MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES 1950), 618, 668 Cleveland Plain Dealer, April 28, 1973, 6-A. 1955), 183. J. S. A. Ho, Dec., 1967, 265. 0. GEOGRAPHICAL DATA DEFINING A RECTANGLE LOCATING THE PROPERTY DEFINING THE CENTER POINT OF A PROPERTY OF LESS THAN TEN ACRES LIST ALL STATES AND COUNTIES FOR PROPERTIES OVERLAPPING STATE OR COUNTY BOUNDARLES OCT 1 FORM PREPARED BY T2.
STATE LIAISON OFFICER CERTIFICATION NATIONAL REGISTER VERIFICATION tional Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89-665), I hereby nominate this property for inclusion evaluated according to the c-iteria and procedures set NAME AND GPO 931-894 039 Degrees Seconds LATITUDE DATE Minutes LONGITUDE ORGANIZATION Cleveland CORNER CODE STATE Ohio COUNTY ATTEST: Degrees Minutes Seconds REGISTER 10825 East Boulevard I hereby certify that this property is included in the Dimitri Tselos,"The Chicago Fair and the Myth of the 'Lost Cause' STREET AND NUMBER: LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE COORDINATES less than one National Register. Local level of significance of this nomination is: CITY OR TOWN: in the National Register and certify that ithas been As the designated State Liaison Officer for the Na- NATIONAL 25S41973 11.24.73 forth by the National Park Service.
The recommended Associate Director, Professional Services Eric Johannesen, Preservationist * Title William Ganson Rose, NAME AND TITLE: Cleveland: The Making of a City (Cleveland, STATE ( 10.1 73.3701 CONTROL REVIEW HISTOR IAN ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN KEEPER ARCHEOLOGIST Entered Re-submit Send-back MAPS Federal Register entry Cuyahoga WORKING NUMBER National Register Write-up BRANCH CHIEF TECH REVIEW 10.2 KHC Accept NOV 2 6 1929 PROPERTY NPS Form 10-900 (Rev. 10-90) United States Department of the Interior MAY 2 1 2009 National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES NAT. REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES REGISTRATION FORM This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts.
See instructions in How to Complete the National classification, materials, and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative 1. Name of Property Historic name Cleveland Trust Company (Amendment) Other names/site number _ 2. Location street & number 900 Euclid Avenue - not for publication city or town - vicinity county Cuyahoga code 035 3. State/Federal Agency Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of1986, as amended, I hereby certify that this X nomination L request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60.
In my opinion, the property X meets - does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant - nationally - statewide X Signature of certifying official Ohio Historic Preservation Office, Ohio Historical Society State or Federal agency and bureau Signature of commenting or other official 4. National Park Service Certification 1, hereuy certify that this property is: determined not eligible for the atered in the National Register - See continuation sheet. Signature of Keeper Date of Action comments.) Date Cleveland Ohio zip code 44115 code OH National Register state items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer, to complete all items. In my opinion, the property - meets - does not meet the National Register criteria.
(L See continuation sheet for additional the information requested.If any item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable."For functions, architectural 73001410 Cleveland Trust Company (Amendment) Cuyahoga County, OH 5. Classification Ownership of Property Category of Property Number of Resources within Property (Check as many boxes as apply) (Do not include previously listed resources in the count) X private X public-local - district - public-State Osite - public-Federal - structure - object Name of related multiple property listing Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register 6. Function or Use Historic Functions Current Functions COMMERCE/TRADE: Financial Institution/Business Vacant/Not in use 7.
Description 20* Century Revival/Beaux Arts Modern Movement Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) Foundation other Total roof terrazzo limestone Noncontributing concrete marble Materials Architectural Classification built-up (Enter categories from instructions) walls ×building(s) (Check only one box) (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing.) OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Page Cleveland Trust Company Name oi property Cuyahoga County, Ohio County and State DESCRIPTION SUMMARY The Cleveland Trust Company headquarters building is located at the prominent intersection of Euclid Avenue and East Ninth Street in the central business district of Cleveland, Ohio.
The handsome building consists of two integrated yet distinctive components - a Beaux Arts-style Rotunda and a Modern-era Tower. Both components are characterized by skillful design and Avenue Historic District. The building is located on an irregularly shaped lot created by the acute angle formed by the intersection of its adjacent streets. Euclid Avenue.) Despite this, the design of the bank building is highly symmetrical and features classical proportions, typical of work in the Beaux Arts style. The Rotunda is constructed around a steel frame and is sheathed in white granite from North Jay, Maine. It has a heavy rusticated openings in each bay. Entrances in the three central bays provide access to the interior bank lobby. The upper level of the north facade features a monumentally scaled, pedimented portico supported by four pairs of engaged Corinthian columns.
In each bay allegory of the "main springs of wealth." The figures are by Karl Bitter, an Austrian artist who practiced out of New York and was noted for his architectural sculpture. A dentiled cornice projects from the roofline which supports a low parapet with curved sculpture in the pediment above features a more simplified treatment than its counterpart. The cornice and the parapet wall wrap around to the east facade unifying the exterior composition. At the northwest corner, the building is set back from the street. This elevation features a double-height window unit flanked by engaged columns to complement the rest of the building's design. On the interior, the building is essentially a three-story office volume wrapped around an open rotunda. The rotunda is covered by an ornate stained-glass dome which rises 85' above the main floor.
The banking floor is covered with marble and terrazzo, and frames. A significant interior element is the marble staircase in the northeast corner of the building. It features a bronze balustrade basement features a marble floor as well as original bank vaults and safety deposit boxes. ROTUNDA NPS Form 10-900-a (Expires 1-31-2009) (8-86) The Cleveland Trust Company Rotunda is a monumentally scaled, three-story, Beaux Arts-style building designed by architect The bank was designed in response to the shape of the site withits two primary facades-facing north along Euclid Avenue and west along East Ninth Street - having slightly different dimensions. (The facades measure 123' on East Ninth Street and 140' on each bay, but only the center bay provides interior access. The portico along the east facade has six engaged pilasters, and the George B. Post and completed in 1908.
It is set on the corner of Euclid Avenue and East Ninth Street within the city's Euclid there are double-height windows set in bronze spandrels. The pediment is richly decorated with sculptural groupings depicting the balusters. Finally, a 61' diameter dome, supported by a low circular drum, rises from the center of the structure. The design of the Euclid Avenue facade is mirrored on the east wall, with slight modifications, perhaps to distinguish it as the of thirteen columns overlook the rotunda. The upper-level floors are concrete, and the office spaces have dropped ceilings. The columns at the ground level have modified bases and capitals. These alterations were made between 1971 and 1973 as part of a restoration by the firm Frazier, Orr, Fairbanks, and Quam of Geneva, Illinois.
Along the north wall are elevators set in bronze that rises uninterrupted from the basement level to the top floor. (There are also bronze balustrades around the galleries.) The NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Page Cleveland Trust Company Name of property Cuyahoqa County, Ohio County and State The Cleveland Trust Company Tower is a 29-story office building designed by internationally renowned architect Marcel Breuer Completed in 1971, it is a major example of a Modern Movement building.' The Tower is located adjacent to the Rotunda along East Ninth Street and is effectively a multi-story addition to the original bank building.
There are connections between the Tower and the Rotunda at three levels, providing direct internal circulation between the two buildings, and the first-floor lobby of the originally envisioned, the complex would have enveloped or "cradled" the Rotunda building, which would remain as the expansion was realized. are attached with anchor clips to the frame of the structure. Each unit contains a large opening to frame a single-pane window. against direct sunlight. In addition, the concrete panels are fabricated with cavities molded into the inside faces to conceal structural framing as well as heating and air-conditioning equipment. In contrast to the highly sculptural, textured treatment used fenestration. A granite veneer is also used around the base of the Tower and at its crown to mask the mechanical floors. The primary entrance to the tower is located along East Ninth Street.
