Lynn City (part 3 of 4)

But it is not true that people were universally blind to the evils of strong drink. From the earliest times there were some wide awake on the subject. The Lynn emigrants to Long Island, soon after getting well established at Southampton, 1655, ordained that no one should sell strong liquors within the town bounds, excepting "our neighbor, John Cooper ; " and he was not to sell to any Indian, nor to any but those who would use them properly. There was Dr.. James Gardner, just mentioned, who, before the present century, pointed out the evils of so prevalent indulgence, and often fearlessly warned his patients against habits which were destroying their health, as well as ruining their souls. A memorandum of his, under date May 31, 1796, is in these words: "One person died of chronic illness, said to have been occasioned by gross intemperance, or a brutal indulgence of the destroyer, rum. . * . . He was able to walk to a considerable distance to procure the poison only six days before death closed the scene at one draught." Mr. Enoch Mudge, from whom many of the name now among us descended, was a rigid abstainer, never allowing spirits in his house or shop. He was grandfather of Hon. E. R. Mudge, the munificent donor of St. Stephen's Church.

When the general awakening on the subject of intemperance took place, more than half a century ago, the voice of Lynn was loudly raised against the evil. Sixty years ago, in 1826, a society was formed here for the promotion of "Industry and Temperance." It soon numbered more than four hundred members, and embraced, with few exceptions, the most conspicuous men of the town. The membership in 1836, fifty years since, was five hundred and fifty. Its president then was Thomas Bowler, for sixteen years town clerk. The society was at that time composed largely of middle-aged and elderly persons, as in the meantime two other societies, embracing more of the younger men, had been formed, namely, the Lynn Young Men's Temperance Society, organized in 1833, and the Lynn Union Temperance Society, formed in 1835. This latter was the first organization here that proscribed wine, cider or strong beer, which theretofore had not been popularly reckoned as intoxicants. Of this society Josiah Nevvhall was the first president, and George W. Keene the first secretary.

Lynn soon took rank among the most zealous temperance communities. Rev. Edwin Thompson, so well known for the last forty years as a lecturer on temperance and anti-slavery, was living here, and, though young, by his winning ways and strong arguments, did much to advance the cause. Liquors soon began to be banished from the workshops and the labeled casks from the stores. It Avas even facetiously said of one or two zealots that they cut down their apple trees, lest the fruit should be made into cider - contrariwise from the unsophisticated old Indian who is said to have told Mrs. Whiting, on smacking his lips after swallowing the mug of cider she had given him, that he thought Adam was rightly damned for eating the apples in Eden, as he should have made them into cider.

When the shoemakers' little shops were displaced by the large factories, more stringent rules were necessarily established, and, as a matter of course, the machinery was run without the oil of the still. One of the former traps for the young was thus removed. At the present time few, if any, places in sober New England can boast of a more temperate population than Lynn. It would be useless to attempt to give details respecting the many temperance organizations, male and female, adult and juvenile. Yet the cause here, as elsewhere, requires vigilant and unremitted watchfulness.

There are now some fifteen regular temperance organizations in Lynn, besides a number of other associations that make temperance a part of their object.

Free Public Forest. - A voluntary association was formed in 1881, the object being, in brief, the preservation of as large a portion as may be of the extensive range of forest land yet remaining upon our northern border, to be forever devoted to the free use of the public as a woodland park. Thus far about one hundred and ten acres have been secured, chiefly by the gift of those who owned the lands. Twice a year individuals most deeply interested, with invited guests, assemble in some romantic spot, on hill-top or in glen, which, with ceremonies reminding of the old mythological days, they proceed to consecrate. Sometimes it is in memory of a revered departed one, and sometimes of a marked event. An " altar," in the shape, perhaps, of a mossy boulder, is made to bear the ceremonial fire, replenished by woodland gatherings and the oil of incense. The participants, enwreathed in sylvan spoils, gather around with songs, readings and inspiring pageantry. The occa- sion usually calls out some poem or address well worthy of preservation. For instance, there were written for the meeting on the 30th of May, 1886, four little poems, which, though untoward circumstances prevented their being sung, were published in connection with the account of the proceedings. One of the interesting features on this particular day was the release of a "Messenger Dove." Let us quote a stanza or two from each of the little poems, as, besides their appropriateness to the occasion, they afford a taste of the qualities of some of our local versifiers : By RuTHiE Turner :

Whatever may be thought of the ceremonies of the " camp days " the object of the associates is assuredly praiseworthy. And though the work undertaken is of great and yet undefined proportions, and such as in no probability can be fully accomplished during the lifetime of the present participants, future generations will doubtless honor the effort. But setting aside all other considerations, these spring and autumn woodland gatherings are highly enjoyable, resolving themselves at suitable hours into picnic entertainments, inspiring social intercourse of a refining and educating character.

Chapter Xxii Short Notes, Chronologically Arranged

" Minute historical facts are to history as the nerves and siiieim, the veins and arteries, are to the animated bodies ; they may not separately exhibit much of use, elegant or just proportion, but taken collectively, they furnish strength, spirit and existence itself. An historian who hath neglected to study them knows but the half of his profession, and like one who is ignorant of anatomy, sinks into a mere manual operator." - Lodge.

In an historical sketch of circumscribed limits there are, of course, many topics on which it is impossible to dwell at large, but which should not be passed over in entire silence, and in some instances brief recapitulations seem necessary. In the hope, therefore, of supplying deficiencies the following summary is introduced :

1004. Various accounts, derived chiefly from ancient Scandinavian manuscripts, have led to the belief that certain adventurous navigators visited this coast and made lodgments much earlier than any permanent occupation was effected. For instance, Thorwald, the Northman, a son of Eric the Red, is claimed to have been upon the New England coast in the year 1004, and to have landed at one or two places. At one landing-place he was so charmed by the prospect that he exclaimed, - " Here it is beautiful ! and here I should like to fix my dwelling! '' And there, indeed, was the bluff old hero's everlasting dwelling fixed, for in a hostile encounter with a swarm of savages, that presently ensued, he received an arrow wound that speedily proved fatal. As life was fast closing he said to his people, - " I now advise you to prepare for your departure as soon as possible ; but me ye shall bring to the promontory where I thought it good to dwell. It may be that it was a prophetic word which fell from my mouth, about my abiding there for a season. There ye shall bury me, and i)lant a cross at my head and also at my feet, and call the place Krossanes (the Cape of the Cross) in all time coming." He died, the record adds, and they did as he had ordered. This was quite sentimental for a rough sea rover, but indicates warmth of heart and imagination. But what makes the incident interesting to the people of Lynn is the supposition long since put forth that " Krossanes " was Nahant, so long a part of our own territory. Possibly the supposition is correct, but those loose Scandinavian records are hardly to be taken as conclusive evidence, especially as they fail to fix geographical lines with any certainty.

1602. The celebrated navigator, Bartholomew Gosnold, is said to have anchored in the waters of Lynn this year. He seems, indeed, to have been the first European certainly known to have visited Essex County. He sailed from Falmouth, England, in

March, 1602, and reached Massachusetts Bay on the 14th of May. While coasting around it is highly probable that he cast anchor here, and, perhaps, landed for a prospecting tour. But he did not long remain. While Gosnold was in the vicinity he was greatly surprised by an Indian, dressed in English clothes, coming on board and saluting him in fair English. And that Indian is believed to have been Black Will, of Lynn, the Sagamore before alluded to. He was smart, and not over-scrupulous, as his selling Nahant, to which he had no title, to Mr. Dexter, for a suit of clothes, very well proves.

1614. There is little doubt that Captain John Smith, whose life was saved by the interposition of the dusky heroine, Pocahontas - if the tale is not mere romance - was here in 1614, and was struck by the grandeur of the Nahant cliffs, which he compared to the " Pieramides of Egypt." And for the benefit of the curious in such matters it may be remarked that the redoubtable captain lived at one time in Lynn Regis, from which our own Lynn took its name. He served in a counting-house there, but finally left, with ten shillings in his pocket, which he says were contributed by friends who desired to get rid of him. He went to France and served in a military capacity there and in other countries. In 1608 he was in Virginia, and became a master-spirit in its colonization. But his proijensity for roving was unconquerable, and we find him, a few years later, drifting about the New England coast. It ai)pears to have been Captain Smith who bestowed the name New England upon our territory, it having previously been known as North Virginia. Yet he was not, apparently, very favorably impressed by the character of the country or the climate, as he remarked that he was not so simple as to think that any other motive than wealth would " ever erect a commonwealth or draw company from their ease and humors at home " to occupy here.

The foregoing visits, however, were of little importance so far as any direct benefit accrued, no surviving settlement being made hereabout if, indeed, any was contemplated ; so let us come to the day of permanent settlement.

1630. Thomas Newhall born, being the first person of European parentage born here. He died in March, 1687, aged fifty -seven. Wolves killed several swine belonging to the settlers, September 30th. Fifty settlers, chiefly farmers, and many of them with families, arrive and locate in different neighborhoods.

1632. First church - fifth in the colony - formed. Stephen Bachiler, minister. The court order that " No person shall take any tobacco publiquely, under

1633. A corn-mill, the first in the settlement, built on Strawberry Brook. Says Winthrop, under this date, - "James Sagamore, of Sagus, died, and most of his folks " (of small-pox).

1634. John Humfrey arrives and settles on Nahant Street. The settlement sends her first Representatives to the General Court. William Wood, one of the first comers, publishes " New England's Prospect."

1637. Name of the settlement changed from Saugus to Lynn. At this time there were thirty-seven plows in the colony, most of them in Lynn. Settlement of Sandwich commenced by emigrants from Lynn. The General Court forbade the making of cakes or buns, " except for burials, marriages and such like special occasions." And also ordered that corn should be received as legal tender, at five shillings a bushel.

