Lisbon Village (part 2 of 5)

Silurian Spring. - This very large spring, opposite the Park Hotel, Waukesha, was ,so named from the Silurian Age, in which were depqsited the limestone formations from which its waters derive their peculiar virtues and properties. It has been in use longer than any other spring in Waukesha, David Jackson's house having been supplied from it by means of handbored " pump-logs," forty years ago, or more. It is in the midst of a large and beautiful park, in which is a ridge formed during the famous glacial epoch. Near by is a pool for fish ; several pagodas and a very fine bath-house, erected in the spring of 1880 - the largest in the village. There are several springs on the Silurian property, all with similar mineral and medicinal qualities ; but one is sufficient for all purposes, having a flow unequaled by any other, with perhaps one exception, in Waukesha. Over the main spring, a truly elegant pagoda of a rare style of architecture was built in 1880, by the. proprietors, Anderson & Haslage, the latter of whom was cured by the water. It has double rows of iron columns, and is encircled by a table of polished imported marble. It is said to be the finest spring pagoda in the Union. The waters boil up through several holes pierced in a thick block of limestone rock. The analysis by Prof. Walter S. Haines, of Rush Medical College, Chicago, is disclosed in the following letter:

Chemical Laboratory of Rush Medical College, Chicago, January 10, 1880. Messrs. Anderson & Haslage - Gentlemen: Upon subjecting the Silurian Mineral Water to chemical analysis, I find each gallon of 231 inches contains :

Carbonic acid gas, 44.7 cubic inches per gallon. One of the most noteworthy features of the water is its remarlcable freedom from organic matter ; it is the purest water in this respect that I have ever examined, and this organic purity undoubtedly greatly increases the alterative and diuretic effects of its mineral constituents. Walter S. Haines, M. D.

White Roek Spring. - In a natural amphitheater of limestone, with clean limestone rock on five sides, is H. W. Colver's White Rock Spring. The flow is large and the water exceedingly cold. The natural beauties of the surrounding lands are great, being composed of forest, prairie, rocks, hills and river bank, all in the sixty acres of land owned by Mr. Colver. Below the spring, over which he has an ample pavilion, are five or six other large springs of similar analysis. In the pools of two of these, fine watercresses grow in abundance. The analysis of White Rock was made by J. Campbell Brown, of Liverpool, England, and is as follows, expressed in grains per imperial gallon :

Lethean Spring. - This spring, discovered in a remarkable manner, is owned by Dr. Jehiel Smith, in the village of Waukesha. The following is an extract from the book issued in 1875, by the proprietor of the Lethean Spring :

" The spring forming the subject of this book is located in the heart of the village, on a plat of ground 100 by 150 feet, on Clinton street, about eight rods from the business portion of the village. The proprietor of the spring built a house on this plat two years ago, and, in digging the cellar to the depth of nine feet and the size of the house, enough stone was taken out for not only the outside walls of the cellar, but the division and cistern walls, showing how much of stone there is in the vicinity of the spring, from which to derive its mineral properties. In digging for a well, the spring was opened to the upper surface at the depth of twenty-two feet ; a large bowlder of about one ton's weight was lifted, revealing a beautiful spring flowing through a bed of white sand. The workmen could only go two feet farther, and the flow of water soon rendered it clear ; the upper walls were laid in cement to keep out foreign matter and surface drainage, while the lower walls allowed the spring to pursue the course it had probably followed for ages, in its dark and lonely depths. The constant flow keeps it steadily at two feet, summer and winter, and it has a uniform temperature the year round of 45° Fahrenheit, which shows the depth of its source is far below the level to which the changes of the seasons affect the temperature of the earth."

ExeeUior Mineral Springs. - On Section 14, Waukesha, W. P. Calkins has several springs of quite varying mineral properties, some being so highly charged with iron and sulphur as to have a decided mineral taste, and to make a great discoloration of substances at the outlet ; while others have the property of petrifying moss and other substances. Some of them are so highly charged with carbonic acid as to be fatal to fish. Some of these springs have no mineral taste and make no discolorations. The water frorn one of them has been used as a medicinal agent for nearly thirty years. Mr. Calkins says : " I have not had the water from any of these springs analyzed ; and, as to name, I have for many years called them the Waukesha Excelsior

Mineral Springs. I have been told that a Mr. Welsh, who lives in Vernon, has some springs Vfhich he calls Excelsior ; but I claim the right to the name, having so called my springs before Welsh's springs were discovered."

Eocene Spring. - This spring, owned by W. S. Chandler, contains the same minerals, in the same proportion as the other springs, as the following letter from Prof. G. Bode, of Milwaukee, written June 25, 1878, will show :

W. S. Chandler, Esq., Waukesha: Herewith please find the results of the analysis of the water from your Spring, made by me at your request, of tlie sample furnished by you :

The analysis proves that the water of your spring contains the same salts and in the same proportions as other Waukesha Springs. As it contains neither sulphate of lime nor organic matter, I believe it to possess the medicinal claimed for this class of waters in the highest degree. Very respectfully yours,

Horeh Spring. - This is one of the most elevated springs in the vicinity of Waukesha' being situated on the property of Thomas Spence, a high plateau on the west side of the Fox River, in the edge of the town of Pewaukee. It boils up through a bed of gravel at the foot of a hill, and in its bed may be seen small globules of magnesia, accumulated by the flow of water through the limestone rocks. There are several Horeb springs, but Mr. Spence ships only from the most elevated one, in order to avoid organic matter. The analysis, by Prof. G. Bode, of Milwaukee, is as follows :

Minnewoc Springs. - These delightfully situated springs are on property owned by the heirs of the late Dr. Increase A. Lapham, near Gififord's Summer Resort, on Pewaukee Lake. The analysis was made by Gustavus Bode, of Milwaukee, and is as follows :

It will be seen, by comparing this analysis with all others here given, that Minnewoc Springs are wholly unlike in their medicinal properties, and are specifics for difi"erent diseases than the others.

Other Springs. - There are numerous other mineral springs in Waukesha County, but no complete analysis of them has been obtained. Martin T. Draper, of Draper Hall, Oconomo- Woe, has several springs near his hotel, all with mineral properties. One is quite remarkable, having three separate pipes leading into the ground within the space of a square yard, from which three streams, icy-cold, but with wholly different mineral properties, keep a constant flow. One of these streams is strongly impregnated with iron ; another is notable for magnesia., and the third for other mineral properties. AH of these discharge into one basin, and make a decoction fatal to fish. No business is made of shipping water from Draper's Magnesia Springs.

There are also at Oconomowoc, Hitchcock's Medicinal Spring.?, La Belle Springs and others ; at Pewaukee, the Oakton ; at Waukesha, Samuel A. Barstow's Superior ; at Delafield, the Nemahbin, and at Muskego, , perhaps the largest springs of all. These require no elaborate description, as their owners generally do not make a business of selling the water, although nearly all have some customers.

Peb-Histoeic Relics

There is probably nothing, natural or artificial, which is so sure to attract the attention and excite the curiosity of all, learned and unlearned, as the prehistoric relics with which Waukesha County so richly abounds.

Of the many Indian mounds in the shapes of beasts and birds, which were found along the valley of the Pishtaka (Fox River), by the early settlers, but few how remain in their entirety, and the best-preserved specimens about the village of Waukesha are on the grounds of Carroll College and of M. D. Cutler, respectively. In relation to the Waukesha mounds, it is proper to quote extensively from " The Antiquities of Wisconsin," by Dr. I. A. Lapham, who gave years of attention to this interesting subject. After mentioning the various collections of mounds along the Pishtaka, from the Illinois line northward, he says :

"Waukesha is the next place which seems to have been occupied by the ancient inhabitants. , It was formerly known as Prairie Village, or Prairieville, and, being on the main road west from Milwaukee, its mounds were early brought into notice. They occupy three different levels - those in the lower part of the village, mostly conical, are on the lowest ground, while those in the upper part are on what may be called the second bank, and the others are on the highlands, and south of the village. A group of these works was surveyed in 1836, with the assistance of Mr. William T. Cully. At that time, the log house near these mounds was the only evidence of civilization in the place; and the works were uninjured by. the white man, except that the large mound was made use of for a root-house, or potato-hole. The turtlemound [see plate ' a '] was then a conspicuous object, and such was its resemblance to that animal that it was pronounced a good representation by all who saw it.

" On this mound was, at that time, a recent grave [see plate ' b '], protected by pickets driven on opposite sides, so as to cross at the top. The Indians had but recently left the place? and the trail leading from the river to their wigwams ran directly over two of the mounds- This turtle was then a very fine specimen of the ancient art of mound-building, with its grace' ful curves, the feet projecting back and forward, and the tail, with its gradual slope, so acutely pointed that it was impossible to ascertain precisely where it terminated. The body was 66 feet in length, and the tail 250 ; the height, 6 feet. The ground occupied by this group of works is now covered with buildings. A dwelling-house stands upon the body of the turtle, and a Catholic church is built upon the tail.

