Trempealeau County, Wisconsin - Chapter 10: Historical Papers, 1917 (part 4 of 4)

A. D. Tracy is one of the pioneers whose name is preserved among the place-names of the county, Tracy Valley being a locality which has been known by its present designation since he first settled there, and which will bear his name as long as the early history of the county is honored and remembered. Mrs. Nettie F. Jones has written an article regarding her father and his times, which is a valuable contribution to early history. She writes: "My father, A. D. Tracy, for whom Tracy Valley is named, moved here in the summer of 1858, with my mother, two brothers, Frank and Anfred, now dead, and sister, Stella (Mrs. P. J. Linderman), from Lone Rock, Richland County. They lived the first winter in a log house on what is now known as the Bert Field farm. In the spring of 1859 he built a shanty on the land in Tracy Valley, now owned by Paul Christopherson. Henry or Hank Robbins and Will Hine did the first breaking for him with their ox-team. Robbins owned the land lying west of it and built a log house, which was afterwards occupied by Mike Murty and P. B. WiUiams.

"This log house was converted into a school house, with long benches and rude mammoth desks, one row all around the outer edge of the room. One of the first teachers was Sallie French of Eau Claire. Another was Hannah Gordon. I think my first teacher was Mary Cox, sister to A. G. Cox. She is Mrs. F. N. Thomas and lives now in Berkeley, Cal., and has a very bright mind and pleasing manner yet. Other teachers there were Mrs. Lucinda Stone (sister of Mrs. John McKenney), Jerry Marvin, Maggie Anderson, Anna Streeton, Alice Muzzy, Emma and Ada Martin.

"A. D. Tracy's brother John came soon after and settled on the farm south, which is now owned by Hans Void. The only living member of this family is Glenn Tracy, who lives in Seattle, Wash. For some time the only house between A. D. Tracy and Osseo was a log one built by James Mclntyre's father, located a little north of what was afterwards the Wm. Maxwell place, now owned by Alex. Gjestvang. The people who lived there were named Sumner. Possibly it was from them the township of Sumner derived its name.

"One day when Stella Tracy was a little over three years old she started out (unknown to her mother) to call on Mrs. Sumner. When she reached there she was afi'aid to go in on account of the dog and after she had passed she was afraid to go back past the house, so she decided to go to Osseo. She went the whole distance alone through the woods three and one-half miles and reached the "tavern" kept by R. C. Field, Sr., and when they asked her where her folks were she said they were home of course, and she had come to play with Lizzie. They sent Hiram Field back on a pony to tell the folks where she was.

"At that time teachers' examinations were conducted by township examiners. I don't know what they were called, but my father served in the town of Sumner at that time and I have heard him tell how one of the teachers rode over on a pony, and he had her spell a few words, read aloud, do a few "sums" in mental arithmetic and locate a few places on the map, and he gave her a license to teach.

"Wm. Lindsay was one of the pioneers of Tracy Valley, settling on the farm now owned by Esley Thompson. He and John Tracy served in the Civil War. Wm. Buzzell, John Lovesee, Sam Bunn, Valorus Campbell, Dennis Lawler and John Ross were residents of the Valley at one time and each in turn planted for others to reap."

Antoine Grignon has made history his debtor for much of its knowledge concerning the Indians of this vicinity. Of the Dakota and Winnebago Indians Mr. Grignon has said :

"Beginning with the soil, the first work was agriculture. The women were very industrious and would begin in the spring to spade up their ground for corn planting. They raised what was known as squaw corn, which is a flint corn, and also raised pumpkins, and any other vegetables, seed of which had found its way into their camp from the fur traders. But pumpkins and corn were the principal crops raised. The corn was cultivated with hoes - big clumsy implements that weighed as much as three or four of our common garden hoes. It was principally eaten hulled, also in meal after being ground up in a wooden bowl with a large wooden pounder. This was their crude mill. This meal they baked into corn bread, or made it into porridge. They also used gi-een corn as roasting ears, and dried it in the following fashion : They dug a hole in the ground and heated large stones ; on these heated stones they thi-ew husks, and on the husks laid the green corn on cobs ; over this corn they threw more husks, and then covered it up and let it cook. When it was thoroughly cooked the corn was cut from the cob and put out on mats in the sun to dry. This dried corn was used to make soup, and could be kept for years.

