Nomination for Joseph Fenno House--Woman's Friend Society

From the form

The catalogue entry the section above was filed under.

NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) RECEIVISN 13280 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service AUG 0 6 2008 National Register of Historic Places Registration Form NAT. REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES NATIONAL PARK SERVICE This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by enterin the information requested. If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a).

Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer, to complete all items. 1. Name of Property historic name Joseph Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society other names/site number. 2. Location street & number. 12-14 Hawthorne Boulevard -- not for publication city or town. Salem state Massachusetts code_MA countyEssex - vicinity _ code_ 009 zip code _01970 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1986, as amended, I hereby certify that this M nomination - request for determination of ellgibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property E meets - does not meet the National Register Criteria.

I recommend that this property be considered significant - nationally - statewide fZ locally. (C See continuation sheet for additional comments.) Brona Summ Signature of certifying official/Title Brona Simon, Executive Director Massachusetts Historical Commission July 21, 2008 Date State or Federal agency and bureau In my opinion, the property - meets - does not meet the National Register criteria. (- See continuation sheet for additional Comments.) Signature of certifying official/Title State or Federal agency and bureau 4. National Park Service Certification 1, hereby certify that this property is: Mentered in the National Register - See continuation sheet. - determined eligible for the National Register - See continuation sheet.

- determined not eligible for the National Register - removed from the National Register - other (explain): Date Feg Beall Date of Action 9.17.08 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Soceity Name of Property 5. Classification Ownership of Property (Check as many boxes as apply) X private - public-local - public-State - public-Federal Essex, MA County and State (Check only one box) X building(s) - district - site - structure - object Number of Resources within Property (Do not include previously listed resources in the count.) Contributing 1 Noncontributing building sites _ structures objects - Total Name of related multiple property listing (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing.) NA 6.

Function or Use Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions) Domestic: multiple dwelling, institutional housing 1 Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register NA Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions) Domestic: institutional housing Z. Description Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions) Early Republic: Federal Materials (Enter categories from instructions) foundation Granite, Concrete walls. brick, hollow tile roof other asphalt shingle Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 7 Page1 OMB Approval No.

1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION The Joseph Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society, dating from 1811-1812, is located in downtown Salem, a small city on the Atlantic coast approximately twenty miles north of Boston. The property stands midway between Essex Street to the orth and Derby Street to the south. The immediate neighborhood is characterized by a variety of two- to three-story rood frame and brick residential buildings, mainly from the 19t century, with commercial uses scattered throughou The larger scale institutional buildings of the Immaculate Conception Church (1857-64) and the St. Mary's School (ca. 1920) stand across the street.

Set on the west side of Hawthorne Boulevard, with its end to the street, the property is a three-story, red brick building with decorative stone window lintels and a pair of simple arched entrances on both its north and south facades. Its massing, composition, and detailing are characteristic of the Federal period in Salem. Downtown Salem is a densely built, remarkably harmonious area of well-preserved wood frame and masonry buildings ranging from the 17" through early 20" centuries, with a particularly outstanding collection of Federal period brick houses. The Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society parcel today consists of a flat 0.3-acre site bounded by residential properties on the north and south and a large surface parking lot on the west. A major urban thoroughfare (part of Route 1A), Hawthorne Boulevard contains two lanes of traffic and two parking lanes.

It is bordered on the east by a wide, landscaped median that features a prominent statue of native son Nathaniel Hawthorne. Salem Common, an approximately eight-acre public park, is located 1 ½ blocks to the north of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society. The waterfront along the South River originally skirted Derby Street, about 1½ blocks to the south, but land-filling operations begun in the 18"" century have considerably extended that shoreline. The landscaping of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society property consists primarily of lawn with modern planting beds around the perimeter. A granite curb lines the sidewalk at the east (street) end of the house. On the south side of the building, a concrete-paved parking space is located adjacent to the sidewalk, extending to a concrete walkway around the south and west ends of the building.

The walkway on the north side of the house is paved with bituminous concrete. A variety of simple wood and chain-link fences now surround the sides and back of the property. Early 20'"-century photographs, however, show a more substantial fence along the east (street) and north sides of the property. The earlier fence was composed of substantial corner posts (possibly of stone) and smaller intermediary posts, possibly a granite base for the railing, and a thick top rail. On the sidewalk portion of this fence, narrow balusters (possibly metal) projected above the top railing, and a wood archway framed the entrance to the north walkway from the sidewalk.

Exterior Architectural Design As described in an early 20"-century architectural history of Salem, the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society "is an interesting example of the early Salem double house, of which there are several less notable examples. It consists of two end-to-the-street houses with doorways at each side and service wings in the rear standing back-to-back, as one might say, and to all outward appearance built as one house. A brick fire wall separated the two houses absolutely, however, until in 1889 openings were cut through the party wall so that what had formerly been numbered 12 and 14 Elm Street might be used as a single house. The interior wood trim is excellent, including mantels... and two good short hall stairways....." (Cousins and Riley, 212).

The original structure of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society is a hip-roofed rectangular building rising three stories from a raised basement and granite block foundation. Its brick walls feature double-keyed and delicately incised, splayed stone window lintels; wood window sills; and a simple, molded wood cornice. (continued) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number Z Page 2 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA Four tall, slender chimneys rise from the main block. The building is set close to, but not exactly parallel with, the sidewalk on Hawthorne Boulevard, its setback growing from about four feet on the north to nearly eight feet on the south.

The parcel is generally rectangular, with a jog at the southwest corner that extends behind the adjacent building at 16 Hawthorne Boulevard. Although it appears to be a single-family dwelling, the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society was constructed as a double house, with a major and a secondary doorway on both the north and south facades. The dividing line ran east-west through the center of the house, along a solid brick partition wall. A long rear ell constructed in the early 20* century is predominantly three stories in height (matching the main house), terminating in a small one-story volume on the west end; one tall chimney similar to the original four is located at the rear of the three-story volume of this ell. The ell has a concrete foundation and hollow tile walls with a rough stucco finish and a low hipped roof.

Originally, the house featured an irregular series of rear service wings, referred to in an 1814 deed as "outhouses and appurtenances." Most of their floor area was located on the northern portion of the property, and they may have been of wood-frame construction. The portion of these ells immediately adjacent to the main structure seems to have contained a pantry, according to the deed descriptions of the divided house. The main block of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society has four symmetrical bays on the east elevation, facing Hawthorne Boulevard, and eight irregularly spaced bays on each of the primary north and south elevations.

(The composition of these north and south elevations suggests a traditional five-bay façade with a center entrance, and a three- bay extension with its own secondary entrance, all under one continuous roof.) The two eight-bay principal facades face the sides of the property, while the four-bay end wall on the east is oriented to the street. The brick walls of the main block are laid in a Flemish bond on the east (street) end and on the south façade, and running bond (with a header course every eight rows) on the north façade and the west end of the building. On the lower two stories of the main house, the windows feature double-keyed, splayed lintels of delicately dressed stone, and 9/9 wood sash. The foreshortened third floor contains 6/6 sash and splayed stone lintels without a keystone. Windows on the west (rear) end of the building have no decorative lintels.