1644. Hugh Bert and Samuel Bennett, of Lynn, presented to the grand jury as " common sleepers in time of exercise." Both convicted and fined.

1656. Robert Bridges, one of the most active and enterprising of the early settlers. Speaker of the House of Representatives, and assistant, died this year. He was a large proprietor in the iron-works.

1680. Dr. Philip Reed, the first physician, complained to the court of Mrs. Margaret Gifford as a witch. Joseph Armitage, first keeper of the famous Anchor Tavern, which continued as a public-house for more than a hundred and fifty years, died June 27th, aged eighty. The great Newtonian comet appeared in November, occasioning much alarm.

1692. Great witchcraft excitement. Six Lynn persons were arrested and imprisoned ; some of them were tried, and one condemned to death, but not executed.

1721. John Burrill, a member of the House of Representatives for twenty years, ten of which he was Speaker, died of small-pox, December 10th, aged sixty-three.

1755. Greatest earthquake ever known in New England, November 18th. It commenced a little after four in the morning, and continued about four minutes, being apparently the same convulsion that destroyed Lisbon, sixty thousand persons perishing there in six minutes, the sea rising fifty feet above its usual level.

1793. Lynn post-office established, and first kept on Boston Street, near Federal. Dr. John Flagg, an esteemed physician and Revolutionary patriot, member of the Committee of Safety and commissioned as colonel, died May 27th, aged fifty.

1803. Boston and Salem turnpike opened, and Lynn Hotel built. Miles Shorey and wife both killed by lightning, July 10th; she had an infant in her arms who was unharmed, and lived to old age.

1808, First law-ofiice in Lynn opened by Benjamin Merrill ; it was in a chamber of the dwelling corner of North Common and Park Streets. Great bull fight at Half- Way House ; bulls and bull-dogs engaged. Lynn Artillery chartered November 18th, and allowed two brass field-pieces. John Adam Dagyr, the early shoemaker before named, who became widely known for his uncommon taste and skill, died in the almshouse.

1814. Lynnfield set off" from Lynn and incorporated as a separate town. First Town House of Lynn built. First Bank established - known as Lynn Mechanics' Bank till its reorganization as the First National Bank, in 1864. Battle between the " Chesapeake " and "Shannon" fought, June 1st. Intense solicitude was manifested by the people of Lynn, many of whom witnessed the contest from heights and roofs. The battle was anticipated, and multitudes came from neighboring places. The greatest amount of travel over the turnpike that ever took place in a single day then occurred. One hundred and twenty crowded stages passed, it is said, and an almost countless number of all sorts of vehicles, together with equestrians and pedestrians innumerable.

1815. Saugus set off" from Lynn and incorporated as a separate town. Terrific southeasterly gale, September 23d ; ocean spray driven several miles inland. Joseph Fuller, first president of first Lynn Bank, and first State Senator from Lynn, died, aged forty-two.

1816. Great horse trot on the turnpike, in Lynn, September 1st ; said to have been the first in the country ; Major Stackpole'a " Old Blue " trotted three miles in eight minutes and forty-two seconds.

1827. Micajah Collins, teacher of the Friends' school and minister of the Friends' Society, died January 30th, aged sixty-two. Solomon Moulton, a youthful writer of much promise, died May 26th, aged nineteen. Broad and brilliant night arch, August 28th.

1830. Donald McDonald, a Scotchman, died in Lynn almshouse October 4th, aged one hundred and eight ; he was at Braddock's defeat and at the battle of Quebec, when Wolfe fell.

1831. Maria Augusta Fuller, poetess and jirose writer, died January 19th, aged twenty-four. Dr. James Gardner, a physician of high standing, died December 26th, aged sixty-nine.

1837. Surplus United States revenue distributed, Lynn receiving fourteen thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine dollars, and applying it to the payment of the town debt.

1838. Charles F. Lummus, first Lynn printer, died April 20th, aged thirty-seven. Eastern Railroad opened for travel from Boston to Salem, August 28th.

1839. Ebenezer Breed - Uncle Eben, as he was called - .one of the " nursing fathers " of the shoe business of Lynn - died in the almshouse, December 23d, aged seventy-four.

1841. The first picture by the new art known as daguerreotype, or photography, ever taken in Lynn was a landscape, taken this year by James R. Newhall, by apparatus imported from France.

1842. Amos Blanchard, a musician of the Revolutionary army, and for many years a teacher of a district school, died May 25th, aged seventy-eight. Enoch Curtin, a poet and prose writer, died May 28th, aged forty-seven.

1843. Dr. Charles 0. Barker, a reputable physiciap, died January 8th, aged forty-one; his wife was a daughter of Rembrant Peale, the celebrated painter.

1846. Amariah Childs, manufacturer of a famous kind of chocolate, died January 21st, aged eighty. Mexican War commenced ; Lynn furnished twenty volunteers. Destructive fire on Water Hill Street, August 9th, destroying a large brick silk-printing establishment, spice and coffee-mill, and two or three smaller buildings ; total loss, about seventy-five thousand dollars.

1848. George Gray, the Lynn hermit, died February 28th, aged seventy-eight. Carriage-road over harbor side of Long Beach built. Lynn Common fenced.

1849. Lynn Police Court established. Large emigration to California. Laighton Bank incorporated ; reorganized as the Central National in 1865.

1850. City form of government adopted. Samuel Brimblecom, an early and enterprising shoe manufacturer, and colonel of militia during the War of 1812, died April 24th, aged eighty-one. Pine Grove Cemetery consecrated July 24th. Thirteen persons of a picnic party from Lynn drowned in Lynnfield Pond, August loth. Ten-hour system - that is, ten hours to constitute a day's work - generally adopted. Church bells ordered to be rung at six p.m. Previously there was no limit to work hours.

1851. On March 18th and April 15th the tide, during violent storms, swept entirely over Long Beach, the storm of the 15th of April being that during which Minot's Ledge light-house was carried away. It was so severe as to force the salt water from the sea to the Common, the wind, no doubt, driving the water up the little brook that ran across the Common in such quantities as to overflow and form a sheet that was quite salt. Hiram Marble commenced the excavation of Dungeon Rock, in search of treasure, in the summer of this year.

1852. Swampscott set off from Lynn, and incorporated as a separate town. Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian exile, was warmly received, May 6th ; greeted by some ten thousand persons assembled on the Common, and escorted through the streets by a long procession to Lyceum Hall, where an enthusiastic reception took place.

1853. Nahant set off from Lynn, and incorporated as a separate town. Illuminating gas first lighted here, January 13th. Cars commenced running over Saugus Branch Railroad, February 1st.

1855. City charter so amended as to have the municipal year commence on the first Monday of January, instead of the first Monday of April. Five Cents Savings Bank incorporated.

1856. Two bald eagles appear on the ice in Lynn harbor, January 17th. Ezra R. Tebbets, of Lynn, killed by a snow-slide from a building in Bromfield Street, Boston, February 12th. Egg Rock light first shown, September 15th.

1857. Great snow-storm, with intense cold, January 18th, during which the bark ''Tedesco" was wrecked on Long Rock, Swampscott, all on board, twelve in number, perishing. Goold Brown, a famous grammarian and author, died at his residence, South Common Street, March 31st, aged sixty-five. He was a native of Providence, R. I., and long taught a seminary in New York, but spent his later years in Lynn.

1858. Telegraph communication between Lynn and other places established. Impromptu Atlantic cable celebration in Lynn, August 17th, on the arrival of Queen Victoria's message - the first ever sent over an Atlantic cable - to President Buchanan, St. Mary's Catholic Cemetery consecrated, November 4th.

1859. British bark " Vernon," from Messina, driven ashore on Long Beach, February 2d ; crew saved by life-boat. Isaiah Breed, active as a shoe manufacturer for nearly fifty years, and a State Senator, died May 23d, aged seventy-two. Roman Catholic Church (St. Mary's), Ash Street, burned, May 28th. George Hood, the first mayor of Lynn, died June 29th, aged fifty-two. Brilliant display of northern lights, the whole heavens being covered, August 28th. Union Street Methodist meeting-house destroyed by fire, November 20th. Church bells tolled at sunrise, noon and sunset, December 2d, in observance of the execution of John Brown at Charlestown, Va.

1860. Harbor so frozen in January that persons walked across to Bass Point. Shoemakers' great strike commenced in February. Prince of Wales passed through Lynn, October 20th, hardly stopping to receive official greetings. First horse railroad cars in Lynn commenced running, November 29th, The luck of a dory fisherman is well illustrated by the experience of Zachariah Phillips, of Lynn, during four days in the latter part of November ; his first day's catch sold for twenty-five cents ; that of one other day for twenty-one dollars ; and, taking the four days together, he realized $46.50, the fish being chiefly cod, and selling for three cents a pound. Market Street first lighted by gas, December 7th.

1861. Alonzo Lewis, historian and poet, died January 21st, aged sixty-six. Lynn Light Infantry and Lynn City Guards, two full companies, start for the seat of the Southern Rebellion, April 16th, in five hours after the arrival of President Lincoln's call for troops. A splendid comet suddenly became visible, July 2d, the tail having enveloped the earth three days before, producing no disturbance and only a slight apparently auroral light.

1862. Lynn Free Public Library opened. Soldiers' burial lot in Pine Grove Cemetery laid out. Nathan Breed, Jr., murdered in his store, Summer Street, December 23d.

1864. Rev. Parsons Cooke, for twenty-eight years minister of the First Church, died February 12th, aged sixty-three. The thermometer rose to one hundred and four degrees in shady places, June 25th, indicating the warmest day here of which there had been any record. Free delivery of post-office matter begins. Great drought and extensive fires in the woods during the summer. First steam fire-engine owned by the city arrives, August 11th. Town- House burned, October 6th. Schooner "Lion," from Rockland, Me., wrecked on Long Beach, December 10th, and all on board, six in number, perish; their cries were heard above the roaring of the wind and sea, but succor could not reach them.

