857, what might rather loosely be termed the "old town." There was really no platted town, but a community of people with close neighborly interests and a constant exchange of business dealings.

The commercial interests of the community had been served by the old "O. K. Store" of Henry A. Koenig and Fred Wiebe, which had been running since 1862, on one farm. Something like five miles farther west Fred Hedde had built up a business and catered to his neighbor's needs, and on farther west was Jim Jackson's Wood River store. But with the location of Grand Island station on the railroad the stores had to leave the old emigrant roads, and Koenig and Wiebe promptly came up to Grand Island station, as did Fred Hedde. Likewise, Jim Jackson moved into the first site of Wood River, that sprang up with the arrival of the road, and he later had to move again to the present site to keep up with his community.

Grand Island did not promptly settle down on the streets which are now the principal business streets. But like the great majority of towns, missed its guess about one block off in each direction. The first community huddled around Front street, east and west, and principally around Pine street, north and south. In his centennial sketch, prepared in 1876, Dr. J. P. Patterson states : built and the eating house established for the accomodation of passengers. The first building being of insufficient size, an addition was put to it, and the whole was used as an eating house until the completion and occupation of the later commodious and handsome structure, which took place in December, 1875. Part of the old building was purchased by Fred Hedde, and removed to the southwest conrer of Locust and Third streets, where, after having some very essential repairs, it was occupied by Mr. Hedde as a store and dwelling. The balance was converted into a neat dwelling by P. Touhey, and later occupied by C. W. Thomas as a residence. The post office was established in November, 1866, and D. Schuller was appointed postmaster, and about the same time several stores were opened, among the first of which were those of M. S. Hall, a railroad contractor, Koenig & Wiebe, who had removed their old O. K. store into the town proper, in 1867. Wm. R. McAllister and C. W. Thomas commenced business in thg same year.

An examination of the advertising columns of the newspapers in the fall of 1873 showing the business houses of that time will recall many familiar names to the old settlers of the county, and those of the present generation who grew from childhood in the community.

The general stores were: O. K. Store, a store that had been brought over from the old town and that was located on the site of the present Koehler hotel. It was then managed by Robert C. Jordon, and the stock eventually closed out. C. Wasmer & Bro. store was lo-. cated on West Third, where the Woolworth Five and Ten Cent store is now located. This was afterwards closed out. C. W. Thomas's stock, known as The Excelsior store, was located across the street and in the next block west from the Wasmer store. Third street had not been opened until 1871 when James Michelson andW. R. McAllister built buildings on the northwest and southwest corners of Pine and Third streets. The store of Jacobs & Michelson was opened in 1871 on the site of the present Michelson block, and that of W. R. McAllister on the southeast corner of Third and Pine, a lot or two in from the street intersection. James Cleary, dealer in stoves, tinware and house furnishing goods, was located in North Locust street, between Third and Front streets, and T. J. Hurford, who offered another stock of hardware to the trade was at the comer of Third and Wheeler, where the present O. C. Thompson Co. is lolated. Other business houses and industries represented in the advertising columns of the papers in 1873 were: F. Drews, fashionable barber; A. F. Wilgocki, surveyor and real estate agent, for the two seemed to go together in those days, they closed the deal when they located the party on the land ; State Central bank of Nebraska, with F. A. Weibe as president and Dorr Heffleman as cashier ; Newsdepot at City Drug store, with N. P. Kelley, dealer; State Central Brewery, Geo. Boehm, proprietor, on Locust street; Capital Billiard hall at the comer of Locust and Third streets ; Fritz Suehlsen, "icecream, lunch at all hours and general confectionery" on Front street; Cornelius Ivers' billiard hall. Third street; A. H. Wilhelm of Alda, Nebraska, advertising "for best prices and quickest returns on buying grain ;" Geo. T. Hoagland and Son, lumber; Tout & Morton, carpenters and builders; M. J. McKelligan & Co., "wines, liquors, etc." ; Fred Nabel's city bakery ; D. G. Phimister, contractor and builder; L. Engel, merchant tailor; Jenneman & Dunphy, boot and shoe manufactury. on Locust street; Probstle & Barks, harness, saddles, etc., on Locust street; Koenig & Wiebe Steam Flouring Mill, and "dealers in Grain, Flour, Ground Feed and Coal" ; C. E. Lykke, blacksmithing on Third street ; W. A. Piatt auctioneer ; J. G. Feller, Hames maker; Bassett's Sample Rooms, under the Clarendon hotel ; John Grimes, bootmaker, on corner of Third and Pine streets ; American Feed, Livery and Sale Stable; John Fonner; wells hair dressing and shaving saloon, joining the Nebraska house. The only resident survivors of the , foregoing list are Fred Nabel, C. E. Lykke, and Jas. Cleary.

In consequence of the present unsettled condition of business, and the stringency in monetary matters throughout the countr}', the undersigned business firms of Grand Island resolved that on and after the 15th day of the present month (October, 1873) they will sell goods for CASH ONLY.

They do this with the firm conviction that such a course will prove ultimately beneficial to buyer and seller, and will enable them ultimately to furnish their patrons with merchandise at proportionately lower rates than heretofore.

The first firm to register in the Record of Firms and Corporations doing business in Hall County, Nebraska, as kept in the office of the county clerk, was Bowers, Thormahlen & Co. (John J. Bowers, John Thormahlen and Lizzie C. Handy), dealers in grain, vegetables and groceries. On September 20, 1875, the second registration was that of C. Wasmer & Bro., retail dealers in general merchandise, grain and produce, (Christian and Charles Wasmer). Another entry filed on September 29, 1875, was that of Peter Thums and Cornelius Pettinger, as Thums & Pettinger, for wholesale and retail dealing in liquors and cigars and manufacturing of vinegar, and a similiar registration for liquors and cigars was made by Henry Baumann and Hugo Oelrich.

Two additions to the business interests of the town in 1874 had been the store started by John W. and W. H. West, as West & Brother, a partnership registration for which was made on October 2, 1875. The year 1874 also marks the establishment of the Wolbach store which has been conducted in Grand Island now for forty-five years. The registration of an association, doing business under the firm name of Wolbach Brothers for general mercantile business, was filed by Samuel N. Wolbach and Jacob S. Wolbach on March 8, 1881.

Indicative that business interests were advancing in other parts of the county was the filing on October 6, 1875, by County Clerk Wallichs, of a notice that the following persons had associated themselves together as the Cooperative Association of Patrons of Husbandry of Hall County: D. C. Smith, Alda; Edwin Searson, secretary. Grand Island; Martin Ennis and W. J. Burger, Orchard City; Geo. L. Warner, Wood River; J. H. Andrews, Alda ; Charles E. Towne, Wood River; John Irwin and Wm. Stolley, Wood River.

Business Leaders Of The First Decade

A short review of the men who started and developed the first business in Grand Island during the first ten years of the history of the town develops a list of remarkable pioneer business men.

Henry A. Koenig, who had located in the county in 1862, became the founder of many of the city's business and industrial enterprises. He had started the O. K. store in 1862, and with Fred Wiebe brought it over when the town finally located on the railroad line. His father, Fred A. Wiebe, is credited with having started the first lumber yard. Mr. Koenig started the mill, and in 1871 had started the State Central Bank of Nebraska, the only banking institution of the town during its first decade.

history of the county. In 1873 he was. conducting a general store, and in 1874 he added a lumber yard, but in 1880 switched his attention solely to agricultural implements, until he changed his activity to the editorship of the Independent.

W. R. McAllister opened his first store in a very small room on Front street in 1867. During practically all of the first ten years of the town's history he was its postmaster. In 1858 he had located two miles west of Fort Kearny, where he was freighting for a time, and then had worked on the Union Pacific Railroad for a time. In 1871, as heretofore noted, Mr. McAllister erected a building near Third and Pine streets, a site which now is occupied by the substantial brick block which bears his name. He afterwards served as mayor of the city and took part in many activities during his long business career.

James Michelson came in 1860. He was passing through the old settlement and they persuaded him to stop ofif and settle among them. He was a blacksmith by trade and at that time the scattered community with a store on one farm and some other enterprise on another desired the services of a blacksmith. When the new settler had selected a site the neighbors gathered in and donated their services, and in about three days built him a house. At that time a great many overland trains were going through, and it was necessary for these trains and groups of emigrants to stop ofif for several days and have their oxen shod. At times the little country shop had four or five blacksmiths working. A charge of $16 was made for shoeing a yoke of oxen. Numerous members of the early blacksmithing fraternity of the county originally came to this vicinity to accept employment in the river shops. Mr. Michelson kept a ranch with open house for travelers, as well as the wagon shop. In 1866 he moved into the new town and elaborated on the idea of furnishing accommodations for the transient guests of the community by building the Nebrska House, at Pine and Front streets, the first hotel in the town (excepting, of course, the railroad eating house). In 1871 he built a building on the site of the present commodious brick Michelson block, and by 1872 was a member of the mercantile fraternity. The store of Jacobs & Michelson was later sold to Joseph Kilian, who conducted it for a number of years and closed out the stock.

C. W. Thomas established his grocery and boot and shoe house in January, 1, 1868, but sold that stock to W. R. McAllister on September 1, 1869. On October 19, of that year, Mr. Thomas purchased the Koenig & Wiebe grocery stock and erected a store building in 1871. He then purchased a stock of dry goods from R. C. Jordon, agent, and some from Peterson & Ruelberg, but sold this department to H. H. Glover in 1879. In 1879 he joined with Gregg Bros, and Fred A. Sears in the erection of a grain elevator, but in 1880 sold his interest in that to Mr. Sears. Mr. Thomas is now residing in Detroit, Michigan, engaged in brass and metal manufacturing.

James Cleary established his hardware house in 1870. He came from Ireland in 1859, and later settled in Hall County. He continued his hardware business for about twenty years, later conducted a grocery business, served the town as mayor, and in 1919, practically fifty years after his entrance into the commercial lists in Grand Island, is still actively engaged in business, having a real estate office in the new ofifice building he erected a few years ago on West Third street.