" A group of structures occupying the very high ground on a little hill east of the town of two round, four oblong, one turtle and one bird-shaped mound. The position of the last is peculiar, on a steep hillside, with its head downward. The general outline of the figure [see No. 5, plate "d "], and the shape of the head and beak, leave no doubt that a bird was intended to be represented ; but whether an eagle, a hawk, or any particular bird, must be left entirely to conjecture.

'' The very fine group, half a mile south of the town, fortunately is upon the grounds of Carroll College, and we may, therefore, hope it will be forever preserved as a record of the past. These mounds form a quasi-inclosure, and hence, like many other groups of works, have been, by casual observers, called a fort. [See plate "c."] If we were not well acquainted with works of defense, in Ohio and elsewhere, which show that the Mound-Builders were considerably advanced in military arts, we might suppose that this was intended for a rude fortification ; but we can only regard it as an accidental arrangement, and not designed for any such purpose.

" Much of the ground about Waukesha was, in 1836, covered with ''Indian corn-hills,' or remains of their recent culture of maize. In this locality, as at numerous others, mounds occupy the highest grounds, and the points of hills, and other places, whence the most extensive view, above and below, can be obtained. The town of Waukesha stands on a slightly undulating plain, surrounded by hills, forming a fine amphitheater, which, in ancient times, was doubtless crowded, as it is now, with a numerous population.

"The mound on the grounds near Mr. Cutler's present residence was selected for examination ; much of the earth having been removed by the town authorities, so as materially to lessen the labor. At about two feet above the original surface of the ground, the top of a circular wall or pile of stones, about "nine feet in diameter, was discovered. It was composed of loose fragments of white limestone, which exhibited evidence of long contact with the earth, by their decayed and softened exterior. The wall was interrupted on the west side.

" We commenced the exploration, by opening a trench three feet wide, beginning on the east side of the original mound, deep enough to reach through the black and mottled earth of which the mound was composed, and to the surface of the yellowish clay, subsoil. Continuing the trench toward the center, we passed the loose stone wall, and found the black earth suddenly extending down about two feet below the natural surface of the ground, and reaching the gravel below the yellow clay. Upon this gravel, two feet below the original surface, directly under the center of the mound, and surrounded by the circular heap of .stones, was found a human skeleton, lying on its back, with the head toward the west. Stones had also been placed at the sides and over the body, forming a rude sort of cofiin. The bones were very much decayed, and only fragments could be obtained. The plates of the skull were too far gone to be restored.

" In the left hand was a pipe of baked clay or pottery, ornamented with holes around the bowl, and also a quantity of red paint. In the right ha,nd was a smaller pipe, cut from a soft kind of stone. They are both very small, and appear to have been articles of fancy rather than use. At the head were found many fragments of pottery which had been crushed by the weight of earth ; these fragments were, originally portions of two vessels. They are of the same coarse and rude materials as the fragments so frequently found on and near the surface in many localities throughout the State. The earth immediately over the skeleton was hard and black, indicating the action of fire, though no other evidence of this was discovered. Fragments of fresh water shells (of the genus Unio) were found with the fragments of pottery. No wood was found, nor where any vacant places noticed jvhere it might have decayed.

" Another mound was opened a short, distance west of the first, by sinking a shaft in the center five feet in diameter. We soon reached burnt clay, of a yellow or reddish-yellow color, with stones almost calcined into quicklime by the intensity of the heat. Much charcoal was obtained, showing still the original pores and concentric circles of the wood, which appeared to be oak. The bones of a portion of the leg of a human being were found, but the remainder of the skeleton had evidently been consumed at the time of the interment. There had been no excavation below the natural surface of the ground in this case.

The materials composing these mounds were taken from the surface, so that no perceptible excavations are left in their vicinity ; and the whole body of the tumulus consists of black mold, with occasional spots of yellowish clay. The difference between the artificial and natural soil ' was quite apparent. No articles of ornament or use, indicating any commerce with the white race, were discovered, and we are led to the conclusion that the mound was erected before the discovery of the country. The position of the skeleton, and other indications, show conclusively that no disturbance had taken place since the interment, and that the articles obtained were the original deposits. The skeleton was, without doubt, that of the personage for whom the mound was erected.

" In one of the vases at the head of the skeleton were the remains of a shell, apparently the Unio siliquoides, a very common species in the rivers and lakes of Wisconsin. Those shells are often used for spoons ; and this vase probably contained a supply of food for the departed while on the journey to the spirit land.

" A mile and a half above Waukesha, on a very high and commanding position, are three mounds in front of four ' lizard-mounds.' They are at the crossing of the old ' Madison, road,' in the southwest quarter of Section 26. A sentinel stationed on them could give warning to the inhabitants of the approach of any hostile force, long before they could reach the village. The 'lizards,' as in most cases, have their heads toward the south.

" On the northwest quarter of the same section are also some small mounds, and one of the lizard shape. They are at the foot of the hill that borders the outlet of Pewaukee Lake. Still farther on the road (southeast quarter of Section 22, Town 7, Range 19), were found the remains of another lizard mound, now nearly destroyed.

" But the most remarkable collection of lizards and turtles yet discovered, is on the school section [see Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4, plate 'd,' for specimens], about a mile and a half southeast from the village of Pewaukee. This consists of seven turtles, two lizards, four oblong mounds, and one of those remarkable excavations alluded to. One of the turtle mounds, partially obliterated by the road, has a length of 450 feet, being nearly double the usual dimensions. Three of them are remarkable for their curved tails, a feature here first observed. One of the smallest has the tail turned back by the side of the body. These curved figures have another peculiarity in the obtuseness of the extremity,' the end being round and flat, instead of a sharp point as in most other similar mounds. While these have a width of about four feet at the end, others so gradually diminish in height and breadth that it is almost impossible, as before observed, to determine the precise point of termination. One has a rectangular bend at the extremity of the tail, and in each there is a change of direction in passing from the body to the tail. This interesting group occupies a secure position, being on a ridge flanked by marshy grounds on 'either side. At the remote period when these mounds were built, the marshes may have been lakes, since filled up or dried away to their present condition. A diligent search did not reveal any evidence of breastworks or other means of defense, across the ridge at either end of the mounds. About half a mile ofi", in a northwest direction, is a very high hill (probably two hundred feet above the level of the marshes), on which are one lizard and three circular mounds. From these there is a fine view, extending over much of the adjacent country."

In the town. of Vernon is a remarkable group of mounds [see plate " e" ], which was surveyed by Dr. I. A. Lapham, who described them as follows : "By invitation we took up our quarters at the house of Isaac Bailey, where it was once proposed to build a city [Section 29, Vernon], to be called Crawfordsville. The city was never built, and the same is only remembered by a few of the oldest inhabitants. This is the place mentioned by R. C. Tayler, as stated in the Western papers, to contain mounds resembling lizards, alligators and flying dragons. They occupy ground sloping gently toward the river [the Fox] at the north and northwest, their heads pointing up hill, and their general course southwesterly. The winged mounds or dragons, three in number, appear to lead the flight or march of the other animals, and to be heralded by a host of simple oblong figures, extending nearly half a mile in the same direction. The main figure of the group is 286 feet in length. This and the figure infmediately preceding it are good representatives of the kind called lizards; while the two exterior figures, having four projections or feet, are always called turtles by the most casual observer.

They are from two to six feet in height. A little north of the group represented on plate " e," is a very large mound ten feet in height and eighty feet in diameter. It had been opened prior to our visit, but without important results. It has an appendage consisting of a slight ridge of earth, sixty feet long, extending in a northerly direction. Immediately north of it is an excavation from one to two feet in depth. The earth taken from this excavation, however, would make but a small portion of the mound."

None of the ancient works along the Pishtaka (Fox) River, or in the vicinity of the lakes of Waukesha County, have been built of brick, or in such a way as to indicate that they were intended as fortifications ; and in this respect they differ from relics somewhat similar, farther south. Even in Wisconsin, in the adjoining county of Jefferson, there was found at Aztalan a very complete ruin of a pre-historic fortification, and it is probable that the forts were built by the same people as the mounds. Who were the builders of all these works has long been, and still continues to be, a puzzle ; and it is very doubtful whether students will ever be more enlightened on the subject than they are at present, however desirable such enlightenment may be, and how'ever diligently they may study the materials left behind by a race shrouded in absorbing mystery.

There are some things, however, which may be accepted as proven. In the first place, the Mound-Builders, so called, certainly did not belong to the known Indian nations of the Northern , States of this Union. The nature of the latter as to disinclination for manual labor renders impossible any supposition including the idea of their having toiled for months and years in erecting structures of any kind, and especially structures which could have been in no way necessary to their physical well-being, for protection from hunger, the elements, or from enemies.