Metal pintels and shutter hooks are still extant on much of the fenestration on the north, south, and east elevations. In early 20* century photographs, louvered wood shutters framed all the windows of these three elevations. The east (street) elevation also contains a long basement window with a splayed and gauged brick lintel. NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 7 Page 3 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA The north and south facades of the brick house each have two entrances. On both, the eastern entrance consists of an elliptical fanlight and half-height sidelights framing a paneled wood door, while the western entrance contains a narrower opening with a semicircular fanlight and no sidelights.

Wood trim, simple brick arches, and granite steps with modern steel railings characterize all four of these doorways. Early 20**-century photographs showed deep, bracketed Victorian door hoods over both entrances on the north façade of the house; it is not known when these were constructed or removed. The rear ell is symmetrically shaped and centered on the west side of the main house. This structure is four bays long, with symmetrical fenestration on its north façade and irregular fenestration on its south façade. A one-story wing at the west end of the ell is two bays long by three bays wide. Constructed ca. 1910, the ell addition was designed to blend with the style of the original house in its proportions and details: it has a low-hipped roof; simple wood cornice; typically double-hung, 6/6 windows (shorter on the third floor); and wood window sills.

The north façade of the ell contains symmetrical fenestration on each of its three floors. The south façade of the ell is more utilitarian in composition, with irregularly sized and spaced windows. Its plain entrance consists of a paneled Victorian door accessed by a simple wood stairway of modern construction. Three bulkheads access the basement from the outside. Perhaps an original or early structure, a large rectangular bulkhead located on the southwest end of the main building has vertical wood sheathing and a flat roof. Two other bulkheads at the back of the houseone adjacent to the stairs on the ell entrance and one on the northwest end of the original brick building - are sloped in shape and minimal in size and design features. Narrow, multilight windows are regularly arrayed on the raised basement of the north wall of the ell and irregularly placed on the south wall.

Some metal pintels and shutter holdbacks survive on both long elevations; shutters are shown throughout the ell on the original construction drawings. A late 20th-century deck surmounts the roof of the one-story wing of the ell, with a railing composed of square wood balusters and posts. It is accessed by a door centered in the end wall of the three-story ell. A third-story window is centered over this door. Interior Description Main Block The interior configuration of the brick block of the house is a conglomeration of typical Federal period floor plans. The eastern section, nearest to the street, consists of a traditional five-bay plan with a roughly center entrance and stair hall, flanked by a parlor on each side on the first floor and by a bedroom on the upper floors.

Because this is a double house divided longitudinally, each half of the house is only one room deep, and the stair halls are set back-to-back. Each of the rooms in this section of the house has a prominent, projecting chimneypiece on the outside, north, or south wall. The northeast and southeast parlors of the house are presently connected by a double doorway with paneled pocket doors. The northwest and southwest parlors are joined by a single doorway. Both of these openings between the north and south halves of the house were added by the Woman's Friend Society in the late 19"h century. (continued) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 7 Page 4 OMB Approval No.

1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA The west section of the brick block is three bays wide with a side stair hall that presently runs the full depth of the building and features a straight staircase. Adjacent to this hall (to the west), the first floor now contains a dining room that occupies the full depth of the building; it appears originally to have contained two back-to-back rooms. The upper floors of this section of the building each have two bedrooms adjacent to the stair hall. There are no extant fireplaces (or chimneys) in the three-bay, west section of the brick block.

Interior finishes in the main block of the house are typically narrow hardwood floors on the first and second floors; earlier wide-board flooring on the third floor; plain, flat, wood wainscoting with a simply molded baseboard and chair rail, and plaster walls above; and narrow wood cornice molding. Window jambs are typically splayed, with paneled wood shutters folded into recesses. Window and door openings are framed with a simple molded trim; the doors are generally a six- panel design. Ornamental woodwork is focused on the chimneypieces, which are most elaborate in the two first-floor parlors on the east end of the building and on the circular stairways in the main entrances on the north and south facades. Ornament is roughly similar on the north and south halves of the house and becomes progressively simpler on the upper two floors of the building.

The extraordinary chimneypieces in the northeast and southeast parlors on the first floor are similar in general style but different in detailing. In the northeast parlor, the fireplace surround is comprised of attenuated, free-standing columns with vertical beading, surmounted by end blocks with a carved floral medallion. A high entablature features a center oval medallion with carved eagle design. The somewhat more elaborate chimneypiece in the southeast parlor features free- standing, attenuated Doric colonettes; its end blocks are ornamented by carved medallions with a wheat sheaf motif. The center panel of this entablature is also articulated with a carved eagle design. Each of these fireplace surrounds employs a different series of elaborate cornice moldings.

Fireplace surrounds in the northwest and southwest parlors on the first floor feature Doric columns (fluted in the northwest parlor) with projecting end blocks; the end blocks in the southwest parlor have oval medallions with a carved sunflower motif. A typical bedroom on the second floor has a pilastered fireplace surround with decoratively sawn and carved cornice moldings. The fireplace of a typical third floor bedroom has plain flat pilasters and entablature. The principal entrances on the north and south facades open to compact yet fully circular staircases that rise the full three stories of the building with no visible support. Both staircases are similarly articulated with a railing of square balusters that spirals down to a tapered columnar newel on the first floor, a simple wood handrail, and sawn scroll ornament under the stair treads.

The lower edge of the stairway is ornamented with a beaded rope trim, which is repeated around the arched opening of the exterior doorways and at the cornice molding of the wainscot on the first and second floors of the Major alterations to the brick section of the house are mainly confined to new door openings added between the parlors on the first floor. Most of the upper newels and balusters on the sidehall stairway in the three-bay section of the brick block are plain new elements that appear to date to the late 19"h or early 20"h century. (continued) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 7 Page5 OMB Approval No.

1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA Ell Reflecting its early 20" century construction as a dormitory for the Woman's Friend Society, the stucco ell of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society contains a large kitchen, laundry, pantry, and storage closets on the first floor, with a stair hall at the west end. On the second floor, a central hallway is flanked by small sleeping rooms on its north side and a large shared bathroom on the south. The third floor has bedrooms on both sides of the central hallway. Finishes typically include narrow wood floor boards, a very plain baseboard, plain flat casings at the doors and windows, no wainscot or wall cornice, and doors with five horizontal panels. The back stair has unpainted gumwood trim and molded casings and wall cornices.

Major interior alterations to this portion of the building consist primarily of small private bathrooms added to the third floor and a roof deck added to the west end of the second floor. These changes appear to have occurred in the late 20* century. Alterations The Joseph Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society has experienced remarkably few major exterior alterations over the last two centuries. The most conspicuous changes are the addition and removal of the Victorian door hoods; the demolition of the original array of service wings, which were replaced by the current ell structure; the removal of a chimney (and interior wall) in the western end of the brick house, in order to enlarge the dining room on the first floor when the ell was replaced; the removal of an historic fence; and the addition of limited modern paving around the house.