W. H. Piatt came early in 1866, opened a drug store and law ofifice, and continued the store until 1870, when he was admitted to the bar and switched his attention to the practice of law. He is reputed to have assisted in building the first business house on the town site in July, 1866. This drug store was on Third street, where the Rexall store (Pease Drug Co.) is now located. Fred A. Sears and Fred Ackerman conducted a drug store in this location after Mr. Piatt left that line of business. For most of the time since then that location has accommodated a drug store.

John G. Raine opened a jewelry store in 1876. He was located next to the Piatt drug store. Mr. Raine continued in this business for approximately twenty years. H. C. Held established a jewelry store in September, 1872, on a site that is now part of the Wolbach store block. He also remained in the jewelry business for approximately a quarter of a century. H. O. Brown was another watchmaker and jeweler of the 'seventies.

Edward Hooper opened a blacksmith shop on the banks of the Platte in 186L and moved to the new town in 1866, and engaged in selling implements until 1879, when he aided in establishing a foundry that was a high-water mark in the early industrial and mechanical history of the community.

H. Thomas came to Hall County in 1871 and a few years later established the meat market of Thomas & Hall. Later he opened a grocery store at Alda and in 1880 joined his brother in the produce trade.

In order that some "of the other business interests may not be overlooked in this resume, the list of business men of Grand Island, given by Dr. Patterson in 1876 in his centennial sketch is here given :

Of the foregoing only the Wolbach store is still continuing but those who have retired from the lines of business named and are living here are Fred Nabel, C. E. Lykke, James Cleary, Wasmer Bros. J. W. West, Henry Mayer, John Windolph.

During The Next Ten Years

In the period that elapsed between 1876 and 1886, a great many business changes took place. By 1886 some of the most prominent stores of the first ten year period had either been closed out, merged into other business, moved away, or lost their identity and became historical memories. The O. K. store, the Wasmer store, the West store, the Kilian store, the Hedde stock, the Thomas store, and the Wiseman store were among that list. The Wolbach store remained in existence as it has ever since then. The Held and Raine jewelry stores kept on, and a number of the other business houses will appear later in the recital of the various lines of business.

But during that decade there were many new arrivals among the business houses of the city. Adam Blunk erected the Platte Valley grist mill in 1877.

paint store in 1881, in the Michelson building, where the Brunswick billiard hall is now located. He came to Nebraska in 1879 and entered the employ of the Sears and Ackerman drug store. He conducted this store ot that location until he built a structure in which to house his store on the northeast corner of Third and Pine streets. He afterwards built the brick Boyden block on that same site, and conducted the drug store until he went away to study medicine. He later conducted the drug store again for a short period after he had been admitted to practice. H. L. Burkett established a furniture store in 1878, which he sold in 1882 to A. W. Wilhelm, and he then established a stock ranch in Howard County.

F. D. Collins established a clothing house in September, 1881. Henry Eisner came to Grand Island in December, 1881, and opened the grocery, tobacco and crockery store of Conely & Eisner.

H. H. Glover opened a dry goods house in 1879. He later was in business with Wiebe, as Glover & Wiebe, and at another time as Glover & Pike. Mr. Glover has remained in business at various periods ever since. The Glover block still remains in his active charge, though he has in recent years sold his various stocks of merchandise.

Christopher Ispen started the drug store in March, 1882, with which he was connected for practically twenty years, in the location where the Kaufman store is now located.

G. T. Jordon opened a hardware store in March, 1880, in partnership with Justice, and conducted this store on Third street near the new First National Bank building. The Lederman hardware store first opened in May,

1880, coming from Crete where he had settled in 1877. M. Murphy settled here in 1877 and opened a photograph gallery on east Third street between Pine and Sycamore, on the south side of the street. . James B. Murray & Co. established their grocery house in March, 1882. James C. Pederson opened a grocery store August 1, 1879. Mathews Reifers added the State Central brick yard to the industries of the town in May, 1878. George F. Ryan moved from Merrick County to Grand Island in 1877. In 1881-1882 he was a member of the produce firm of Thomas &Co.

at Grand Island in the 'eighties, but the L. A. Von Wasmer Co. built another elevator on the B. & M. tracks after that railroad arrived.' O. U. Wescoatt opened a livery stable in December, 1878.

It is practically impossible, or at least impractical, in the space alloted to this phase of life of the community, to attempt a complete list of all the business houses that have been established and conducted in the city, but after the completion of this second decade a brief resume of those establishments that have been conducted for any considerable length of time in a number of the difl^erent lines of business will be given under that system of classification.

During The Last Thirty-Two Years

Grand Island has always been a clearing house and transfer for the vast amount of traffic, trade and travel through the state of Nebraska. A person residing in the commun- ity may lose sight of the importance of the hotels, restaurants, livery stables, garages, barber shops, and those business institutions of the town that devote probably the major portion erf their eflforts to the service and comfort of people who may be simply stopping off for a few hours or days on their way through the town and across the state, or who may be temporarily making their homes in the town. Just as Grand Island in early days was come into Grand Island every day, transfer from one railroad to another, stay over night, or take a meal here, and perhaps do some trading here. This has always been proportionately true in the past. So in summarizing the commercial interests of the city, in the past and at present, we will first treat that class of institutions which cater to both travelling, visiting, and outside interests as well" as to local and home interests.

the stopping station for emigrants, traders, and homeseekers, and the trading point for ranchers, cowboys, and homesteaders, alike, for a great many miles, it is now after sixty years of settlement, the clearing house for trade and transfer point for a good share of the traffic over the west and northwest portions of the state. It is no small item of importance that something like three hundred travelling salesmen and district representatives of the business houses and industrial institutions of the country headquarter and travel out of Grand Island. A great many more will move to this city when the present restricted building situation relaxes and homes can be built for them. Hundreds of people

The Hotels

The hotels of the town were very modest in 1866. Near the first depot was a boarding house for the railroad men. The Nebraska House was built by James Michelson that same year, and provided a place for the general public. The railroad eating house built that fall, with some additions, continued in use until 1875, when it was inoved away in two sections by Fred Hedde and P. Touhey, and the Union Pacific Hotel erected. This hotel was the first very large structure built in Hall County. In 1869 or 1870 the Tremont was opened. Another famous early hotel was the Wyoming House, built by Detlefif Sass and destroyed by fire during the 'eighties. A little later, the Traveler's Home, with Hugo Hald as proprietor, was established. The Herman House has been mentioned in another chapter. By 1885, the hotels of Grand Island were: The Pacific, 40 rooms ; the Jordon, 35 rooms (located on Pine street, between Third and Front, where the Altoona now stands) ; the Commercial, 30 rooms; the Estes, at Kimball and Front, 30 rooms (opened in 1880) ; the National, between Oak and Kimball, 22 rooms ; the Clarendon, on Pine street between Third and Front, 20 rooms ; the Colorado, 15 rooms ; the Omaha; 14 rooms ; the City, on Third between Pine and Sycamore, 12 rooms ; and Powers' on Front between Pine and Locust. The New England was re-opened in November by Jordon. The old Grand Union Hotel was refitted in February, 1885, and opened by jNIr. Baker, under the name of the Commercial Hotel. The Wisconsin Hotel was opened on Front between Kimball and Oak about that time. By 1887, some other hotels in operation in addition to those named above were : The Jamieson Hotel, opened about 1886, at Front and Sycamore. This hotel is still in operation, though for the last five or six years, it has been called the Savoy. The

Scarfif house was operating in 1887. In 1887 the Palmer House was built, through the energies of C. W. Scarfif. This four-story building at Second and Sycamore, in its day a most magnificent structure costing about $80,000, was as important a step ahead in the career of the community as the new ten-story North American Hotel is to this generation, and after its thirty-two years of continuous operation, until the completion of the North .\merican or some other modern structure of that class, remains the second best hotel building in the city. In recent years this hostelry has been under the management of Henry Schuff and son - with Lester Schufif giving it his personal attention. Some of the small hotels in the town in 1887 were the fanners Home, on Spruce Street, Girard House on Sycamore; Grand Island House, at Front and Oak ; Millard Hotel between Pine and Locust, on Front ; and during the next couple of years the Cottage House was opened at 408 North Plum, in the vicinity of the Burlington depot and Grand Island Sanitarium at 121 East Front. As the Union Pacific depot in those days was farther east than its present location, it will be noticed that the hotel and restaurant trade was centered around Front, in the neighborhood of Sycamore, Kimball and Oak, and Pine -was virtually westward for such trade. The hotel erected by Mr. Dunphy was known as the Dunphy Hotel. This structure was on Pine street, near the present Altoona. In 1891 and 1892 Richard Bros, were running the Jamieson, and C. E. and E. A. Brown, the Palmer; the Union Pacific Railroad Co. owned the Pacific Hotel; M. R. Meek, the City Hotel; Dunphy had the Dunphy Hotel; G. I. Estes conducted the Estes Hotel; Mrs. K. A. Shephard, the Commercial House; the Nickel State Hotel was at 122 North Pine; N. P. Nelson, the Grand Island Hotel at 319 East Front; the Hall House was at 412 N. Plum ; T. Hillebrand received guests at 109 E. Front; and J. Windnagel at 317 E. Front. Another Nebraska House sprang up in the early 'nineties, at 408 N. Plum, under the management of J. A. Richardson, and the Park Hotel at 107 W. Front, owned by N. H.

Hurford. A well-known and successful hostess of those days was Mrs. Thralls, who first came here from Michigan in 1880, and conducted the Thralls restaurant for some years. She went to Tacoma for a period and on her return managed various houses in the city, notably the City Hotel, situated about where Lechsinky's photograph studio is now located, the Thralls restaurant, and in 1896 was managing the Jamieson, and at one time for a short period, the Occidental (now St. James). H. N. Lord succeeded the Browns in the management of the Palmer. The Hall House became the White House, about 1896.