"Wigwams, before canvas was introduced, were made of woven grass ; long grass called foxtail was utilized for this purpose. Mats made from grasses were about four to six feet in width and twelve or sixteen feet in length. A wooden rod was put at the end of the wigwam mat, and twine made of basswood bark was used to tie the mat to the rod. Several of these mats were used to construct a wigwam, and they would shed rain as readily as canvas does. Both twine and mats were made by hand ; it was a long piece of work for the squaw to make matting for a wigwam, but once completed it lasted for years and was always kept in repair. The matting was light and very easily carried either on ponies or in canoes. In making this wigwam matting the Indians worked together, several squaws congregating and working until the wigwam was completed, just as pioneer women gathered at quilting bees. Mats were also used as carpets in the wigwam, and were made for trading purposes as well, for the whites often bought them for use in their houses. The women in the Indian camp also prepared the meat, made the pemmican and jerked the fresh venison. This kept well though no salt whatever was used. The women also made moccasins and tanned skins of animals for use as clothing. Bags were made out of tanned skin and woven out of wild grasses. These bags were used to carry cooking utensils, clothing and implements used about the wigwam.

"The Winnebago were noted for mat weaving, basket making, ornamenting skins and making wooden brooms. They dug out canoes, bowls and other dishes from wood. These wooden vessels were made by the men and were oi'namented with the heads of deer and bears, or of some other animal. They also made wooden ladles with handles ornamented with the head of a fish or a bird. The men also made the reed, a musical instrument like a flute. This reed was used in wooing ; a brave would play on his reed in front of the wigwam where resided his lady love. He would play his love tune, and if he was a welcome caller he would be invited in to see the maid for whom he was playing. If he was not welcome, no notice was taken of him, and he would take his departure. Sometimes he would return and play night after night until the reluctant father of the Indian maid would invite him in, but sometimes the father would drive the young wooer away.

"Another instrument of a musical character was the drum, made of a hollow chunk of wood with a piece of rawhide stretched over it. This was called the "tum-tum" and was used at all their dancing.

"Another article of manufacture was the bucket. This was made of birch bark and sewed together with twine from basswood bark, while to keep the bucket from leaking a glue, made from cherry sap or gum and from the backbone of a sturgeon, was used. These birch bark pails were used to catch sap. This was collected in a storage trough made of a log dug out and burned so it would hold several barrels. In former years the women did their sewing with sinew from the deer and elk and used bone needles.

"The Dakotas were noted for their leather articles. First was the wigwam made of tanned buffalo hides, sewed together in the shape of a tepee, which made a very warm dwelling. The hair was removed from the buffalo skin in making these wigwams, but for blankets and carpets the hides were tanned with the hair left on. These wigwams were deco- rated with bi'ight paint. As a rule buffalo, deer, elk, horses and birds were painted on the buffalo hide, but now and then you would see the human figure on a tent, and I have seen a few where a scene with hills, river and woods ornamented the wigwam.

"The Dakotas were the most ingenious of the western Indians in making ornaments. They decorated their clothing with beads and shells. Porcupine quills stained with different colors were used to adorn their arrow quivers, while the arrows were colored, that is, the feather was stained some gaudy color. The bow was made of buffalo sinew and the arrows of wood. The Dakotas were likewise expert pipe makers. They used pipestone, with a reed that grows in marshy places, for a stem. The pipe was decorated with bird claws, and tufts of fur from the weasel or mink. I have seen some of the most beautiful pipes among the Dakotas that could be imagined.

"The Chippewas were noted for their birch bark canoes. These were made of sheets of birch bark sewed together with sinew and watap root, and sealed with tamarack and pine pitch to keep them from leaking. These canoes would carry more weight than one would suppose.

"Indian children usually have a happy time. The child is put into a straight-back little cradle with sides and a bow handle. It is flat and has no rocker, for none is needed. The young Indian babe seldom cries, because it is seldom sick. It is a breast-fed baby, and gets along a great deal better than the average white child. Two saplings are used to make a swing for the baby. They are sharpened on one end and stuck in the ground about seven feet apart. A cord made of basswood bark is tied to the cradle and the babe is given a swing by tying the cord to the saplings. There the little one is swung back and forth or jounced up and down. Little trinkets are placed on the bow of the cradle for the baby's amusement, and it will lie by the hour and play with these trinkets.