These are all typical and relatively minor changes, with the exception of the present ell, which, however, reflects the property's important historic association with the Woman's Friend Society. Archaeological Description While no ancient Native American sites are known on the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society property, sites may be present. Twenty-three ancient sites are recorded in the general area (within one mile), including one site that may extend onto the nominated property. That site, the PMS Site (19-ES-523), was identified by lithic artifacts found in a garden at the residence located on the corner of Liberty and Charter Streets less than 500 feet west of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society. Since the PMS Site has not been systematically studied, its contents and boundaries are unknown.

Environmental characteristics of the nominated property prior to urban residential and maritime development of the area represent locational criteria (slope, soil drainage, proximity to wetlands) that are favorable for the presence of Native sites. The house occupies level to moderately sloping topography within 1,000 feet of Salem Harbor. Soil drainage is presently difficult to ascertain since an urban land-udorthent association characterized the area. The latter soil type represents areas where natural soils have been altered or obscured by urban works and structures and where soils have been excavated or deposited. Glacial characteristics of the area, however, indicate soils in the area were well drained. In spite of the above information, the potential for locating significant ancient Native American resources on the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society property is low.

Construction of the house, potential outbuildings, and utilities on the small lot (0.3 acres) would have destroyed any ancient resources located on the property. The presence of urban land-udorthent soil associations in the area also indicates that ancient Native American resources recovered at the nearly PMS site may represent redeposited cultural material and not an in situ site. (continued) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 7 Page _6 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA There is a moderate to high potential for locating historic archaeological resources on the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society property. The house has experienced few exterior alterations during the last two centuries.

Additional historical research combined with archaeological survey and testing may locate structural evidence of barns, stables, and outbuildings originally located on the property. Structural evidence may survive from an irregular series of service wings, referred to in an 1814 deed as "outhouses and appurtenances." These service wings were demolished around 1910 and replaced by a larger ell. Portions of the service wings may survive as well as freestanding occupational-related features (trash pits, privies, wells). No structures have been identified on the property prior to the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society occupation of the house. A 1796 deed to Fenno described the property as "real estate" only; no buildings are mentioned, indicating an earlier structure did not survive or exist. (end) Fenno House/Woman's Friend Soceity Name of Property 8. Statement of Significance

Statement of significance

Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.) XA Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. _ B Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. X C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. _D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations (Mark "x" in all the boxes that apply.) Property is: _A owned by religious institution or used for religious purposes. _B removed from its original location.

_C a birthplace or grave. _D a cemetery. _E a reconstructed building, object, or structure. _F a commemorative property. _G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance within the past 50 years. Narrative Statement of Significance (Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) Essex, MA County and State reas of Significanc Enter categories from instruction Architecture Social History Period of Significance 1811-1958 Significant Dates 1811-1812 1876 1879-1884 Significant Person (Complete if Criterion B is marked above) Cultural Affiliation NA Architect/Builder Samuel Field Mclntire Arthur G. Richardson 9.

The rest of the file

Bibliography, boundary description, and the people who prepared and reviewed the nomination.

Major Bibliographical References (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.) Previous documentation on file (NPS): Primary location of additional data: - preliminary determination of individual listing (36 - State Historic Preservation Office CFR 67) has been requested - Other State agency - previously listed in the National Register - Federal agency - previously determined eligible by the National - Local government Register - University _ designated a National Historic Landmark - recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey Namelot repository: # - recorded by Historic American Engineering Record #. NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page1 OMB Approval No.

1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA NARRATIVE STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The Joseph Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society in Salem is significant at the local level for its associations with the Gardner, and Lakeman families, and for its later connection with the Woman's Friend Society of Salem. The property also meets Criterion C as a notable local example of the Federal style, especially as an unusual double-house type, the design of which is attributed to Samuel Field McIntire, son of Samuel McIntire, Salem's most famous architect. The property possesses integrity of location, design, setting, workmanship, feeling, and association. Salem was founded in 1626 by a small band of settlers from Cape Ann (fifteen miles to the north) who were attracted by both the natural harbor and more fertile land.

Fishing and shipping to the West Indies arose here by 1647, extending by the mid 19" century from the Caribbean and the Atlantic seaboard to ports throughout Spain and Portugal, Russia, India, South America, West Africa, the East Indies, the Philippines, Northern Europe, the Mediterranean, the Fiji Islands, East Africa, Australia, and California. Unlike Boston and New York, the port of Salem was never controlled by the British during the Revolutionary War. Privateering thrived during the war, and afterwards the city was well-positioned for great economic and demographic expansion. Between 1776 and 1810, population more than doubled, and between 1790 and 1807, the number of vessels owned by Salem merchants and fishermen increased by 167%, from 151 to 252; Salem was the seventh largest ship- owning community in the country.

A large number of high design-quality, masonry buildings constructed during the Federal period - highlighted by work of the celebrated local architect Samuel McIntire and his son Samuel Field Mclntire - attests to the many great fortunes amassed in Salem in this period. Although commerce was seriously disrupted by the Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812, the maritime economy rebounded, and by 1833 Salem still had 111 vessels that were occupied in foreign trade. Nonetheless, capital gradually Degan to leave Salem for the larger port cities of Boston, New York, and Philadeliphia. Compounding this loss, the mid century development of the clipper ship and other large vessels, which required a deeper harbor than Salem possessed, eventually brought an end to Salem's dominance in mercantile trade. In its place, however, manufacturing (most notably the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Factory, est.

1839) and Salem's role as a political and commercial center for Essex County continued to fuel the city's growth and prosperity well into the 20* century. Between 1870 and 1915, the city's population increased 150%; as in many New England cities, foreign immigrants were an important segment of this growth, representing more than a quarter of the overall gain and nearly 30% of the total population. Historical Significance Early owners of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society represent many of Salem's eminent mercantile families in the 19* century whose wealth derived from both maritime trade and related commercial businesses. The building was constructed in 1811-1812 as a double house for one family, and split into separate ownership in 1822. While the northern (continued) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev.

10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 2 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA part of the house was owner-occupied by one family for more than forty years, the southern part was owner-occupied for only about twenty years. The northern and southern parts of the house were functionally reunited late in the 19" century, when the Woman's Friend Society acquired use of the northern part of the property in 1879 and ownership of the full property ten years later. Elm Street (as the street was then called) was laid out by 1700.

It led from Essex Street (then known as Main Street) to Elder Browne's Cove on the South River, from which Derby Street extended eastward along the harbor; the Higginson and Gardner families had warehouses at the foot of Elm Street during the 18" century. By 1750, the end of Essex Street tamitie ha wasouea actie near Elm was considered a desirable residential area. In the 19* century, the area became more diversified, particularly with new commercial buildings and adaptive reuse.

In 1918, Elm Street between Essex and Derby streets was redesigned: the street was widened, buildings on the east side between Elm Street and the former Walnut Street were demolished, and a narrow landscaped park was set into the center of the newly reconstructed roadway, which was renamed Hawthorne Boulevard On a 1700 map of Salem, a Miles Ward (there were several with this name in successive generations) is shown as owning a large parcel of land in the middle of the west side of the Elm Street block where the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society now stands, with a building set near the street. In 1796, Joseph Fenno, then described as a feltmaker, bought the present property on Elm Street from Miles Ward, Jr., merchant, and his wife Hannah. Ward had acquired the land in several transactions between 1782 and 1793.