By 1900 the hotels in operation were the Jamieson. Palmer, and the new Koehler which had been erected in 1892, the Crawford, at Fourth and Kimball, the Occidental Hotel, at 109 West Fourth, the White House, and the Union and Vienna restaurants..

The Koehler, erected by Gus. Koehler at an expense of about $100,000 was the first hotel structure in the city to eclipse the Palmer House, and still remains the finest hotel in town, pending a new modern structure such as the North American. Built almost thirty years ago, it is still an imposing structure and built on such solid and substantial proportions that it can still outlast this generation of people and many more. The building has approximately 100 guest rooms, large lobby and reading rooms, several sample rooms, with dining room and cafe quarters adjoining it on the south. The Koehler in 1897 was under the management of H. H. Hake and has passed through several changes of management. F. J. Coates was proprietor and manager for some years.

In recent years the property has belonged to the Koehler Hotel Co. of which Charles G. Ryan and George B. Bell are the principal stockholders. R. L. Word and Mr. Berend were recent lessees or managers, and U. P. Koenig is the present lessee and manager. Between 1900 and 1910 not so very many new hostelries were started in Grand Island, notably the Makely House, a revival of the Jordon or Dunphy location, which afterwards became the Altoona about 1910, and is still operated as the Altoona, and the Central at Fourth and Kimball. The Gold Cure Sanitarium at Front and Kimball thrived as an institution with a great mission for some years, but has now closed out as a sanitarium and is occupied by a boarding and rooming house. About 1910 the Boquette was built at 317 East Third street. This is a very narrow structure but five stories high, and is now in operation as the Hammond Hotel. The Brewster, at 703 West Third, is a large brick structure, built with the idea of making a family hotel in the residence district, but is now unoccupied. The B. & M. Hotel at

514 Plum street flourished for a number of years, but is now out of existence and when the new Burlington depot was built, a few rods west of the old depot, it was necessary to move several buildings. The present hotels of the city are the Koehler; the Palmer, which has been owned in recent years by Henry Schufif and Son, and of which Lester Schuff is now manager; the St. James (old Occidental), W. S. Hayman, proprietor until recently J. A. Smith took over its management ; the Altoona, the Savoy (old Jamieson) ; the American, formerly the Vienna, Schufif & Son, proprietors ; the Hammond ; Cottage Home, 411 E. Fourth; the Bachelors, east of the Bartenbach (Opera House) block, which has been very successfully conducted for a number of years ; and the Y. M. C. A. dormitory, furnishing accommodations for about eighty-eight people.

Hotel was started and the exterior of the structure erected by the end of 1917, and has stopped progress for over a year, on account of the company building it getting into financial difficulties through manipulations back and forth between the hotel holding company and the stock-selling and promoting company, both of which had practically the same officers. But steps are now being taken to hasten the completion of this structure in the very near future, as it is in great demand.

Restaurants and lunch counters come and go too fast to permit of a detailed listing of all of these establishments which Grand Island has maintained. The restaurant location with the longest practically continued line of existence has been the Opera House location. J. P. Hensley conducted this late in the 'nineties. By 1900 Boeck and Fossgreen were in charge, and a few years later the firm was changed to Klinge and Fossgreen, and so remained until Fred L. Regan took charge. ^Irs. Thrall's restaurant on Front street and her later place of business on Third street were famous in their day. Mrs. J. Jenneman was another hostess of the early 'nineties on North Pine. Other restaurarit keepers of the 'nineties were Mrs. J. D. Purdy on Wheeler avenue, John F. Hall on North Plum, M. R. Meek on Sixth street, O. H. Tracy on Front street, the Union restaurant, and the Vienna cafe, conducted by Schuff and Callahan. The Vienna restaurant and hotel has been enlarged and now occupies a fine two-story brick building on N. Locust street. Prior to its removal to its present location in 1910 this restaurant ran from 1894 to 1910 continuously - 24 hours a day without a key being used to turn the lock to the place day or night. In 1918 the name of the hotel and restaurant was changed to the American. Between 1900 and 1910 the main restaurants were: the Vienna, the Union, the City, conducted by W. F. Maddox, Boeck & Fossgreen, Opera House Cafe, Modern Lunch Room at 202 West Third, Bon Ton, F. H. Bonnell, 222 West Third, College Restaurant, at 307 West Third, Robert

Geddes, at 113 West Third, which took the name of Candy Box, about 1904, Mrs. M. C. Kerr, 112 West Third, the St. James, Mrs. M. Hanrahan, 102 W. Front, Windnagel, Hill and Cornfield eating places. The Palace Cafe, opened by S. Shindo about twelve years ago, has grown until it feeds as many people as any other eating place in the city. Shuster & Jungbluth opened a cafe and confectionery in the Masonic Building about ten years ago, which has in recent years been conducted at 1 1 1 West Third by Arthur A. Schuster. For a number of years Brown's Cafe, previously operated as a home cooking restaurant, was a factor in the restaurant business, but this place closed out in 1918. The present eating houses of the city are Koehler Cafe, conducted by Karl Kalex, the American, formerly the Vienna, conducted by Henry Schuff and Son, the Palace, conducted by S. Shindo, the Island, another Japanese cafe, the Mandarin, a Chinese cafe, the Grand Cafe, Opera House confectionery, F. L. Regan, Schuster's cafe, the Davies Cafeteria, in Michelson block, new Miller Cafeteria, Paris Cafe, Union Pacific Depot Dining Room, Aksaraba, Farmers' & Merchants, Royal Chocolate Shop, and a number of lunch rooms around the Burlington depot.

Late in the 'nineties. Dill & Huston conducted a confectionery and eating place at 109 West Third; W. H. Quillen opened up about that time, about where the Lechinsky studio is now located, and later moved a couple doors east, and is still operating a confectionery and fruit store. Other confectioneries operated in recent years for any length of time have been : The Opera House Confectionery, operated by Walt Appledorn, from 1889 for about eight years, after J. P. Hensley closed out in the room south of it. Henry Bartenbach was in charge of this business for a couple years, until Boeck and Fossgreen took it over, and since then Klinge & Fossgreen and Fred L. Regan have operated it. The Grand Island Candy Kitchen opened about 1907, and is still in operation, now owned by Gust Valonis. Wm. Ivers has been conducting a confectionery and bakery for a number of years, and is now located at 104 East Third. W. C. Campbell first opened at 105 S. Locust, but for about ten years was at 101 East Third, a location now occupied by the Becker Music Co. Schuster & Jungbluth opened in the Masonic building, but A. A. Schuster now conducts this place at 111 West Third. J. C. Gerspacher's place at 215 West Third, Gurley place at 115 N. Locust, later occupied by Ed McAllister, Lucy Alstot place on West Third, and Burley and Rogers' confectioneries have been closed out. The Royal Chocolate Shop (Campbell & Dority) opened about five years ago and is still in flourishing operation. Wm. Steinmeyer has operated at 324 West Fourth for a number of years past. There are a number of fruit stores, cigar stores, and soft drink parlors that operate partially as confectioneries.

With the arrival of state and national prohibition, the saloon and liquor dispensaries are all a matter of memory and history, except that numerous locations long used for that purpose have held over as dispensaries of soft drinks, with the old familiar bar, foot rail and equipment to remind the patrons of days gone by, when the cup was full and some imbibed even too copiously and too long. Regardless of the unfavorable opinion that many of our readers may hold of the saloons, and the possibly changed ideas of some of the former patrons as they now view them in the perspective, these institutions were a factor in entertaining many guests, as well as residents, of the community. In the days when they flourished public sentiment looked at them differently than now.

A man by name of Schuler opened one of the first saloons in the new community, called the Headquarters Saloon; about 1870 there were five saloons and bars in the town ; Anderson's place, on the present site of the Tucker & Famsworth drug store, at Third and Locust; a bar maintained in the Michelson Hotel (Nebraska House) ; Kraft's place, on the site of the present Commercial State

Bank ; Bassett's sample room, under the Clarendon Hotel; and Cornelius Tver's Billiard hall on Third street. ?. Dunphy soon thereafter advertised a wholesale and retail liquor business. Gustave Koehler at an early day opened on the present American (Vienna) hotel and restaurant location, later moving to a site which is now part of the Koehler hotel site, on west Front street, and finally in the Koehler hotel building. After his death, this location was retained and a saloon operated by the various proprietors and Koehler Hotel Co. Another memorable location, maintained for something like thirty years, was the Foley location. Jas. Foley opened some time in the 'eighties and remained at 212 West Third until about 1913. Without attempting to name all of these institutions, a few of the more memorable establishments were: 118 South Locust, conducted at various periods by John C. Cornelius, Albert Heyde, Sanders & Schlichtling, Wm. Schlichtling, W. E. Parker, manager, and Axt & Paulsen; 105 N. Locust, by Fred Roth and Frank Kunze; 113 S. Wheeler, by Claus Eggers, Eggers & Schumacher, and later by Henry Schumacher at 115 S. Wheeler; John Hann at 507 S. Locust, Hann's Park, as usually called, and later by Henry Hann; 123 S. Locust, at south end of Opera House block", by Jas. Hengen, in the 'nineties by Stout & Hengen and Jas. Stout, Henry Sievers, and for a time by Gustav Sievers, when Henry Sievers moved across the street to 124 S. Locust, which location was last occupied by Cornelius & Roby and John C. Cornelius : Julius Guendel's location at 118 East Third, which H. A. Buenger had the last years of its career. The Kuehlson location at 118 East Front was maintained under one management for something like thirty years. Chris Ronnefeldt maintained a saloon at 107 East Third, in late years called the "Onyx," but during the last biennium of the business he had the "Schlitz" saloon at 123 E. Third, in the old Scarff building. The Ark was at 122 East Third, the Turf Exchange at 309 West Third, and J. J. Klinge's locations at 114 N. Locust and 214 West Third, Theo.