"The principal game of the Indian in this part of the country was lacrosse. This game was often played as a sacred game, to redeem the bereaved from their long mourning period. They were obliged by custom to mourn a stated length of time, but could make a sacrifice instead, that is, give away a certain amount of furs, blankets, or ponies ; and these were played for in the lacrosse game. Two parties were formed, from a dozen to fifteen on a side, and these parties played the game for the goods as a stake, the winners taking the mourners' sacrifice. After the game the mourning was at an end. The game was played with a ball and lacrosse sticks. The ball must not be touched except with the lacrosse stick.

"Among the Indian children games are indulged in; one something like shinny is played on the ice, and in another the players throw a twisted hickory stick on the ice; this is driven towards a goal, the one coming nearest the goal winning. Among the children sliding down hill is enjoyed. They use basswood and elm bark in making sleds for coasting. They always ride standing, and hold on to a string fastened to the front of their toboggan. They also play on the glaring ice. One game or sport was to take a small round niggerhead stone and spin it on the ice, then take a willow whip and

"The marriage ceremony among the Indians was very simple. The young buck would call at the wigwam where resided the Indian maid he wished for a wife. If the mother of the girl was pleased with the young brave she would not stir the fire in the least, but would sit quietly before the glimmering light of the ground hearth. If, however, she was not pleased with the young suitor, she would stir the fire again and again until the wooer took his departure and would emphasize her disgust by spitting into the fire at times. Another custom was for the young buck to bring presents to the parents of the girl he desired, and if these presents, such as ponies, furs and silver trinkets, were accepted, he would take the girl for his wife.

"The Indians believed in 'maunhoonah,' meaning the Great Spirit or Creator of Earth. They believed in the hereafter, and that in order to get to the happy hunting ground they had to be good Indians. They had a Grand Medicine Society, in its form allied to the Free Mason orders. Not all could join this society, but a certain number were taken in each year. Application was made for membership, and the names taken up in council, and if elected to become a member the candidate was initiated into the order, providing, of course, he could furnish the necessary fee of furs, blankets, ponies, or goods of any kind. After being initiated the new member was given a medicine bag made of the skin of some animal, such as the coon, squirrel, otter or beaver.

"The medicine man who looks after the bodily ailments of the tribe is not to be confounded with the medicine man who is a member of the Great Medicine Lodge. The former is usually above the average intelligence, and gifted with the power of impressing his superiority upon the Indians, that is, in deahng with disease. This power of dispelling disease is supposed to be given him by the Great Spirit. In treating a patient, the medicine man goes through certain incantations and rattles a gourd, which has seed or shot in it. He also uses roots and herbs for the treatment of the sick. A great deal of ginseng is used, and the bark of poplar trees, mandrake or May apple root and sweet flag. The list of herbs would be a long one, and some of the medicine men obtained very good results from these herbs, which they used as a tea, after steeping them over a fire in a kettle containing a sufficient amount of water. Some of these Indian doctors became noted even among the whites, and were able in a limited number of diseases to give relief and obtain cures. They also practiced surgery, setting bones, opening abscesses and treating wounds of various kinds. Their instruments were crude and were made mostly of bone and iron.

"At the burial or funeral ceremony, some member of the tribe was appointed to speak at the grave of the departed Indian. The mourners passed around the head of the grave in single file and scattered tobacco over the open grave. The funeral orator gave an oration on the life of the departed and pictured his journey into the land of the hereafter. Food was left on the grave sufficient to carry him on his journey, and a supply of tobacco, so that he could take comfort on the way to the happy hunting ground. On the death of a member of the tribe, the survivors had a wake ; friends and mourners met at the home where a death occurred, a speech was made, after which all except the mourners joined in a feast. This wake was the beginning of mourning, and the mourners observed the custom of fasting for at least three days. If a woman lost her husband, she remained with her husband's relatives for a number of months and was compelled to do their work without a murmur. She was not allowed to comb her hair for a number of months, or to ornament herself in any way, but went ragged and dirty with her hair unkempt and was forced to do the bidding of her husband's relatives. At the end of the mourning period she was liberated to go where she pleased and do as she pleased ; she frequently remarried.

"When I was at Long Prairie, I was much interested in a custom among the Winnebago of making morning speeches. Early each morning when the weather would permit, one of the orators would appear in front of his wigwam and give an address of a religious nature to the Indians, who would assemble to hear the exhorter. He usually spoke in a kindly way, offering advice and telling the tribesmen to carry themselves in a manner befitting good, true men and women. I suppose such a person among the whites would be called an evangehst.