In the second place, it is reasonably certain that the builders of these mounds did belong to a race whose approach towards civilization was far beyond that of the lake Indian tribes. The researches of the past few years have proved beyond a question that the valleys of Wisconsin were once inhabited by people who made tools of copper, and a collection of chisels, axes, arrow and spear heads, bits for drilling holes in wood, adzes, and many other implements, have recently been added to the valuable collection of the State Historical Society, all of the articles having been found beneath the surface of lands in Wisconsin.

The ability to work in copper shows a long stride forward from that state of barbarism where no utensils or weapons are used except of wood and stone. So far we have facts, and from these facts may be deduced certain theories, and for which no more respect is claimed than from their own consistency they may seem to deserve.

For reasons that are derived from a long series of ethnological researches, it is thought that the progenitors of the so-called native races of America were driven from Northeastern Asia by the l?.ck of sufficient food to support the population ; and thence, along the Alaskan coasts, in various directions, toward the interior and to the southward, extended in successive migrations over the continent. What these people may have been on their arrival in America, is, of course, only a matter for conjecture ; but it is very safe, judging from the general character of their descendants, to assume that they were little, if any, removed from the lowest depths of barbarism. Ages upon ages must have elapsed before the particular descendants, who made the ancient pottery and copper utensils of Wisconsin, and constructed its mounds, had reached a degree of social elevation sufficient to enable them to devote themselves to such labor. For the potters, coppersmiths and earth-bearers must have been supported by the labor of others in the tilling of the soil and in the procuring and drying of meat and fish. In the lower grades of barbarism, each individual provides for himself or herself,and children only, and that but from day to day. Division of labor is unknown to them. They have not sufficient forethought to perceive the advantage of supplying food to those Avho are engaged in useful labor of a different kind, even, and still less would they submit to feed those who were performing a work not of direct and visible importance.

While the ancient inhabitants of this region were advancing to the degree that has been stated, cultivating tobacco, beans, potatoes, Indian corn and other agricultural products, living peaceful lives, and only disputing the possession of the soil with the ferocious beasts that had an abiding-place here, their savage relatives in the North remained in a state of barbarism but little better than their condition of hundreds, and perhaps thousands, of years before. At last, they, too, increasing slowly in numbers, because of their ignorance and comparative carelessness in the treatment of their young, found their population too great for subsistence, and the strongest and boldest of them set out for fresh fields, in which to secure the wherewithal to live.

Slowly they came on toward the South, fighting with each other for the sole occupancy of some fishing or hunting ground, and thus dividing into tribes and nations, till at last a portion of them passed around Lake Superior and found the peaceful citizens of this country enjoying the blessings of productive industry, but unable to defend themselves against the arrows of the barbarous invader. It needs no great stretch of the imagination to conceive of the frightened agriculturists taking the canoes with which they were wont to navigate the lakelets and rivers, and once more seeking a home far enough to the south to feel safe from the persecutions of the hardy northern races. They may have left their fields of beans, corn, potatoes and tobacco in full or partial maturity ; but, at any rate, the new-comers seem to have gathered some hints in regard to the production of those articles, and to have employed their women to some extent in their cultivation. So also, the old canoes -left by the departing natives very probably taught the invaders the fact that it is easy to construct of birch bark, a vessel which floats upon the water, even when freighted with considerable weight. This knowledge was so much gained to the barbarians, but they never improved upon it to any appreciable degree. It required less exertion on their part, when the productions of any one region became more or less exhausted, to remove by bands into some more desirable place, than to devise methods for improving their opportunities at home. So the Mound-Builders, so-called, were gradually driven down its numerous northern and eastern branches, to the Mississippi ; and their works are found as far to the south as Vicksburg. In Arkansas and Tennessee, there are even evidences of former roadways, and of burnt brick, which show that these people improved with time - and, we may say, with travel.

When they were forced away from their last abiding-place on the Mississippi, they probably turned to the Southwest and grew into that splendid half-civilized nation which constructed magnificent works for religion and luxury about the lakes of Central Mexico, which even had books of hieroglyphics written upon a sort of natural paper, but which was brushed away three hundred and fifty years ago by Cortez and his handful of followers as a colony of industrious spiders is brushed away by the broom of an housemaid.

Having thus given a very brief sketch of the probable hist try* of our early predecessors at Waukesha, the question recurs - " What were these mounds intended for ? " There appears to be little doubt that they were built as propitiatory offerings to imaginary gods, who were supposed by the simple-minded inhabitants to dwell in the forms of the various animals found in the regions where they lived.

The ancient Egyptians had similar ideas of the gods even after they were much farther advanced in the arts of civilization than our Mound-Builders could have been ; and the supposition that these works of earth were for religious purposes seems to be the only hypothesis against which no valid reason can be brought. At every place where the mounds existed there appears to have been q,lso a more or less populous settlement, and it seems that the lizard, the turtle, or the fox, the exaggerated image of which was built up out of the soil, was chosen as the guardian and protector of that settlement, and worshiped in accordance with the power of which such guardian was supposed to be possessed. The earth of which these basso relievos are composed was scraped from the surface of the soil for acres in extent - no excavations corresponding to the mounds are generally found near them - and the labor entailed by this performance was doubtless considered to have been well bestowed. Possibly it may have been thought by the grangers of those days that the more of their land was used to make gods of, the more the underlying soil Would be blessed. There are mounds or tumuli in almost every town in the county, but those represented in the following plates are the principal ones. Figure "f" represents the form in miniature of a vessel of not very hard pottery, found by Truman "Wheeler (killed at Fond du Lac in 1848 by t]^e fall of a treej, in a small mound a short distance down the Fox River from Waukesha. That mound has long since been razed by the plow and harrow.

There might have been represented the outlines of a skull found in a circular mound on Morris D. Cutler's land in Waukesha Village. Others were found in circular mounds ; but none were found except those known to have been recently buried, the graves of which are represented on plate " b," in the turtle or lizard mounds. The significance of this fact may possibly suggest some theory to the reader. Most of the mounds contained no bones, and those which did contain human remains were made long before the burials took place. The vessel mentioned above, represented' in Figure "f," had small, round holes on either side of its top, which were supposed to have been used as fastening-places for a string by which to transport it. The capacity of the vessel was about two quarts.

The plate of the skull might be inserted, not because of any historic fact that it transmits or illustrates, but simply as a shadow rescued from the limitless domain of oblivion ; the outline of a being whose name was never written, whose face no civilized man ever saw, and whose history, further than that he lived and died, will never be known. These outlines can lead the generations of the mysterious future into the pathless desert of the past, curiosity-laden, but they will return as barren of knowledge as ourselves concerning his history.

An Ancient Document

A very curious, ancient and interesting deed is given place in this volume for two reasons. One is that it seems to be the first record of the first conveyance of any land in what is now Waukesha ; and the second, that it is believed to show that the now world-famous Waukesha Mineral Springs were known and named more than a century ago, and were the unmovable and, indestructible boundary-line marks of a tract of land mentioned in the following document :

To all people to whom these presents shall come, Greeting : Know ye that we, Tomaroa, or Gabriel ; Petaguage, or Michael ; Maughquayah, or .John Baptiste; Couroway Kicounaisa, or Fish; and Toutowaraganih, or Peter, sometimes called La Cloche, or the Bell, Kaskaskias Chiefs; Maughquinthepe, or Bea;r's Head; otherwise called the Black Dog; Meinquipaumiah, Achiswewah, and Eschawinikiwah, Pervariahs and Cahoquias Chiefs ; chiefs and sachems of the different tribes of the Illinois nations of Indians, and being and effectually representing all the tribes of the said Illinois Indians, send greeting:

Whereas, William Murray, of the Illinois country, merchant, one of the grantees hereinafter named, as well for himself as on the parts and behalfs of the several other grantees herein also after named, did at several couferenoes publicly held with us, the said chiefs and sachems, at Kaskaskias Village, in the Illinois country aforesaid, treat and confer with us, the said chiefs and sachems, for the purchase of certain quantities or tracts of land belonging and appertaining unto us and to the several tribes or nations of Indians whom we represent; and

Whereas, We, the said chiefs and sachems, have deliberately and maturely considered for ourselves,- and consulted with the natives of our several tribes or nations, of the requests and proposals made as aforesaid by the said William Murray, for himself and others, to us, the said chiefs and sachems ; and

Whereas, We, the said chiefs and sachems, as well as the other natives of our several tribes or nations, are fully satisfied and contented (for the consideration hereinafter mentioned) to grant and confirm unto the said William Murray, and to the other grantees hereinafter named, the several tracts or quantities of land, hereinafter bounded and described :

Now know ye, therefore, that we, the said chiefs and sachems of the several tribes of the Illinois Indians aforesaid in full and public council assembled, at Kaskaskias Village aforesaid, for and in consideration of the sum of five shillings, to us in hand paid by the said William Murray, and for and in consideration of the following goods and merchandise to us, the said Tomaroa, Petaguage, Maughquayah, Couroway, Kicounaisa, Toutowaraganih, Maughquinthepe, Achiswewah, Meinquipaumiah and Eschawinikiwah, paid and delivered in full council aforesaid, that is to say, 260 strouds, 250 blankets, 3-50 shirts, 150 pairs of stroud and half-thick stockings, 150 stroud breech-cloths, 500 pounds of gunpowder, 4,003 pounds of lead, one gro^s of knives, thirty pounds of vermilion, 2.000 gun-flints, 200 pounds of brass kettles, 200 pounds of tobicco, three dozen gilt looking-glasses, one gross of gui-worms, two gross of awls, one gross of fire-steels, sixteen dozen of gartering, 10,000 pounds of flour,

Turtle Mound Group

The spirit manifested by the farming interest in the county argues well for this enterprise, and it is hoped that no farmer will hereafter be discouraged from enterinig the lists as a competitor, though the season should prove unpro. pitious.