It is recessed under a five-bay, two-story colonnade and set within a large, two-story window wall. The entryway is located in the second bay from the north and consists of two revolving doors flanked by swing doors -all set in aluminum frames. The doors lead to an impressive double-height entrance lobby featuring a finishes - a mirror-like, polished finish and a rough thermal finish. The mezzanine level, which opens up onto the double-height Other original interior features include bronze elevator doors and phone booths. 'Buildings of the Modern era took many forms in numerous styles. Breuer's later work (1960-1976) may variably be labeled Expressionist (characterized by Brutalist (characterized by weighty massiveness, rough-surfaced, exposed concrete walls, broad, expansive wall surfaces, and deeply recessed windows).
See "The "etched" finish of the concrete panels is described in a photo caption included in the project files of the Breuer collection at the Smithsonian Archives of Subseries 10: Office Buildings (1961-1978). 3 "Three Precast Buildings from the Office of Marcel Breuer and Associates," Architectural Record 153 (1973): 124-5 Marcel Breuer Papers, Series 8: Project Files (1921-1986), Subseries 10: Office Buildings (1961-1978). TOWER (Expiration 1-31-2009) Cleveland Trust Company project called for a second tower (never realized) with a street facade along Euclid Avenue.
As The Tower is a steel-frame high-rise structure with exterior walls primarily composed of an assemblage of 1,314 precast concrete The windows are deeply recessed 2'-6" into the unit - a design feature frequently used by Breuer to shade windows and protect on the primary facades, the wall angled north facing Euclid Avenue is sheathed in a thin-stone granite veneer unbroken by elevator banks and the adjoining Rotunda. South of the entrance lobby is the banking lobby. This space is characterized by a sweeping, curved rooflines and wall surfaces, a minimal use of geometrical forms, faceted, concave, or convex surfaces, and arched or vaulted surfaces) or Robinson & Associates, Inc., Growth, Efficiency, and Modernism: GSA Buildings of the 1950s, 60s, and 70s (Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Services Administration, 2003): 14-15 and Isabelle Hyman, Marcel Breuer, Architect (New York: Harry N.
Abrams, Inc, 2001), especially Part 1, Chapter 6. American Art in Washington, D.C. See Smithsonian Archives of American Art, Washington, D.C., Marcel Breuer Papers, Series 8: Project Files (1921-1986), 1971 featuring the Cleveland Trust Company project describes the stone as "Jet Mist Granite." See Smithsonian Archives of American Art, Washington, D.C., The Tower was built as the first stage of what was to be a multi-year bank expansion project. Breuer's original drawings for the cornerstone of the composition and serve as a monument to the history of the bank. Ultimately, only the first phase of the panels were etched to expose the material's grey Vermont granite aggregate and create a rough surface texture (similar to a fixed seating enclosure and reception desk of precast terrazzo. An engraved cornerstone is set into the north wall of the lobby.
large, two-story window wall with a distinctive, geometric glazing pattern and black granite mullions. In the lobby areas, the interior lobby areas, features a granite parapet. The floors throughout the lobby areas are original terrazzo and are in good condition. (8-86) OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Page Cleveland Trust Company Name of property County and State The upper floors of the Tower, designed for office space, feature an open plan which allows for the flexible use of interior space. along the backside of the Tower. The south facade of the Tower abuts an alley, or "Barn Court," which extends east from East Ninth Street. Along this alley at the base of the building's east facade is a two-story wing clad with brick veneer.
This wing is not tied to the actual structure of the as storage areas, and on the second floor there was a meeting room/auditorium.(non-contributing building) design, workmanship, and to some degree its materials. The building's prominent position amid downtown Cleveland's central business district continues to define its location and setting and contributes to its integrity. Feeling is a property's expression of the aesthetic of a particular period of time. In this case, the building aesthetic was the result of a two-part construction chronology - a mid-century modern office tower combined room/auditorium has been deconstructed and the office floors where secondary support areas, such as the mail rooms, have been significantly altered.
(Originally, the walls and ceiling of the meeting room/auditorium were finished with cherry wood paneling.) The exterior of the Tower has never been significantly altered, and its original design, materials, and finishes are intact. Within the Rotunda, the floor plans have been slightly modified in several areas to create additional office space. Additionally, the workmanship that went into the construction of the building is strong. The exterior and interior ornamental detailing of the Rotunda -such as the carved stone and metalwork elements - express the craftsmanship and fabrication techniques of the materials and prefabrication methods. In order to have integrity, a historic property must retain its key materials dating from the period of significance. With a few exceptions, the building has retained its original materials.
In the Rotunda, which was renovated between 1971 and 1973, the bases of the thirteen piers were enclosed with new marble, the capitals on the ground level were areas. Material loss within the Tower is principally related to asbestos abatement that occurred in 2007. During this work, flexible work, parts of the ground-level window wall have been removed INTEGRITY National Park Service (Expiration 1-31-2009) NPS Form 10-900-a Cuyahoga County, Ohio and evident. Association is the direct link between a property and its historic significance. The Cleveland Trust Company the design of the Tower since the period of significance are limited to the two-story wing where the mezzanine-level meeting basement of the Rotunda originally featured a formal lobby, many elements of which have been removed. Evidence of the period.
Similarly, the precast concrete panels of the Tower are expressions of the Modern-era's experimentation with new modified, the flooring of the upper stories was altered from wood to concrete, and dropped ceilings were installed in the office wall treatments in the entrance lobby and banking lobby. Additionally, to make way for a construction entrance for the abatement Tower. Currently, its interior walls are bare concrete. Originally, on the ground floor of this wing there was a loading dock as well with an early-nineteenth-century classical revival bank. The building's architectural expression of these two periods remains clear style component (the Rotunda) nor the Modern-era addition (the Tower) has been significantly altered or compromised, and the Rotunda and Tower continue to offer an accurate reflection of the original design intent of their respective architects.
Changes to (8-86) Cleveland Trust Company (Amendment) Cuyahoga County, OH 8. Statement of Significance Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions) for National Register listing) X A Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of Property is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. X C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses Period of Significance high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. L D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield information important in prehistory or history.
Significant Dates Criteria Considerations (Mark "X" in all the boxes that apply.) Significant Person -A owned by a religious institution or used for (Complete if Criterion Bis marked above) - B removed from its original location. Cultural Affiliation - C a birthplace or a grave. - D a cemetery. - E a reconstructed building, object,or structure. - F a commemorative property. X G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance Post, George B within the past 50 years. Breuer, Marcel Narrative Statement of Significance (Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets.) 9.
Major Bibliographical References (Cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.) Previous documentation on file (NPS) Primary location of additional data - preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR X State Historic Preservation Office 67) has been requested - Other State agency X previously listed in the National Register - Federal agency - previously determined eligible by the National - Local government - University - designated a National Historic Landmark - Other - recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey J recorded by Historic American Engineering Record Register Architecture 1908-1971 Economics Bibliography Architect/Builder our history. religious purposes.
Property is: Name of repository: Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expiration 1-31-2009) United States Department of the Interior NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Section Page Cleveland Trust Company Cuyahoga County, Ohio County and State SUMMARY STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE region and thoroughly captures the history and significance of the Marcel Breuer-designed Tower within the construction chronology of the bank building. Under National Register Criterion A (for properties that have made significant historic contributions) and Criteria Consideration G Under National Register Criterion C (properties of high artistic value) and Criteria Consideration G, the Cleveland Trust Company headquarters building possesses exceptional significance. The Rotunda, designed by George B.