"Among the noted orators and chiefs that I have known were Winnoshiek, Black Hawk, Decorah, Wah-pa-sha, Little Creek, Little Priest, Snake Hide, Little Hill, Short Wing, and many others whose names I cannot recall. Big Fire was a noted astronomer. He studied the heavens and was familiar with the principal groups of stars.

"The Indians had the heavens mapped out into constellations and were familiar with all the changes of the moon. They often studied the stars on cold nights when the light from the constellations was most brilliant. A month was called a moon and a year of time designated a winter.

"Legends and traditions of the tribes were passed down from one generation to another by means of 'word passers.' A number of young Indians, say eight or ten, were chosen on account of their good memories to. study, and learn lessons from the older 'word passers.' These young Indians were drilled in the legends, history, and traditions of the tribe. They were required to repeat them over and over again, omitting no detail, until they knew them by heart ; and when the old 'word passers' died, another generation of young men was selected and instructed by their predecessors. Thus dates and incidents were passed on from generation to generation, and a living history was kept. An old Winnebago chief, Decorah, had a very interesting cane that he showed me one day, when I visited him in his wigwam. On this cane were carved many figures, a sort of hieroglyphics. It had been handed down from father to son and was in reality a record which old Decorah could read. It was a crude history of the tribe covering a good many years, and if I could remember some of the accounts Decorah gave me as recorded on the cane, they would be worth hearing.

"The Dakotas were fond of decorating themselves with quills, furs, and feathers ; but I think they had one custom which is worth noting. A brave, or more particularly a warrior, used a war-eagle feather to adorn his hair. This long feather in the hair of a warrior was a mark of distinction, and it was acquired on merit, for no brave could wear one who did not merit it. On the feather notches were cut if the warrior had been successful in war. Each notch on one side of the feather represented a scalp taken from an enemy. The notches on the other side signified the number of times the brave had been on the war-path. This made it easy for one to tell what kind of a war record a brave had. If a warrior had a wellnotched feather he was looked up to and envied and praised by his tribesmen; he felt his superiority, too, and carried himself with a distinguished air. War-eagles were scarce and it was sometimes hard to get feathers. I remember one time seeing an Indian trade a pony for a war-eagle feather. Hunting parties from Wabashaw's village used to go out in search for the war-eagle, and a favorite resting-place for these eagles was among the hills of Waumandee. Waumandee means in the Dakota tongue 'the land of the war-eagle.'

"Another peculiar custom which I recollect is the method of inviting a party of Indians to attend a dance, feast, or other gathering. One day while I was camped with a band of Sioux near the site of what is now Marshland, an Indian came into camp who was from another camp near Homer (Minnesota). He had crossed the Mississippi in a canoe, and came to invite several of the Indians over to his camp to attend a medicine dance. He would enter a tent and pass around some small sticks, and explain his object and depart. He must have had at least fifty sticks answering the purpose of invitation cards, which he distributed.

"One August day in the '50s we went up the tamarack pluming, for the place was noted for its wild plums. We had started to gather plums, and were intent on our work, when all of a sudden the stillness of the summer solitude was broken by a yell, a war-cry uttered in its wild, blood-curdling manner. On looking up I saw our party completely surrounded by a- band of Sioux warriors. It was a war party out after Chippewa ; they mistook us for their enemies, but soon saw their mistake and went peaceably away. We gathered our plums in safety and returned home, but we never forgot the surprise we received by the Sioux warriors.

"In cases of murder in the tribe the guilty party was given a trial. Witnesses were called to testify and speakers were chosen for and against the defendant. If the accused person was found guilty, a council was held to determine the punishment. They usually ordered the murderer killed in the same manner he used in slaying his victim - death by shooting, stabbing, or tomahawking as the case might be. In some cases the accused would redeem himself by furnishing enough goods such as ponies, furs, or weapons, to secure his liberty ; these goods which were distributed among the dead person's immediate relatives, prevented retaliation on their part.