It is expected that the friends of the society will be such the coming year, that the amount and number of premiums will be greatly extended.

No exhibition or fair was held in "Waukesha during the year 1843. Finally, after Waukesha had been separated from Milwaukee County, two fair associations were organized, one for each county. But the Mexican war, the increasing interest in politics, and the business of making the Territory into a State, occupied the attention of the people to such an extent that neither organization accomplished much in their proper directions. Therefore, after due consultation and public notice, on the 9th of January, 1852, a meeting of the Waukesha and Milwaukee County societies was held at the court house in Waukesha, and a consolidation effected under the title of the "Milwaukee and Waukesha Agricultural Society." No fair was held for the year 1852, on account of some difficulty with the State Fair officers, of whom grounds for the exhibition had been engaged. The next year, 1853, a fair was held at Waukesha. There was not the county were caught stealing in without tickets, while some succeeded in getting in without being caught. Lyman Goodnow was gate-keeper at the fair held in the stone schoolhouse, soon after it was finished, at Waukesha. He also sold tickets, which were 10 cents each. The managers gave out bunches of them which were charged against Mr. Goodnow, the account being balanced by the return of the money or the tickets. At the close of the fair, Mr. Goodnow emptied over $70 before the fair managers, which he had taken in for tickets, while they had only $20 charged against him. He was far more honest than the good-natured managers were accurate. They took his pile and wrote him down as an honest man. At this fair, the address was delivered by A. D. Smith.

In 1854, the Milwaukee and Waukesha societies dissolved partnership, and January 10, of that year, a meeting was held at the court house, and a society for Waukesha County alone organized. George C. Pratt, Robert Black and I. N. Cadby composed the committee on constitution. In September, of that year, the new society held a fair at Waukesha; also in 1855 at the same place.

In July, 1856, a meeting was held at the court house in Waukesha, to organize a county society under the law passed the previous winter. W. D. Bacon, Martin Field and A. G. Hanluumio ford composed the committee that prepared the articles of association, and George C. Pratt, James Davis and Horatio N. Davis composed the committee authorized to purchase grounds. They first purchased ten acres of Nathaniel Walton, on the northwest corner of northwest quarter of Section 10, near the State Industrial School, at Waukesha; but as it was not satisfactory, W. D. Bacon transferred to them, in exchange for the first purchase, ten acres where the grounds now are, on the southeast corner of the west half of the southwest quarter of section 3. Afterward, in 1869, additional land was purchased, so the society now owns about fifteen acres. The grounds are provided with the necessary buildings and a half-mile race-course, and the society is in a flourishing condition. Exhibitions have not been held every year since the society was organized, owing to temporary difficulties ; but of late the fairs have been very successful. The attendance has been large, the exhibitions of unusual merit and the receipts satisfactory. This association has several times taken the banner offered by the State Agricultural Society for the best general exhibition of all articles. In fine stock of all kinds and fruits, it has excelled during several years.

The dairying interest in Waukesha County has assumed quite an importance, mostly confined to cheese factories. We find Messrs. George Lawrence & Son started a new era by building a fine, large commodious building for a creamery, calling it the Rose Glen Creamery (the name of the farm at the time). They began operations May 6, 1878, and for two years have never failed to receive milk every day, winter and summer. They manufacture both butter and cheese. A. J. W. Pierce started a smaller creamery the same time at Summit Corners, in Summit. This was run not over successfully for the owners, but helped build up the high reputation of Waukesha County for producing gilt-edge butter.

Messrs. George Lawrence & Son were the winners of a nickel-plated milk scales valued at $100, for the best single tub of butter made in America; also, received the first prize for creamery butter made in Wisconsin, and A. J. W. Pierce received the second prize for creamery butter made in Wisconsin. The products were exhibited in New York City December 8, 1878, at the first international dairy fair ever held in this country. This places Waukesha County not only in a very exalted position in this particular line, but at the head of all counties in the Union for first-class butter. In 1879, F. Schultis, of South Genesee, and Steel, of Genesee, converted over their cheese factories into creameries. These are all the creameries to be mentioned that are in operation at the present time. Private dairies, or small creameries, where the milk from only one dairy is supplied, are quite numerous throughout the county.

Waukesha County abounds in sweet, nutritious grasses, and has a bountiful supply of clear cold water from the best springs in the country. All that is required is the skill of man to utilize the great advantages nature has provided, by caring for the cows and by the scientific handling of their product. The creamery plans of handling milk are numerous, but generally, and doubtless with the best success, milk is set in cold spring water, as at Rose Glen Creamery. Such creameries have running springs in their buildings, so arranged that the water can be let off" or allowed to run over the top of large tanks, as may be required. " Setters " eight inches in diameter and nineteen inches deep, of tin, are used to set the milk in these tanks of water. The milk is skimmed after setting twenty-four hours. The cream is held twenty-four hours longer, and allowed to sour slightly. Revolving churns are used, run by steam power. When small particles of butter, the size of small shot, present themselves, the churn is stopped, strong brine is put in, and after a few revolutions of the churn the buttermilk is drawn, when new brine is added and the butter washed thoroughly, after which spring water is thrown in and the butter washed again- This leaves the butter entirely clear of buttermilk. One reason why Waukesha County butter stands so high for its keeping qualities, is that manufacturers use one ounce of the best dairy salt to each pound of butter - more than is used elsewhere.

The first steam-power butter-worker ever used in the State was introduced in the spring of 1880 into George Lawrence & Son's Creamery. There has been an immense increase in the production of butter in Waukesha County recently, the product of 1878 being nearly ten times greater than that of 1870. This demonstrates that the creameries have not only made a great

The first cheese factory, for making cheese alone, was built in Summit by Mann & Dousman in 1870. During the following year, 1871, Mann, Stone & Hinckley erected the second factory in the county, also in the town of Summit. There are now a dozen cheese factories in the county in successful operation, and their product will be greater this year than for several years past, cheese selling at more profitable figures. The town of Waukesha with four factories and Genesee with three, lead the other towns in the manufacture of cheese. Although nature has done more for the butter and cheese maker in Waukesha than in any other county in the State in the way of grass, spring water and facilities for securing ice, the dairy business is comparatively young in this locality. It is growing, however, as the cheese product increased from the product of one factory in 1870 to that of twelve in 1879, which received the milk of between 3,000 and 4,000 cows. According to the last annual report of the State Dairymen's Association, the factories in this county were Olin & Clinton's, T. C. Dousman's, B. R. Hinckly's, Montrey Factory, Frank Shultis' (two). Rose Glen, D. Ostrander's, M. Rowell's and the Waterville Factory.