Post and completed in 1908, is a between 1968 and 1971, is exceptionally significant is an outstanding local example of the work of Marcel Breuer, the The Cleveland Trust Company building is significant at the local level in the areas of architecture and economics for the period of RESOURCE HISTORY AND CONTEXT Early History of Cleveland Trust Company and the Construction of the Rotunda trusts, act as a trustee for wills, and engage in general banking business. Trust bankers could exercise liberal influence over the money on deposit and the funds in accounts they controlled. The Cleveland Trust Company quickly grew to become a powerful portfolios and real estate assets. (nominated in 2002 and updated in 2007). significance.
Name of property National Park Service (8-86) CONTINUATION SHEET exceptional significance under Criteria Consideration G, for properties achieving significance within the past 50 years. This possesses exceptional significance. Throughout its history, the Cleveland Trust Company was a leader in the banking industry of the 1970s. Most notably, the bank initiated a multi-million dollar expansion program in the late 1960s that signified the institution's commitment to the city and its optimism in the region's economy. The Tower component of the Cleveland Trust Company superior example of an early-twentieth-century Beaux Arts-style bank building. The Tower, a 29-story concrete high-rise built the construction of the Tower was finished and the building was dedicated.
The following resource history and context will demonstrate the clear, widespread recognition of the building's historic and architectural value as established during its period of during the period when Cleveland emerged as a major industrial city. The purpose of a trust company was to accept and execute 5The Cleveland Trust Company building was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 in recognition of its significance in the areas of architecture, Northeast Ohio. In the early twentieth century, the bank played a vital role in establishing Cleveland's downtown financial district internationally recognized master architect of the Modern Movement. Significance 1908 to 1971.
The period of significance begins in 1908 with completion of the Rotunda and ends in 1971, the year economic force in the city through its activities as an estate trustee and through its resourceful management of extensive stock art, and commerce and with a period of significance of 1908. The building was also listed as a contributing property within the Euclid Avenue Historic District NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expiration 1-31-2009) United States Department of the Interior CONTINUATION SHEET Section Page Cleveland Trust Company Name of property Cuyahoga County, Ohio County and State Western Reserve Trust Company in 1903, it made plans for the construction of a new central office building and brought in the New York University in 1858 and received his architectural training in the atelier of Richard Morris Hunt where he developed a fluency in the Beaux Arts style.
Post had an exceptionally successful career and at one point headed one of the largest and most structures, municipal buildings, banks, and college buildings. Significant commissions include the Manufacturers and Liberal Arts Capitol (1917).' Post was an early advocate of the use of the steel frame, and he was involved with the development of the first skyscrapers in New York. Among other honors and awards, in 1911 Post received the Gold Medal of the American Institute of Architects (AIA). He died in 1913, leaving the firm in the hands of his two sons. For the Cleveland Trust Company, Post designed a handsome, three-story, classically inspired building that conveyed a strong sense of stability and surety, characteristics important to the bank's image. The "Rotunda" was constructed between 1905 and Modernist movement finally put an end to Classicism. institutions.
The "temple-front" was a major design feature for these projects. Post was also known for his use of the rotunda form. Examples of his bank work include the Bank of Pittsburgh (1894) and the New York Stock Exchange (1903), which features an engaged portico similar to his design for the Cleveland Trust Company headquarters. The Rotunda, however, was perhaps the banks in Cleveland and two suburban sites. After moving its main offices to the Rotunda, the Cleveland Trust Company maintained its first location as a "branch" bank. This The first president of the bank, Frederick Goff, was a key player on the committee to select a site for the fourth district Federal Reserve Bank. The 1914 decision to locate the Federal Reserve in Cleveland, rather than Pittsburgh, was partially attributed to the city's rapid economic growth and the fact that it had never had a national bank failure.
In 1917 the Cleveland Trust Company was selection of Cleveland as the location of the Federal Reserve Bank had significant influence over the region's banking practices. adjacent sites on Euclid Avenue and helped to establish the corner of Euclid Avenue and East Ninth Street as the heart of the 6 Richard Guy Wilson, The AIA Gold Medal (New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1984): 16 Charles Belfoure, Monument to Money: The Architecture of American Banks (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2005): 192 city's financial district. National Park Service 10 "The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History," http://ech.cwru.edu. (8-86) The bank's first offices were located in the Garfield Building, at East Sixth Street and Euclid Avenue. After merging with the prominent New York architect George B. Post (1837-1913) to lead the project. Trained as a civil engineer, Post graduated from a building type.
This would not change until the mid-1930s, when, according to historian Charles Belfoure, the Depression and the the concept of the branch bank, the Cleveland Trust Company was a pioneer in American banking. The Cleveland Trust's initial 7 Henry F. Withey and Elsie Rathburn Withey, Biographical Dictionary of American Architects (Los Angeles: Hennessey & Ingalls, Inc., 1970): 483.
NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES respected architectural firms in the country.® He designed a wide variety of building types including churches, commercial Building (1893) for World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, the New York Stock Exchange (1904), and the Wisconsin State In the context of Post's career, the Rotunda falls into the late period of his work when many of his projects were for banking advance into branch banking - to the extent that Ohio banking laws allowed - would be a major factor in their dominance of the the first state bank or trust company in the city to enter the Federal Reserve System as a member bank. Over the long term, the While Cleveland had over 100banks at the turn of the century, by the end of the 1920s, as a result of mergers and acquisitions, only 16 survived.
Many of the smaller banks had been acquired by one of the three emerging Euclid Avenue "giants" - the Cleveland Trust Company and its main competitors, the Union Trust Company and Guardian Trust. These banks were located on 9 Winston Weisman, "The Commercial Architecture of George B. Post," Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 31, no. 3 (October 1972): 200. NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Page Cleveland Trust Company Name of property Cuyahoga County, Ohio County and State nationwide crisis, the Cleveland Trust Company renovated the Rotunda, modifying its interior spaces to create additional offices.
The Union Trust Company and Guardian Trust, on the other hand, closed in 1933, in part because they had so heavily financed the speculative real estate ventures of the Van Sweringen brothers, the influential Cleveland real estate investors who achieved phenomenal success in the 1920s through suburban development east of the city. From a broader perspective, the nationwide banking crisis was stabilized after 1933 by the passage of the Glass-Steagall Act, which separated commercial and investment By the 1940s Cleveland emerged as a national leader in the production of aircraft and automotive parts. During World War II, local industries. The city's economy also continued to be fueled by the iron and steel industries, which had been firmly established by the end of the nineteenth century.
Mid-Century Bank Growth Under the leadership of George Gund, who took over as President in 1941, the Cleveland Trust Company emerged in the 1940s Furthermore, they lessened the bank's dependence on commercial activity and the economics of urban businesses and Euclid Avenue Renovations and the Proposed Expansion Although the Cleveland Trust Company experienced tremendous success over the years, its policies did not necessarily include long-term planning for its downtown facilities. As space was required, the bank extended its Euclid Avenue offices piecemeal by and service center was built a block down from the Rotunda, and, during the mid-1960s the bank embarked upon on an $8 million dollar construction and renovation program.
This involved "wet sandblasting" the exterior facades of the Rotunda and modernizing directors set forth a proposal that would meet the needs of the institution in a satisfactory and long-term way. They approved the construction ofa new office tower that would increase efficiency of operations, meet anticipated space requirements, and provide rental area. financial district had remained centered at the corner of Euclid Avenue and East Ninth Street for decades. Over the years and in 11 Cleveland Plain Dealer, 27 August 1945. 12 The use of branch banks throughout the states would not be permitted until 1994. 13 "Towers Anchor Busy Corner," Cleveland Plain Dealer, 1967. National Park Service (Expiration 1-31-2009) (8-86) Cleveland's banks, including the Cleveland Trust Company, were instrumental in making federally guaranteed defense loans to as the region's largest local bank.