Schaumann's location at 224 West Third, 310 West Third with Henry Sanders and F. Duhrsen, 207 West Third, by Fred Roth and Henry Sanders, 308 West Third, by Charles Nielsen, about 1889, 215 West Third, with Carl Moeller, Straus & Grotz, Grotx & Schersberg - these were some of the notable establishments of this line. The 308 West Third location was 'carried on after Nielson, by Heyde, and at last by Nich Weinrich. The Schlitz location, 124 E. Third, was carried on about 1889 by Murphy & Lanigan. The Palmer House Bar was another memorable institution, as the saloon at Front and Pine, and one at 112 N. Pine, and the Mint at 118 East Third. There are no doubt numerous establishments omitted from this list, but most of those that ran for any length of time have been included.

Soft drink establishments have remained in the locations at 124 S. Locust, 204 West Third (Bernstein & White location), Geo. Baumann, proprietor ; and next door west ; at the Sorenson location on North Locust, on the alley on west side of street; at Koehler hotel location, now fruit and confectionery store ; in the Roth building on Wheeler street ; Nick Weinrich location, 308 W. Third; at the Mint location, 116 E. Third; Schlitz location, 123 E. Third; and several locations on Front street. On the other hand, after the saloons closed, some of the most desirable locations were turned over to other lines of business and, notably the locations now occupied by Pizer's Smart shop and Schumacher's Meat shop, given beautiful new fronts. Kauman location at 107 E. Third is now occupied by a tractor and road machinery concern, as also the Buenger location; the Golden Gate location at 124 E. Third was first occupied by Brown's cafe and now by a fruit store; the Opera House location is now used by Willman's clothing store, and the Vienna building corner by a new clothing store recently started there. Though twentyeight saloons stopped two years ago. Grand Island's growth has taken up practically every vacant store-room left in the city.

Barber Shops

This is another line of business that changes hands too often to allow mention of every shop. But yet a short resume will show some startling proprietorships in Grand Island, as to the length of time certain shops have been under one management. A business that keeps up with the growth of the community and is essential enough to stay on top of the rising tide of prices is a permanent factor in the community life. A shop such as Theo. Bernstein's, operated at 312 West Third, before 1890 and there under the same management until 1914, and later known as Martin's shop, has been operated from the time of five and ten cent shaves, through the fifteen cent period, and if it was still continuing under that management would be operating on the twenty-five cent basis recently established. Another location long maintained is 116 N. Locust, by Sowles & Nelson, Nelson & Franz, W. W. Nelson, and A. N. Foxhaven. The Palmer House barber shop was maintained for many years, at times by Phillips & Sowles, C. W. Nelson, Wm. F. Krause, R. V. Wiley. O. H. Tracy ran a shop on Locust street in the 'nineties ; the Palace shop at 121 East Third preceded the 'nineties; N. I. Augustine established a shop in the 115 East Third location about 1900 and conducted it there until about 1913 or 1914, when E. S. Fairbanks ran it for several years and recently sold it. Seward W. Johnson, colored, ran a shop for ten or twelve years at 108 N. Pine and later on Walnut street. The Puritan shop at 110 N. Pine is a well-known one. Paul H. Hayman's earlier shop at 220 S. Pine was later superceded by his shop at 120 North Pine which has been going for a number of years. C. W. Marsh opened a shop about 1912 at 114 West Third. There has been a shop for some time in the basement of the Hedde building. Frank Donner had the 115 North Locust location for some years, succeeding the Hainline shop some ten or twelve years ago. W. H. Smith succeeded to the 110 N. Pine location about ten years ago. The present shops are those in the Hedde building.

under Sterne's clothing store; under the State Bank of Grand Island at Third and Locust; the Koehler hotel shop; one in the Ryan building; the 117 E. Third location; 204 West Third; 114 N. Pine; Grace's pool hall; Hangas' pool hall, 212 E. Third; Wheeler street shop; 110 N. Pine; 106 E. Fourth, and possibly several others.

Livery, Feed And Sale Stables

In the first fifty years of the history of Grand Island, the livery, feed and sale bam was a distinctively serviceable institution to the tourist, the traveller, the farmer who came to town to trade, and residents in general. But the sale business is now handled at the Horse Barns, the feed is sold, from feed stores, and the livery business has all but given way to the automobile industry.

Since the days of the Michelson barn, situated on the alley between Third and Front on the west side of Pine, and its mate, the Fonner barn across the street, numerous barns have come and gone in Grand Island. Probably the barn location that held forth in that line the longest was that of Frank Corkins at 306 East Third. This barn was running in the late 'eighties and was still there in l910. The American Feed, Livery and Sale Stable of John Fonner continued until about 1890. John Windolph's barn was conducted in the 'seventies, and the C. E. Jerome livery barn was running as early as 1876 and as late of 1892. About 1891 it moved from 313 East Fourth to 307 East Front. Other barns running in the late 'eighties were: Geo. P. Hansen, 113 N. Elm; Banks Brothers, 213 E. Front; J. C. Pederson & Co., 202 East Fourth ; C. D. M. Washburn, 205 East Front ; Adam Windolph, 113 West Front; and early in the 'nineties, O. U. Wescott's barn took the 202 East Front location. C. D. M. Washburn conducted a dray line for years, and his last location was a barn on the present site of the Y. M. C. A. building at First and Locust. The Corkins business was conducted under various names, F. Corkins & Co., Corkins & Countney, and Frank Corkins. J. G. Knowles' barn at 124 North Sycamore was running in the later 'nineties. By 1900 the list of barns had settled down to about the following: Jas. Detlefson at 313 W. Second, near the present public library site, a site that has recently been cleared off entirely and a new store building constructed thereon; E. G. Howell barn at 110 South Elm; J. Windnagel's barn on West Third; Corkins & Co.; J. E. Hanna's barn at Wheeler and First, a. location s!hce replaced with the Nielsen Garage; W. H. Bordner's barn, successor to the J. C. Pederson barn; Grand Island Feed Barn at 424 West Third ; Wescott bam and Robert Haldeman's barn at Front and Sycamore.

Ed Miner started a barn at 308 East Third something like twelve years ago, and today his is one of the two livery businesses -left in Grand Island. In fact a great many towns and cities, some of them considerably larger than Grand Island, are now without a single livery business left. The prevalence of the auto livery when roads are passable has made the livery business less paying, and when roads are such that automobiles cannot get through a livery business cannot be operated with any great degree of profit. Barns operating after 1907, not heretofore mentioned, have been, one near the Bradstreet & Clemens' site; Zink & Fletcher's on East Front; Palace stables, 112 S. Kimball avenue; W. C. Rhodes, 112 N. Oak, and same bam later by J. H. Davis; the Bordner barn at 22 East Third, continued by Kaumans & Maroney, Frank Gross, and Stewart & Black ; Niels T. Wheeler at the 222 South Wheeler, up to a short time ago when he went over to the automobile business.

Blacksmith Shops

While the blacksmith shop originally depended upon horses, wagons, and kindred farm equipment for business, it has not disappeared as fast as the livery barn. The blacksmith shop and the carriage shop have been able to switch over to repair work and various mechanical services in relation to automobiles, trucks, and tractors, so that numerous shops are still operating, though undoubtedly not relying entirely on blacksmith work for their maintenance. Ed Hooper's old shop.

maintained during the 'sixties and up until about 1890, was first located on the west side of Locust street about the present site of the Equitable Building & Loan building; and in 1887 was listed at 201 South Locust, the present North American Hotel site. C. E. Lykke's shop on west Third was operating in 1876 and remained in operation until about 1904 or 1905. Chas. Hofman worked in shops here as early as 1883, but started a shop in 1887, on South Spruce street. Gottlieb Heidkamp came here in 1886 and A. Krall came in 1886 or 1887. Hofman's Spruce street location was taken by Krall & Heidkamp about 1896, and a little later Hofman started on Wheeler street, where he remained until his recent retirement from the business. Krall & Heidkamp moved over to 216 S. Locust a few years ago and are still operating a blacksmith and machine shop there, right in the heaij; of the business part of the city. Other shops running by 1890 were H. Stratman's shop on Spruce between Second and Third which ran until a few years ago; Charles Murray's shop on Sycamore, between Third and Front; the Peter Nelson shop at 117 South Spruce, and E. Sorenson shop at 201 North Pine, the present location of the Brown Fruit Co. The two latter shops ran until about 1896 or 1897. The Spethman shop was located on Locust, between Third and Front in the 'nineties, and later M. C. Spethman's shop on North Sycamore and finally at 214 East Third, a location still operated as the Spethman blacksmith shop and a carriage shop with it. Another shop still operating is the location at 412 West Third, the successor of C. E. Lykke's business, operated after Lykke's retirement by Johnson & Trent and now by Johnson & James. The old D. Spethman shop on 111 N. Sycamore was also operated by W. W. Farmer, Harry H. Bulck and H. W. Smith. The Chris Dalgas shop has been operated since about 1907 at 124 East Fourth. Other shops have been operated by M. L. Boquette at 214 N. Elm about 1900; A. T. Chrisman on Wheeler avenue about the same time; C. E. Huihn. near Bradstreet's

Charles Hofman relates that he was the last man to shoe any oxen in this county, also the last man to shoe an Indian pony in Grand Island. Both of these incidents were in 1885, and mark the time of the passing of two important landmarks of pioneer life. Many ponies and oxen were brought down from Loup Valley or stopped off on the way through in the early days.