Wool Bkowing And Sheep Raising

It was early found in the settlement of Waukesha, that the farmer, to be successful, must diversify his products - that to depend on grain-raising wholly would not do ; and the enterprise that brought the first settlers to this country caused them to seek not only for stock, but for the best of stock. Perhaps this enterprise was not more manifest in any one thing than in the improvement of merino sheep. The prevailing opinion among farmers had been that a sheep was a sheep, and that was all there was of it; and that so many sheep would produce just so much wool. But some of the Waukesha farmers did not entertain this idea. They believed in improvement in this as well as in other stock, and sought for and bought improved animals as soon as presented. About 1850, 3. D. Patterson, of New York, introduced some merinosheep that sheared greater fleeces, and were really better sheep than any Waukesha farmers had. A. E. Perkins, of Mukwonago, purchased of these, and, finding they improved his flock, was naturally on the lookout for further improvements. In 1861, Mr. B. S. Lake, brought in here a lot of rams from Vermont, which were distributed in the county, Mr. Perkins purchasing most of them, about 40 in number, which he let and sold to various parties, and which proved of great value to the flocks in this and adjoining counties. This stimulated the farmers to greater efibrts to improve their flocks, and Mr. Perkins, in particular, who visited Vermont the following year, together with Mr. Lake, of Saxton's River, Vt., made large importations from that State. About this time, John Paul, of Genesee, George Lawrence, of Waukesha, Perry Craig, of Vernon, and others, engaged earnestly in the business, and spared neither money nor pains in getting the best sheep to be found in the country. These may he said to be the pioneers in the fine-wool sheep improvement, and from these others have sprung up, until now Waukesha County probably takes the lead of any coupty in the State in improved merino sheep. The breeders regret that George Lawrence left the business for the creamery, for no one manifested greater enterprise in the business than did Mr. Lawrence, and no one was rewarded with greater success. There was no great interest or improvement in the long-wool, or Cotswolds, until about 1861, when B. Porter, of Waukesha, b^an and made large importations from Canada. These importations seem to have been made with great skill and wisdom, and Waukesha soon took the lead in this kind of sheep. Now, George Harding and others are offering as good animals of this kind as can be found in the State. It may be stated here that many farmers made a mistake in crossing these with the fine-wools by using the grade animals ; that is, the lambs produced by the full-blood rams for stock animals. It is due to Mr. Porter to state that this was done against his protests. Only those who have persistently used full-blood male animals have made a complete success of the business, which has grown to unusual proportions in Waukesha County. Sheep-shearing festivals are held annually, and are largely attended. All the dealers in full-bloods have grade-books, which show the pedigree of their stock, and the business is a scientific as well as a very profitable one. It brings annually thousands of dollars into the county, and the managers of the woolen-mill at Waukesha say their finest grades of cloth are made from Waukesha County wool, than which there is no better. In 1839, only sixty-seven pounds of wool were produced in the territory now comprising the two counties of Milwaukee and Waukesha, and there were only 790 sheep and lambs in the county, valued at about $1,000. In June, 1879, there were 89,969 sheep and lambs in Waukesha County, valued at $150,945 by the Assessors, but really worth $300,000 at the lowest. Thus, in forty years, the number of animals has increased a trifle over 10,000 per cent and the value of them 30,000 per cent - an astonishing growth. But sheep-raising and wool-growing have become a science, the chief growers combining to help each other in producing pure-blooded stock and the finest wool. To do this, an organization called the "Wool-Growers' Association" was formed. A record of the first meeting, held June 11, 1874, is as follows :

" The meeting for a more extensive association of the wool-growers of this part of the State, was held at Caldwell's Prairie last Thursday, agreeably to the resolutions adopted at the sheepshearing festival on May 14, 1874. The meeting was quite generally attended by woolgrowers, and speeches were made by Messrs. Perkins, Humbert and others, a good number of stanch, wide-awake men being present. A constitution and by-laws were adopted, and oflScers elected for the ensuing year.

" The object of this society is for the promotion and encouragement of breeders and woolgrowers, that they may attain the highest standard of perfection in quality of sheep, value of fleece, and management of flocks. Also, to establish some standards, by which they may be governed in principles of breeding, and awarding prizes at fairs.

" The ofiBcers for the coming year are : A. E. Perkins, President ; E. Milroy and M. L. Ayers, Vice-President ; George Lawrence, Jr., Secretary ; J. W. Parks, Treasurer. The name of the society is ' The Southeastern Wisconsin Sheep-Breeders' and Wool-Growers' Asspciation.'

" The relative merits of sheep were discussed in a- lively manner. Those interested in sheep-husbandry are cordially invited to become members, or attend meetings, which are open to all. The meeting adjourned to the last Thursday in August, 1874, at Caldwell's Prairie.

This association strengthened and grew until it is now the Wisconsin Wool-Growers' Association - a State institution. It was born in Waukesha County, and has been the means of adding hundreds of thousands of dollars to the wealth of her citizens, besides establishing the reputation of this locality as one of the very foremost counties in the Northwest in producing fine wool and blooded stock.

At the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, in 1876, John Paul, of Genesee, and George Lawrence, Jr., of Waukesha, were awarded each a medal and diploma for their exhibitionof sheep.

In addition to bettering the financial condition of the county, the business of producing the best stock possible has a tendency to cultivate and educate those engaged in it.

War Record

It were honor enough for any work of this kind, and for its compilers and publishers, if it had nothing more to preserve than the record made by the citizens of the county in the war of the Rebellion. Solferino, Austerlitz, Waterloo, Marston Moor, Lodi, Mount Tabor and Grenada are making a gilded journey down through the ages in immortal song, resplendent with the richest decorations of genius ; but they were not greater than Shiloh, or the Wilderness, Gettysburg, Lookout Mountain or a score of other battles that stand out boldly in the history of the Rebellion. The work of patriotism and genius in decorating the achievements of American soldiers has just begun ; and the least of the details of those mighty events should be sacredly preserved for the pen and the brush of future genius.

In the completed picture, in the almost limitless scroll of fame, there will be none to outshine or out-honor the soldiers from Waukesha County. She is peculiarly rich in the record of men - officers and privates - as well as in the record of deeds. But it is unnecessary to burden the pages of history with word-pictures, for the deeds themselves far outshine their most glowing descriptions.

The news that Fort Sumter had been fired upon and had surrendered reached Waukesha, Oconomowoc and places along the railroads Saturday evening, April 13, 1861, but was not generally disseminated until Sunday. Everything was dropped, and people rushed to the centers of population and information for the latest news. Newspapers were in demand and commanded almost any price, one man, who afterward became a Colonel, giving his hat for a copy of the Milwaukee livening Wisconsin.

Impromptu meetings to enroll volunteers and organize to sustain the Government were held in almost every part of the county. The first of importance of which any record is left us was held at Robinson's Hall, in Waukesha, Saturday evening, April 20, 1861, though a large meeting was held at Oconomowoc at about the same time.

To adequately describe the intensity of the patriotism and excitement displayed at this first meeting would be wholly impossible. The crowd was as large as the hall would hold, and the streets were full besides. Winchel D. Bacon was made Chairman ; C. G. Heath and Malcom Sellers, Vice Presidents, and C. C. White, Secretary.

On motion, a committee consisting of H. N. Davis, P. H. Carney and V. Tichenor was appointed by the Chair to present resolutions expressive of the sense of the people of Waukesha on national affairs, who made the following report, which was adopted amidst the wildest hurrahs :

Whereas, A forcible dissolution of these United States is threatened, and is being actually attempted by armed bands acting without authority, and in defiance of the Consfitutiou and the laws of the country, we, the people of Waukesha, irrespective of party, being of the opinion that the time for words has passed, and that the hour for action has arrived, do

That in view of the preservation of the Union and the enforcement of the laws, the political differences which have heretofore existed should be totally effaced.

That we hereby ratify the policy of the Administration, as indicated in the proclamation of President Lincoln, and that we believe that the restoration of the National flag to the places from which it has been removed by traitors is necessary to secure tranquillity at hom eand respect abroad.

During the absence of the committee, speeches were made by C. K. Davis, William SHawkins, M. Sellers, C. C. White, H. K. Smith, D. Casey, Rev. Dr. Savage and Rev. J. M. Walker, all in favor of burying past differences and offering an united support to the Constitution and the laws, and during the meeting stirring addresses were made by S. W. Warner, Alexander F. Pratt and others.

M. G. Townsend, C. G. Heath, A. S. Bennett, B. F. Cram and 0. Z. Olin were appointed a committee to establish a recruiting station at Waukesha.

Resolved, That while recognizing in its fullest extent the right of free speech, we hold that this right authorizes no man to lift up his voice in favor of his country's enemies, and that no such men or such sentiments will be tolerated in this community.

Resolved, That the citizens of Waukesha agree to provide all needful assistance to the families of those who may enlist in their country's service, during their term of enlistment, and for the purpose of creating a fund for the purpose above named, we agree to pay the sums set opposite our names ^ro rata as shall be required.

The Chair was authorized to appoint a Central Committee and a committee of one from each town to receive subscriptions and push on war measures. He appointed as follows :

Before adjourning, the enthusiastic crowd sang the -' Star Spangled Banner" with wonderful effect, and an enlistment roll was opened. The first man to sign it was A. S. Bennett. He was, therefore, the first man to enlist in Waukesha County. He was killed as Captain in the regular army in 1879, while fighting the Indians in the West. He was a bachelor. The Recruiting Committee opened an ofBce on Monday, April 22, in C. G. Heath's office, and recruiting began in earnest. At about the same time, an enlistment roll was opened at Oconomowoc. During the week following this meeting similar ones were held in Pewaukee, Mukwonago, Delafield, Eagle and nearly every other town. On Monday evening, another mass meeting was held in Waukesha, at which enthusiasm ran high. More cash was raised to care for the families of soldiers, and pledges were offered on every hand to furnish wood, meat, flour and provisions to soldiers' wives and children. Men offered houses free of rent ; physicians offered medical attendance free of charge.