National rankings were also high. By 1945, the bank had grown to be the fortieth largest population, the bank established branches along commuter lines and in new shopping centers. Although there was heavy other bank system in Ohio. Because Ohio's state banking laws prohibited branch banks outside the county where the main bank was located, there were restrictions on Cleveland Trust Company's potential for growth. other properties. Even with these projects, the bank's growth and efficiency remained critical issues. Finally, in 1966, the board of The next President/CEO of the bank, George F. Karch, was supportive of the board's proposal stating, "The new building will entire operation."3 Notably, in consideration of the proposed modernization and expansion project, the bank did not waver in its holiday" in 1933 because of the large amount of local money invested in the bank.
As a testament to its stability during the maintained its position at the top of the industry through aggressive mortgage financing. Residential investments were important as they served to funnel deposits into the bank from branches in the suburbs, giving the company a county-wide financial base industries. By 1964, the Cleveland Trust Company managed a network of 77 branches in Cuyahoga County, twice as many as any provide much-needed space and new facilities for our growing banking and trust business..It will increase the efficiency of our NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expiration 1-31-2009) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Section Page Name of property County and State preserving their downtown presence.
Ultimately, the decision was made to preserve the Rotunda and demolish several of the his life Millikin continued his uncle's philanthropic pursuits, especially in regard to the Cleveland Museum of Art, where he served as a trustee and as chair of the Acquisitions Committee. As a major patron of the arts in Cleveland as well as New York, Millikin work. Using his influence and his longstanding association with the bank and the museum, Millikin helped secure for Breuer two significant commissions - the Cleveland Trust Company office tower and a second addition to the Cleveland Museum of Art. Hungarian-born Marcel Breuer (1902-1981) was trained at the Bauhaus, the celebrated trade school established in Weimar, practice architecture and design in Berlin. After spending a few years practicing in both Germany and London and in advance of Research Associate at Harvard University.
The move reunited Breuer with Gropius, with whom he soon established an Cohasset, Massachusetts (1938), Breuer's first American building, and the Breuer House in Lincoln, Massachusetts (1939). course of American architecture in the second half of the twentieth century. Breuer was a leader among a small group of architects who introduced and disseminated Modernism to the architectural field in institutional buildings. In 1946, he moved to New York City and set up his firm, Marcel Breuer and Associates.
Hamilton Smith, with a recommendation from Eero Saarinen, joined Breuer's firm in 1953." A turning point in Breuer's career came the same year, when he was chosen as part of a team of architects that included the pioneering Italian engineer Pier Luigi Nervi and the French architect Bernard Zehrfuss to design the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) commission Breuer developed his personal aesthetic of precast concrete modules that served as structure, enclosure, and sun protection which would transpire in later commissions such as the IBM Research Center in La Gaude (1960-1962) and the Cleveland Trust Company Tower. Architecture: A Critical History, 3 ed., (New York: Thames and Hudson, Inc., 1992), especially Chapters 14 and 26. Hatje, Encyclopedia of Modern Architecture (New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1964): 58.
was named a partner in the firm in 1964. * Quinn Evans/Architects and Oehrlein & Associates Architects, "Historic Structures Report, Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Building," 24. CONTINUATION SHEET Cleveland Trust Company (8-86) Cuyahoga County, Ohio the face of growing suburban influence, all of the city's major banks, including the Cleveland Trust Company, succeeded in A. Millikin, a board member since 1925 and heir of John L. Severance, one of Cleveland's notable philanthropists.Throughout Marcel Breuer, Architect department. It was during this period that he created his famous "Wassily" and "Cesca" chairs. Breuer left the Bauhaus in 1928 to architectural partnership that lasted until 1941.
The architects collaborated on many projects, most notably the Hagerty House in During his ten years on the faculty of the Graduate School of Design at Harvard, Breuer made a profound impression on a new a teacher and mentor and asapracticing architect whose work earned him an international reputation, Breuer helped shape the 15 The Bauhaus operated from 1919 to 1933. For an overview of the teachings and influence of Gropius and the Bauhaus, see Kenneth Frampton's Modern 1 Alexander von Vegesack and Mathias Remmele, eds., Marcel Breuer: Design and Architecture (Germany: Vitra Design Museum, 2003): 310.
Hamilton Smith was personally acquainted with the Modernist architect Marcel Breuer and can be credited with introducing the city to Breuer's the outbreak of war in Europe, Breuer made the decision to relocate to Cambridge, Massachusetts, were he took a position as with Nervi that Breuer began to fully develop an understanding of the formal and structural qualities of reinforced concrete. The commission"marks the beginning of the mature Expressionist style for which Breuer is known.18 Furthermore, with the UNESCO NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expiration 1-31-2009) United States Department of the Interior NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Page Cleveland Trust Company County and State Architecture of the Modern era, such as Breuer's, placed an emphasis on functionalism - individual offices were omitted in favor and economically efficient structures.
This resulted in new methods of construction, such as the use of prefabricated elements, and the use of steel, glass, concrete, and plastics. Modern architects sought the free expression of structure and did away with work of the Modern movement within the Northeast Ohio region. In the spirit of Modernism, Breuer made use of technologically advanced construction techniques. Especially relevant to the Cleveland Trust Tower, in his later work he often used prefabricated concrete modular units that functioned as both a load-bearing structural system and as an exterior skin. The modular units often housed utilities and served as windows frames. Breuer shadow, light and dark. The overall effect was a formal, rational, but sculpturally expressive composition. Among the more Development in Washington, D.C., completed in 1968. an important element of his portfolio.
Breuer designed a 42-story tower for the New England Merchant's Bank Building in Boston, Massachusetts, and a 22-story tower for One Charles Center in Baltimore, Maryland. Neither structure was realized. Perhaps the most controversial of Breuer's projects was his proposed tower addition to New York's Grand Central Station. Breuer designed a 55-story structure that rose above the station's landmarked Beaux Arts facade. The project immediately drew controversy and was never built. Breuer's designs were rejected by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in September 1968, ultimately upheld the Penn Central case in June 1978, a decision which became the foundation for much of the historic Breuer received critical acclaim during his career and won numerous awards.
He was ranked as a twentieth-century "form giver" presented with the Thomas Jefferson Foundation Medal in Architecture, presented for notable achievement in design and for distinguished contributions to the field of architecture, as well as the Gold Medal of the American Institute of Architects. (Coincidentally, George B. Post received the same AIA award nearly six decades earlier.) In 1973, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, for the first time in the institution's history, honored an architect with a solo show, exhibiting models and photographs of French Academie d'Architecture.2 Lastly, in 1981, as one of a five-part series of exhibitions on the twentieth century's most Construction of the Tower In mid-1966, at Millikin's suggestion, the bank's Senior Vice President of Marketing and Public Affairs, Robert Miller, met with Marcel Breuer in New York to discuss the bank expansion.
Miller told Breuer that they needed space to expand, essentially giving him free rein to design a new structure for the bank. The bank's only requirement was that the architect saved the Rotunda. providing the bank with a total of 600,000 additional square feet of office space. The towers would be linked by a shared core that would contain service facilities, mechanical equipment, and elevator access. Work would proceed in two phases, with the tower 20 Paul Goldberger, "Marcel Breuer, 79, Dies; Architect and Designer," New York Times, 2 July 1981. 22 Robert Miller interview with Roger Brevoort, 24 April 2008 profoundly influential designers, Breuer was honored with a one-man show at the Museum of Modern Art.21 Name of property Cuyahoga County,ohio (8-86) National Park Service ornamentation and embellishment.