1865. News of the fall of Richmond received, April 3d ; great rejoicing, church-bells rung, buildings illuminaied, bonfires kindled. The surrender of General Lee was celebrated, April 10th. News of the assassination of President Lincoln received, April 15th ; mourning insignia displayed in public buildings and churches. Corner-stone of City Hall laid, November 28th.

1866. Dr. Abraham Gould, a skillful physician of extensive practice, died, February 27th, aged fiftyeight. General Sherman passed through Lynn, July 16th, and was cordially greeted by a crowd in Central Square. A meteoric stone fell in Ocean Street, in September.

1867. Thomas Bowler, for sixteen years town clerk, died, July 22d, aged eighty-one. The present City Hall dedicated with much ceremony, November 30th.

1888. Memorial Day - called also Decoration Day - observed. May 30th, being the day for decorating the soldiers' graves with flowers ; in 1881 the day was made a legal holiday. Hiram Marble, excavator of Dungeon Rock, died, November 10th, aged sixty-five, having pursued his arduous and fruitless labors about seventeen years. His son, Edwin, succeeded him in the work, and died at the Rock January 16, 1880, aged forty-eight, without having reached the supposed deposits of gold and jewels. Destructive fire in Market Street, December 25th, Lyceum Building, Frazier's and Bubier's brick blocks being destroyed, the whole loss reaching about three hundred thousand dollars.

1869. Mary J. Hood, a colored woman, died, January 8th, aged one hundred and four years and seven months. Another destructive fire, on the night of January 25th, commencing in the brick shoe manufactory of Edwin H. Johnson, in Monroe Street, destroyed property to the amount of some one hundred and seventy thousand dollars. Sidney B. Pratt, who left, by will, ten thousand dollars for the benefit of the Free Public Library, died, January 29th, aged fifty-four. On the evening of April 15th there was a magnificent display of beautifully-tinted aurora- borealis. Benjamin H. Jacobs, undertaker at the old burying-ground for thirty years, died, June 16th, aged seventy-six. Jeremiah C. Stickney, for forty years in successful practice here as a lawyer, and the first city solicitor, died, August 3d, aged sixty-four. Severe gale, on Wednesday afternoon, September 8th, destroying several small buildings and uprooting more than four hundred shade-trees about the city. The old Turnpike from Boston to Salem became a public highway this year, the portion lying in Lynn being now known as Western Avenue.

1870. Young Men's Christian Association incorporated, March 31st. Land near Central Square sold at five dollars per square foot, the highest rate known in Lynn up to this time. Operations for public water supply begun.

1871. Kev. Joseph Cook, at the time minister of the First Church, gave a series of Sunday evening lectures in Music Hall, early this year, creating considerable excitement by his rather sens^ational denunciations. William Bassett, the first city clerk, died, June 21st, aged sixty-eight. Terrible railroad disaster at Revere, August 26th, eleven Lynn persons being killed ; whole number of lives lost, thirty-three ; number of wounded, sixty. Electric fire-alarm established. William Vennar, alias Brown, murders Mrs. Jones, is pursued, and in his further desperate attempts is shot dead, December 16th.

1872. City Hall bell raised to its position in the tower, March 2d. Meeting of the City Council commemorative of the recent death of Professor Morse, inventor of the electric telegraph, April 16th. Dr. James M. Nye, a reputable physician and scientist, died, April 21st, aged fifty-three. S. O. Breed's boxfactory, at the south end of Commercial Street, struck by lightning and consumed, August 13th, this summer being remarkable for the frequency and severity of its thunder-storms. Brick house of worship of First Church, South Common Street, corner of Vine, dedicated, August 29th. Ingalls and Cobbet schoolhouses dedicated, Odd-Fellows' Hall, Market Street, dedicated, October 7th. Brick and iron station of Eastern Railroad, Central Square, built. Singular disease, called epizootic, prevailed among horses during the latter part of autumn. Wheel carriages almost ceased to run, excepting as drawn by oxen, dogs or goats, and sometimes by men and boys. The disease, though disabling and evidently painful, was nnt often fatal. Much speculation in real estate during the year; prices high and business active. Pine Hill Public Water Reservoir built.

1873. Pumping-engine at Public Water- Works, Walnut Street, first put in operation, January 14th. English sparrows make their appearance in Lynn, no doubt the progeny of those imported into Boston ; but they were soon declared a nuisance. William S. Boyce, president of the Firist National Bank, died, August 27th, aged sixty-three. Soldiers' Monument,

1874. Lynn " Home for Aged Women " incorporated, Feb. 6th. Grand celebration in Lynn of St. Patrick's Day, March 17th, by the Irish orgauizations of Essex County. Benjamin Mudge, captain of the old Lynn Artillery, postmaster, and a political writer of spirit, died, March 21st, aged eighty -seven.

1875. Boston, Revere Beach and Lynn Railroad opened for travel, July 22d. Great dej^ression in business affairs this year succeeded the late unhealthy kind of prosperity. Some tradesmeu failed, and real estate fell greatly in price. On the 2d of November a blackfish ten feet in length and weighing three hundred and fifty pounds was stranded on Long Beach, probably having pursued his retreating supper the night before farther thaa was safe. An unusual number of tramps - that is, homeless wanderers from place to place - appeared in Lynn and received temporary relief.

1876. A fire occurred on Market Street, July 26th, destroying property to the anlount of some ten thousand dollars, the principal losers being R. A. Spalding & Co., Mrs. Lancy and W. J. Bowers. The destructive Colorado beetle, or potato bug, first appeared in Lynn this year. The Centennial year of the Republic was appropriately observed in Lynn, July 4th, and the Centennial Memorial, giving an account of the proceedings, was published by order of the City Council. Benjamin F. Doak, who by will bequeathed ten thousand dollars for the benefit of the poor of the city, and which bequest has since been known as the Doak fund, died, Nov. 8th, aged fifty. Jacob Batchelder, first teacher of the High School and first librarian of the Public Library, died, Dec. 17th, aged seventy.

1877. Charles Merritt, for some forty years deputy sheriff, died, March 13th, aged seventy-two. Svveetser"s four-story brick building. Central Avenue, with an adjacent building, burned, April 7th. Loss, about one hundred and fifteen thousand dollars. In September there was an extraordinary phosphorescent glow along the shores.

1878. Successful balloon ascension from City Hall Square, July 4th - Alderman Aza A. Breed, City Marshall Charles C. Fry and Charles F. Smith journalist, accompanying the aeronaut. Dennis Kearney, radical agitator and California " sand lot orator," addresses a large crowd on the Common on the evening of Aug. 12th. Ezra Warren Mudge, the sixth mayor of Lynn, died, Sept. 20th, aged sixty-six. The temperature in Lynn and vicinity at midnight, Dec. 2d, was higher than in any other part of the United States, - six degrees higher than in New Orleans, La. ; seven higher than in Savannah, Ga. ; nine higher than in Charleston, S. C. ; and ten higher than in Jacksonville, Fla. Gold was held at par Dec. 17th, for the first time in sixteen years ; that is, one hundred dollars in gold were worth just one hundred in greenback government notes. The extreme of

1879. The brick house of worship of the First Methodist Society, City Hall Square, was dedicated Feb. 27th. The newly-invented telephone now comes into use in Lynn. The two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the settlement of Lynn celebrated, June 17th. John A. Jackson, designer of the Soldiers' Monument, died, in Horence, Italy, in August, aged fifty-four. St. Joseph's Cemetery (Catholic) consecrated, Oct. 16th. Extraordinary occurrence of a perfectly clear sky all over the United States, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, Nov. 4th, as reported by the United States Signal Corps. Benjamin Franklin Mudge, the second mayor of Lynn, died, in Manhattan, Kansas, Nov. 21st, aged sixty-two.

1880. Tubular wells, Boston Street, sunk by order of the city government to gain an additional water supply ; first pumping from them, Sept. 4th. The notorious " Morey Letter " appeared in the autumn, creating much sensation throughout the country. This letter made its appearance in a prominent newspaper of New York City, and purported to have been written by General Garfield, the Republican candidate for President of the United States, and addressed to " Henry L. Morey,'' of the " Employers' Union," of Lynn. It was in the interest of cheap labor and in favor of Chinese immigration. It created a great sensation among the politicians, especially upon the Pacific coast, in which quarter extreme indignation was manifested. But the letter was soon proved to be a base forgery, concocted to damage the prospects of General Garfield, and it would, no doubt, have had a serious effect had not timely evidence of the fraud been discovered. It was satisfactorily shown that no such person as Henry L. Morey and no such association as the Employers' Union existed in Lynn. A beautiful mirage appeared in the bay Nov. 22d.

1881. Young Men's Christian Association Building, Market Street, dedicated January 17th. Dr. Daniel Perley, a much-esteemed physician, died January 31st, aged seventy-seven years. Government weather signals on High Rock first shown February 23d. National Security Bank of Lynn organized. Lynn Hospital incor2>orated. Andrews Breed, the fifth mayor of Lynn, died April 21st, aged eighty -six. The " yellow day," so-called, occurred September 6th, the landscape assuming a yellow tinge for some hours in the afternoon, and the weird darkness being such that lights were required in houses. President Garfield's death announced by the tolling of church-bells at midnight, September 19th. He was shot by C. J.Guiteau, July 2d. Memorial services were held September 26th. Hon. Enoch Redington Mudge, donor of Si.. Stephen's Memorial Church, died October 1st. St. Stephen's Memorial Church consecrated November 2d. Thomas Page Richardson, fourth mayor of Lynn, died November 24th, aged sixty-five.