Patriotism and generosity ran riot, i War meetings were appointed in almost every schoolhouse in the county, and speakers were in great demand. The demand, however, was supplied, as men who had never made a speech before, and have not since, proved to be fountains of patriotic eloquence.

Party lines were nearly obliterated, old feuds were forgotten, and a new era in good-fellowship and patriotism inaugurated. Old enemies, both political and social, met at recruiting gatherings, and made speeches together. It was a remarkable sight.

Patriotism and a desire to do something for their country were not confined to the men. The ladies were busy preparing little things for the soldiers to take with them ; making flags, committing patriotic songs, making rosettes of red, white and blue, and lending their influence by being present at all war meetings. They met at Jackson's Hall in Waukesha, April 31, and formed a "Soldiers' Aid Society" which had almost weekly meetings and continued to work for the comfort and health of the boys in blue until the close of the Rebellion. They collected money, food and clothing ; made new clothing, forwarded jellies and medicines ; secured nurses and did everything that human hearts and hands could desire and carry out. The thanks they received from sick and wounded soldiers during that long struggle would be reward enough for a whole life devoted to works of philanthropy. Scores of letters were sent home telling how health and lives had been preserved by what the ladies had done.

Wisconsin's " noble war Governor, " Alexander W. Randall, was a Waukesha County man, and his proclamation, which went far to put the State at the front in raising volunteers, did much to create the unbounded enthusiasm that burst forth in this county. Its author having been for many years a resident of Waukesha Cpunty, that proclamation may rightfully claim a place in this work. It is as follows :

To THE Loyal Citizens of Wisconsin: For the first time in the history of the Federal Government, organized treason has manifested itself within several States of the Union, and armed rebels are making war against it.

The Proclamation of the President of the United States tells of unlawful combinations, too powerful to be suppressed in the ordinary manner, and calls for military forces to suppress such combinations, and to sustain him in BKBCuting the laws.

the treasury of the country must no longer be plundered - -the public property must be protected from aggressive violence. That already seized must be retaken, and the laws must be executed in every State of the Union alike.

One regiment of the militia of this State will be required for immediate service, and further service will be required as the emergencies of the Government may demand.

It is a time when against the civil and religious liberties of the people, and against the integrity of the United States, parties, politicians and platforms must be as dust in the balance.

Opportunities will be immediately offered to the existing military companies, under ihe direction of the proper authorities of the State, for enlistment to fill the military demand of the Federal Government, and I hereby invite the patriotic citizens of this State to enroll themselves into companies of seventy-eight (78) men each, and to advise the Executive of their readiness to be mustered into service immediately.

Detailed instruction will be furnished upon the acceptance of companies, and the commissioned ofiScers of each regiment will nominate their own field officers.

In times of public danger, bad men grow bold and reckless. The property of the citizen becomes unsafe, and both public and private rights liable to be jeopardized. I enjoin upon all administraiive and peace officers within this State renewed vigilance in the maintenance and execution of the laws, and in guarding against excesses leading to disorder among the people. (Signed) AiE.x. W. Rand4Ll.

This proclamation, together with the fact that Walker L. Bean had been given a commission to enroll a company, and the Prairie du Chien (Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul) Railway had offered to transport volunteers free, added fuel to the fire throughout the county. There being but one recruiting office at first, in the county, large numbers of soldiers enlisted in Milwaukee and adjoining counties, no one being aware at that time that the county would need all the men she could spare to fill her own quota and to avoid a draft. The first soldiers from Eagle, Brookfield, Muskego, New Berlin and Menomonee enlisted at Milwaukee, and some of the first from Mukwonago, Ottawa aud Summit, at Whitewater and Janesville. These enlistments in other counties were to secure the local bounties. -

Waukesha County, as a county, had no ninety-days men. The first company raised was the " Waukesha Union Guards," which unanimously agreed to tender services for "three years or the war." The company election was held on Thursday, May 2, 1861, and two days later the Governor issued commissions. The officers and privates of this pioneer company, were as follows: Captain, I. M. Bean; First Lieutenant, Enoch Totten ; Ensign, Andrew S. Bennett; First Sergeant, Miles L. Butterfield ; Second Sergeant, Thomas Devereaux ; Third Sergeant, Arthur Holbrook ; Fourth Sergeant, H. H. Messenger ; li'irst Corporal, Andrew J. Smith ; Second, F. A. Canright ; Third, Nathaniel Stein; Fourth, George W. Rice; Fifth, F. L. Ladue ; Sixth, E. F. Davison ; Seventh, Orlando Culver ; Eighth, William Hall ; Drummer, George B. Babcock ; Fifer, Robert Powrie ; Wagoner, John Rattray ; Servant, Thomas McGee, Jr.

The company was sworn in on Monday, June 10, 1861, by Maj. Larrabee, of the Fifth Regiment, to which the boys had been assigned, and on the following Thursday left for camp at

Madison, amid a strange mingling of tears and hurrahs. Before leaving for the front, the company presented Capt. Bean and Lieuts. Enoch Totten and A. S. Bennett with gold-headed canes.

The second company, called the " Oconomowoc Guards," was raised at Oconomowoc, and was organized and officered as follows, only a few days later than the first company :

Captain, A. S. Peck ; First Lieutenant, J. H. Mann ; Second Lieutenant, Warham Parks ; Orderly Sergeant, William Kelly ; Second Sergeant, John J. Adams ; Third Sergeant, Decatur Thompson ; Fourth Sergeant, M. K. Leavitt ; First Corporal, Asa Colby ; Second Corporal, David Stratton ; Third Corporal, John H. Meigs ; Fourth Corporal, M. H. Brown. This company began regular drill under the instruction of Maj. Whittaker, of Summit, early in the second week of May. It was a good company, and composed of first-class men, many of whom could hardly be spared from the community.

The company did not go into service as a company, but scattered and most of them went into other organizations. A brief insight into camp life, to see " how the boys tOQk it," may be interesting. An extract from a letter written by one of the pioneer company, reads like this :

" We have at last received our clothes, which they call uniforms, although one would think to see the company on parade, that the tailor had warranted each uniform to fit the largest man or the smallest boy. The cloth is gray, of various shades ; much of it is of poor quality and will not stand hard service. The pants have a cord down the sides, and the coats have brass buttons and stand-up collars. Each man has a metal plate, spoon, knife and fork, which he must take care of himself. About 6 o'clock, the Orderly Sergeant calls out, ' Company I, fall in for breakfast,*' and, as ihe call is passed from tent to tent, you take your plate in one hand, knife, fork, cup and spoon in the other, and step into the ranks. But be careful as you go into the eating-house that you do not slip down in a pool of coffee. As the boys range themselves along the rough table, the Orderly commands, 'Inward face - take seats.' At first, a teacup of mustard, a box of pepper, salt and vinegar, are the only articles in the line of victuals to be seen ; but, immediately, a pan filled with slices of bread an inch or more in thickness, another of boiled potatoes, followed by one filled with meat, come in rapid succession. The bread is ' baker's,' and good ; the potatoes are good enough, and the meat - well, as to meat and gravy, we won't take any this morning. The waiter fills your cup with coffee, which you sweeten and taste. It is cold, and appears inclined to coagulate. Another waiter appears, and while steam rises in large volumes from his pitcher, cries out, ' Hot coffee ! ' You want some; of course, but what is to be done ? Your cup is full, you cannot swallow its contents, and there is no dish into which to empty it. You look around and find everybody in the same fix. Finally, a sly one comes to an 'about face ' and pours his coffee on the ground. In an instant you follow suit, and so do the others. Now it may be understood whence came the pools of coffee on the ground. * * * After finishing your meal, should you wish to clear your plate of fragments, you empty them on the table or where you did the cold coffee. You clean your dish with bread, dip it in a large dish of hot water, and wipe it with paper."

Some of them did not relish this at first, but many times afterward they would have been overwhelmingly thankful for half as good or half as abundant fare.