The 1796 deed to Fenno describes the property as "real estate" only; no buildings are mentioned, so any earlier structure may not have survived. Born in 1766, Joseph Fenno - whose ancestors had come to Massachusetts from England in the 17* century - married Mary Gilman Woodbridge (1769-1809) in Salem in 1788. They had seven children born in Salem between 1790 and 1803; at least three died in childhood. Their second son, Joseph (b. 1796), is reported to have died on board the brig Neva in the Dutch East Indies in 1818. Described as a feltmaker in 1796, Joseph Fenno was described as a merchant by 1814. Felt material had been used for saddlery, furniture, carpets, shoes and slippers, pianos and organs, packing material, and polishing metal, marble, and glass. This early association with the textile industry might have led Joseph Fenno into the trading business.

In the first decade of the 19"h century, Fenno was part owner of the brigantine Two Friends and apparently also of the sloop Salem Packet; owner and master of the brig Resolution; and a co-partner in the trading firm of Fenno, Patten and Company, which had stock in "lumber, goods, wares, & Merchandise" (indenture document at The Essex Institute). Construction on the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society followed Mary Fenno's death in 1809, and the double-house plan may reflect unknown complexities of the family's situation at the time. The architectural historian Fiske Kimball dates the building to 1811-1812, based on tax records. The "Brick House" seems to have been under construction in 1811, when it was valued at $1,500, and to have been complete in 1812, when it was valued at $2,400. The tax books from this period indicate that Fenno owned other properties as well.

These were described as a "House" in 1806-1809 (valued at $1,800) and a "Homestead" in 1811 (valued at $1,200), but apparently neither was constructed of brick. Since no other houses are listed with Fenno in the 1812 tax records, 12-14 Elm Street appears to have been his residence when it was complete. (continued) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 3 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA In addition to the double brick house at 12-14 Elm Street (now Hawthorne Boulevard), Joseph Fenno also seems to have owned, on what was then the same parcel, the extant residence to the north at 8-10 Elm Street, which is a three-story, wood-frame structure built ca. 1710.

(Perhaps it was the "House" or "Homestead" described in the early tax records, which Fenno might have occupied before moving into the brick house.) This building stood on part of Fenno's original property, and the chain of deeds and city directories indicate that it was later occupied as 8-10 Elm Street by one of the subsequent owners of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society. In 1812, a mortgage of $2,200 obtained by Joseph Fenno on his Elm Street property describes it as containing "two dwelling houses and all other buildings standing on the premises." (Assignments 196:238, as reported in Kimball, p. 136, and a mortgage note at The Essex Institute, 1812). In 1814, only two years after the house was finished, Joseph Fenno, by now living in Columbia, Maine, sold the property to his eldest son, John Woodbridge Fenno, a broker from Salem.

John Fenno (1792-1859) married Ann Fansette in Salem in 1815. They had one child born there, who died in infancy in 1816, and moved from Salem to Boston some time between 1827 and 1832. John Fenno's involvement in the maritime trade is documented in a small collection of papers (accounting statements, invoices, and statements of consignment, sales, and employment records) dated from 1823-1826 (Fenno Family papers at The Essex Institute). These documents describe shipments of Indian and Chinese silks, seersucker fabrics, and "flag" handkerchiefs from Salem to South America. An agreement for a shipment aboard the brig Philena in 1826 contains the interesting instruction from Fenno to the ship's master that "I wish you to dispose of the same [ten cases of Canton silk goods] to the best advantage, if at a profit, otherwise the goods to be returned to Salem" (underlining original).

Another illuminating record of business practices of the time is found in an 1823 employment contract between John W. Fenno and Matthew Bolles of Marblehead for his son, Matthew, Jr., for a period of four years. During that time, Fenno is "to instruct and improve sd Matthew Jr. in... practice of his official business as a broker and as may render him competent as a master of sd business." In addition, Fenno is to provide boarding for Matthew, Jr., with Fenno's family, along with laundry service for his clothing, medical care, and "the enjoyment of holidays, and suitable time for visiting his relatives and friends... and the liberty of improving his leisure time in literary studies and of evenings for attending school to gain necessary learning for his own" [sic]. According to the deeds, between 1827 and 1832 John W. Fenno moved to Boston, where he continued in the brokerage business.

He also maintained connections with Salem, serving in 1836 and 1842 as a director of a Salem bank and of a local insurance company. In Boston, Fenno was appointed Justice of the Peace for Suffolk County in 1841 and Clerk of the U.S. Custom's District of Boston and Charlestown in 1857. The entire house stayed in one ownership for less than a decade, although the Fenno family retained ownership of at least part of the property for almost twenty years. John W. Fenno and Joseph Fenno (the latter now living in Machias, ME, and described as a yeoman) sold the southern part of the property in 1822; the northern part (which the son may have occupied himself) was sold out of the family in 1832, when John W. was the only grantor. In 1827, John W. purchased two small strips of land adjacent to his northern portion of the property, perhaps to square out the lot. (continued) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev.

10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page _4 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA Independent history of the southern half-house: 14 Elm Street/Hawthorne Boulevard Joseph W. Peabody of Salem, a merchant, acquired the southern part of the property from John W. Fenno for $4,000 in 1822. Peabody (1787-1842) was the nephew of Capt. Joseph Peabody, who was reportedly one of the largest ship owners in the country in 1805 and the wealthiest merchant in Salem in the first half of the 19# century; Peabody's Wharf was conveniently located at the bottom of Elm Street. Joseph W. was married to Harriet French and is listed in the directories as living at #14 in 1836 and 1842.

Sometime between 1842 (when Peabody died) and 1872 (when #14 was sold again), the property was acquired by Joseph Gardner II (1822-1873) and his wife Eliza, who apparently never lived at the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society themselves. A Gardner family genealogy reports that Joseph II's career included, in 1860, a venture of sending a great variety of livestock by ship to Texas for breeding purposes. In 1872, the Gardners sold #14 out of the old-line Salem families for the first time, to William O'Donnell, a grocer whose business was located nearby at 131 Derby Street, for $6,000. O'Donnell built a new, small dwelling in the jog at the southwest corner of the present property (called rear 14 Elm, it stood behind the extant building at 16 Elm), which he occupied by 1874. Eugene O'Donnell, a teamster, was a boarder there as well.

William O'Donnell died in 1880, and his widow, Mary, appears to have remained in the new structure until she sold her entire Elm Street property in 1889. (The O'Donnell's auxiliary residence appears on the 1874 and 1897 atlases; it is not known when it was demolished.) By 1881, the brick dwelling at #14 was occupied by Thomas Gorman, a well-known building mover (his business was located at the end of the street on Peabody's Wharf in that year). Additional residents of #14 in the 1880s included James Duignan, a partner in the grocery business of Sheridan & Duignan (by 1884), and Joanna Gorman, a widow who boarded there by 1886. In 1889, Mary O'Donnell sold the property to William M. Hill for $5,800.