In light of this, the Cleveland Trust Company Tower can be seen as an exceptionally significant surface texture to exterior wall expanses. While many of his designs were highly standardized and made minimal use of Although Breuer prepared several designs that translated this aesthetic to the high-rise office tower form, all but one of the commercial high-rise buildings he proposed in the 1960swere not built - a fact that makes the Cleveland Trust Company Tower leading to the landmark preservation case Penn Central Transportation Company v. New York City. The Supreme Court Breuer's buildings and furniture.
Three years later, he was presented with the Grande Medaille d'Or, the highest honor of the Breuer's initial vision for the Cleveland Trust project involved the construction of two towers on either side of the Rotunda, 1 Other architects featured in the article included Frank Lloyd Wright; Ludwig Mies van der Rohe; Le Corbusier; Gropius; Richard Neutra; Alvar Aalto: Wallace K. of flexible plans and plazas served as gateways to sites. Modernism embraced new technologies and sought to create functionally exploited the plastic quality of concrete to create highly faceted, three-dimensional facades that provided sun protection and gave Harrison; Philip Johnson; Skidmore, Owings & Merrill; Edward Durell Stone; and Buckminster Fuller. See Hyman, Marcel Breuer, Architect, 139 NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No.
1024-0018 (Expiration 1-31-2009) United States Department of the Interior NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Section Page Cleveland Trust Company Name of property Cuyahoga County, Ohio County and State south of the Rotunda and the service core being constructed first, followed by the second tower on Euclid Avenue. Breuer integrated the historic Rotunda into his design by placing the towers behind and in a way subordinate to the corner structure. With this treatment, the Rotunda anchored the composition on its corner site and became the focal point of Breuer's design. In Breuer's view, the Rotunda had historic as well as architectural significance, and he openly sanctioned the bank's desire to retain the say that too often new construction meant the destruction of old buildings and that architects should preserve buildings that have traditions.
For a Bauhaus-trained architect, this was a notable departure from the Modernist philosophy which promoted a radical departure from the past and a break with architectural traditions. The Cleveland Trust Company commission, initiated formally in January of 1967, occurred virtually concurrently with Breuer's commission to design a major expansion to the Cleveland Museum of Art. The fact that the boards of the museum and the bank insight into the parallel leadership, culture, and philanthropic nature of the two institutions. Furthermore, the bank board's choice in the trend in bank design was to construct classically inspired edifices using traditional materials and featuring richly tasteful interiors. Since architectural design was one of the few ways in which the bank was prepared to advertise itself, Post created a building that communicated solidity, security, and permanence.
When it came time for the board of the Cleveland Trust Company building. First, the new building would make an architectural statement. To accomplish this, the bank used Millikin's connections to hire the top-tier, internationally recognized architect Marcel Breuer. With this choice, the bank was guaranteed a bold, high-quality, be a notable architectural achievement in Cleveland*25 Second, the expansion would be a physical manifestation of the bank's commitment to the city as well as its historic ties to the downtown. Cleveland's Mayor at the time, Carl B. Stokes, noted, "It accessibility, transparency, and efficiency. The project would consolidate the bank's office space into a high-rise tower and bring 23 "Towers Anchor Busy Corner," Cleveland Plain Dealer, 1967. 24 Cleveland Press, 8 December 1967 27 "Cleveland Trust Plans Office Tower," Cleveland Plain Dealer, 21 September 1967.
CONTINUATION SHEET National Park Service illustrates great confidence and belief in the city and will serve as a focus of business activity in the downtown area.26 The project financial center of the Midwest."27 (8-86) excellent example of neo-classic architecture, dating back to an important period in this country's development"23 He went on to together the various departments and employees who had been scattered throughout numerous temporary quarters for years. Breuer's proposed design incorporated ground level plazas, expansive window walls, and double-height interior lobby spaces.
the building was developed with the clear expectation that it would be a significant addition to the bank's historic Rotunda, an advantageous visual group and was quoted as stating, "The existing Cleveland Trust Company headquarters building...is an had several overlapping members and that the bank had a strong commitment to developing its corporate art collection provides represent "one of the most dramatic changes in the face of downtown Cleveland since the construction of the Terminal Tower would be a clear demonstration of the bank's prosperity, future success, and longevity, and an affirmation of the region's economic progress. Third, it would promote the bank's image as a modern banking institution and convey a sense of openness, Through these features he would instill the Tower with a sense of openness and accessibility.
In summary, Breuer's concept for banking and financial sectors. An article on the bank expansion published in the Cleveland Plain Dealer echoed the symbolic NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Section Cleveland Trust Company Name of property Cuyahoga County, Ohio In 1967- the same year the bank was ranked the nineteenth largest of the country's 14,000 commercial banks - the Cleveland Trust Company announced its plans for a $30 million expansion of its downtown headquarters? The following summer, the bank's buildings south of the Rotunda were demolished, and the first phase of construction began. Hamilton Smith worked as materials were used throughout the bank's public areas to instill the building with a sense of elegance and permanence.
A double- height window wall, articulated with a geometric glazing pattern and black granite mullions, brought natural light into the lobby areas and helped blend interior and exterior spaces. An employee cafeteria and kitchen facilities were located in the basement, sun and shadow were in dynamic contrast. In its use of prefabricated concrete units, Breuer's design was both economically efficient and technologically advanced. Starting in the 1950s, banking institutions began to embrace the Modern Movement in architecture. Features such as glass curtain In the mid- to late-1960s, several Modern high-rise buildings were constructed in downtown Cleveland as part of the Erieview Plan, an urban renewal plan prepared by architect I.M. Pei and adopted by the city in 1960.
They include the Celebrezze Federal Building (1966), designed by the Cleveland Federal Building Architects Joint Venture led by Peter van Dijk, and the Erieview Tower (1964) by Harrison and Abromovitz. These projects indicate that architecture in Cleveland was clearly moving in a Modern direction, and within this context there was little controversy or risk on the part of the Cleveland Trust Company in the selection of Marcel Breuer as the architect of the bank's expansion. It has been noted, however, that of all of office buildings constructed in the Record alongside two other Breuer projects that also featured his distinctive molded concrete facades.
The article praised the Tower's design: "This extensive use of masonry materials of quality, weight, durability and permanence, which at the same time Ada Louise Huxtable, then the architectural critic for the New York Times, who characterized Breuer as "one of the profession's top men," noted that the Cleveland Trust Tower was a "successful contemporary addition" to the historic Rotunda 28 "Towers Anchor Busy Corner," Cleveland Plain Dealer, 1967. 31 Eric Johannesen, Cleveland Architecture, 1876-1976 (Cleveland: Western Reserve Historical Society, 1979): 242 32 "Three Precast Buildings from the Office of Marcel Breuer and Associates," Architectural Record 153 (1973): 117. November 1973. architecture.
CONTINUATION SHEET National Park Service (Expiration 1-31-2009) (8-86) County and State Page 7 The structural engineer was Weidlinger Associates, and the general contractor was Turner Construction Company. The building open gallery, and black granite pilotis supported the building's upper floors. Thus, despite site restrictions, Breuer was able to walls and open plazas were exploited to promote the industry's shift towards openness and transparency. In the 1960s, a period of 30 Charles Belfoure, Monument to Money: The Architecture of American Banks (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2005): 268-69. open floor plans to provide for flexible partitioning of interior space. The mezzanine level opened up to a ground-level public and there was a secure sub-basement for the bank's vaults.
The main entrance along East Ninth Street was set back behind an veneer at the base and crown of the building unified the composition. The overall effect was a highly-faceted facade over which economic prosperity, banks also demanded high-rise systems and slab configurations to allow for maximum rental space and to Contemporary assessments of the Tower were positive. When finished, it was included in an issue of the journal Architectural 33 Ada Louise Huxtable, "Building's Case History," New York Times, 9 August 1963 and "The Revitalization of Cleveland is at a Turning Point," New York Times, 23 OMB No. 1024-0018 NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Page 8 Cleveland Trust Company Name of property County and State the automotive and steel industries, the consequent loss of associated shipping jobs, and a local decline in the manufacturing of steel products.