"The Indians as I knew them were as a general thing peaceable. They loved their native haunts and their families and may be called a happy people. They had plenty. Game abounded ; there was an abundance of furbearing animals ; and the streams were full of fish. There was no need of poverty, for with plenty of corn and wild meat and with fur enough to buy ammunition, traps, and knives, there was little else needed to make their lot an easy and comfortable one. They were not a stolid people, but were fond of fun. There was a humorous side to the Indian and a genial friendship when once you came to know him, and I have no respect for that unnatural picture so often made of him - the word picture of the novehst that shows him devoid of sentiment and emotion, a cold, cruel, unfeeling stoic, whose face is never rippled with a smile or stained with a tear. I think there is a truer picture of the Indian, as a natural human being with a heart that feels pain and pleasure, with a mind that appreciates the good and bad, the true and false, with a spirit that enjoys home and companions and friendship, with a life that throbs with love and sentiment. The Indian I know loved and laughed with his children, visited his neighbor, had warm personal friendships, and loved the life of peaceful contentment he was living, a life near to nature.

"I have often visited the Dakota and Winnebago and passed long, pleasant hours in their wigwams, talking with them on various subjects as we sat circled about the glowing fire. I have heard the laugh of their children and seen them frolic about as happy as any young ones I ever saw. I have seen them play games and join in sports, and they were as interesting to watch as other children. Of course, there were some whose barbarous nature was revealed. There are some white people also whose barbarous natuVe gets the upper hand of them. But take the Indian, all in all, he was a happy creature during the fur-trading days." (See Eben D. Pierce, Recollections of Antoine Gregnon, Wis. Hist. Soc. Proceedings, 1913, pp. 110-136.)

Remains of a French Post Near Trempealeau.. I - Archaeological Sketch by Eben D. Pierce. In the early '80s Dr. Lyman C. Draper, then secretary of the State Historical Society, received a request from the French Academy of History for information regarding the location of Perrot's post, as indicated on Franquelin's map of 1688, a few miles above the mouth of Black River on the east bank of the Mississippi. Doctor Draper sought the assistance of A. W. Newman, of Trempealeau, later justice of Wisconsin Supreme Court, who was much interested in local history. He enlisted the services of Judge B. F. Heuston, then at work on a history of Trempealeau, who took up the work with enthusiasm and carefully searched the riverside of the bluffs for some mark of the ancient fort. He made several journeys to Trempealeau Bay in the vain effort to find some trace of the early post, as the bay would seem to have afforded an excellent site for wintering quarters.

Meanwhile, some of the workmen engaged in grading the Chicago, Burhngton & Northern Railway along the river discovered, about two miles above the village, the remains of fireplaces or hearths. Judge Heuston, hearing of these finds, decided to visit the place and investigate. He selected George H. Squier to assist him and accompanied by Antoine Grignon and W. A. Finkelnburg, of Winona, they went to the place where the fireplaces had been uncovered and began excavations. The next spring. Judge Newman having communicated these facts to the State Historical Society, Reuben G. Thwaites, then the newly-elected secretary of the Society, came to Trempealeau and on April 18, accompanied by W. A. Finkelnburg and the

The first fireplace had already been laid bare, and Mr. Squier had succeeded in tracing by a line of charcoal the former wall of the building. The dimensions of the building were about 20 by 30 feet; the fireplace was 2V2 feet in depth and 4 feet long with enclosing walls at back and sides. The chimney had undoubtedly been a wooden structure made of small logs with clay daubing, as there was not enough stone found to indicate a stone chimney.

A blacksmith's forge was also unearthed, together with some scrap iron, and a pile of charcoal which had evidently been used in a smelter. A pile of slag, some 16 feet in diameter, was found, showing that the occupants of the post had attempted smelting. The slag consisted of a mixture of iron ore and limestone. The remains of the smelting furnace were also found. Other relics discovered included some hand-wrought nails, buff'alo bones, an old-fashioned flintlock pistol, a gun barrel, and an auger. The pistol was of excellent make, which led Mr. Squier to believe that the explorers had excavated the officers' quarters. Seven of the original buildings were unearthed in all ; one was left undisturbed.

James Reed, the first settler in this county, said that when he first came to Trempealeau in 1840, he had noticed the elevated foundations at this place, where part of the fireplace protruded above the sod, but as the region abounded in Indian mounds of various types, he had attached no especial significance to this particular elevation. There was, however, a lingering tradition among the Indians of the locality concerning a French fort near the sacred Trempealeau Mountain.

In the summer of 1912 George H. Squier, Antoine Grignon, and the writer did some excavating at this site. By a cross-sectional excavation we were able to pick up the charcoal line of the main building and follow it several feet, and from this it was possible to verify Mr. Squier's early estimate of its dimensions. We also found, besides charcoal, numerous bones, among which were the jawbone of a beaver, the toe bones and claw of a bear, and some large bones either of elk or buffalo.