1882. On the night of February 15th a building on Monroe Street, owned by Charles G. Clark, together with one or two others, partially burned ; loss, about twenty thousand dollars. The Grand Army Coliseum, on Summer Street, dedicated March 15th. On the morning of March 15th, just before the time for workmen to assemble, a terrific steam-boiler explosion took place in the rear of the Goodwin last-factory, in Spring Street. The engineer was killed and several others badly wounded. One or two adjacent buildings were much damaged, and a piece of the boiler, weighing about fifteen hundred pounds, was thrown two hundred feet up into the air, and fell in Newhall Street, seven hundred feet distant. A fire occurred on the morning of April 22d at Houghton, Godfrey & Dean's paper warehouse, Central Avenue, destroying property to the amount of three thousand dollars. Electric lights made their appearance here in the spring. Barnum's " greatest show on earth " visited Lynn July 22d. Some half a score of elephants appeared in the street parade. The giant elephant Jumbo and the nursing baby elephant were both members of the caravan. Some twenty-five thousand persons attended the exhibition, and the amount of money received for admission reached nearly eleven thousand dollars. The show consisted of a large collection of animals, equestrian, acrobatic and other circus and semi-dramatic performances. It was, no doubt, the grandest and most costly show ever in Lynn. An explosion of a part of the underground equipment of the Citizens' Steam-Heating Company, at the corner of Washington and Monroe Streets, took place July 27th, injuring the street somewhat and throwing up stones and gravel to the danger and fright of persons in the vicinity. And subsequently other explosions took place, inducing an appeal to the city authorities for protection. An extraordinary drought prevailed during the latter part of the summer. Most of the crops about Lynn were absolutely ruined, the unripe fruit dropped from the trees, and much of the shrubbery and many of the trees had the appearance of having been exposed to fire-blasts. Yet the springs and wells did not indicate any very marked deficiency of moisture somewhat below the surface. We had an uncommonly long succession of very warm days, with westerly winds and clear skies. And the peculiar effect on vegetation was, no doubt, attributable rather to the burning sun than the lack of moisture. The spring was backward by full two weeks, and the weather was, on the whole, anomalous, most of the year. Railroad competition ran so high that in October the fare between Lynn and Boston was, for a time, but five cents. The morning sky for several weeks in October and November, was adorned with a splendid comet, which rose in the southeast two or three hours before the sun.

1883. Sweetser's building, corner of Central Avenue and Oxford St., burned January 26th; loss, eighty-one thousand dollars. There were a large number of de- striictive fires in the woods during the dry months, all along from Floating Bridge to Breed's Pond. Electric Light Works established in Lynn.

1884. A high tide swept over the beach road to Nahant, January 9th. Steamer " City of Columbus " lost near Gay Head, January 18th, three Lynn persons perishing. John B. Tolman, April 22d, gave to the Young Men's Christian Association an estate on Market Street, valued at thirty thousand dollars, in trust, the income to be devoted to the suppression of the sale of intoxicating liquors. The new organizati( n of religious enthusiasts, known as the Salvation Army, appeared in our streets, June 4th, marching about with their tambourines and other musical instruments. Lightning struck in Chatham Street, June 5th, killing a lad twelve years of age and somewhat injuring his two boy companions. Horse railroad extension to Marblehead opened for travel June 25th. Inebriates' Home, New Ocean Street, established October 27th. A building of Quincy A. Towns, on Beech Street, used for extracting grease and oil from leather, by naphtha, destroyed by fire November 26th ; loss twenty-five hundred dollars.

1885. Lyman F. Chase died January 3d, aged forty-three years, leaving, among other liberal bequests, to Lynn Hospital, $5000, and to Lynn Public Library $5000. Lynn National Bank organized. A fire occurred in Henry A. Pevear's building, Washington Street, January 11th, destroying property to the amount of thirty-three hundred dollars. Lucian Newhall's building, Central Avenue, burned ; loss, fifty-six thousand six hundred dollars. Lynn Associated Charities organized March 19th. Trinity Church (Methodist), near Tower Hill, dedicated June 4th. Church of the Incarnation (Episcopal) formally organized June 9th. St. Joseph's Church (Roman Catholic) consecrated June 21st. Church-bells tolled July 23d, in observance of the death of ex-President Grant. The City Council held a special meeting and passed resolutions of respect, and on the 8th of August commemorative services were held in the Coliseum, business being generally suspended. The large brick building owned by Lucius Beebe, and occupied as a glove-kid and morocco manufactory, corner of Western Avenue and Federal Street, destroyed by fire September 3d, the loss being seventy-five thousand five hundred dollars. A heavy thunder-shower, October 3d, flooded several business places on Monroe Street and vicinity and delayed railroad trains.

1886. On Easter day, April 25th, Saint Stephen's chimes rang for the first time. Terrific earthquake at Charleston, S. C, August 31st ; much sutfering was occasioned, and contributions for relief were sent from all quarters; Lynn contributed $2060, and Saint Stephen's Church sent a separate sum of $77 towards repairing the shattered tower of the venerable Saint Michael's. President Arthur died November 18th, and on the day of his burial, November 22d, marks of respect were shown by closing the public oflSces, tolling bells, raising flags at half-mast and the performance of a dirge by Saint Stephen's chimes. Society of the New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian) formed. French Catholic Church organized.

1887. February 25th, President Cleveland sent to the United States Senate a message vetoing the bill, passed by Congress, appropriating $100,000 for the erection of a post-oflSce building in Lynn. Some indignation was expressed, but business men generally were disposed to view the President's reasoning with candor, and the unlucky slip with resignation.

Henry A. Breed, a well-known citizen, died April 15th, aged eighty-six years and eleven months. He was a native of Lynn, and commenced an active business life about 1819, did a great deal in the building line and was zealous in forwarding improvements of almost every kind, endeavoring, in some notable instances, to introduce new industries here. Being of a sanguine and somewhat credulous turn, and withal attracted by projects of a speculative character, he had serious ups and downs during his whole business career, always, however, maintaining a most respectable position, by his genial manners, his readiness to aid the unfortunate and other excellent qualities. His business prostrations were undoubtedly sometimes attributable to over-confidence in his own ability to "read " the characters of those with whom he dealt ; but more often to the shrewder reading, on the other side, of those not half so honest as he. He was one of the founders of the Unitarian Society, and his connection was not severed till the hand of death interposed. For many years he was a member of Mount Carmel Lodge of Free Masons, and was likewise an accredited member of the fraternity of Odd Fellows.

On Wednesday, June 1st, was opened, under the auspices of the Grand Army, Post 5, at the Coliseum in Summer Street, a novel and interesting exhibition of the powers of electricity, especially as applied to industrial mechanism. The Governor of the State was present at the opening and many other prominent persons. The exhibition continued a month, and gave much satisfaction to the large numbers who attended. James N. Buffum, twelfth Mayor of Lynn, aged eighty, died June 12th. On Saturday, June 18th, Eobert E. Lee Camp 1, Confederate Veterans, of Richmond, Va., visited Lynn by invitation of General Lander Encampment, Post 5, of the Grand Army of the Republic. The visiting party had been spending a day or two in Boston, and numbered nearly two hundred, thirty of whom were ladies. About seventy -five of the Veterans, with some ten of the ladies, arrived in Lynn early in the day, and were cordially received by the Lynn Post, which had some five hundred men in line. The weather was pleasant and the day a notable one, business being universally suspended, and the streets thronged with all classes of people. There was a grand procession, with military companies and bands of music. The city authorities took part in the proceedings, and there was a banquet on the Common. Early in July a delegation of Post 5, numbering one hundred and sixty, made a return visit to the Confederate soldiers, and in Richmond and other places received enthusiastic greetings, with many tokens of restored brotherhood. Edward S. Davis, eighth Mayor of Lynn, died August 7, aged seventy-nine. On the 11th of September a fire occurred in the stable of J. B. & W. A. Lam per, foot of Pleasant Street, in which nineteen horses perished. Dr. John A. McArthur, much esteemed as a man and physician, died September 28, aged fifty-seven.

Lynn Regis. - It is within the knowledge of the writer that some good people of the ancient borough of King's Lynn now take a lively interest in what pertains to our own Lynn, which, during its comparatively short life, has so far outstripped its prototype, in population at leazt. They appear to regard us as a sort of vigorous child, a little presumptuous, perhaps, but one in whose prosperity they may delight, as if in some mysterious way it contributed to their honor. It is but a few years since they learned anything of us. Less than fifteen years ago a lawyer there assured the writer that to him our Lynn was only known through Longfellow's "Bells of Lynn."

The celebration of our Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary, to which some of the authorities there were invited, had much to do with rendering our name familiar. And then the Christian sympathy engendered by the giving and receiving of the stone from the ancient wall of stately old Saint Margaret's, to be wrought into the rising wall of Saint Stephen's, was a significant occurrence.

It is true that not a large number of our early settlers came from that place ; but there were one or two of more than ordinary family connection. It is not necessary to here speak of the eminent Whiting, through whose instrumentality the names of the places were made identical ; nor of some others elsewhere named. But it may be interesting to note in passing, that Richard Hood, ancestor of George Hood, our first mayor, who settled on Nahant Street, was from Lynn Regis. Several old names common in both places could be mentioned - a fact which, though not conclusive evidence of near family connection, are yet strongly indicative of kinship. For instance: There was a Thomas Laighton, mayor of Lynn Regis in 1476 ; and one of our most active and enterprising settlers was Thomas Laighton, who located near Saugus River in 1635. Edward Baker was mayor of the borough in 1550; and from Edward Baker, who came hither in 1630, Daniel C. Baker, our third mayor, descended. Benjamin Keene (a later name with us) was mayor of old Lynn in 1683. In 1737 " Charles, Lord Viscount Townsend, was Lord High Steward of Lynn Regis." He undoubtedly belonged to the same Townsend family with Thomas Townsend, who came from Norfolk and settled as a farmer at an earlier date, and of whom many 22^ descendants remain here and elsewhere in New England. And by the way, at that date, 1737, the chief oSicials under Townsend were a recorder, thirteen aldermen, eighteen Common Councilmen, atown clerk, treasurer, chamberlain, sword-bearer, four sergeants at mace and five musicians, with blue cloaks trimmed with gold and badges, a jailer, two beadles and a bellman. Our city government is not organized exactly after that dignified model, which is here presented merely for comparison by the curious. Such genealogical and municipal connections are really of little importance, but the latent interest that all possess in such tracings give them a sort of charm. In the case in hand, it is thought they are sufficient to justify the occupation of space enough to recount a few prominent facts in the history of our ancient prototype.