Perhaps as a result of this slide the second phase of the project never went forward, and Breuer's concept for the site was only partially realized. Historically then, the Tower is significant as a final manifestation of the Cleveland Trust Company's century of prosperity to a halt. The Rotunda was substantially renovated between 1971 and 1973 as part of the overall expansion project. The project was led by additional office space and tying the historic building with the new Tower addition. Recent History and Scholarly Interest Conversely, the "return on assets" was phenomenal due to the fact that the bank had strong capital reserves. The bank suffered a were consolidated, and the Rotunda and Tower were vacated.
The building has not been occupied since this period The late Modern Movementin architecture has been the subject of numerous conferences, symposia, and scholarly evaluations Within this context, Marcel Breuer is widely recognized to have been one of the era's most influential practitioners. In March 2007, preservationists across the country. Many attested to the exceptional significance of the Tower as an outstanding regional example of the Modern Movement and an important work by Breuer. Susan Piedmont-Palladino, a curator at the National Building Museum in Washington, D.C., characterized the imminent demolition of the Tower as a threat to Breuer's built legacy. Barry Bergdoll, curator ofarchitecture and design at the Museum of Modern Art in New York, noted Breuer scholar, and contributor to component of Cleveland's architectural heritage.
Affirmation of the Tower's historic and architectural significance also came from the National Trust for Historic Preservation, which considers it an exceptional example of outstanding design from the recent National Park Service (Expiration 1-31-2009) NPS Form 10-900-a Cuyahoga County, Ohio United States Department of the Interior (8-86) decline. While there are numerous reasons for the downturn, contributing factors included the expansion of foreign competition in role as a leading financial institution in the region before the area experienced a sharp economic decline that would bring nearly a Montgomery Orr, of the firm of Frazier, Orr, Fairbanks, and Quam of Geneva, Illinois. Much of the work involved creating Despite the city's economic recession, the Cleveland Trust Company (later renamed AmeriTrust) remained profitable.
The bank's rapid decline, however, during the 1980s due to high interest rates and the general default on real estate loans, which significantly when the county - which by that time had purchased the Cleveland Trust Company headquarters building - voted to demolish the In the early 1970s, just as the first phase of the bank's expansion came to an end, economic conditions in Cleveland began to diminished the it assets. When AmeriTrust was acquired by Society Corporation/Key Corp in September 1991, banking operations Marcel Breuer: Design and Architecture, noted that the Tower holds a distinctive place in architectural history and is an important OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Page 1 Cleveland Trust Company Name of property County and State April 2008 and 7 May 2008].
Available from http://ech.case.edu; INTERNET. Belfoure, Charles. Monuments to Money: The Architecture of American Banks. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2005. Cleveland Plain Dealer, 21 September 1967 - 8 April 1985. Cleveland Press, 8 December 1967. http://www.clevelandskyscrapers.com; INTERNET. Cleveland Trust Company. Annual Report, The Cleveland Trust Company, 1969. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Trust Co., 1969. Frampton, Kenneth. Modern Architecture: A Critical History. 3rd ed. New York: Thames and Hudson, Inc., 1992. Gaede, Robert C. and others. Guide to Cleveland Architecture. 2nd ed. Cleveland: AIA Cleveland, 1997. Heathcote, Edwin. Bank Builders. Great Britain: Wiley-Academy, 2000. Hatje, Gerd. Encyclopedia of Modern Architecture. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc., 1964. Hyman, Isabelle. Marcel Breuer, Architect: The Career and the Buildings. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 2001.
Johannesen, Eric. Cleveland Architecture 1876-1976. Cleveland, Ohio: The Western Reserve Historical Society, 1979. -_National Register of Historic Places - Registration Form. "Cleveland Trust Company." 26 November 1973. Available from http://www.aaa.si.edu; INTERNET. New York Times, 9 August 1963 - 2 July 1981. (HUD) Building." Washington, D.C., 1999. Photocopy. Available from http://www.hud.gov; INTERNET. U.S. General Services Administration, 2003. BIBLIOGRAPHY "Robert C. Weaver Federal Building - HUD." In U.S. General Services Administration website [on-line files cited 7 May 2008]. Robinson & Associates, Inc. Growth, Efficiency, and Modernism: GSA Buildings of the 1950s, 60s, and 70s. Washington, D.C.: "Three Precast Buildings from the Office of Marcel Breuer and Associates."Architectural Record 153 (1973).
(Expiration 1-31-2009) National Park Service NPS Form 10-900-a Cuyahoga County, Ohio "Ameritrust,""Banking,""and"Banks and Savings &Loans."In Encyclopedia of Cleveland History website[on-line files cited 10 (8-86) Section . 9- "New Bank Building of the Cleveland Trust Company." The Ohio Architect and Builder(1906). "Cleveland Trust." In Cleveland Skyscrapers website [on-line files cited 7 May 2008]. Available from OMB No. 1024-0018 National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Cleveland Trust Company Cuyahoga County, Ohio County and State Weisman, Winston. "The Commercial Architecture of George B. Post." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 31, no. 3 Von Vegesack, Alexander and Mathias Remmele, eds. Marcel Breuer: Design and Architecture. Germany: Vitra Design Museum, 2003. (1972).
Page (8-86) United States Department of the Interior Name of property (Expiration 1-31-2009) NPS Form 10-900-a Withey, Henry F. and Elsie Rathburn Withey. Biographical Dictionary of American Architects. Los Angeles: Hennessey & Ingalls, Inc., 1970. Wilson, Richard Guy. The AIA Gold Medal. New York: McGraw Hill Book Company, 1984. Cleveland Trust Company (Amendment) Cuyahoga County, OH 10. Geographical Data Acreage of Property less than one UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet) 1 17 442758 4594259 - See continuation sheet. Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet.) Parcel No. 101-36-052, City of Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH Boundary Justification 11. Form Prepared By name/title organization Roger Brevoort, Director of Historic Preservation, Westlake Reed Leskosky; Judith H.
Robinson & Daria Gasparini, Robinson & Associates, Inc date 12/2008 street & number One East Camelback Road, Suite 690 telephone 602-212-0451 city or town Phoenix _ state AZ_ zip code 85012 Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: Continuation Sheets A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. Representative black and white photographs of the property. Additional items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items) Property Owner (Complete this item at the request of the SHPO or FPO.) street & number telephone city or town _state _zip code Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form.
Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of name Maps Photographs Zone Easting Northing (Explain why the boundaries were selected on a continuation sheet.) Lot historically associated with property during period of significance benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C. 470 et seq.). A Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Cleveland Trust Company County and State Photo 1: 3. Photographer: Bradford Watson 4. December 5, 2008 5.Tif image on CD, filed at National Park Service, Washington, DC 6.
Main Banking Hall. View to southeast. 6. Looking across mezzanine level, across main entrance lobby. View to northwest. Photo 3: 6. Main elevator lobby, view to east. Photo 4: 6. Main entrance lobby, showing reception area and mezzanine. View to northeast. Photo 5: 6. Main entrance to Breuer Tower, northern bays. View to northeast. Photo 6: 6. Main west façade, Breuer Tower, view to east. Photo 7: 6. Ninth street entrance and colonnade, Breuer Tower. View to east. Photo 8: 6. South and west elevations, Breuer Tower, and classical façade of Cleveland Trust Company (pediment) adjacent to north. View to northeast. Page (Expiration 1-31-2009) Name of property NPS Form 10-900-a National Park Service (8-86) Cuyahoga County, Ohio NPS Form 10-900-a OMB No.