Hill's business was advertised as real estate, insurance broker, auctioneer, and notary public; he seems to have acted as an intermediary for the Woman's Friend Society, to whom he conveyed the property for $5,800 on the very same day. Independent history of the northern half-house: 12 Elm Street When merchant Aaron Perkins acquired the northern part of the property for $3,950 in May of 1832, the deed says it contained "Brick and Wooden dwelling Houses." A month later, Perkins (who in the second deed is called a trader) split this parcel and sold the smaller portion of his conveyance (including only a "Brick dwelling house") to Ebenezer K. Lakeman of Salem, a silversmith, for $2,275.

The latter deed is the first to specifically describe the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society as "the Brick Block erected by Joseph Fenno on the West side of Elm Street." Perkins apparently reserved for his own use the wood-frame house on the northern part of his original purchase, as the city directories list him and/or his family as residing at 8-10 Elm Street (an extant, three-story, wood-frame building) from at least 1836 through 1850. The deed promises that Lakeman "shall from henceforth forever quietly and peacibly [sic] have and enjoy the released premises." Little is known of Aaron Perkins, other than the name of his wife, Susan. Twenty years after this real estate transaction, the 189-ton brig Mermaid was registered in Salem to an Aaron Perkins, listed as its owner. Much later, in 1875, a (continued) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev.

10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page5 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA schooner named Aaron Perkins, also registered in Salem, was wrecked on a voyage from Newfoundland to Salem. The Aaron Perkins who lived next door at 8 Elm Street in 1836, when the first city directory was published, owned a clothing . store at 1 Neptune Street in Salem. Ebenezer (a.k.a. Eben) K. Lakeman, who bought the northern part of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society from Perkins in 1832, is described during his lifetime as both a silversmith and a jeweler - services that would have been in high demand by the wealthy merchants of early 19 century Salem.

He also served as a member of the Common Council for Ward 1 in 1836, the year that Salem was incorporated as a city. Lakeman may also have participated directly in the maritime trade, as an Eben K. Lakeman was recorded, from 1841 to 1843, as a part owner of the brig Mermaid (coincidentally, the same vessel that was later owned by an Aaron Perkins). This Eben may have been father of the silversmith, however, as the 1836 directory lists both an Eben Lakeman, a mariner, and an Eben K. Lakeman, a jeweler. Eben K. Lakeman was married in 1826 to Jane Shillaber (1802-ca. 1877), a daughter of Benjamin and Jane (Ropes) Shillaber of Salem, with whom he had eight children born in Salem between 1827 and 1840. The Lakeman family occupied the northern part of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society for more than thirty-five years, with Ebenezer dying ca. 1858.

In addition to Ebenezer and Jane, several of their children lived at #12 from time to time as adults, including sons Horace and John (the latter was a veteran of the Civil War, a salesman, and an employee of a dry goods and carpeting store on Essex Street), and their daughter and son-in-law, Lucy and John D. Eaton (he was a partner in J.D. and J.W. Eaton who dealt in stoves and tin ware). In 1879, after Jane Lakeman died, her heirs, John Lakeman, John Eaton, and Lucy Eaton, sold the northern part of the property at #12 to John Bertram of Salem for $4,000. Born in 1807 on the Isle of Jersey, John Bertram (1796-1882) moved to Salem with his family in 1807. His first voyage (as a cabin boy) was in 1812, after which he quickly rose from seaman to ship master and ship owner, to owner of his own shipping firm, which was active in trade with South America, Africa, and California.

Bertram's interest in transportation included early and sustained involvement with railroads, starting with the Eastern Railroad Company in 1836 (which established passenger service from Boston to the North Shore for the first time in 1838) and extending, twenty years later, to the Chicago, Iowa & Nebraska Railroad, of which he was founder and vice president. In the late 19* century, Bertram was reportedly the wealthiest man and certainly one the most generous philanthropists in Salem. He was a founder and/or major benefactor of the Old Ladies' Home, the Salem Hospital, the Bertram Home for Aged Men, the Bertram Fund of the City of Salem (providing fuel to the poor), the Children's Friend Society, and the Plummer Farm for Boys, most of which survive today. After his death, Bertram's wife and daughters donated his last home, a mansion on Essex Street, for use as the Salem Public Library.

After his purchase of the half-house at 12 Elm Street (the northern half) in 1879, Bertram quickly assigned it in trust to his daughter, Jennie M. Emmerton, for the use of the Woman's Friend Society of Salem for a period of five years. At the end of that time, if the Society paid all taxes and maintained and insured the property, it was to be conveyed outright to the organization. That conveyance took place as scheduled in 1884. Five years later, as noted above, the Society acquired the southern portion of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society and property, enabling the organization to significantly expand its services to the city of Salem. (continued) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 6 OMB Approval No.

1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA The Woman's Friend Society The Woman's Friend Society was founded in 1876 "to extend sympathy and help to girls and women of any nationality and of any class, from the highest to the most lowly, and by that sympathy and help to inspire and encourage habits of industry and self-reliance." (Woman's Friend Society, Constitution of 1893). Direct inspiration came the previous year, when Kate Tannatt Woods of the Moral Education Society of Boston addressed a meeting at Salem's Town Hall, calling on the audience to improve the "moral education" of women (quoted in Bowens, 5). The town marshal, William M. Hill (undoubtedly the same William M.

Hill who later conveyed part of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society to the Woman's Friend Society), followed up in 1876 by calling another meeting, at which a group of Salem women organized as The Moral Education Association for the benefit of "saving young ladies" (quoted in Bowens, 5). The nine founders were typically young, single women and are thought to be mostly middle class. The Society's work was, from the beginning, both preventative and palliative. Temporary space in a tenement house in downtown Salem was offered to the group, and a "Girl's Reading Room" was immediately created to elevate young women's minds. A Bureau of Employment followed later that year to find work for unemployed women, and a Needlework Committee distributed sewing orders that women would complete at home.

The organization had an early goal of providing living quarters for single women and girls who were students or working women, which was achieved with the critical support of benefactor John Bertram. In 1879 Bertram provided the association with a five-year loan of the northern half of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society, which he apparently bought exactly for that purpose. The Society proved itself sustainable, met the conditions of the loan in 1884, and was gifted with ownership of the structure in that year by Bertram's daughter and heir, Jennie M. Emmerton. In 1884 the group also was formally incorporated as the Woman's Friend Society. Through private fundraising, the Society was able in 1889 to purchase the southern half-house and expand its programs, many of which were held in the house.

Around 1910, the original service wings of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society were demolished and replaced with a larger and more efficient ell that included a modern laundry and kitchen (the latter partly used for industrial classes), infirmary room, bathroom, and bedroom space. The new ell was designed by architect Arthur G. Richardson, who lived in Salem at least from 1890 through 1940 and worked in an office in downtown Boston. Richardson's known work includes more than a half-dozen handsome Colonial Revival style houses in Salem, built for local professionals in the 1910s. Since 1876, the Woman's Friend Society has devoted itself to a wide range of services designed to help women in difficult circumstances; many of these programs were successful enough to be adopted by public institutions or to grow into separate private organizations.