Lynn Regis, King's Lynn, or, as it is commonly called by its own people, simply Lynn, is an interesting old place on the river Ouse, in Norfolk, a maritime county that has ever maintained its reputation for loyalty and aristocratic pride. Many illustrious Englishmen have been born there, and a long list of distinguished men have represented her in Parliament - several of them statesmen of world-wide reputations. Sir Robert Walpole was elected for Lynn, in 1702. He soon became Secretary of War, then Secretary of the Navy, and finally, after a brief period of eclipse, attained positions of still greater dignity ; and, as has been remarked, for a series of years " his life may be said to be the history of England." Canning, too, sometimes called the most eloquent and sagacious statesman of his day, was elected to represent Lynn. Lord George Bentinck was returned for Lynn, in 1826, and continued her representative till his death. The Catholic Emancipation and Reform Bills had his support. He subsequently became the acknowledged head of the Conservative party, and was what we now call a protectionist. But he was never an over-strict partisan. On the death of Lord Bentinck, Stanley, Earl of Derby, was elected for Lynn. To his great ability in the management of public affairs is largely attributed the surrender of the East India Company to the crown. During his colonial secretaryship the great Sepoy revolt was brought to a close. On the decease of his father, in 1869, he entered the House of Lords. The able and accomplished Governor of Madras at the present time, 1886 was for many years Lynn's representative in Parliament. Other eminent representatives of old Lynn might be named, but the list need not be extended. What has been said may not be of great interest, but it affords ground for the question. When will our own Lynn be represented by such men in the councils of the nation ? By the presentation of worthy examples a spirit of noble emulation may be stimulated.

From this ancient borough and its vicinity came some of the most valuable New England immigrants. And descendants from old N(>rfolk families are now found in every direction, though, as just remarked, not a large number came to our own home. In Winthrop's company, which arrived at Salem in 1630, were a number of substantial Norfolk farmers. Says the careful Mrs. Jones : " It is not alone the relations of Coke and Eoger Williams which have given to some spots in New England and elsewhere a flavor of this island's eastern shore. If it were sought to trace such international links, Norfolk would be found to have thrown out many threads across the water, which have attached it invisibly but absolutely to American ground."

Sandringham, the seat of the Prince of Wales, to which he retires for needed rest, is in Norfolk, almost within the territorial limits of Lynn. It consists of something more than eight thousand acres, and is in a high state of cultivation and adornment. It was in this princely abode that the royal heir so long lay between life and death when stricken by typhoid, in the dreary weeks of November, 1872. It was there, too, that the joyous event of the arrival of his son, Albert Victor, at the age of twenty-one, was recently so enthusiastically celebrated. There, likewise, was the last Christmas, 1886, celebrated in right royal style. The Prince and Princess were both present. To the laborers and cottagers on the estate were prime joints of beef distributed to the amount of nine hundred and eighty pounds. How much English beer and other usual Christmas adjuncts were added must be left for the imagination, as nothing appears in the account at hand of the entertainment.

A brief chronological statement of events during an interesting portion of the history of our venerable archetype must close the present record.

A. D. 1100. St. Margaret's Church founded by Herbert, the first Bishop of Norwich, in expiation of his simony. It was from the wall of this ancient temple that the stone which, with its friendly inscription, now rests in the vestibule of our own St. Stephen's was taken. It was presented by the authorities of St. Margaret's when St. Stephen's was in process of erecton, 1880, and brought over by Col. E. G. Usher. The inscription reads, "St. Margaret's Church, Lynn, England, to St. Stephen's Church, Lynn, Mass., U. S. A., 28th June, 1880."

1469. King Edward IV. came to Lynn with a great retinue, took shipping and went to Flanders. One of the most interesting relics now remaining in Lynn is the ruin known as the Chapel of " Our Lady," picturesquely situated on an elevation in the beautiful " Public Walks." The visible parts, those above ground, which were built under a license granted in 1482, form a superstructure to the lower, underground parts, which were built at an unknown and much earlier period. The structure is small, but bears evidence of having originally been an elaborate and richly-adorned shrine ; and was probably established for the entertainment of wandering pilgrims, and as a sacred asylum from all secular intrusion - a sanctuary. It was in this retreat that King Edward is said to have lodged when he reached Lynn on his way to Holland, in 1469, his retinue finding quarters elsewhere. It will be remembered that these were the times of the bloody strife between the houses of York and Lancaster, and that he was son of the Duke of York. While here, in the asylum of " Our Lady," he was safe.

1498. King Henry VII., his Queen and Arthur, Prince of Wales, visited Lynn, and were entertained by the Augustine Friars. He came 'in state, with a numerous retinue. The Augustine Friars were a mendicant order, much of the character of the Jesuits of the present day ; were a learned body, and mingled more in society than most other orders. They settled in Lynn about 1275, and continued till 1539.

1519. Cardinal Wolsey visited Lynn, attended by many lords and gentlemen. It was now that the celebrated prelate was in the zenith of his glory, held the Sees of Bath and Wells, of Worcester and Hereford, together with the rich Abbey of St. Alban's. But disappointment in his ambitious yearnings soon overtook him ; his downfall came ; and iu about ten years after his visit to Lynn death closed his eventful career.

1546. All the streets of the town paved. The guilds and chanteries all suppressed, and the lands belonging to them forfeited to the King, Henry VIII.

1566. The first chime of bells placed in the tower of St. Margaret's Church. This seems to have been a set of five bells, the largest of which could be heard ten miles off. Some years after the number was increased to eight, and in 1887 to ten, the Mayor, on the occasion of the Queen's jubilee presenting one, naming it "Victoria," and the mayoress one, naming it "Albert." They were first rung on the jubilee day, June 21.

1576. Queen Elizabeth visited Norfolk in August. The corporation of Lynn presented to her a beautiful purse, wrought with pearl and gold, and containing a hundred old angels, the whole value being two hundred pounds. On the 16th of the mouth, in her progress through the country, she dined at Bracon- Ash Hall, being entertained there by Thomas Townsend, Esq., who, no doubt, was grandfather of Thomas Townsend, who came over to our Lynn, in 1636, and settled as a farmer, near the iron-works. He was a cousin of Governor Winthrop. The wife of Thomas, the entertainer of the Queen, received from Her Majesty the gift of a beautiful gilt bowl in acknowledgment of the hospitality she had received. Daniel Townsend, one of the four Lynn men killed at the battle of Lexington, was a lineal descendant. Something more relating to the Townsends may be found in the sketch of Lynnfield.

1588. The "Feast of Eeconciliation," so called, established in Lynn. This was a meeting of the mayor, aldermen. Common Council and ministers, " in order to settle peace and quietness between man and man, and to decide all manner of controversies." It seems as if some such institution might in our day settle more satisfactorily such controversies as fester in our inferior courts. And perhaps labor troubles might come in for adjustment.

1590. A woman named Margaret Read burnt at Lynn for witchcraft. In 1598, Elizabeth Housage ; in 1616, Mary Smith ; and in 164-5, Dorothy Lee and Grace Wright were hanged for the same offense.

1636. Fourteen vessels belonging to Lynn were this year lost by the violence of storms. The plague also prevailed, insomuch that no market was held. Temporary erections were prepared for the afliicted ones of the poorer classes under the town walls.

1642. Lynn received seven pieces of brass cannon from London, for the more effectual armament of the fortifications. In August the town was besieged by the Parliamentary forces and suffered occasional bombardment till September 16th, when it was surrendered by agreement, only four having lost their lives and a few being wounded. The town was required to pay to the Earl of Manchester's army three thousand two hundred pounds. It soon became a Parliamentary garrison town, and so continued till 1652.

1654. Cromwell renewed and enlarged the charter of Lynn. And in the churches the arms of the Commonwealth were substituted for the royal arms.

1660. The restoration celebrated. Three hundred young maidens, tastily arrayed in white, parade the streets. There was great rejoicing in Lynn at the restoration, for the place had always remained essentially loyal. The oaths of allegiance and supremacy w"ere readily taken by the leading citizens, and the train-bands indulged in musters and military shows. Many of the former customs and observances were revived ; among them the early divine service at St. Margaret's - five A. m. in summer and six in winter - which had been suspended for ten years.

1745. February 8th, Eugene Aram, that remarkable individual whose learning and fate have made him historical, commits the murder for which he was finally executed and his body hung in chains. He lived in Lynn, was teacher in the academy there at the time of his arrest, in 1759, and so much beloved by his pupils that many tears were shed when the constables,

The school is still flourishing. Upon the leads of Gray Friars' Tower, which yet remains one of the most conspicuous objects in Lynn, and which is near the school, may yet be seen the name of Aram, scratched, it is said, by his own hand. Bulwer's novel, entitled " Eugene Aram," was probably suggested by the familiarity of the author with the legends and surroundings of Lynn, he having an aunt residing there.

The foregoing will be sufficient for a glimpse at the history of our ancient prototype, with some of the vicissitudes to which she has been exposed and some of her doings characteristic of the times. But to occupy space with events of later date would hardly be justifiable.