Agricultural Implements

This is another business that has withstood the inroads of the automobile industry, because such an establishment can add power farm machinery to its stock, take on tractors and trucks and sell them along with wagons and plows. No matter which line of implements a dealer may be handling, his manufacturer can supply him tractors, trucks and engines as well as the hand and riding implements and wagons and buggies. The history of the dealers along this line up until 1886 has already been traced. The year 1887 found the Henry Stratman stock on South Spruce running, and this business continued until recently when upon the death of the younger Stratman it was closed out, and a tire concern has taken over the last location at 120 S. Wheeler. In 1889 and 1890 implements were being handled by Stratman, Hann & Boehl, L. M. Bryan, Allison & Medberry, Peter Heintz, T. J. Hurfdrd, Liniger & Metcalf store, C. E. Lykke and J. J. and J. B. Rogers.

Stocks of agricultural implements were later handled by Grand Island Transfer, Storage & Commercial Co. at Front and Kimball ; H. J. Palmer, at the rear of Wolbach's on Pine street; Herman Bros, at 217 South Locust (the site of the present Commings garage) ; Piano Mfg. Co., Grand Island Banking building; Guy Self Feeder Co., Jones Bros, at 224 East Third ; Matthiesen & Eggers and D. Matthiesen. The Lininger location at 217 South Locust was continued until about 1911 or 1912, most of the time as the Grand Island Implement Co. J. J. and B. J. Rogers operated for some time at Second and Locust, until about 1910 or 1911. With the Stratman stock retired, the three existing stocks of agricultural implements and kindred lines are of somewhat recent origin. J. H. Squires opened about 1893 or 1894 and a couple years later Upperman & Leiser took over his location and stock at 114 South Pine. This is the oldest of the present establishments in this line, and during 1919 has been reorganized as G. A. Leiser & Co. D. Gilbert & Son started about twelve years ago, and recently D. Gilbert has taken over the argicultural implements at 415 W. Third, and his son has taken over the district agency for Maxwell automobiles at the same location. The recent addition to this line of business is the big plant of W. T. Detweiler Co. at Fifth and Pine streets. Mr. Detweiler came to Grand Island sometime ago, but has been running stores in a number of towns in this part of the state. Harry N. Oldson is local manager and this concern has constructed a large frame building for its stock.

Unlike some industries and commercial interests, the elevators at Grand Island handle more of a local territory, because they have competition at every town in the county. The old Sears elevator has already been spoken of ; also the L. A. VanWasmer elevator built on the B. & M. tracks. About 1890 the town had three or four elevators, the Grand Island Grain Co. at Walnut and Front; the Grand Island Milling & Elevator Co. plant on Green street and U. P. tracks; and Von Wasmer elevator on Burlington tracks. C. A. Peterson & Co. afterwards operated at Greenwich and U. P. tracks. S. N. Wolbach owned the elevator along the Union Pacific tracks during the last half of the 'nineties. The Louis A. Von Wasmer elevator was taken about 1896 by the Wilson Grain Co. with Oscar Wells as manager, and later by the McCloud Grain Co. and eventually by Oscar Wells & Co. Mr. Wells was manager of this institution for a great many years, retiring early in 1918, when he sold the plant to the Highland Grain Co. who is now operating it. About ten years ago the T. B. Hord Grain Co. took over the Walnut street elevator. The Farmer's Co-Operative and Educational Union is now constructing an elevator on the Union Pacific track west of the Hord elevator.

Flour And Feed

This line of retail business has been largely handled by separate stores. Blunk Bros, sold flour and feed in the late 'eighties. Glade & Etting and Glade Milling Co. handled it to some extent in earlier days. A. D. Sears has been engaged in this business for over twenty-five years, on South Spruce street. B. F. Merrill, 302 East Third, Peterson & Co., and C. F. Rollins were dealing prior to 1890. In 1891 various dealers in this line were Grand Island Coal & Fuel Co., at Elm and Front; Adam Krombeck, Wheeler avenue; Marcus Sherman, 201 East Fourth; Grand Island Roller Mills and C. A. Peterson & Co. mills, and the elevators. Later dealers were W. H. Houser, A. R. Craig, Roberts & Son, L. K. Richard, Emmett Bros., E. Diehl, J. Olson & Son, S. P. Peterson, W. E. Palmer, and J. W. West who has been operating a store at 324 West Third for practically twenty years now.

Lumber And Coal

The lumber j^ards in the late 'eighties were Bogue & Sherwood, 214 N. Pine; Grand Island Lumber Co. (successor of Hedde yard) which changed its name about that time to George A. Hoagland; Hall County Lumber Co. at Front and Sycamore, which yard was succeeded about 1896 by the Chicago Lumber Co. ; North Platte Lumber Co. on Front street between Pine and Locust, and Chicago Lumber Co. then operating near Cedar and Front streets. The Hoagland yard has continued in operation under that name until a few weeks ago local men organized and took complete control of the yard, under the new corporate name of Goehring-Sothman Company.

is still operated by the W. H. Harrison Co. with Guy L. Harrison as president and Fred L. Harrison as secretary-treasurer. This company operates a planing mill, an important industry, as well as their lumber and coal business. The C. E. Woodruff coal yard at 611 East Fourth, also handling lumber, was started about 1899 or 1900, and was taken over about 1910 by the Tidball Lumber Co. and a couple years later by the J. H. Yost Lumber Co. who have since moved and are now operating near Front and Sycamore streets. The Herman Nelson Lumber & Supply Co. has been operating at 216 North Walnut for the past seven or eight years. This concern recently purchased and absorbed its competitor in the coal business, W. S. Bordner & Sons, at 202 N. Walnut. The Geer-Harrison Co. began ,in 1893 as contractors, with L. T. Geer and J. D. Harrison as officers. It operated along that line until 1900 when the planing mill was built, and in 1906 the business was expanded along other lines. This company handles coal, planing work, and a general contracting business, with contracts in excess of $100,000 of new work at a time. At present R. L. Geer is president and treasurer and R. M. Geer secretary and the concern employs as. many as thirty people and many of them the year around.

Coal has been handled practically all of the time by the various lumber yards, but there has been some separate coal businesses maintained in the city. The grain stores and elevators have also handled coal to some extent. A. D. Sears has handled coal for a number of years ; as do the T. B. Hord Grain Co. and Jno. W. West. Adolph Egge was operating a coal business in the late 'eighties and continued until about 1900. Kerr & King has the B. & M. coal yards at 611 East Fourth, afterwards handled by E. R. Kerr, and then C. E. Woodruff, until taken over by Tidball Lumber Co. and J. H. Yost Lumber Co. Other dealers have been Sweetwater Coal Mfg. Co. with offices at 108 North Elm street; Wm. Wasmer, Grand Island Grain Co., Grand Island Coal & Fuel Co. ; D. H. McCoy, McCoy & Marsh, J. H. Jones, and E. R. Farmer.

Grocery Stores

There have been so many grocery stocks handled in Grand Island in the past thirty years that no pretense can be made her; ot listing every one of them, but those which have been conducted for any length of time will be mentioned.

Veit & Roeser established a grocery business in the 'eighties, and operated together for a few years. Oscar Roeser then remained in the location at 115 West Third street, and for over thirty years this store has been conducted under the names of Oscar Roeser, Roeser & Co, and The Bee Hive Grocery. Mr. Roeser's two sons, Emil and Oscar Jr., are now associated with him. The store also handles a very extensive line of chinaware and crockery.

Louis Veit at the time of the dissolution of firm of Veit & Roeser removed to 120 East Third, where he conducted a grocery store until his death in 1908, after which time his widow, and since then his son, Oscar Veit, have managed the Louis Veit Co. A short time ago this company moved to 217 West Third street, where they are now operating.

M. L. Dolan was operating a store at 208 West Third street before 1887, and about 1896 this was taken over. by L. Neumeyer, who conducted it at that location until about seven years ago, when he moved to his present location, 311 West Third street.

Williams & Kerr were operating a grocery store at 302 West Third street prior to 1888. Later H. B. Kerr operated this stock for a time. By 1896 H. H. Glover was conducting a grocery stock at this location. For the past three or four years, Mattke & Gorman have operated a store in the rear of the Grand Island National Bank, on Wheeler street, with a Third street entrance through the Lorentzen dry goods store. While this location does not have the continuity of the others mentioned, it has been a grocery store location almost all of the time for the past thirty years.

There has been a grocery store conducted at 117 S. Locust street, in the Opera House block, practically all of the time for the last thirty-two years. Eisner & Hess were at this location in 1887. They were succeeded by J. W. Cook, Daniel M. Wilt, and C. F. Haack, who later operated at 220 West Third. John McKenzie was in this location for several years, until Bock Brothers took over the location. About 1912 Alvinus J. Bock started in at 213 West Second and Rudolph W. Bock conducted by George Reese and Mrs. Emma Reese; J. H. Yund stock at 217 West Third, in operation prior to 1890 continued until after 1897; C. L. Haux stock at 101 East Third and succeeded by H. L. Pritchard, and afterwards in the Independent building continued until after 1897. Stocks operated in 1887 which did not last very long thereafter were those of H. Bohn, on Fourth between Sycamore and Kimball ; H. S. Elkins, later operated by J. L. Dinkle, at 213 S. Pine; retained the Opera House block location. He is now operating The Pure Food Grocery at the same old stand. In addition to these five established and long-continued locations there are a number of other locations showing rather long-continued proprietorships.