As before mentioned, after the first companies had left Waukesha County, the zeal and patriotism of her citizens began to wane, and the newspapers contained numerous appeals and addresses intended to arouse the people. In August, 1862, when it became apparent that, unless something was done at once, Waukesha County would have a whole regiment drafted from her sixteen towns, the people awoke to greater efforts and wilder enthusiasm than was known when Lincoln's first call for volunteers was promulgated. War meetings were held in all portions of the county, and offers of medical attendance, money, wood, provisions, house rent and clothing were made to the families of those who should become volunteers. And there was a grand, glorious response. The " Central War Committee" - W. D. Bacon, George C. Pratt and Isaac Lain - kept an office open constantly at Waukesha, and directed, as well as possible, the operations of the town sub-committees. They called a grand mass meeting for Sunday, August 17, and half the pastors in the county were present and made speeches containing more eloquence than had been in all their utterances for a year before. Recruiting began by C. C. White, D. G. Snover, H. A. Meyer, John Fallon, Walker L. Bean, Elihu Enos, J. W. Lowry, P. H. Carney, James Murray, J. B. Monteith and others, and enlistments were recorded at an astonishing rate. But to raise 1,684 men in such a small county in one week, the time allotted before the draft, was too much. However, W. D. Bacon, Isaac Lain, George C. Pratt and C. C. White received authority to raise a AYaukesha County regiment, and succeeded in enlisting nearly eight hundred men, the men working particularly hard in the hope of securing a full regiment without going outside of the county. The Twenty-eighth Infantry was mostly raised in Waukesha County, while a great many went into the Twentieth and Twenty-fourth.

Waukesha County Hosier. - As near as the official records show, the following is the roster of the soldiers credited to Waukesha County, though it does not comprise all the county furnished, as many, enticed by large bounties, enlisted in other portions of the State, and were credited, of course, to the localities where they signed the roll :

Town Of Oconomoavoc

Second Infantry - Compemy unknown - James M. Lewis, (Surgeon, promoted to Colonel of Twenty-eighth Infantry), Samuel Tucker (Assistant Surgeon).

History Of Waukesha Couxty

The Draft. - There was but little excitement in Waukesha County when the announcement was made that her citizens would be obliged to submit to a draft to fill her quota in Lincoln's call for 600,000 men. A gallant effort had been made to avert the humiliation of a draft, but it was not quite successful. Therefore, in September, 1862, Vernon Tichenor, of Waukesha, was appointed Commissioner to superintend the draft in this county, and Dr. R. Dunlap was appointed examining surgeon. The quota for the county was announced as follows : Waukesha, 194; Vernon, 63; New Berlin, 104; Brookfield, 116 ; Summit, 63; Oconomowoe, 121; Mukwonago, 75; Eagle, 70; Ottawa, 59; Delafield, 74; Genesee, 90; Menomonee, 125; Lisbon, 78; Pewaukee, 85; Muskego, 76; Merton, 81; total, 1,474. To this wae added 210 for decimated companies belonging to the county, which had theretofore enlisted, which swelled the number to 1,684. Before the arrival of the time for the draft to take place, however, the quota was reduced by enlistment to less than 200, and finally to 191.

The examining surgeon opened his ofSce at Waukesha about September 1, 1862, and from that time until the day of the draft, it was crowded day and night. He succeeded in giving exemption papers to an average of thirty-five persons per day. The local papers described the scene as one ludicrous in the extreme. Men who had always boasted of their physical health and prowess were prostrated by the draft malaria, and could hardly climb the stairs to the surgeon's office. The melancholy feelings of men of sound body and middle age who suddenly received word that their friends in Canada were "very sick - not expected to live," was sorrowful to behold. Ten who thus suddenly learned of illness among their Canada friends left Waukesha in a single night. Thirteen left Oconomowoc on a certain Sunday evening, and about half that number tore themselves away from Pewaukee. Canada did not appear to have at that time well ones enough to properly care for the sick, and the good men of Waukesha County could not see them suifer. They therefore left for the Queen's dominions in the night, not finding it in their hearts to wait until another day. -

The enrollment of men between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years was the work of the SheriiF. The enrollment, exemptions and the draft may be seen as follows :

The first draft began in the court house, at Waukesha, on Monday, November 10, 1862. It will be seen by the above table that the four towns of Waukesha, New Berlin, Oconomowoc and Mukwonago had no draft. Their quotas were full. Mr. Tichenor, the Draft Commissioner, secured only 117 of the 191 drafted, which number he took to Madison November 16, 1862. The balance were either exempted or had " skedaddled."

During this draft, Mr. Tichenor and his deputies all w^nt armed, as several had threatened to open a fight. The thorough preparation made by Mr. T. for a battle to kill, if any was to be had at all, prevented a disturbance.

Before the second draft took place, hundreds of men had become possessed of the Government circular giving fifty-one diseases, any one of which would secure exemption, and men desiring to escape military service appeared before the surgeon with these circulars marked opposite the names of the difierent diseases they thought would serve to secure it. One man from Pewaukee had thirty-one fatal diseases marked as "what ailed him," and another from Oconomowoc said he had the nineteen diseases which were marked in his circular. Strange to say, the surgeon' refused to exempt either of them.

The second draft for Waukesha County began in the United States court room at Milwaukee, the office of County Draft Commissioner having been abolished, at 2 o'clock Thursday, November 12, 1863, and was completed in three hours. Every town was included, and -17 persons drew prizes, divided as follows: Waukesha, 68; Eagle, 28; Ottawa, 18; Summit, 22; Pewaukee, 35; Vernon, 24; Genesee, 29; Delafield, 28; Oconomowoc, 45 ; Menomonee, 40 ; Brookfield, 40; Mukwonago, 26; Lisbon, 24; Muskego, 26 ; New Berlin, 32 ; Merton, 30.

The third draft for Waukesha County took place at Milwaukee, on Friday, September 23, 1864, and 766 able-bodied men drew prizes. One-half of these were for deficiency in former quotas. The towns of Merton, Lisbon, Mukwonago and Eagle filled their quotas by volunteers. The other towns stood the draft, as follows : Muskego, 52 ; Menomonee, 140 ; Vernon, 46 ; Oconomowoc, 146; New Berlin, 54; Brookfield, 80 ; Pewaukee, 62; Ottawa, 30; Summit, 62 ; Genesee, 28 ; Delafield, 40 ; Waukesha, 66. But all that were drafted were by no means secured. Some "skedaddled," and a large number escaped by other means, so that a supplemental draft was ordered for December 1, 1864. It resulted as follows : Summit, 32 ; Muskego, 36; Menomonee, 102; Pewaukee, 24; Oconomowoc, 42.

On December, 20, 1864, President Lincoln issued a call for 300,000 more men. The quotas were not assigned to Waukesha County until February, 1865, and were as follows Eagle, 13; Ottawa, 6; Summit, 8; Oconomowoc, 7; Merton, 14; Delafield, 13; Genesee, 6 Mukwonago, 17 : Lisbon, 22 ; Pewaukee, 10 ; Waukesha, 49 ; Vernon, 8 ; Menomonee, 25 Brookfield, 31 ; New Berlin, 24; Muskego, 14.

A few weeks later. Gen. Lee surrendered, Jefi'erson Davis was captured aad the Rebellion - one of the most destructive civil conflicts recorded in history - was at an end.

Capture of Jefferson Davis. - There were so many Waukesha County soldiers in the detachment detailed to effect the capture of Jefferson Davis, the closing act of the Rebellion ; there was so much interest attaching to the affair because Col. Edward Daniels, whose regiment the detachment was from, was an old resident of Waukesha County, and as Orson P. Clinton, another well-known Waukesha County man, furnished some of the most important testimony in the successful effort to secure to Wisconsin soldiers their share of the $100,000 offered for Mr. Davis' capture, the following article is deemed worthy of a place in this book, inasmuch as it places before the people of Waukesha County facts which no Wisconsin or other book ever contained :

The scenes of May, 1865, are here recalled. Lee had surrendered ; the Southern army, what there was left of it, was poorly clad, poorly fed, poorly paid and poorly equipped. Even the most sanguine of the leaders in the Rebellion were without hope ; their inevitable fate cast an overshadowing gloom upon the torn and desolate graveyard of the South. The North had triumphed in arms, and would soon triumph in law. The fate of treason was death ; that was Constitutional law, and the Southern leaders knew it. Most of them expected to meet this fate, if captured, and were making extraordinary efforts to escape. Jefferson Davis was one of this class. He had left Richmond, and, with a comparatively small escort, was skulking through the South. This became known, and President Andrew Johnson, May 2, 1865, offered $100,000 for his capture. The First Wisconsin Cavalry, raised mostly by Col. Edward Daniels, ex-State Geologist, resident of Waukesha County, had been lying at Macon, Ga., from April 20, 1865. A detachment consisting of about one hundred and fifty men was sent, under command of Lieut. Col. Henry Harnden, now United States Revenue Collector at Madison, Wis., to capture Jeff Davis, who was thought to be in that State. At 5 o'clock Sunday morning. May 7, 1865, this detachment struck the trail of the Davis party near Dublin, in Laurens County, where the ex-President of the Confederacy and John C. Breckenridge had parted company. A few hours later, bits of paper and a copy of the Richmond (Va.) Enquirer, found on the trail by Walter 0. Hargrave, of Fond du Lac County, made it certain past all doubt that the boys were on the right track. They then pushed on, regardless of hunger and , weariness, with renewed vigor. At Poor Robbin Ferry, or Abbeville, on the 9th, this detachment met a much larger body of the Fourth Michigan Cavalry, under command of Col. Benjamin D. Pritchard. Pritchard knew of the offer of $100,000 for the capture of President Davis (so some of his men said, though he afterward denied it) but Col. Harnden did not. The two talked together, the latter finally disclosing his orders and going so far as to state to the Michigan commander that he (Harnden) was on Davis' trail, showing the papers, etc., in proof. Pritchard said he had orders to take Poor Robbin Ferry and patrol the river ; but he was careful not to unbosom himself as Col. Harnden had done, which would have let the latter know of the handsome reward offered by the Government. As, near Abbeville, fresh evidences of the close proximity of Davis were found, the darkies saying, "Jeff am ahead dar," Col. Harnden pushed wearily on, following the trail. Toward night of the 9th, a little girl was accosted in front of a Southerners' residence, with, " Has Mr. Davis left your house ? " Innocent of the consequences, she answered truthfully, "Yes; he hast just gone that way," pointing in the direction of the closely-followed trail. At 9 that night. Col. Harnden's horse being almost too weak to bear his burden farther, a halt was called. Sergt. Maj. Hargrave opposed the halt. He contended that Davis was as tired and as nearly worn out as themselves, and it was best to push on and make the capture that night. But Col. Harnden's order prevailed, and the boys went into camp within less than two miles of their game, with orders to push on at 3 o'clock next morning.