Closing Eemaeks. - In bringing this imperfect sketch of Lynn to a close, it may be remarked that the severaltopics introduced have been as fully treated as the allotted space would allow. And in the choice of topics it has been the endeavor to select such as on the whole would prove most interesting and best fitted to illustrate the princii^al object in view.

Glimpses of its situation, its beautiful surroundings and natural resources, have been given ; the labors, sacrifices and sufferings of the people in its earliest days, their leading characteristics, hopes, enjoyments and expectations, have been touched upon ; and the progress onward to the present day of comfort, thrift and attainment in weahh, education and the higher arts of life, has been traced - all according to the prescribed limits and the ability of the writer.

Something of the character of the people in the different periods is to be found in the numerous personal notices scattered through the pages. And the employments on which the prosperity of the place has grown have not been overlooked. Considering the condition in which we now find ourselves, a little self-gratulation may be pardonable. The aspect of things as they now exist maybe called reasonably auspicious, and the prayer is that they may ever continue so, while generation succeeds generation as wave succeeds wave upon our shore, ceasing only when those waves cease to roll.

Could one of the old settlers arise - for instance the intelligent Sadler, whose modest habitation nestled at the foot of the hill by which the writer is penning these closing lines - what would be his astonishment ! The natural features of the surroundings, the rocky ravines, the green hills, the meadows, the placid river, the sunny isles have undergone but little change. But the plain which he then overlooked, stretching from his feet to the sea, with the smoke of its few rude structures curling upward among the trees, now bears a wide-spread city. And the great waters beyond, which then presented an unbroken field of blue, are now traversed by floating craft of all descriptions, from the huge steam-pufiing leviathan that bridges the watery way to his old home on a far-off continent, to the tiny pleasure-boat. Over the then silent hills and through the lonely valleys now echo at early morning the awakening whistles summoning to labor in the numerous factories*, at evening repeating their shrill notes as the hours of labor close.

It can well be imagined that he often seated himself upon the mossy crest of the clifi" that still bears his name, and which towered above his lonely habitation, at evening twilight, and the many other then unknown sounds that now succeed the feverish palpitations of bustling day? As his eye scanned the dark horizon, then unrelieved even by the glimmer of a coast light, could he have imagined that a brightly-lighted city, with its central electric illuminations and its outposts of lambent gas, would ever appear within those murky borders?

But after all our boasted privileges, inventions, progress and attainment - after all the revelations in philosophy, science and mechanics - after all our steamdriven machinery, telegraphs, telephones, gas and electric lights - are there better, wiser, nobler men and women - better rulers, statesmen, philanthropists - better fathers, mothers, children - than there were in days of yore ? Probably not. Mankind preserves about the same old average, and very likely will, to the end of time. While we look with compassion upon what we call the unprogressive state of the races below us, are we sure that those above us do not look with pitying eye upon our own condition ? Yet to come down to our own limited case, there appears reason for congratulation in that the great rank and file of the community are at this day in a physically better condition than at any former period ; better fed, clothed and sheltered ; better provided with the necessaries, conveniences and comforts of life. Some pseudo-philosophers are wont to boast that this generation has reached a higher plane in all respects than any before known. Let them take comfort in the belief ; but the true moralist may well maintain that the plane of perfection is yet a great way off. So let us heed the words of the old dramatist :

" Pascal. How, now. Sir Francis ! Kuowest thou not there is a niche, A blessed niche, provided for each one ? The virtuous and diligent will gain it ; The vicious and the slothful, never ! " there to meditate till the darker hours of night drew on, the primeval stillness disturbed only by the rustling of the breeze in the leafy woods, or haply at intervals by the bark of the fox, the howl of the wolf, the hoot of the owl or the melancholy note of the whip-poor-will. Could he then in dreamy forecast have imagined a time like the present - a time when forming an eternal foundation harmony to the hum of a busy city, the ceaseless rumbling of railroad trains speeding along with fiery wake and echoing shriek,

Biographical

The Lynn Bard was born at Lynn, Mass., on the 28th day of August, 1794, and the house in which he was born is yet standing in Boston Street, on the corner of Robinson. He was descended on his father's side from an old Welsh family, a family that traces its lineage, through generation and generation, back to the native princes of Wales, princes that reigned years anterior to the conquests of the Angles and Saxons, and even before the Romans made their appearance in Britain. As the Angles and Saxons absorbed the ancient Briton, so did they, in their turn, become absorbed by the later Normans, and the old Welsh Llewellyn got, in the course of time, to be translated into the more modern Lewis. The first of the family to appear in this country was William Lewis, who came here from Glamorganshire, South Wales, in 1G36. There is more or less French - probably Norman French - influence in the modern family, that undoubtedly crept in at the Norman invasion, and is manifest in the family motto, " courage sans peur." And the evidence of a participation in the crusades under Richard is seen in their crest, a Saracen's head. The Lewis coat of arms is a lion rampant on a field azure. The descendants of this William Lewis are not very numerous, most of the name in this country being of English descent. Governor Morgan Lewis, of New York, son of Francis Lewis, a signer of the Delcaration of Independence, was of the same family, although the latter came to this country a century later than William Lewis. In the matter of genealogies, however, anything ante-dating the Norman conquest, or even the fourteenth century, is liable to dispute.

Mr. Lewis received a sound and thorough education, but not content with the mere instruction of the schools, he pursued his studies, and with vigor, through the whole extent of his life. As a linguist he acquired considerable proficiency in the commoner modern and ancient languages. He had an evident delight for study, and loved to teach, being at one time head-master of Lynn Academy, and at others, of one or two grammar schools in Lynn. In 1831 he established a young ladies' school in Boston, but does not seem to have continued it long. In 1835 he abandoned the profession of teacher.

From his early youth he evidenced a strong poetic temperament, and several of his poems were wi'itten at an early age, some bearing the date of 1811, Mr. Lewis being then but seventeen years of age. In 1823 he collected and printed his first volume of poems, a book of two hundred pages, but, as he says ill the preface, more for private than for public circulation. This volume contained many of his best poems, including " Farewell to my Harp." In 1829 was published the first edition of the Histoiy of Lynn, a work of immense labor. The work was the first in the field of local histories, and is called to this day by good authorities cue of the best local histories ever written. Two years later, in 1831, appeared another volume of poems, containing many of the 1823 edition and others written in the interval. Another edition of the history was published, and in 1834 appeared the last volume of poems, which immediately became very popular and went through fourteen editions, being most favorably received by the critics both in this country and in England.

In addition to the above Mr. Lewis published a small English grammar, and another small work on geometry, beside a descriptive sketch called, " A Picture of Nahant." During his whole life he wrote much for the newspapers and magazines of the time, both in prose and poetry. He edited an anti-slavery paper in Lynn before the appearance of the Liberator, and was once, during the absence of Mr. Garrison, in editorial charge of that paper, as he was also of the Boston Traveler, then the American Traveler. He was a member of the Massachusetts Historical Society, and a corresponding member of many other historical bodies.

In 1851 he was requested by Ticknor & Co. to write a history of Boston, but does not seem to have complied with the request, as the only thing of the kind of his that I have discovered is a sort of chronological arrangement of the principal events in the history of Boston, called " Annals of Boston." He evidently contemplated another historical work, as a letter of Mr. Whittier's to him in 1833, says: "I hope thee will decide to go on with thy ' Witchcraft.' I certainly think it would be very popular."

That he was more happy in his prose than in his poetry no one can gainsay, and had he written more of the former, and that of a less local nature, his fame would certainly have been less circumscribed. Many of the descriptive parts of the " History of Lynn" are very beautiful, and I know of people that every now and again take up the history and read and reread for the mere pleasure of reading. In the matter of improvement of his native town he took great interest, and many works of a local nature were conceived and carried through, almost entirely by his unaided efforts. The construction of the breakwater and road along Lynn Beach' are due to his efforts, as was also the erection of the light-house on Egg Rock.

In the anti-slavery movement Mr. Lewis took a most active part, being second vice president of the first Anti-Slavery Society, of which William Lloyd Garrison was secretary, and furthering the cause by his writings for the periodicals of the time.

He "^as naturally of a religious nature and lived a consistent Christian life, often denying himself that he might minister to the necessities of others ; and exercising that grandest gift of charity that was lacking in the treatment of him by others. He was for many years the only churchman in Lynn, and walked to St. Peter's, Salem, every Sunday for service. At one time he applied to Bishop Grirwold to be admitted as a candidate for Holy Orders, but does not seem to have carried out his first intention. He continued a churchman for the greater part of his life, being prominent in the establishment of St. Stephen's Parish, Lynn, and was one of the first five incorporators. Before the establishment of St. Stephen's he held services at Glenmere, himself acting as lay reader.

Mr. Lewis was twice married, his first wife being Frances Maria Swan, of Methuen, by whom he had six childrpn, of whom two, Llewellyn and Arthur, are now living. For his second wife he married Annie Ilsley Hanson, of Portland, Maine, by whom he had two children, Ina and Ion, the former dying some months before her father. For the latter part of his life Mr. Lewis lived in the picturesque cottage in Beach Street, close to the water's edge, a place where he loved to sit and study, and where, on the 21st day of January, 1861, he passed away, at the very beginning of that great struggle which resulted in the accomplishment of an object for which he had striven the greater part of his life.

I have here attempted no extended biography, and would say to those who desire more minute particulars and personal reminiscences to consult " The History of Lynn," as continued by Mr. Newhall and published in 1864; and also, Mr. Johnson's charming " Sketches of Lynn," published a year or two ago.

James Robinson Newhall

The brief personal sketch of the individual whose name is placed above, which appeared in the " Centennial Memorial " of Lynn, published by order of the City Council, in 1876, is introduced in these words: " It is a delicate task for one to write of himself, unless he has that in his history, the worthiness of which is patent and not to be questioned, it requiring no poet to assure us that we seldom ' see ourselves as others see us.' " That "delicate task," however, fell to his lot, and to a similar behest, in the present case, he submits.