Other grocery businesses in operation prior to 1890 that continued for some years afterwards were: Hayden Brothers store on East Third; F. F. Fedder, at 214 West Second, which continued until after 1904; Hennings Brothers, at 212 West Fourth, which was taken over by Henry Reese and afterwards, about 1907 or 1908, the stock was moved over to 224 North Walnut, where it has since been continued by the Reese family, in recent years

J. W. West, and later by Hill & Reider in Masonic block; Frank Judson at 218 West Third ; J. W. Liveringhouse, 124 East Third ; Hathaway store at 402 West Third; John Riss at 420 West Fourth; S. W. Smith at 112 West Third; E. A. Stevens, Sixth and Walnut; H. Thomas at 215 East Third. Among the grocery stores established during the 'nineties, which were later discontinued, were: Grand Island Grocery at 305 West Third, afterwards called the Cash Grocery House (this being the Cleary location), carried on until after 1904; The Meyer & Co. store at Third and Spruce; John Herman store at 406 West Third; J. T. Connell, 102 East Sixth; John W. Cook, 404 N. Plum,

Among the grocery stores which were started since 1900 and afterwards discontinued, merged, or otherwise disappeared, were: J. C. Gerspacher store at 219 West Third; W. C. Campbell at 103 East Third which was conducted for something like twelve years; L. M. Gaver at 112 East Third, but Mr. Gaver's store at 223 North Wheeler was sold recently and is still in operation ; B. & M. store at Fifth and Plum, later operated by Herman King, though there is still a small store at that corner; Scott store at 414 N. Plum; Rasmussen store at 524 E. Fourth ; Hub Grocery, Sixth and Pine streets ; J. H. Wilson Co., 422 N. Fourth; Golden Rule on West Ninth; R. A. Odum, 813 N. Oak ; and numerous stores in recent years that may have been overlooked.

Among the businesses now operating that have been continued for some time, are the following: Bee Hive, Bock's, Neumeyers, Mattke & Gorman's, and L. Veit Co. have already been named. About 1907 Ferdinand Seebohlm opened at Second and Wheeler a stock which William Veit for the past ten or eleven years has operated as the Second Street Cash Grocery, but in 1919 it is being closed out, as Mr. Veit is entering the real estate and insurance business with Theo. P. Boehm. Corl Brothers on Third street opened in recent years a cash basket grocery ; A. J. Burkey started the store at 320 W. Koenig, which location Fred Nable had used for his bakery for a number of years; for the past five years Mrs. Minnie Graham has operated this Koenig street grocery; another enterprising grocery in that neighborhood is that of Lafe Campbell, at 422 South Locust; and another neighborhood grocery further west is the Uneeda Grocery, 519 S. Greenwich. The Sanitary grocery at 323 W. Third, operated by Howard Garrett has been running for about three or four years ; the Star grocery at 401 West Third, formerly operated by H. N. Oldson, and now by Geo. Nelson, and before that this location was occupied by Alden Bros, was operated by S. H. Ferguson in the

'nineties. The Kelso grocery now at 413 N. Walnut was formerly operated by J. A. Kelso, up until his death, at 324 West Sixth. John Knickrehm has been in the grocery business at 102 West Fourth for practically twenty years, opening about 1900. The F. N. Rask store has operated at 220 East Fourth for practically ten years. The B. W. Monk store at 523 East Fourth is, more recent but a store was operated for over twenty years at 524 East Fourth by Wm. Becker, S. E. Connor, Dennon & Son, and later by R. L. Davis. H. P. Hansen has been in business at 220 East Fourth and at 202 East Fourth for twelve or fourteen years. Something like twenty-three years ,ago Jens Olsen was conducting a store at 205 East Fourth, which is now operated at 201-205 East Fourth by Frank L Olsen. The U. P. Cash grocery on East Third was recently established. T. F. Costello's store at 102 East Sixth in recent years has become the Ideal Grocery store ; Frank K. Buell is operating at 619 North Eddy, and was formerly listed at 723 West Eighth, he L. P. Christensen store is at 114 East Fourth. W. T. Zook runs the College Addition store near the Old Soldiers' Home ; there has in recent years been a store operated by Geo. Weiderspohn at 505 East Koenig; Wilke's Cash grocery is located at 912 N. Kimball; in recent years stores have been operated at 602 West Fourth and 924 West Eighth. T. M. Sharp until recently operated a store at 817 South Locust. Another neighborhood residential district store has been at 1402 W. Third; Jordon residential grocery, 504 E. Sixth. Other stores now operating through the various portions of the city are, Alexander Bros, at 207 West Eleventh ; Baker's grocery, 412 N. Washington ; Boldt's grocery, 520 N. Walnut; R. A. Carson grocery, 1302 W. Fourth; the Corner grocery at 1103 W. Eighth ; the store at 524 West Eighth, formerly conducted by Edward Jones, by Isaac Highland, and recently by W. D. Highland, and known as the North Side Basket Store; Peter R. Jensen, groceries, 822 W. Fifth; Kallos & Kallos, 105 N. Locust; Thos.

Maloney Grocery at 610 N. Locust; A. Mc- Dowell confectionery at 402 W. Fourth with some groceries ; Model Grocery, 604 E. Fourth; Gordon L. Neligh, 505 E. Sixth; Otto Pfatsch meat market and grocery, 316 N. Sycamore; Chas. Rose & Son's Grocery at 712 N. Clebum; Alex Scheibel grocery, 515 N. Beal; and Hitchcock-Hill Co. on South Walnut, wholesalers-to-consumer, and a Consumers and Producers Mercantile Association is expecting to establish a cooperative store. This leaves a few recent stores, which the owners have sold or discontinued, not mentioned ; among these being. Awe & Hendrickson at 815 N. Oak; B. H. Tivis at 824 W. Eighth and G. A. Thomas at 602 W. Fourth; C. G. Wetzel at 215 E. Fourth; Chas. Wicker, 607 W. Fourth; G. W. Brady, 1302 W. Fourth; Chas. H. Stall, E. Fifth; Leslie C. Poore, N. Wheeler; W. H. Mader, 207 W. Eleventh. This list enumerating thirtyfour groceries outside of the downtown business district, in addition to eleven downtown stores will indicate somewhat the extent of the growth of Grand Island and how the town has spread out.

Meat Markets

There has been a market in the Opera House block on South Locust street a good share of the time for the past thirty years. Alter & Glover were operating there in 1887 ; H. Linderman followed at 113 South Locust; P. F. Fischer was in the Opera House block during the late 'nineties ; in 1907, Lee & Cording operated there, and F. W. Fuller followed about 1907. Henry Maass had a market in that block about 1910 at 113 S. Locust; during the war the Equine Packing Company established a market for their products in the Masoinc building, which closed out, and recently Shultz & Fillmore have opened the Locust street market there, selling it to Bockhahn Bros.

Third in 1887, which lasted about four or five years longer; other markets running at that time which disappeared within a few years were: C. L. Howell, 119 W. Third; J. W. Miller, 213 W. Fourth; J. G. Rockafellow, 116 N. Locust; Fred Stehr, 213 W. Second, which market was afterwards conducted by Mitchell & Blake and Otto L. Guenther; Henry Stehr was at 215 East Fourth ; he was followed by Shrist Meyer.

For the Fonner market at 112 East Third, some claim of continuity could be laid, as Kuestner & Schwaiger took this location over about 1896 and continued there until they moved to 213 West Third, later this business was taken over by Kuestner & Ehlers, and now R. 'SI. Kuestner runs it at 215 West Third as the Central Market. Richard Guendel operated at 220 West Fourth, and W. D. Hanchett succeeded him in that location, and Guendel opened at Fourth and Pine. There has been a market at Pine and Fourth practically continuously. It was operated about 1910 as the North Pine market, and later by Otto Prautsch, and for the past five or six years by Wm. F. Fremhke, the present proprietor. Short time occupancies were those of C. H.. Watts at 213 W. Second, Pridemore and Long at 406 N. Plum, Geo. Cornelius at 116 N. Locust, Hill & Rockafellow, 111 W. Third, all dating about 1890. Meier & Schimmer, at 223 W. Third. Wm. Meier, and Meier & Weise at 113 W. Third, was a business that continued for some time ; John Meier operated at the 223 W. Third stand and later at 307 W. Third, and Bonson's market succeeded him. Jas. Hall at Pine and Sixth in the early 'nineties ; C. G. Hansen at the same location, Jos. Drury, and Chas. Stall, East Fifth, were other short time occupancies. Numerous markets not mentioned here have been conducted in connection with grocery stocks.

The markets now operating in the city are Kueser's Central market ; Shultz Bros , successor of the market at 222 West Second, operated heretofore by Krehmke & Fillmore ; Krehmke & Gaver, Kremke & Cords, and William Meier; Shultz & Fillmore's new

Locust street market; H. Schumacher & Son's market at 113 S. Wheeler, established about three years ako; the Wm. F. Krehmke market at Fourth and Pine; the Star market at 402 West Third; the Sanitary market at 319 W. Third, successor to the business established by Kloppenberg & Kraft some three or four years ago; Peoples Meat Market, 204 E. Fourth, Bockhahn Bros., N. Locust street, and numerous markets connected with grocery stores throughout the city.

ments. Paul O. Weinhold was in the bakery business through the 'nineties, at 218 West Second, 423 W. Second, 415 and 423 W. Third, and finally in recent years at 1217 West Division, until he closed out in 1918. William Ivers has been in the bakery business for some years, recently at his present location, 104 East Third. Other bakeries that ran for a short period were A. G. Lastey, 914 W. Third; Titus Wholesale Baking Co. at the 218 W. Second location; M. V. Powers, 111 East

BAKERIES The list of bakeries somewhat conflicts with the confectionery roster. The pioneer baker of the last thirty years was Fred Nabel, who was running a bakery back in the 'seventies, and continued until about twelve years ago. His location in the 'eighties was on the present site of the Woolworth ten cent store, but in the late years of his business career was at 320 W. Koenig street. Henry Thiessen continued that business a short time, and then a grocery store went in there and the store building-house combined is still used for a grocery. The A. Beer bakery at 309 W. Third was continued into the 'nineties as the Palace Bakery and later by John W. West. J. P. Voitle operated in the 'nineties at 223 East Front. For years the Union restaurant and Vienna restaurant conducted bakery depart-

Front in 1887; Wm. Robinson at 509 E. Fourth, form 1893 to about 1896 or 7; Elite Bakery, 111 West Third; Model Bakery, 414 West Third; G. I. Bakery, 213 East Fourth and Cottage Bakery, 217 East Fourth. The bakeries now operating in the city are : The Monogram Bakery, conducted by Robert Teviotdale, one of the largest bakeries in the state; Ernst's Bakery at 419 West Third; Regan's Bakery in Opera house block; Ivers' Bakery at 104 East Third; Star Bakery at 321 West Third; Sanitary Bakery at West Third ; Larkin's Bakery, which recently gave up its room for Geddes Furniture Co's expansion ; Christ Kost Bakery on East Third.