The place was well selected for wintering quarters. It lay near the head of a slough which, setting back from the Mississippi, afforded a quiet harbor free from the menace of floating ice. Springs exist in the side of Brady's and Sullivan's peaks a quarter of a mile away, but the river water was drinkable, and there was an abundance of firewood. The bluffs protected the post from the cold north and east winds.

II. Additional Archaeological Details : by George H. Squier. It is now nearly 30 years since the French post at Trempealeau was first discovered, and those who had part in that discovery have nearly all pased away. As it chanced the writer was the first to uncover any portion of the remains, and it was also his fortune that this first site explored was that of the most important and best constructed of the group and afforded a key to the construction plan and the identity of the remains. To the brief account given in the tenth volume of the Wisconsin Historical Collections, the writer is the only one alive who is able to add from first-hand knowledge, details that were noted but not recorded at the time the post was first laid bare.

In describing the remains one basic fact must be borne in mind, namely, that they show t\vo distinct periods of occupancy, the earlier of which was probably that of Perrot, the latter with little doubt represented by Linctot. Most of the descriptions, therefore, must apply to the latter rather than to the earlier post. The only portion of the remains which can confidently be ascribed to the earlier period is the lower of two hearths occupying the same site. If there were any other remains of this earlier period, they were indistinguishably mingled with those of the latter. This earlier hearth was less carefully constructed than the latter, hence we may conjecture that Perrot's accommodations were cruder than those of Linctot. So far as the character of the construction could be judged from the remains, it by no means equaled the average squatter's cabin in solidity and permanence, and there was nothing whatever to indicate any attempt at defensive construction.

Of the hearths other than the largest one, which was the first to be uncovered, it is believed there were five, two of which were removed in grading the railway. In comparison with the first, these five were much inferior in construction, the hearthstones being very irregular" in form with no indications of backs or chimneys. As this would indicate that the smoke escaped through the roof, it would point to structures very little removed from Indian tepees slightly modified for white occupancy. Their true positions with reference to Number 1 and to each other were not determined, but their distribution was rather irregular.

In front of the supposed officers' quarters were two constructions representing the industrial equipment of the post. One of these was the blacksmith's forge. The excavations about this were conducted by the owner of a private museum at St. Paul, Minn., assisted by Antoine Grignon. As was to be expected, this furnished the greater portion of the metal rehcs. Among them I remember a pistol, an auger, a staple, some nails, and several bits of scrap iron. The other construction, which was explored by myself, undoubtedly represented an attempt to reduce our local iron ores by the open-hearth process. There were the remains of a large pile of charcoal several feet in diameter, and a considerable pile of the resultant slag, representing material in all stages of fusion from the glassy to that showing unfused fragments of the ore and limestone intimately commingled. That this ore, a residual from the decay of limestone and usually associated with flint, is not now very abundant about the Trempealeau bluff's is believed to be in part due to the fact that it was largely gathered up by the occupants of this post, since it occurs in considerable abundance in many other Mississippi River bluffs.

It seems probable that Linctot's occupancy was something more than temporary, and represented a tentative attempt to establish a permanent post, which, however, was soon abandoned. There are evidences that the French scoured the region for a considerable distance around the post - an ax of the period having been recovered from a shallow pond three miles eastward.

The relation these remains bear to Indian antiquities is worthy of notice. A considerable group of mounds occurs only a few rods west of the site, and a single mound appears on the rather prominent stony point in front of the post. There are some pecuhar features, not found elsewhere in this region, in the manner of disposal and burning of the skeletons covered by this mound ; while conspicuously different from the usual Indian methods they are much like primitive methods practiced in Europe. It seems reasonable to suppose that the French were in some way concerned in these burials. It may be noted that the lower of the two hearths on the supposed site of the officers' quarters was itself built over an Indian bake hole in which ashes and bones were found.