1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CONTINUATION SHEET Section Cleveland Trust Company County and State 3. Photographer: Bradford Watson 4. December 5, 2008 5. Tif image on CD, filed at National Park Service, Washington, DC 6. North and west elevations, Breuer Tower, and Cleveland Trust Company "Rotunda", west façade. View to southeast. 6. Cleveland Trust Company, Rotunda and Tower, at corner of Ninth Street and Euclid Avenue. View to southeast. 6.North elevation of Breuer Tower, and Euclid Avenue façade of Cleveland Trust Company Rotunda. View to south.
continued Page (Expiration 1-31-2009) Photo 11: (8-86) Name of property Cuyahoqa County, ohio Photo 10: UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES EVALUATION/RETURN SHEET Cleveland Trust Company NOMINATOR: STATE N PROGRAM UNAPPROVED: COMMENT WAIVER: N ABSTRACT/ SUMMARY COMMENTS : - DISCIPLINE If a nomination is returned to the nominating authority, the REJECT TELEPHONE 7/04/09 MULTIPLE DATE RETURN ACCEPT PROPERTY 5/21/09 PERIOD: PDIL: OTHER: NAME: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Historian REASONS FOR REVIEW: DATE RECEIVED: DOCUMENTATION see attached comments Y/N see attached SLR Y/N DATE OF WEEKLY LIST: DATE OF PENDING LIST: DATE OF 16TH DAY: nomination is no longer under consideration by the NPS.
REQUESTED ACTION: ADDITIONAL DOCUMENTATION STATE & COUNTY: OHIO, Cuyahoga N SLR DRAFT: N NATIONAL: 6/25/2009 DONT WALK UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FORM 10-301 A NOV 2 6 1973 2. LOCATION July 1973 3. PHOTO REFERENCE 4. IDENTIFICATION DESCRIBE VIEW, DIRECTION, ETC. GPO 932-009 TOWN DATE COMMON NAME REGISTE COUNTY Eric Johannesen STATE Cleveland Western Reserve Hist. Soc. NATIONAI PROPERTY OF THE NATIONAL REGISTER Cle veland Trust Co. Corner of Euclid Avenue and East 9th Street from the Northwest. PHOTO CREDIT AND/OR HISTORIC PROPERTY PHOTOGRAPH FORM NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Ohio 900 Euclid at East 9th Street (Type all entries -attach to or enclose with photograph) NEGATIVE FILED AT NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES STREET AND NUMBER 10825 East Blvd.
(6/72) NUMERIC CODE (Assigned by NPS) OCT 1 Cuyahogaill/ COMMERC UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR FORM 10-301 A NATIONAL PARK SERVICE 1. NAME NUMERIC CODE (Assigned by NPS) NOV 2 6 1973 2. LOCATION STREET AND NUMBER 3. PHOTO REFERENCE NEGATIVE FILED AT July 1973 4. IDENTIFICATION DESCRIBE VIEW, DIRECTION, ETC. GPO 932-009 PROPERTY OF THE NATIONAL REGISTER TOWN DATE COMMON STATE Eric Johannesen Cleveland NPS Number REGISTE PHOTO CREDIT 10825 East Blvd. Western Reserve Hist.Soc. Ohio East 9th Street elevation, from the Southwest. PROPERTY PHOTOGRAPH FORM NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES AND/OR HISTORIC Loo. Cleveland Trust Co. (Type all entries-attach to or enclose with photograph) (6/72) NATIONAL 900 Euclid at East 9th Street Titlr OCT 1 RECEIVED 20.1973 7. Photograph #1 7. Photograph #2 1. Cleveland Trust Company- Breuer Tower 7. Photograph # 3 1.
Cleveland Trust Company- Breuer Tower 2. Cuyahoga Ohio 1. Cleveland Trust Company- Breuer Tower 7. photograph # 4 1. Cleveland Trust Company- Breuer Tower Phothgra ph #7 T. photograph # 8 1. Cleveland Trust Company- Breuer Tower 2. Cuyahoga Chio 1. photograph # 10 7. photograph #II Form 10-301 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 1. NAME NOV 2 6 1973 2. LOCATION 3. MAP REFERENCE REQUIREMENTS: PROPERTY BOUNDARIES, WHERE REQUIRED, AND NORTH ARROW: 41° 30' 00" GPO 932.010 1970 1973 COUNTY Cleveland REGISTER TOWN Cuyahoga DATE NATIONAL 1:24,000 SCALE AND/OR HISTORIC SOURCE Cleveland Trust Co.
COMMON STREET AND NUMBER NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES Ohio PROPERTY MAP FORM NATIONAL PARK SERVICE RECEIVED Cleveiand North Quadrangle (July 1968) (Type all entries -attach to or enclose with map) 900 Euclid at East 9th Street NUMERIC CODE (Asaigned by NPS) STATE CLEVELAND NORTH QUADRANGLE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR CLEVELAND NORTH, OHIO UNITED STATES OHIO-CUYAHOGA CO 41° 30' 00" GEOLOGICAL SURVEY N4594280 NOV 2 6 1973 Me. Daniel R. Porter Columbus, ohio 43211 11/26/73 Location Bellville Name STATE Date Entered Bellville Bandstand MMott Cleveland Cleveland Trust Company ENTRIES IN THE NATIONAL REGISTER Also Notified Cuyahoga County Richland County Director, Northeast Region State Historic Preservation Officer The Ohio Historical Society Hon. William B. Saxbe Hon. Robert Taft, Jr. Ion* John M.
Ashbrook Director JAN-26-2004 22:21 Ohio Historic Preservation Office 567 East Hudson Street Columbus, Ohio 43211-1030 614/298-2000 Fax: 614/298-2037 SINCE 1885 Visit us at www.ohiohistory.org/resource/histpres/ Total Pages: (w/cover) 6 If you do not receive legible copies of all of the pages, please call us.
Call: 614-298-2000 SOCIETY FAX Comments: Ask for: HISTORICAL Fax Number: ( 20 2) 37/- 2229 DH Historic Preservation Date: 1 /27/04 BAP From: Barb Powers, JAN-26-2004 22:23 Johannesen Enc some of the most successful and influential business where, except for the Bond Store, no significant The Cleveland Trust Company, needing greatly Dijk & Partners, the twenty-eight story tower faced East 9th Street; it was to be balanced by the addition of a second tower on Euclid which has not been built, The design brought some of the sculptural character aggregate, with curved molded openings - a feature as a self-cleaning design. Coincidentally, the effect of of towers in I. M. Pei's Erieview plan.
The entrance and lobby of the building were faced with polished granite, and the Architectural Record concluded that the Clevelape Trust Company tower, East 9th Frazier, Orr, Fairbanks & Quam of Geneva, Illinois, dent when it joined the Ogden Corporation in 1968, control of high-quality design.23 Luckman himself 1950s and was a defender of Skidmore, Owings & TOTAL P.06 242 buildings to resembling the idealized renderings Prestige Architects foundation for the structure was constructed with original clearly defined Renaissance spaces and was The restoration of the older domed rotunda by pleasing of the tall office buildings which began to had been the president of Lever Brothers in the tower preserved this important landmark "while surfaces, was in harmony with the architectural less successful.
classical temple at the corner of Euclid and East9th several clients enlarged or built new structures on which channeled any precipitation and was described structure had been built for nearly forty years. scale real estate developments while maintaining Charles Luckman Associates were the architects the tall office building. The facing consisted of extensive use of masonry, with its deeply molded enlarged office space, decided to preserve its 1908 organization in architectural practice. By becoming thus completely framing the original bank. The transform the south side of Superior Avenue near which broke with professional architectural prece- East gth Street and Superior and Euclid Avenues ment to building in the Erieview area developed, Designed by Marcel Breuer and Hamilton Smith, reinforcing and invigorating its urban setting.z2 important buildings.