Ice Dealers

Front. Mr. Koehler furnished ice for the next twenty years, and during the following two or three years John Koehler handled ice. The other dealers in 1887 were Lafayette Meyers, 120 N. Walnut and Andrew Ott, 1113 West Charles. They each discontinued a few years later and Koehler had the field alone until about 1900 when the Grand Island Electric Light, Ice and Cold Storage Co. opened an ice business at Pine and Fourth, making artificial ice. About 1907 Martin Schimmer furnished ice from his lake. About 1910 the Fairmont Creamery Co. offered artificial ice. Cornelius Rauert served from Wasmer lake for a short time in the 'nineties ;-C. Elwood Kent was in the business for a short time from 1910, and so was J. H. Jones, serving from Ott's Pond at that same time : Gus Thavanet started about 1912 and the Wood River Ice Co. until the winter of 1918- 1919 left so little natural ice to cut that in the spring of 1919 he decided to turn his equipment to the sand hauling business and while working on it sustained an injury- that resulted in his death. C. J. Palmer, with an artificial ice plant, is the only retail dealer in the summer of 1919. The Loup Valley Packing Co. offers ice in ton lots or more, and a new organization has been formed to cut natural ice this coming winter.

Drv Goods And Shoes

In 1887, of course, Wolbachs had been running all through the 'eighties. L. A. Pease & Co. at 220 W. Third ; E. A. Stevens at Sixth and Walnut; C. A. Wiebe, 201 W. Third (Sterne's present locatien), who had been running for several years then ; Boston Store, 119 S. Locust and J. D. Cowie, 110 W. Third, constituted the other stores. The Cowie store was continued by Ed W. Thomas and E. Walker & Sons until about ten years later. Hayden Brothers store changed its location a couple of times, finally being at 212 West Third, about where the new First National Bank building is, and remained in business here for about twenty years longer, though in the meantime they commenced a very successful department store business in Omaha, to

P. D. Martin & Co. opened the One Price Cash Store, at 123 West Third (z\lexander's presnet location) and later moved to East Third street and finally to the present location of the P. Martin & Bro. store at 208-212 West Third. H. H. Glover Co. opened with dry goods and shoes at Third and Locust about 1896, but shortly after that were at 302 W. Third, and this store was continued by Mr. Glover until about 1914 when H. J. Lorentzen took it over, and he is still located at that place. A. C. Menck started at 104 West Fourth, around 1904, but that location was afterwards taken by Geo. Loan, then by Perley A. Dennon, and lastly by Geo. Allerheiligen. In the meantime Mr. Menck re-opened at 122 West Fourth, where he still remains in business. J. S. Johnson was in business a short time at 220 West Third. The Grand Dry Goods Co. (A. W. Taylor) opened at 307 West Third, later ran as A. W. Taylor Co. at 221 West Third, and this stock was taken over about five years ago by the O. C. Thompson Co. who are conducting it at the latter location. The Golden Rule, or J. C. Penney Co. store was installed in Grand Island some four or five years ago and is operating at 309 west Third. L. M. Drew operated a small general store across frofn.the post-office in 1900. The more recent additions to the dry goods business are two exclusive ladies' furnishings and ready-to-wear shops installed within the last three years, A. E. Nagelstock and (J. B.) Pizer's Smart Shop, both on West Third street. The Woolworth 5 and 10 cent Store, 218-220 West Third, handles many features of a dry goods line, and David Kaufman's 5 to 25 cent store at 214-216 West Third, handles some dry goods.

The Wolbach Store

and Michael S. Wolbach moved to Beatrice, Nebraska, and S. N. and J. S. Wolbach continued the business. In 1880 they erected the first brick store building in Grand Island or Hall County, and despite the fears of many of their friends that this was entirely too adventurous an undertaking for this new community, their faith has been justified many times over. In 1884, Jacob S. Wolbach sold in December, 1873. A frame building was started which was completed in March, 1874, Michael Wolbach came to Grand Island at about the former time. In 1874 Jacob S. Wolbach, who had been in the retail dry goods business in New York city, and Jacob S. Wolbach opened the business here. Samuel N. Wolbach did not come until the fall of 1874. The frame building was soon outgrown and other frame buildings were added in the latter 'seventies. In 1880 the first firm was dissolved.

his interest to S. N. Wolbach, who continued the business until 1901 when his sons, E. J. and Emil Wolbach, assisted in the business, and later on were admitted to membership in the firm of S. N. Wolbach & Sons. Further additions to the store were made in 1884 and 1890, and later with the purchase of the Alexander building and the installation of thoroughly modern store front to the entire frontage of 110 feet by 132 feet, occupying

Shoe Stores

Shoes had been handled by inost of the dry goods and many of the clothing stores. But there have been a few exclusive shoe stores in the city. Knapp Bros., 106 W. Third and R. L. Null at that location were in business around 1890. The long-continued exclusive shoe stock in the city has been that of De- cauter & Beegle which has been running since about 1893, for a full quarter of a century now. It has been located at 112 West Third, the present location of the First National Bank next door east, present location of Nagelstock's ; and at 119 West Third, its present location. The Cincinnati Shoe Store at 206 West Third was in operation about 1900; C. B. Kugler handled shoes about 1908, and the Shoe Market, the second exclusive shoe store, at 113 West Third, started in about four years ago. This business is now managed locally by E. A. Nicholson. The Pulver and other repair shops have handled shoes at various times.

At the present time some of repair shops in the city are : Charles D. Pulver, 109 N. Walnut ; Geo. J. Schreefer, Frohberg building, E. Third; G. L Elec. Shop, 102 E. Fourth; at 107 S. Locust; 111 S. Walnut and Mickelson block on Pine street.

Clothing Business

Stores that handled clothing during the 'eighties were: Dexter & Shonstrom, 111 W. Third, run by G. A. Dexter in 1887 ; Marcus & Co., 119 E. Third; C. A. Wiebe; Wolbachs;

The Rival, 206 West Third. The Dexter store discontinued about 1888. The Marcus store was carried on for ten years or so longer, as Marcus & Lebovitz, M. Marcus & Co., and W. Lebovitz respectively. Max Kalman later opened up in this location twelve or fourteen years ago and is still running there. Woolstenholm & Sterne opened a little over thirty years ago at 103 E. Third (McAllister block, about where Gaston Music Co. is now located) and continued there a few years, moving about 1893 to the Independent building, at the southwest corner of Third and Locust where the store still continues in operation, now under the management of A. W. Sterne. Geo. W. Price & Co. opened at 103 E. Third after Woolstenholm & Sterne moved ; and the next store to go in there was that of Sam Hexter, who left Wolbach's store about 1900 and started his own store.

Gus M. Friend had been running at Third and Locust, the Alexander location now. About 1904 Sam Hexter moved to this location and continued in business there until about 1911 or 1912, when he sold the stock out to Wolbach's, and the building belonging to Mr. Thummel was also acquired by Wolbach's. In the meantime Alexander & Willman had opened at 109 West Third, which is now the west room of Wolbach's store. A short time later a trade or deal was made whereby Wolbach's acquired the Alexander & Willman room for the further expansion of their store and John Alexander acquired the building at 123 West Third, and moved a stock to that location, where he is now running. C. H. Willman then went to 123 South Locust street. P.

Martin & Bro. have handled clothing for some years. Aug. C. Menck had handled clothing in connection with his dry goods business. Some clothing stores that have not continued for any great length of time were: E. H. Gurley, 115 N. Locust, about 1891 ; J. G. Mc- Intire, 201 West Third, who was succeeded by Glover & Pike, and later by H. H. Glover & Co. The Glover stock was sold to H. J. Lorentzen who is still conducting the store. Other short time stores were Wiley Bros, at 108 W.

ago at 206 West Third; and two new stores which have opened in the summer of 1919, Sherman Bros, from Sioux City, 105 East Third; and Bloom Clothing store, from Hastings, at Front and Locust, in the Schuff building.

Milunery Stocks

There have been numerous millinery stores maintained in Grand Island, and quite a lot of home milliners have conducted this line of business. In 1889 there were three stores.

Third, about 1890; Pierpont Bros. & Co., Ryan building, about 1904; P. H. Cornfield, Globe Clothing Co., 113 West Third about 1904; and Shambergs Co. on East Third; Wiseman's store in Ryan building closed out in 1918. The present clothing stores in Grand Island are: A. W. Sterne, John Alexander, C. H. Willman, Gitchell-Douglas Co. at Third and Wheeler, who have been running for nine or ten years, but are now closing out, and a new company, Eggers-Baumann Co., have leased the room ; Wolbach's and Martin's clothing departments; Glasgow Tailors, at 114 West Third for about five years now, L. N. Dorsey, manager; H. J. Lorentzen; A. C. Menck, a clothing department; F. N. Rask store at 220 East Fourth, clothing section ; J. A. Pickus, at 214 W. Third, started out about five years

Miss Efifie L. Adams, 307 West Third, Misses McCann, 219 West Third and Miss E. B. Thornton, 105 N. Locust. By 1893 Miss Hattie B. Augustine was conducting the Adams location and Mrs. Josephine Dolan was at 211 West Third, which location Miss Dora Kolbeck afterwards conducted. Mrs. C. F. Gibbs 214 W. Third and Mrs. Anna Truesdale, 219 W. Third were the other two milliners in 1893 and 1894. Mrs. J. J. Rogers' stock was at 212 W. Third, and about 1900 the Rogers stock was at 119 E. Third. Miss Mabel Rearing was at 414 E. First and other milliners then were Miss Jessie Parson 1015 W. Fourth, Miss Mary Geer, and the store of Miss B. Kaas & Co. 307 W. Third which had been running for about four years or so ; and the McKeon Sisters had a store at 213

W. Third about 1900. Miss Otterman was at 122 W. Third about 1907 and Kelso & Waters stock was at 108 W. Third about 1908. At that time the Donner & Smith store had opened at 122 W. Third and this store ran for about eight years at that location, with Emma L. Donner in charge at the last. Miss Donner now resides in the Windolph block on First street. Mrs. C. F. Rogers and Mrs. A. B. Worthall were the other milliners in 1908. Craighead & Thomas store opened in Glover's store by 1910 and other milliners then were Bemice Burke, Dell Kelso, Ethel M. Ellis. Warner & Co. later handled millinery at 101 East Third. The Style Shop at 322 West Third is now the only exclusive millinery stock in town, although Wolbach's, Martin's, Thompson's, Pizer's, Nagelstock's, Kaufman's, and Penney's all handle millinery, and some other stores have a small stock.