Three major categories of services have been provided by the Society since its inception: education, training, and employment services; housing; and medical services. At the beginning, the clientele was mostly newly arriving immigrant women. They were generally young and single or widowed, although young mothers and the elderly were cared for by the Society's visiting nurse service, and children were cared for in the Society's kindergarten program. Many of the Society's services were provided in the building at 12-14 Hawthorne Boulevard; others, like the visiting nurses and some of the vocational classes, were off-site. (continued) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 7 OMB Approval No.

1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA Early on, instruction was provided at the Woman's Friend Society in a variety of skills at which women could make a living, including cooking, sewing, laundering, and school teaching. These classes evolved into the Society's participation, from 1891 through the 1920s, in the establishment and operation of the Mack Industrial School, a vocational school located nearby that taught sewing, dressmaking, millinery, and cooking to hundreds of female students each year. Kindergarten classes for poor children were instituted at the Society's building in 1887, and they grew so popular that the program was taken over by the Salem public school system in 1894, constituting the first public kindergarten in Salem. Providing shelter for the needy of all ages was another priority of the Society.

In 1882, a committee was formed to find living quarters for very young girls living in undesirable home situations, and in 1887 a proposal was considered to shelter homeless infants; the latter idea was eventually adopted by the Children's Friend and Family Service Society. A major and continuing service of the Society has been to provide low-cost housing for single women who were working or students. Meals were provided along with related services to help these women become independent and self-sufficient. The house has accommodated as many as thirty-two women; today nineteen women reside at the Woman's Friend Society. Provision of medical services began in 1881 with the "Mission to the Sick," which brought supplies to housebound unfortunates. It was soon followed by a request to initiate a program of visiting nurses for low-income clients.

A limited amount of work was undertaken, but there was no formal program until 1897, when a District Nurse Committee formed within the Society. This program provided home nursing services to patients regardless of their ability to pay; by 1900, the District Nurse made more than 2,000 visits during the year. By the 1950s, the program had grown so large that it moved to the Salem Health Center and then to the Salem Hospital Medical Center. Eventually it separated from the Woman's Friend Society altogether and was incorporated as the Visiting Nurse Association of Greater Salem in 1976. The Woman's Friend Society is significant as a private social service organization that has been run by and for women for more than 130 years. The Society is a very prominent local example of women's growing influence in society as a whole, and particularly in improving the living conditions of women.

Its beginnings exemplify the broad social reform movement of the late 19"h and early 20" centuries, which responded to rapid industrialization, huge increases in immigration, more progressive views towards women and minorities, and the prevalent Victorian emphasis on morality. New organizations proliferated on the local, state, and national levels to improve society through abolition, women's suffrage, prisons, mental health services, education, working conditions, and temperance. The noble instincts and sophisticated management of many of these charitable associations - including the Woman's Friend Society of Salem - are well-summarized in A Directory of the Charitable and Beneficent Organizations of Boston, published in 1880, which declares that, The best charity can only flow from a union of science and sympathy, each at its best.

The science of charity insists on a thorough study of the causes of want, and of the means of its removal and prevention, as well as its relief - and especially on thorough organization in large cities, where many agencies are at work. (continued) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 8 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA Charity must do four things:-- I. II. III. IV. Relieve worthy need, promptly, fittingly and tenderly. Prevent unwise alms to the unworthy. Raise into independence every needy person, where this is possible. Make sure that no children grow up to be paupers. Relief, detection, elevation, and prevention are all essential parts of a complete system.

Salem itself hosted at least a dozen such social service institutions at the turn of the 20t century. The Woman's Friend Society is remarkable for its outreach to all nationalities and classes - at a time when many similar organizations limited themselves to native-born, Protestant Americans - for the comprehensive range of practical services that it has provided and for the enduring success of its mission into the 21" century. Architectural Significance Architectural historian Fiske Kimball attributes the design and carving of the mantelpieces of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society, and possibly the circular staircases and the overall architectural design, to Samuel Field McIntire (1780- 1819), the son and protégé of architect and carver Samuel McIntire (1757-1811).

The elder Mclntire was Salem's leading architect of the Federal period, who designed dozens of residences, public buildings, and churches in Salem and the immediate vicinity. The noted local diarist, Rev. William Bentley, noted at McIntire's death in 1811 that "all the improvements of Salem for nearly thirty years past have been done under his eye." His contributions to the development of architecture of the Federal period are nationally noted for the graceful, refined, and dignified quality of their designs, and for superior craftsmanship in their execution. Samuel Field McIntire worked with his father as a carver and maintained their business until his own death eight years later. The McIntires' commissions were predominantly residential works for wealthy ship owners, highlighted by a mansion for millionaire Elias Hasket Derby, which was built in 1799 at a cost of $80,000.

The Joseph Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society is characteristic of most of the Mclntires' residential designs (and stylistically comparable to several definitively documented McIntire designs) - a simple cubical mass, three stories high, with a low hip roof, distinctly shorter upper story, simple wood cornice moldings (typical of the later houses), and rectangular windows with flat arches of stone, or made to look like stone, and generally with a double keystone. Where the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society deviates from the most sophisticated McIntire buildings is in the somewhat irregular composition of the main façades, and in its lack of columned porticos embellishing the main entrances. The interior plan of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society exemplifies the McIntire style.

The five-bay, east section of the house contains four rooms divided by a stair hall (in this case, two compact back-to-back stair halls), with a fireplace serving as a focal point of each room. As in many of the McIntires' later brick houses, the chimneys are set on (continued) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 9 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA outside walls, and double doors are set between the formal parlors on the east end of the house. The chimneypieces in the east parlors of the Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society and the circular spiral stairways at the east end of the house exemplify the height of the Mclntires' creativity, with complex and elegant carvings.

The McIntire chimneypieces, along with the circular spiral stairways at the east end of the House, are featured not only in Kimball's definitive Mr. Samuel Mclntire, Carver, The Architect of Salem and Cousins and Riley's The Colonial Architecture of Salem, but also in Kimball's more wide-ranging examination of Domestic Architecture of the American Colonies and of the Early Republic. Although the Joseph Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society is relatively conservative and restrained compared with the city's most high-style residences, it remains an important example of Federal period architecture in Salem, distinguished by its unusual double-house construction, its elegant use of materials, and its graceful proportions and detailing.

Archaeological Significance Historic archaeological resources described above may contribute important information related to Salem's 19" and early 20* century settlement, economy, and Federal period architecture. Archaeological resources may also contribute detailed social, cultural, and economic information associated with some of Salem's more prominent citizens who inhabited the house, and the property's relationship with the social reform movement of the late 19*h and early 20" century. Additional historical research combined with archaeological survey and testing may locate structures and features that define architectural details and activities characteristic of a double house. The Fenno House was originally constructed as a double house for one family, then split into separate ownership in 1822.

The northern and southern parts of the house were functionally reunited in the late 19th century. Structural evidence may exist that could contribute important architectural evidence characteristic of double house construction and later functional changes that were made to the house. Archaeological survey and testing may locate occupational related features (trash pits, privies, wells) that contribute important information to our understanding of double-house occupancy and details of individual occupations at the house. The location, mapping, and detailed analysis of the contents of occupational-related features may locate duplicate examples of certain features such as privies and trash pits/areas in support of double occupancy.