Before the uncovering of the site there was nothing in any way resembhng a tumulus. Indeed, the surface was more even than it is now, for in the process of excavation the dirt was heaped up in places. At the largest hearth the clay with which the chimney had been plastered formed a covering a few inches thick over the natural surface, but the rise was so small and the slope so gentle that it was scarcely recognizable. The one feature noted by James Reed and Antoine Grignon, which led to the final discovery of the place was that the sides and back of the hearth, formed of small flat stones, projected an inch or two above the surface. The construction was so rude, however, that Judge Heuston, W. A. Finkelnburg, and Antoine Grignon, who preceded me to the place, after examining some of the top stones concluded that it was not artificial and went on to the bay. Coming up after they had left, there seemed to me something in the arrangement not quite natural, and working around carefully with a garden trowel I quickly exposed the outlines, and by the time they returned from the bay the hearth was fully exposed. The hearth proper was about 2 by 4 feet in dimensions, while the outside dimensions of the chimney were probably about twice as large. The sides and back were built of small flat stones laid in clay to a height somewhere between one and two feet, above which the chimney construction must have been of small logs plastered with clay, in which a considerable amount of grass was mixed for better binding. The hearths themselves were of such flat stones as could be found in the vicinity, the best of them being used in this hearth at the officers' quarters. With the possible exception of some slight trimming of the edges no tool work had been given them. But this and the underlying hearth were covered by several inches of ashes with which were mingled numerous fragments of bones of birds and small animals. The larger bones were thrown out back of the hearth which was evidently at the western end of the principal building.

It is probable that the stone construction did not extend much more than a foot above the hearth and that these stones were mostly in place when the remains were discovered. Very few stones were found mingled with the debris around the hearth, which could hardly have been the case had any considerable height of such construction fallen down. It is probable that the log enclosure was built up from the ground of sufficient size to permit a protective interlining, which at the bottom was of stones laid in clay. After the supply of stones gave out the construction was continued of clay alone as high as needed. Used in this way the stones were added as fillers, much as we do in concrete constructions, with little eflfort to arrange them in orderly sequence.

According to cross-sectional excavations made in the summer of 1912 the dimensions of this building were 20 by 30 feet; but these figures are to be looked upon as merely a conjectural estimate. There was nothing whatever to determine the position of the south wall, and the evidence concerning the location of the east wall was very slight. The distance from the northwest corner to the south side of the hearth was about 10 feet. Five or six feet should be allowed for a door, which there is reason to believe existed on the west side south of the hearth, so that an estimate of 20 feet for the width of the building can not be regarded as excessive. As far as traced, the north wall was a straight, even, sharply-defined line of charcoal, perhaps ten inches wide. Nothing which could be regarded as its counterpart was found on the east side. (See Wisconsin Historical Society, Proceedings, 1915, pp. 111-123.)

1. All that portion of country embraced in the following boundaries, is hereby set off into a separate county to be called and known as the County of Trempe a I'eau, to-wit: Beginning at the point on the Mississippi River where the line between townships 17 and 18 north, strikes said river ; thence running east on said line to the main channel of Black River ; thence up the main channel of Black River to the line between townships 18 and 19 north ; thence east on said line to the range line between ranges 6 and 7 west; thence north on said range line to the line between townships 24 and 25 north ; thence west on said line and to the range line between ranges 9 and 10 west ; thence south on said range line to Trempe a I'eau River ; thence down the main channel of the Trempe a I'eau River to the Mississippi River; thence down the main channel of the Mississippi River to the place of beginning.

2. There shall be an election held in said county on the first Monday of September, 1854, for the election of a suitable person for county judge of said county, which election shall be conducted and the returns thereof made as now required by law for the election of county judges; and the judge so elected shall hold his office for the term of three years from and after the 1st day of January, 1855, and until his successor is elected and qualified.

3. At the general election to be held in the month of November, 1854, there shall be elected in said county, all proper county officers ; which officers shall qualify as now provided by law, and enter upon the duties of their several offices the 1st day of January, 1855.

4. The board of supervisors of the Town of Monteville, in said county, shall have power to act as the board of supervisors of said county until other towns in said county shall be organized and elections therein held lor town officers as now provided by law.

5. The seat of justice in said county shall be, and the same is hereby located, on the northwest quarter of section 33, in township 19 north, of range 8 west.

6. The said County of Trempe a I'eau is hereby attached to the County of La Crosse for judicial purposes, until the 1st day of January, 1855, after which time the said county shall be fully organized for judicial purposes and shall be attached to the sixth judicial circuit.

7. The county court for said County of Trempe a I'eau shall be held at the county seat thereof, on the first Monday of March, the first Monday of June, the first Monday of September, and the first Monday of December in each year, after said county is organized for judicial purposes as provided in this Act.