Drug Stores

In 1887 there were eight drug stores running in Grand Island; H. B. Boyden store at Pine and Third ; Albert Geyler, Opera House block ; F. S. Hazard, 213 West Third; P. Janss at 122 East Third; Tucker & Brown, Third and Locust; H. M. Wilman, 307 West Third; Henderson and Bro. 102 W. Fourth; Chris Ipsen, 218 west Third. In 1919, there are seven drug stores in the city, and four or five of them are at locations used for that purpose in 1887, and two more are next door to other locations used in 1887 and the seventh is at the location of the old Piatt Drug store of the 'seventies.

Thejanss store, the Wilman store, and the Henderson store disappeared soon after 1887. E. R. Farmer handled drugs about 1910 at 114 W. Fourth and G. I. Drug Co. at 116 W Fourth about 1912. The other stores have had a fairly continuous history down to the present date.

The establishment of Dr. Boyden's store has already been remarked. He continued, until about 1895 or 1896 when he turned the store to J. A. Wilcox and went away to study medicine. After his return he ran the store again for a short time with a new stock, and about 1904 Herman and Oscar Baumann took the store and it remained Baumann & Baumann, until_ about 1914 when Oscar Baumann took the store on West Third in the Cleary building. Herman Baumann recently sold the old Boyden store at Third and Pine to Mc- Cracken Drug Co.

Albert Geyler was running at 104 West Third about 1900. After that there had been a break of a number of years, during which there was no drug store in the Opera House block, Theo. Jessen put in a new stock at 119 S. Locust, where he is still operating. The Hazard or Bijou pharmacy continued at 213 W. Third for some years. W. B. Dingman ran it four or five years, and about 1912, W. E. Clayton took this location over and Clayton's Pharmacy is running there now. A. W. Buchheit opened at 124 W. Third and later went next door to 117 West Third; in 1912, Ed McComas took this store over and later the store was known as the Purity Pharmacy and now as the Rexall store, conducted by Pease Drug Co. The Tucker & Brown store became H. P. Tucker & Co. and for the last nineteen or twenty years has been Tucker & Farnsworth. The Chris Ipsen stock continued until it became Ipsen & Harrison, and was later moved to 305 West Third and there taken over by T. E. West, who left, and a new stock was placed in that location by Oscar Baumann who sold in 1918 to Francis J. Dunn of North Platte, and now Dunn's Pharmacy has that location. A noticeable feature about Grand Island drug stores is the absence of soda fountains, that feature being mainly left to the confectioneries and restaurants. Jewelry is also virtually omitted from their stocks and left to the jewelry stores.

Book Stores

There have been numerous special book stores in the city. J. H. Mullin opened during the 'eighties on Locust street, where the Empress theatre is now located, and later removed to 204 West Third, where he was located in 1887 and he ran for about ten years longer. Charles Spethman was running in the Michelson block in 1887. L. M. Bryan had conducted a store in this block during the earher 'eighties and Spethman worked for him then. J. P. Windolph was at 303 W. Second and McCaddon store at 118 W. Third. Other stores that have since discontinued were Geo. Bartenback's book stock at 115 S. Locust; the Big Four in Opera House block, also in the early 'nineties; Gem Book store at 112 W. Third; Piatt's Book store at 121 West Third; J. H. McManus in Opera House block. Clyde Johnson on Fourth and Walnut succeeded by J. S. Curtis who ran up until three years or so ago, and G. N. Smith at the old U. P. depot. C. W. Windolph started at 112 N. Locust about 1907; this location afterwards was called the Diamond News Stand and now goes by the name of the P. Ralph Nuemeyer stand, though Mr. Nuemeyer sold it a few weeks ago. The Matthews Book store commenced at 104 W. Third, about 1904, and was afterwards the Grand Island Book & Music Co., and Alleman & Starr, but is now out of business. The stores handling books, news, and stationery lines now are Tucker Brothers, who' first opened at 111 S. Locust and are now at 118 S. Locust; the Neumeyer stand ; Koehler hotel fruit and book stand ; Chas. Spethman, though his line is now largely ofifice supplies; Barkalow Brothers stand at new Union Pacific depot ; Pease Drug Co., and Wolbach's and Martin's departments.

Jewelry Stores

In 1887 four jewelry stores were running in Grand Island: H. C. Held and John G. Raine, whose long careers have already been noted earlier in this chapter ; Fred H. Michelson, who worked in earlier days for both Held and Raine, opened at 102 West Third in 1885 ; later in that same year or early the next year, Aug. Meyer opened at 204 W. Third ; McElvain Bros, ran at 113 and 121 W.Third, during the 'nineties; Schneider store at 113 N. Locust; W. B. Bartling at 218 W. Third; A. P. Kremchuck store at 217 W. Third; W. E. Smith store at 318 W. Third discontinued.

West Third, now also "The Hallmark Store." Max J. Egge took the Michelson location over about 1907, and he sold it to Carey & Neitfeld, who had been working for him, about 1916, and they are running the store "under the clock tower." Windolph & Cords opened at 120 west Third about twelve years ago, but recently this store is operated by Chas. J. Cords, "The Busy Jeweler." B. E. Jolls opened on the northwest corner of Third and Wheeler in the Roth building and is running there at this time. J. A. Pickus handles some jewelry, and a new store in the Michelson block on Pine street has recently been opened by Michelson & Dennon, one of the proprietors being the son of Fred H. Michelson. Some of the clothing stores on East Third handle some jewelry, as do the ten cent stores and department stores.

Furniture And Undertaking

In 1887 the furniture stores were those of Bohne & Ryan, who operated at 116 West Third, where the Saratoga billiard hall is now; Sonderman & Co. took this location later and then went to 122 East Third where they remained for years, until they went to 211 West Second, and since a re-organization to the Buchheit-O'Laughlin Co. have moved to 318 West Third street, the present location. After practically a quarter of a century of connection with the furniture and undertaking business the firm is practically retired, but Ludwig Sondermann is actively associated with Buchheit-O'Laughlin Co. The other stores in 1887 were L. C. Brown, whose stock was closed out about ten years later; Heath & Wallichs, 114 E. Third, succeeded by John Wallichs ; and W. R. Stevens, 323 West Third. Mr. Stevens continued in the undertaking business until about 1900. Furniture stores which came and went were J. W. Robinson, 309 West Third. John A. Cary, 117 N. Pine, H. A. Fritz, 106 West Third, Gross & Son, 118 and 215 East Fourth, Sampson & Hendrix, 210 East Third, J. A. Costello at 212 West Third, A. Atkins, 418 W. Fourth, R. L. Davis, Miller-O'Gorman Co. operated at 315 West- Third, and later Fralick-Geddes Co. took this location, about 1912, Geddes & Co. succeeding to the business, and they are now operating at that location and at present making extensive expansion.

The present furniture stocks in the city are those of Geddes & Co. and Bucheit-O'Laughlin Co. both with undertaking departments ; W. E. Rounds at 215 North Walnut; Art & Furniture store at 403 W. Third ; Theo. Wallich's second-hand store at 210 E. Third; M. Jarvis & Co. store at 218 E. Third, new and second-hand furniture; Fred Meier, mainly second-hand furniture at 310 West Third and one or two other second-hand stores in town. Practically all of the straight furniture stores have had undertaking departments, and in addition H. L. Burkett ran an undertaking establishment prior to 1890, and J. C. Troyer & Son opened about 1889 and continued for about fifteen years. At the present, Geddes, Buchheit-OTaughlin and Baumann-Evans Co., successors to Baumann-O'Malley, on East Third handle this line of work.

Wall Paper Stocks

The pioneer wall paper, paint and glass stock in the city, for continuity of existence, is that of George Bartenbach, in the Opera House block, in'years conducted by Henry J. Bartenbach. J. H. Mullin, Chas. Spethman, Fred Meman, R. S. Rice, O. R. Perry, Lester Rice, C. Norris, D. Baillie, and Walker & Beetham have handled this line. At the present time, Bartenbach store, Chas F. Auhl at Third and Walnut and Tucker & Farnsworth carry this line of stock.

Hardware Stores

There were nine hardware stocks in the city in 1887 : Cleary & Lange at 305 W. Third ; R. H. McAllister, 111 N. Locust; A. C. Lederman, 110 W. Third; G. D. Hetzel, 211 W. Third ; T. J. Hurford, 221 W. Third ; Heath & Wallichs, and L. C. Brown were handling hardware as well as furniture, John Fonner at 116 E. Third. Numerous stores of short existence have been Dingman & Mosher, successor to the Fonner location ; Mc Combs Bros, at 117 E. Third ; S. B. Fleek, at 109 N. Locust ;

C. M. Williamson & Son, 220 E Fourth, all around 1890. W. R. Dean at 114 N. Kimball, Roeser Bros, handled hardware at 109 S. Locust about 1900 and Rudolph Pistorius started at 117 S. Wheeler, about 1910.