The name appeared in the "Centennial" at the dictation of the Committee of the Council having the matter in charge, who expressed a desire that sketches of the " two historians," as they were pleased to call them, should be inserted. The fitness of thus honoring the memory of Mr. Lewis could not be questioned, whatever might be said of the one whose name had been so long associated with his in delineating the progress of Lynn, the native and ancestral home of both. The sketch referred to will form the basis of the one now in hand. The supercilious autobiographer may magnify his virtues and the over-modest his errors; but the charm lies in the mean, from which, in the present case, there is little inducement to stray.

The subject of this notice was born in Lynn on Christmas day, 1809, in the old Hart house, that stood on Boston Street, at the southwest corner of Federal, the same which, on the Centennial Fourth of July, 1876, disappeared in a patriotic blaze, amid the shouts and cheers of Young America. All his genealogical lines run back to early Lynn settlers. His father was Benjamin Newhall, who was born in 1774 and died in 1857; Benjamin's father was James, born in 1731, died iu 1801; James' father was Benjamin, born in 1698, died in 1763 ; Benjamin's father was Joseph, born in 1658, died in 1706 ; Joseph's father was Thomas, born in 1630, died in 1687 - the first white child born in Lynn. His mother was Sarah, a daughter of Joseph Hart, who descended from Samuel, one of the first engaged at the ancient iron works established near Saugus River in 1643, said to be the first in America. Both his grandmothers were granddaughters of Hon. Ebenezer Burrill, so conspicuous in colonial times as a Eepresentative and Crown Counselor, and who was a brother of John Burrill, the eminent speaker whom Governor Hutchinson compares with Sir Arthur Onslow, who was considered the most able presiding officer the British House of Commons ever had.

At the age of eleven the writer left the paternal roof, with his worldly possessions in a bundle-handkerchief, to make his way in the wide world, his mother having died a year or two before and his fother having a large family to provide for.

But little worthy of mention occurred until the summer of 1824, when, having worked daily and attended various public schools, he entered the Salem Gazette ofl[ice to learn the art and mystery of printing. And it is pleasing to remark that at the present time, 1887, may daily be seen in that venerable establishment the Hon. Caleb Foote, who at that time, 1824, was busy at the compositor's case. Mr. Foote, however, soon after dropped the composing stick for the editorial pen, an implement which he has wielded to this day with rare ability and acceptance. Would that all editors could realize, as he has, the dignity and responsibility of their public relations. His considerate suggestions and helpful directions to the typographical neophyte have, during these three-score years and three, been gratefully remembered.

After serving in the Gazette office for a few years, he felt desirous of gaining a better knowledge of bookprinting than could be done in Salem at that time, and in furtherance of the desire procured a situation in Boston. Things so prospered that before attaining his majority he was installed foreman of one of the principal book offices there, his duties in a general way being to direct the work and read proofs. Of this period many pleasant recollections are retained. In the office were printed a large number of classical and scientific works, and some of the most eminent men of the time frequently dropped in. Anecdotes almost without number of such men as Dr. Channing, Dr. Bowditch, Francis J. Grund, the Cambridge professors, N. P. Willis, Samuel G. Goodrich, and shoals of the less conspicuous, but not less ambitious literary aspirants, could be related.

While still under age, in the roving spirit of young printers, he drifted to New York, and soon after his arrival found employment in the Conference office, the largest then in the city ; and with perhaps a little excusable, if not commendable pride, may refer to his reputation there as being the fastest type-setter iu the establishment. This was in 1829. And he has to the present day so indulged his early love for the printer's case as for many years to keep a font or two of type, wherewith to amuse or occupy a vacant hour. Nearly two thousand stereotype pages can be to-day shown as the fruit of these semi-recreative odds and ends of time, much of the matter having been set up without having been previously written. As to the quality of the literary products, he cannot, of course, speak. It may, however, be admitted in regard to some, at least, that if worth is to be measured by pecuniary return, it was not very great. Yet, on the whole, there has been much reason to be satisfied, looking at a " fair average." Exposure to the undeserved adulation of sympathetic friends and the equally undeserved severity of vindictive critics is supposed to be the fate of all writers, great and small. It is well remembered that once, on the eve of the publication of a notable work, the writer overheard a debate between two of the learned editors, of this said one, naming a writer by no means obscure. " Well, I know that," was the reply, " but he never wrote anything worth a place in our book." "That is true," was the rejoinder; "but the omission would greatly offend him and his friends, and might lead to damaging reviews. We must have something." And something was had, prefaced by a laudatory note. It will, of course, be granted that the most ignorant critic knows more than the most learned author.

At the age of twenty-two the writer returned to his native place, and soon became engaged in the office of the 3Iirror, the first printing establishment in Lynn, commenced about five years before by Charles F. Lummus, and at that time still owned and conducted by him. It was very poorly supplied with material. There was but little work and that not well done, and it was not long before the proprietor had succeeded in sinking the little means with which he began. The writer purchased the office and commenced the publication of another paper, but was soon satisfied that much labor would yield but a scanty return, and was induced to let the new paper speedily follow the fate of the old.

After busying himself for a few years in various ways, chiefly in connection with printing and the book business, and once or twice a year taking a lecturing tour, he again found himself in New York, engaged in the editorial department of a daily journal and in writing for one or two weeklies. Of this interval many agreeable recollections are retained, among them pleasant ones of the genial young gentleman, Walter Whitman, now the world-renowned Walt Whitman, the poet, who was engaged on the same daily ; and the friendly suggestions of the venerable Major M. M. Noah, so long and so fitly called the Nestor of the American press, will not be forgotten.

In 1854, meeting a friend who had for some time been in practice as a member of the Essex bar, he was kindly invited to take a student's seat in his office. The invitation was accepted, and the study of law commenced.

Completing a regular legal course, in May, 1847, he was admitted to the bar in Boston, and forthwith commenced a practice in Lynn, which soon became quite satisfactory. He was presently commissioned as justice of the peace and notary public, which offices he still holds. On the 24th of August, 1866, he was commissioned as Judge of the Lynn Police Court, with which he had been connected as special justice from the time of its establishment, in 1849. He was likewise appointed a trial justice of juvenile oflfenders when that jurisdiction was established. The judgeship he resigned August 24, 1879.

At the time he commenced practice there were but three acting lawyers here, - namely, Jeremiah C. Stickney, Thomas B. Newhall and Benjamin F. Mudge. Mr. Stickney was one of the leading lawyers in the county for many years. He died August 3, 1869, aged sixty-four years. Mr. T. B. Newhall commenced practice here in 1837, and now, 1887, after fifty years, may still be found in his well-worn office chair. Of him a personal sketch appears elsewhere in this work. Mr. Mudge opened his office in 1842, removed to Manhattan, Kansas, and died there November 21, 1879, aged sixty-two years. He was our second Mayor, inaugurated in 1852. The number of Lynn lawyers has increased during these forty years (1847-87) from three to about forty, while the population has hardly quadrupled. Is this to be taken as evidence that business has increased in a corresponding degree or as evidence that there has been a remarkably increasing love for litigation ?

To return from this divergence. The subject of this sketch has not been much in public office, excepting as connected with the judicial department, though he has served as chairman of the School Board and president of the Common Council.

In the autumn of 1883, at the age of seventy-three years, he took a tour of several months abroad, visiting a number of famous cities and renowned places in Europe, and extending his trip to interesting Levantine points, to Algiers and Malta, on the Mediterranean ; to Alexandria, Cairo and the Pyramids in Egypt. Though the tour was undertaken alone - for if alone one can, without let or hindrance, go how, when and where he pleases - he everywhere received such gratifying civilities as could only lead to regrets that he had not earlier in life thus experimentally learned that, after all, men everywhere will, on the whole, rather contribute to make others happy than miserable. Such experience increases faith in human nature, and ought to diminish self-conceit.

Being interested in historical researches, he published, in 1836, the "Essex Memorial;" in 1862, "Lin, or Jewels of the Third Plantation;" in 1865, "The History of Lynn," comprising the admirable work of Alonzo Lewis, with a continuation embracing some twenty-one years ; in 1883, an additional volume of the "History of Lynn," with notices of events down to the year of publication and other matter on various topics; in 1876, by desire of the City Council, he prepared the " Centennial Memorial of Lynn," embracing an historical sketch and notices of the mayors, with their portraits; and in 1879, also by desire of the City Council, he prepared the work entitled " Proceedings in Lynn, June 17, 1879, being the Two Hundred and Fiftieth Anniversary of the Settlement." To these may not improperly be added the sketches of Lynn, Lynnfield and Swampscott, which appear in this " History of Essex County."

If there is any achievement in a literary way with which the writer fancies that he has reason to be satisfied, it comes through his endeavor to contribute something calculated to allure to habits of industry, frugality, temperance and those concomitant virtues, the sure foundation of prosperity, and the sure way towards honorable position. A great many brief biographies and personal sketches of individuals in the various walks of life have appeared scattered about his pages - whether poorly or skillfully drawn is not the question here - sketches of individuals who have acted well their part in promoting the prosperity and extending the good fame of their home, as well as advancing their individual interests. And these personal sketches have a two-fold purpose: first, to perpetuate the names of deserving ones, and, second, to furnish, by their example, encouragement for others to follow on in a like good way. Yet we should all realize that the attainment of mere worldly fame, position or wealth is not the chief purpose of life, and that at the end we shall find there was no great gain in worshipping false gods all our lives.

One other thing has been attempted by the writer, and that is, to illustrate to some extent the romantic and legendary side of Lynn's history. There is a rich store in that direction, and oftentimes it is difficult to distinguish between truth and fiction or know exactly where to draw the line. But the aim has always been to clearly indicate the character of the matter in hand and lead no one astray.