Horizontal and vertical stratification of feature contents may also exist, enabling the contents of features to be viewed over time or between different occupations at similar points in time. Jetailed analysis of the contents of occupational related features mav also contribute important information related to the social. cultural. and economic characteristics of Salem's affluent 19" 'century inhabitants and the city's relationship with the social reform movement of the late 19"h and early 20" century. Occupational-related features may contain important information related to the early owners of the Fenno House, including Salem's eminent mercantile families in the 19th century whose wealth was derived from both maritime trade and related commercial business.

Trash pits, privies, and wells may contain artifacts directly related to the maritime trade and business of the occupants or the items their social and economic status allowed. The contents of occupational-related features may also contribute important information (continued) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page10 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA related to the cultural beliefs and activities of the owner-occupants. Occupational-related features may contribute isperaly in temnites.

Delailed analysis oftie Santen s cfoncupy tiomai ts eated features may anso contio mta impoturing, information related to the activities conducted at the house and the inhabitants during the period of property ownership by the Woman's Friend Society, who acquired the northern part of the property in 1879 then full ownership of the property in (end) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 9 Page 1 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA 9. Major Bibliographical References Bibliography Books and Pamphlets Arrington, Benj[amin] F., editor-in chief. Municipal History of Essex County in Massachusetts; Volume I. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1922. The Associated Charities.

A Directory of the Charitable and Beneficent Organizations of Boston. Boston: A. Williams & Co., 1880. Bent, Allen H. "Fenno Family" in The New-England Historical and Genealogical Register, 1898. Boston: Published by the Society, 1898. Bowens, Gloria F. The History of the Woman's Friend Society of Salem, Massachusetts, 1876-2002. Gloucester, Mass.: Woman's Friend Society, 2002. Cousins, Frank and Phil M. Riley. The Colonial Architecture of Salem. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications, Inc., 2000 (first published 1919). Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 14" edition. New York: Encyclopaedia Brittanica, Inc., 1929. Endicott, C.M., comp. and William S. Peabody, ed. A Genealogy of the Peabody Family. Boston: David Clapp & Son, 1867. Felt, Joseph B. Annals of Salem, Vol. I. Salem: W. & S.B. Ives, 1845. "Fenno Family; Shipping Papers of John W. and Joseph Fenno, 1802-1865.

(Handwritten papers at the Phillips Library, Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Mass. Gannon, Fred A. Old Salem Scrap Book, No. 6. Salem, Mass.: Salem Books Co., ca. 1954. Gardner, Frank A., comp. and ed. Thomas Gardner, Planter, and Some of His Descendants. Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1907. Gardner, Frank Augustine, comp. and ed. Gardner Memorial; A Biographical Record of the Descendants of Thomas Gardner, Planter. Salem, Mass.: Newcomb & Gauss Co., 1933. Gillespie, C.B., comp. Illustrated History of Salem and Environs. [Salem, Mass.:] Salem Evening News, 1897. Harth, Erica. "Founding mothers of social justice: The Women's Educational and Industrial Union of Boston, 1877- 1892." In the Historical Journal of Massachusetts, Summer 1999. Hitchings, A. Frank and Stephen Willard Phillips. Ship Registers of the District of Salem and Beverly, 1789-1900. Salem, Mass.: The Essex Institute, 1906.

Kimball, Fiske. Domestic Architecture of the American Colonies and of the Early Republic. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1966 (first published 1922). Kimball, Fiske. Mr. Samuel McIntire, Carver; The Architect of Salem. Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1066 (originally published by the Essex Institute, 1940). Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Maritime History of Massachusetts 1783-1860. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1921. Osgood, Charles S. and H.M. Batchelder. Historical Sketch of Salem, 1626-1879. Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1879. Peabody, Selrin Hobart, comp. and Charles Henry Pope, ed. Peabody Genealogy. Boston: Charles H. Pope, 1909. (continued) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 9 Page 2 OMB Approval No.

1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA Phillips, James Duncan. Salem and the Indies; The Story of the Great Commercial Era of the City. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1947. Phillips, James Duncan. Salem in the Eighteenth Century. Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1969. Putnam, George Granville. Salem Vessels and Their Voyages. Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1924. Salem City Directories. 1836, 1842, 1850, 1855, 1857, 1859, 1861, 1864, 1866, 1872, 1874, 1876, 1878, 1881, 1886, 1890-91, 1897-98, 1905, 1910, 1915, 1920, 1926, 1930, 1935, 1940, 1945. Smith, Bonnie Hurd. Salem Women's Heritage Trail. Salem, Mass.: Salem Chamber of Commerce, 2000. Tolles, Bryant J. Architecture in Salem: An Illustrated Guide. Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1983. Trow, Charles E. The Old Shipmasters of Salem; With Mention of Eminent Merchants. New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1905.

Vital Records of Salem, Mass. to the End of the Year 1849. (Births, Marriages, and Deaths.) Salem, Mass.: Essex Institute, 1916. Ward, George K., comp. Andrew Ward and His Descendants 1597-1910. New York: A.T. DeLaMare Printing & Publishing Co., 1910. [Woman's Friend Society]. "What the Woman's Friend Society has done and is doing for Working Women in Salem and the need of additional funds to meet increased demands." (pamphlet) [Salem, Mass.?: Woman's Friend Society, ca. 1910?] Reports and National Register nominations National Register application: Historic Resources of Downtown Salem (Partial Inventory: Historic and Architectural Properties), 1983. National Register application: Salem Common Historic District, 1976. Massachusetts Historical Commission. MACRIS Report, A.G. Richardson Properties, 7/16/2007. Massachusetts Historical Commission.

MHC Reconnaissance Survey Report for Salem (incomplete). 1985. Maps, Atlases, and Architectural Drawings Appleton, Thomas A., C.E. "Land of Woman's Friend Society; Salem, Mass." January 1947. Freeman, William W. K. "Part of Salem in 1700; From the Researches of Sidney Perley." 1933 Hopkins, G.M. & Co. Atlas of the City of Salem, Mass. Philadelphia: 1874 Richards, L.J. & Co. Atlas of the City of Salem, Mass. Springfield, Mass.: 1897. Richardson, A.G. Architectural drawings and specifications and for an addition to the Woman's Friend Society. No date [ca. 1910]. In the possession of the Woman's Friend Society. Sanborn Map Co. Salem, Mass. - 1957. New York: 1957. Essex County Registry of Deeds Book 161, Leaf 6. Miles Ward, Jr., to Joseph Fenno, 1796 Book 203, Leaf 277. Joseph Fenno to John W. Fenno, 1814. Book 229, Leaf 251. John W. Fenno and Joseph Fenno to Joseph W. Peabody, 1822.

Book 247, Leaf 159. Gideon Tucker to John W. Fenno, 1827. (continued) NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 9 Page 3 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA Book 263, Leaf 298. Aaron Perkins to Ebenezer K. Lakeman, 1832. Book 853, Leaf 161. Joseph Gardner II and Eliza C. Gardner to William O'Donnell, 1872. Book 1015, Leaf 49. John R. Lakeman, John D. Eaton, and Lucy A. Eaton to John Bertram, 1879. Book 1017, Leaf 60. John Bertram to Jennie M. Emmerton, 1879. Book 1132, Leaf 89. Jennie M. Emmerton to Woman's Friend Society, 1884. Book 1264, Leaf 508. Mary O'Donnell to William M. Hill, 1889. Book 1264, Leaf 510. William M. Hill to Woman's Friend Society, 1889.