As the large private commit- of the Central National Bank Building, the most with local associate architects Flynn, Dalton, van precast concrete panels in a grey Vermont granite character of the older building, and that the new forty-one caissons sunk over 2oo feet to bedrock. business holdings, it was able to participate in large was a fine gesture, elegantly executed, but the represented the complete development of corporate modernization of the peripheral rooms of the main East 9th Street. Luckman's Los Angeles-based firm, During the decade and a half from 1960 to 1976, and to build a tall office tower connected to it. of Breuer's later work to the typical sheer facade of this precast wall came closest of any of the new office part of a giant conglomerate with a wide range of 614 298 2037 Street, 1971, Marcel Breuer and Hamilton P. Smith, architects.
floor, accomplished by opening them up into a and cultural institutions of Cleveland erected REC'D BY OHPO MAY 2 3 2008 Ms. Barbara Powers Inventory and Registration Department 567 E. Hudson Street Columbus, OH 43211-1030 Re: Cleveland Trust Company National Register of Historic Places Nomination designed by Marcel Breuer. the last 50 years.
of the 20th century, Marcel Breuer's design for the tower addition signified the bank's modernity, WESTERN OFFICE 5 Third Street San Francisco, CA 94103 Expansion We support the expansion of the existing Cleveland Trust Company National Register to include broaden awareness, increase documentation, promote best practices, foster community, and FOR 50 states, the National Trust for Historic Preservation provides leadership, education, advocacy and listing for the Cleveland Trust Company to include the 1971 Cleveland Trust Company Tower, protects and conserves Twentieth-Century historic resources of outstanding design, as well as advocate for resources associated with the modern design movement and resources constructed in TRUST The National Trust for Historic Preservation is a non-profit membership organization bringing The National Trust for Historic Preservation's Modernism + Recent Past initiative identifies, NATIONAL May 19, 2008 HISTORIC PRESERVATION Company's tradition of using architectural style to connote their position in the Ohio business social, cultural and economic importance.
The Modernism + Recent Past Initiative works to resources to a national network of people, organizations and local communities committed to people together to protect, enhance and enjoy the places that matter to them. With headquarters in increased growth after World War II, and their future success and longevity. On behalf of the National Trust for Historic Preservation's Modernism + Recent Past Initiative, we saving places, connecting us to our history and collectively shaping the future of America's stories. style Rotunda reflected the Cleveland Trust Company's stability and burgeoning growth at the turn as the work of master architect Marcel Breuer. The Tower follows in the Cleveland Trust community and the strength of their operations and assets.
Where George Post's 1908 Beaux Arts- the Cleveland Trust Company Tower because the tower appears significant for its historic Ohio Historical Society Dear Ms. Powers, association with the 20 century expansion of one of Ohio's most powerful banking interests,and Washington, DC, 9 regional and field offices, 29 historic sites, and partner organizations in all are writing to express our support for expansion of the existing National Register of Historic Places Ms. Barbara Powers designed by Breuer across the nation. The building embodies many of the characteristics of General Services Administration) and the Armstrong Rubber Company Headquarters in West The expansion of the Cleveland Trust Company National Register of Historic Places nomination to would like to discuss this matter further. Royce A. Yeater, AIA Director, Western Office Director, Midwest Office Douglas E.
Price III, The K& D Group preservation-minded developer. Sincerely, style to Breuer's designs for the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Building in skin of earlier high-rise or skyscraper designs. Completed in 1971, the Cleveland Trust Company sculptural use of concrete, and the use of modular concrete construction. The Tower is similar in Thank you very much for your consideration, and please do not hesitate contact either of us if you May 19, 2008 high-rise designs to be realized, as well as one of only a few examples of high rise buildings include Marcel Breuer's Cleveland Trust Company Tower would not only recognize a significant opportunity to reuse this important building remains strong with the proper incentives and a Haven, CT (1970, CT Register of Historic Places). recognized, Bauhaus-trained architect Marcel Breuer.
The tower stands out as the first of Breuer's Anthea M. Hartig, Ph.D. Page 2 the traditional Bauhaus simplification of form with Breuer's signature use of sculptural finishes. Breuer's style, including his combination of a simple, regularized underlying form with the Tower is also one of the latest examples of Bauhaus influenced design in Cleveland, incorporating The Cleveland Trust Company Tower also appears significant as the work of internationally Although the Cleveland Trust Company Tower has recently been under threat of demolition, the architectural resource, but would also encourage historic rehabilitation of the Tower and Rotunda. In Cleveland, the Cleveland Trust Company Tower also marks a departure from the glass and steel Washington, DC (1968, identified as potentially eligible for the National Register by the U.s.
REC'D BY OHPO MAR 2 4 2009 March 19, 2009 Department Head, Inventory and Registration Ohio Historic Preservation Office 567 East Hudson Street Columbus, Ohio 43211-1030 Cleveland Trust Company (Amendment) Dear Ms. Powers: wholeheartedly support the inclusion of the Breuer Tower on the National Register of Historic Thank you for your continued efforts on behalf of this nomination. 1219 Ontario Street - Cleveland, Ohio 44113 - (216) 443-7181 - FAX (216) 443-6668 Ohio Relay Service 711 Breuer. Places. COMMISSIONER Sincerely, of Historic Places nomination for the Cleveland Trust Building, requesting an expansion of the Cuyahoga County Commissioner The County does not object to such an amendment to the nomination and is pleased to Barbara Powers Timothy F.
Hagan We understand that The K&D Group, Inc.has submitted an amendment to the National Register 900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, OH period of significance, so as to include the Ameritrust Tower addition, designed by Marcel RECEIVED 2280 MAY 2 1 2009 National Park Service 2280 Ms. Jan Matthews, Associate Director and Keeper of the National Register of Historic Places 1201 I (Eye) Street, NW Washington DC 20005 Dear Ms. Matthews: I am pleased to submit additional information to amend the National Register of Historic Places nomination for the Cleveland Trust Company, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. I am requesting a SUBSTANTIVE REVIEW for this nomination amendment.
The Cleveland Trust Company (Amendment) provides documentation to expand the period of significance for the nominated post World War II period and the design of the later tower addition as the work of renown architect Marcel Breuer. Although the significance of the property is presented at a local level, the architectural analysis of the tower has been evaluated within a much broader context of Breuer's body of work. If you have questions or comments about these documents, please contact the National Register staff in the Ohio Historic Preservation Office at (614) 298-2000. Dr. William K. Laidlaw, Jr.
State Historic Preservation Officer Ohio Historic Preservation Office 1982 Velma Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43211-2497 ph: 614.298.2000 fx: 614.298.2037 Enclosures www.ohiohistory.org National Register Exception G by addressing the exceptional importance of both the bank's history and growth during the property to 1908-1971. The amendment presents information to support National Register Criterion OHIO HISTORICAL SOCIETY OHIO IAT. REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACE HISTORY Sincerely Patrick Andrus/WASO/NPS To Barbara Powers 06/25/2009 12:37 PM Hi Barb: as mentioned in my voice mail to you, the additional documentation for the Cleveland Trust the Integrity section, under "Feeling" it states..."a mid-century modern office tower combined with an Patrick W.
Andrus National Register of Historic Places Historian Patrick Thanks, bcc Patrick_Andrus@nps.gov Subject Cleveland Trust Company resign it (your signature was dated May 15, 2009) and send it to me with the replacement continuation Company was accepted today (6/25). There is one page that has a significant typo. In Section 7, p. 3 in be possible for you to correct this typo and send me a new page to replace the one we have? Also, the
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