In October, 1837, the writer was united in marriage with Miss Dorcas B. Brown, only daughter of Captain William Brown, of Salem, and by her had one son, who died at the age of ten, his mother having died soon after his birth. In 1853 he was again married, the second wife being Mrs. Elizabeth Campbell, daughter of Hon. Josiah Newhall, of Lynn, and that relation still, 1887, remains unsevered.

The writer trusts that nothing in the foregoing will tend to place him in the category indicated by our former townsman, Henry Clapp, when he said of Horace Greeley : " He is a self-made man and worships his maker," for in his life, as has been seen, few stirring incidents have occurred, no extraordinary adventures, no remarkable achievements. Whether anything of value has been accomplished is a question for others to decide. Nevertheless, it may be remarked in a general way that very few who are so long in the world lead such barren lives that nothing of usefulness or interest is found. And not unfrequently is it the case that the lessons to be drawn from the lives of those in the less prominent walks are the most widely useful, for the great multitude are companions in those walks, and can the more readily appreciate the obstacles and perceive the snares that beset the way. Every one feels that he has a hand in shaping his own destiny, though it does seem as if

[Note. - It was editorially suggested that this sketch and the accompanying portrait would more appropriately appear among the lawyers of the County. The privilege of being placed in that august company is fully appreciated, though the superior lustre there might be obscuring. But inasmuch as the writer has had a considerable share in illustrating Lynn's history and always earnestly desired her Godspeed, it seemed to him that the more suitable place was in the company of those whose enterprise, industry and dignity of character have so advanced the prosperity of their home and his.]

Hon. George Hood

The Hood family is among the earliest mentioned in the annals of Lynn, being descended from Richard Hood, who emigrated from Essex County, in England, about 1640, and settled at Lynn. Dying in 1695, he left three sons, - Eichard, John and Nathaniel. Richard, the eldest of these, falling heir to the " Nahant road " property - some thirty acres - now bounded in part by Nahant Street, afterwards exchanged it with Jabez Breed for certain land on the peninsula of Nahant, and went thither to live, and there his descendants have ever since resided. This Richard had a son Abner, who had a son Abner, who married Mary Richardson, and they were the parents of the subject of this sketch. While he was an infant the family removed to Nahant, and there, in the little village school, he received all his youthful intellectual training. He learned the trade of shoemaking, and at the age of twenty-two, in company with John C. Abbott, he went to the then far West to seek his fortune. They directed their course to St. Louis, Mo., at that time, in 1829, a small place. In a few days they were established in business, and within a month Mr. Hood, with a part of their stock, went down to Natchez, Miss., and commenced a branch establishment, which he continued to manage until 1835, the principal business, remaining, meanwhile, at St. Louis. In the last-named year he returned to Lynn and established a commission shoe and leather business in Boston, retaining, however, an interest in the western business till 1841. In his Boston business he continued till the time of his decease.

Not long after his return to the East Mr. Hood became active in the political field. He was a very prominent member of the old Democratic party, fought manfully for its interests, and his valuable servicer were acknowledged by his nomination and frequently by his election to various high positions. In addition to town offices, he was several times chosen a Representative to the General Court, and in that of 1843 was a Senator. In the gubernatorial campaign of 1846 he was the Democratic candidate for the office of Lieutenant-Governor, but that party did not prevail, nor, in fact, hope to, the Whig party at that time and for many years dominating the State.

In 1852 Mr. Hood was nominated by his party for a seat in the National House of Representatives, but was not elected, the Whig candidate, as was then usual in this Congressional district, being chosen. In the next year, 1853, Mr. Hood was a member of the convention for revising the Constitution of Massachusetts.

Continuing, meanwhile, his mercantile business, wdiich he prosecuted with vigor and success, he took a very active part in the establishment of the Shoe and Leather Fire Insurance Company, of Boston, in 1853, and was chosen its first president, which office he continued to hold till his resignation, in September, 1858.

Mr. Hood's activity was not confined to business and political affiiirs, but the great social questions of the day found in him an earnest inquirer and practical worker. He manifested a generous sympathy for the laboring classes, and was one of the foremost to break up the old custom of indefinitely protracted labor, and established the so-called ten-hour system, his favorite motto being, - " The greatest good of the greatest number."

In religious matters he was, during his mature years, a prominent and efficient member of the Unitarian denomination, and a constant attendant upon its public worship.

The crowning public work of Mr. Hood was that of his two years' mayoralty. He had been opposed to the adoption of the city form of government, and in the spring of 1849 had successfully led the oi)position to the acceptance of the charter granted by the Legislature of that year. His ground of objection was that a city government was less democratic - using that word in its broadest sense - than that of a town.

But the agitation was continued, and in April, 1850, another charter was granted, which, on April 19th, was accepted by the people. Despite his opposition to the system he was chosen mayor, though by a small majority of about twenty, over his opponent, Thomas Bowler, the veteran town clerk of the preceding twenty years. Mr. Hood was re-elected in March, 1851, by a large majority, which fact was an undeniable tribute to his fidelity and ability. He was a man of much more than ordinary intelligence, and of indomitable industry. Both in his public and his personal affairs he was a logical thinker and a prompt and practical worker. He died on the 29th of June, 1859, and his body is interred in his family lot in Pine Grove Cemetery. Mr. Hood married, September 11, 1833, Hermione, a daughter of Major Aaron Breed, a prominent citizen of Lynn, who for a number of years was a member of the General Court.

Mrs. Hood died January 20, 1887. They had the following children, - Harriet M., George A., Adelaide M., Edwin E., Julius S., Henrietta A., Henry, Caroline P., Aubrey, Ada H., Edward K. and Mary.

Richard Sullivan Fay

Mr. Fay was born in Cambridge June 15, 1806, the son of Hon. Samuel Prescolt Phillips Fay, judge of probate in Middlesex County. He was educated in the schools of that town, and entered college in 1821, being graduated in 1825 with good distinction as a scholar. Among his class-mates were Charles Francis Adams, Rev. Frederick H. Hedge, Rev. S. K. Lothrop, John L. Sibley, Sears C. Walker, and many others who distinguished themselves by useful and honorable service. At the close of his college career he entered upon the study of law, at the law-school in Northampton, when that institution held a high place under the direction of some of the most brilliant lawyers of the commonwealth. He established himself in business in Boston in connection with Jonathan Chapman, who became a leader at the Suffolk bar, and mayor of the city of Boston.

In 1832 Mr. Fay married Catharine Sanders, daughter of the Hon. Dudley L. Pickman, of Salem, and resided many years in Boston, in the diligent and active practice of his profession. In 1848 he took his family to Europe, and after an extensive journey on the Continent, he took up his residence in England, where he resided several years on an estate in Shropshire, known as Moor Park, one of the most beautiful and cultivated of those landed properties of England, in which are combined the elegance and luxury of a well-appointed home, and the best practical system of agriculture.

It was^ undoubtedly this experience in England which increased Mr. Fay's natural love of rural pursuits, and cultivated tTiose tastes which made him an ardent and useful promoter of agriculture in his native State, to which he returned in 1853. He had previously purchased a large estate in Essex County, known as Lynn Mineral Spring Hotel, comprising more than five hundred acres of diversified land, in which fertile valleys, picturesque and rugged hills and a beautiful lakelet were combined. He commenced at once the improvement of this place, now called Lynnraere, by draining the lands and covering the hills with innumerable trees, many of which he planted with his own hands. He imjjorted larches, maples, firs and pines in large quantities, planted acorns constantly in his walks about the estate, and succeeded in converting a rough aud somewhat unattractive landscape into a variegated forest, through which winds an avenue of great beauty, bordered by deciduous and evergreen trees distributed with great taste, and constituting a charming combination of variety and luxuriance of foliage. The forest which Mr. Fay planted has now become a profitable woodland. The bare hills which he covered with Scotch larches, the rude stone walls and the waste pasture where, originally, there was only a growth of red cedars and huckleberry bushes, through which the approach to the house led, have given way to shadetrees of great variety, which now after forty years are in magnificent beauty. Huge rocks were drawn out of the barren soil, now verdant in lawn, grass-fields and rich crops. The place is one of the most picturesque in New England in natural beauty, and in its present condition is a memorial of the taste and genius of the man who developed and added to its attractions.

In addition to this extensive forest and ornamental tree-culture, Mr. Fay encouraged by precept and practice many of the most important branches of agriculture which belong especially to the practical farmer. While in England he had observed the importance attached to sheep-husbandry, for the production of coarse and middle wools, and for the supply of mutton as a healthful and economical article of food, at that time not in general use in this country. He selected from all the heavy and rapid-growing breeds in England the Oxford Downs, as larger than the South Down, and finer than the Ootswold ; and from his large flocks he made for a long time a wide distribution throughout the country. In this branch of agriculture he was considered as authority ; and in connection with it he encouraged the growing of root-crops, the most improved Swedes and Mangolds, which English flock-masters and cattle-breeders consider indispensable to their calling.

To the establishment of market-days in Essex County Mr. Fay gave early and earnest attention, and contributed much instruction on this system of trade, so common in England, through the agricultural press of the country. His attendance at the meeting of farmers was frequent. As a trustee of the Massachusetts Society for ProTnoting Agriculture, in which body, Robert C. Winthrop, George W. Lyman, Chief Justice Bigelow, George Peabody, of Salem, Charles G. Loring, Stephen Salisbury, George B. Loring, Leverett Saltonstall and others were his associates, he did good service, and edited the first issue of the records of the society. As president of the Essex Agricultural Society, he called around that association the most eminent patrons of farming known in the country, and did much to place it in the position it now occupies. He had a sincere love of rural life, and although connected from time to time with business enterprises, he never forgot that agriculture is the foundation of all our prosperity, and that a knowledge of its economies and a taste for its pursuits add much to one's usefulness and happiness.