Web Sites http://familytreemaker.genealogy.com/users/p/e/a/Dick-Peabody "The Peabody and Wierzbowski Family: Francis Peabody (b. 21 Sep 1715, d. 07 Dec 1797); Asa Peabody (b. 05 Mar 1750/51, d. 1801." www.furniturestyles.net Samuel McIntire. www.learner.org/biographyofamerica "A Biography of America: The Reform Impulse - Transcript." www.masshist.org/findingaids/doc "Endicott Family Papers 1612-1958." www.noblenet.org/salem/library/history.html "History of the building." www.salemweb.com/guide/arch/houses2.shtml "Architecture in the 19"h and 20" Centuries." www.salemweb.com/tales/bertram.shtml "John Bertram, Philanthropist, 1705-1882." www.salemweb.com/tales/mcintire.shtml "Samuel Mclntire, Architect and Carver of Salem; 1757-1811." www.salemweb.com/tales/structures.shtml www.wikipedia.com Samuel McIntire.

http://swoodbridge.com/family/WoodbridgeRecord/index "The Woodbridge Record, 1883." Personal interview with Alicia Hart, member of the board of directors of the Woman's Friend Society, 12 September 2007. (end) Fenno House/Woman's Friend Soceity Name of Property 10. Geographical Data Essex, MA County and State Acreage of Property less than one acre UTM References See continuation sheet. (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet) 1. 19 344640 4709220 Zone Easting Northing "Zone Easting Northing 3. Zone 4. Zone Easting Northing Easting Northing - See continuation sheet Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet.) oundary Justificatior Explain why the boundaries were selected on a continuation sheet. 11.

Form Prepared By name/title_Wendy Frontiere, preservation consultant, with Betsy Friedberg, National Register Director, MHC organization_Massachusetts Historical Commission date July 2008 street & number_220 Morrissey Blyd _ telephone 617-727-8470 city or town_Boston _ stateMA _ zip code_02125 Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: Continuation Sheets Maps A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. A sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Photographs Representative black and white photographs of the property.

Additional items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items) Property Owner (Complete this item at the request of the SHPO or FPO.) name Woman's Friend Society street & number 12-14 Hawthorne Boulevard .telephone _978-744-2137 city or town _ Salem _ state MA _ zip code _01915 Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.).

Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including the time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503. NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 10 Page 1 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA Geographical Data Verbal Boundary Description City of Salem Assessors' Map 35, Lot 0222 (Parcel ID #35-0222-0).

The total lot area is 13,200 square feet. Boundary Justification The nominated property includes the entire parcel historically associated with the Woman's Friend Society. Legally recorded property lines define the edges of the parcel. (end) IPS Form 10-90 Rev. 10-90 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number photos Page 1 OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 Fenno House/Woman's Friend Society Salem (Essex), MA Photographs All photographs are 8 x 10". Negatives are in the possession of the photographers. 1. Exterior view: South and east facades. Photograph by Alicia Hart, 47 Washington Square North, Salem, Mass. 2. Northeast parlor: Chimneypiece. Photograph by Wendy Frontiero, 32 Abbott Street, Beverly, Mass. 2008. 3. Circular staircase at main north entrance. Photograph by Wendy Frontiero, 2008. 4.

Circular staircase at main south entrance. Photograph by Wendy Frontiero, 2008 (end) NITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIO JATIONAL PARK SERVIC.

IATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACE VALUATION/RETURN SHEE' REQUESTED ACTION: NOMINATION PROPERTY NAME: Joseph Fenno House--Woman's Friend Society MULTIPLE NAME: STATE & COUNTY: MASSACHUSETTS, Essex DATE RECEIVED: 8/06/08 DATE OF 16TH DAY: 9/09/08 DATE OF WEEKLY LIST: DATE OF PENDING LIST: 8/25/08 DATE OF 45TH DAY: 9/19/08 REFERENCE NUMBER: 08000906 REASONS FOR REVIEW: APPEAL: N DATA PROBLEM: N LANDSCAPE: N LESS THAN 50 YEARS: OTHER: PDIL: PERIOD: PROGRAM UNAPPROVED: REQUEST: N SAMPLE: N SLR DRAFT: N NATIONAL: COMMENT WAIVER: N VACCEPT RETURN REJECT 9.17.0SATE ABSTRACT/SUMMARY COMMENTS: Entered in The Natonal Regbter Hlstorle Places RECOM./CRITERIA REVIEWER DISCIPLINE TELEPHONE DATE DOCUMENTATION see attached comments Y/N see attached SLR Y/N If a nomination is returned to the nominating authority, nomination is no longer under consideration by the NPS.

JOSEPH FENNO HOUEF WOMAN'S FRIEND SOCIETY 12:14 HAWMIORNE BOULEVAKD SALEM, FSEX CO., MASS. PHOTOERARHI Dy ALICIA HART, SALEM, MASS, - APRIL 2005 SOUTH TWTL EAST FACADES FENNO HOUSÉ / WOMAN'S FRIEND SOCIETY SALEM (ESSEX) MA WENDy FRUNTIENO Muuto 2008 NE PARCOR, CHIMNEYPIECE detail PloTo 2 FENNO HOUSE WOMIN'S FRIEMD SOCIErY SALEM (EsSex) MA WENDY FRONTIERO photo 2008 CIRCULAR STAIRCASE AT NORTY ENTRANCE 3 FeNNOHtOUSE / WOMAN'S FRIENI SOCIEMY SALEM (Essex) MA WENDY FRONTIERO pLOTO 2008 CIRCULAR STAIRCASE @ SOUTI ENTRANCE PAOTO 4 RECEIVED 2280 AUG 0 6 2008 William Francis Galvin, Secretary of the Commonwealth The Commonwealth of MassachusettSAT. REAISTEA PARK SERV PLACES Massachusetts Historical Commission July 21, 2008 Mr. J.

Paul Loether, Chief National Register of Historic Places Department of the Interior National Park Service 1201 Eye Street, NW 8t floor Washington, DC 20005 Dear Mr. Loether: Enclosed please find the following nomination form: Woman's Friend Society, 12-14 Hawthorne Blvd., Salem (Essex), MA The nomination has been voted eligible by the State Review Board and has been signed by the State Historic Preservation Officer. The owners of the property in the Certified Local Government community of Salem were notified of pending State Review Board consideration 60 to 90 days before the meeting and were afforded the opportunity to comment.

Sincerely, Betay Fredherg Betsy Friedbers National Register Director Massachusetts Historical Commission Enclosure CC: Wendy Frontiero, consultant Jane Guy, Salem CLG Coordinator Hannah Diozzi, Chair, Salem Historical Commission Kimberly Driscoll, Mayor, City of Salem Sam Spatafore, Chair, Salem Planning Board 220 Morrissey Boulevard. Boston, Massachusetts 02125 (617) 727-8470 - Fax: (617) 727-5128 www.sec.state.ma.us/mhc