In the mean time, Pritchard, with fresher men and horses, took a more direct road to iiitercept Davis (having received information which he afterward admitted under oath came only from Col. Harnden), and made all possible haste to get in ahead of the Wisconsin boys and secure the prize. He came upon the Davis camp in the night of the 9th of May ; picked his best men and stationed them across the trail -on which he knew Col. Harnden and his men were advancing, with orders to "let no one approach from that direction."

Promptly at 3 o'clock Wednesday morning, May 10, Sergeant Hargrave roused Col. Harnden's camp, and at 3:45 the line advanced. Sergt. George B. Hussey, with six companions, was sent in advance. That Pritchard's men were near never entered the heads of Col. Harnden and his men ; therefore, when Hussey received a volley from the former, they instinctively said " rebels," and rushed on to capture Jeff before he could break camp. But on receiving another volley Hussey retreated to the main body of the detachment, which, when it had advanced near enough, received volley after volley from the Winchester repeaters in the hands of the Michigan soldiers. Col. Harnden and his men supposed they were fighting rebels. Some of Pritchard's men, however, said, a few hours later, that they knew who they were firing at, but were obliged to obey the order to " to let no one approach from that direction." Two of the Fourth Michigan were killed, two or more wounded, and two taken prisoners. The prisoners explained and the battle closed ; two Wisconsin boys being severely wounded, and several horses being killed or disabled. While this fight was in progress. Pritchard surrounded the rebel camp near by and captured Davis, who had been aroused by the firing and was making ready to flee. When the Wisconsin boys came up, just as Jeff was surrendering, they were so enraged over the manner taken to snatch the prize from their very grasp, that many of them were determined then and there to exterminate " Pritchard and his murderers," as the boys savagely denominated the Fourth Michigan detachment.

Some of the Michigan boys declared Pritchard was entitled to a court-martial, as he had used Col. Harnden's confidence to snatch Davis from those who had first discovered the rebel trail and cheiftain, and that his order to stop Col. Harnden resulted in nothing less than murder. To this day the Wisconsin boys declare that Pritchard's escape at that time was one of the luckiest of his whole life.

Davis was captured at Irwinsville, Irwin Co., Ga., just in the gray of morning, Thursday, May 10, 1865. The locality is near the Alapaha, a branch of the Suwanee River, and in the pine barrens, the country of the " clay-eaters," or much despised "white trash." He had on a hood and his wife's water-proof, with a bucket in hand, impersonating an old woman carrying water. His boots " gave him away." At first he drew a bowie-knife and showed fight, but soon gave up. He hung his head like a whipped cur, expecting his fate would be the bullet or the gallows ; but Mrs. Davis was indignant, independent and tyrannical, telling Col. Harnden that her husband was " President Davis, and if the Yanks continued to address him in such opprobrious terms as ' old Jeff,' some of them would get hurt." With the captured party were Postmaster General Reagan, now member of Congress from Texas ; Davis' private Secretary, and quite a number of others. One of the party cast some papers in the fire, and another stepped aside and touched a match to a bundle of documents, supposed to have been of great importance ; but what they were has never been disclosed, and never can be.

When the boy8 began to confiscate baggage, etc., Mrs. Davis commanded Sergt. Hargrave to save her husband's magnificent horse for his use. There is no evidence that her order was obeyed.

All that saved Pritchard from court-martial was Secretary of War Stanton's hatred of CoL 0. H. La Grange, in command of the brigade, afterward Superintendent of the U. S. Mint,, who indorsed Col. Harnden's official report of the affair, stating the facts as here recited, and throwing the whole blame for the wanton loss of life upon what appeared to be the willful doings bf Pritchard. Secretary Stanton gave no heed to this report, because La Grange once presumed to talk pretty plainly to him in regard to the exchange of prisoners. La Grange had been captured and put " under fire " by the rebels - hence his plain talk about the duty of exchanging prisoners.

When, however, the matter came before the committee appointed by Congress, and the Fourth Michigan claimed the entire reward and all the credit of the capture, Col. Harnden went before the committee with such facts as secured to the Wisconsin boys their full share of the money ; but the pages of history still bear wicked libels against the First Wisconsin Cavalry.

The proof that no heed was given to Col. La Grange's report of the battle at Davis' capture because of Stanton's hatred of that brave Wisconsin officer, was the fact that La Grange had repeatedly been strongly recommended for promotion, which Secretary Staiiton as often refused.

Following is something more official. Gen. Robert G. H. Vlinty, in command of the division, said, in his official report to the War Department, May 18, 1865, that " Pritchard found a detachment under Lieut. Col. Harnden, of the First Wisconsin Cavalry, on Davis' trail ahead of him," and that, "by taking a circuitous route and marching until 2 o'clock in the morning," succeeded in passing ahead of Harnden and making the capture. This report was based on fresh facts, and no further evidence is needed to convince any reasonable person that a superhuman effort was made by Pritchard to cheat the weary Wisconsin boys out of the fruits of their almost superhuman labor. _

Lieut. Col. Harnden, comiuanding the First Wisconsin Regiment, has just arrived from Irwinsville. He struck the trail of Davis at Dublin, Laurens Co., on the evening of the 7th, and followed bim closely night and day through the pine wilderness at Alligator Creek, and Galen Swamp, via Cumberlandsville to Irwinsville. At Cumberlandsville. Col. Harnden met Col. Pritchard, with 150 picked men and horses of the Fourth Michigan. Harnden followed the trail directly south, while Pritchard, having fresher horses, pushed down the Ocmulgee toward Hopewell, and thence by House Creek to Irwinsville, arriving there at midnight on the 9th. JefiF Davis had not arrived. From a citizen, Pritchard learned that his party was encamped two miles out of the town. He made a disposition of his men and surrounded the camp before day.

Harnden had camped at 9 P. M. within two miles, as he afterward learned, from Davis. The trail being too indirect to follow, he pushed on at 3 A. M., and had gone but little more than one mile when his advance was fired upon by the men of the Fourth Michigan. A fight occurred, both parties exhibiting the greatest determination. Fifteen minutes elapsed before the mistake was discovered. The firing in the skirmish was the first warning Davis received.

The captors report thai he hastily put on one of his wife^s dresses and started for the woods, closely followed by our men, who at first thought him a woman, bvt seeing hit boots while he was runivng, they suspected his sex at once. The race was a short one. The rebel President was soon brought to bay. He brandished a bowie-knife and showed signs of battle, but yielded promptly to the persuasion of Colt's revolvers, without compelling the men to fire. He expressed great indignation at the energy with which he was pursued, saying that he believed our Government too magnanimous to hunt down women and children. Mrs. Davis remarked to Col. Harnden, after the excitement was over, that the men had better not provoke the President, or he might hurt some of them.

It should be observed that, in pushing ahead of Col. Harnden, Pritchard violated orders. He was to patrol the river at Abbeville. Col. Harnden made his official report May 13, to Brig. Gen. Croxton, barely stating the facts of the capture. On this report Col. 0. H. La Grange made the indorsement heretofore referred to, which is as follows :

From this report it appears that Lieut. Col. Harnden faithfully discharged his duty, and no blame can attach to him in relation to the unfortunate collision between his detachment and Col. Pritchard's, which he had every reason to believe remained at Abbeville. It is, however, a source of painful regret that the satisfaction experienced in this communication is clouded by the knowledge that an act having every appearance of unsoldierly selfishness in appropriating by deception the fruits of another's labor, and thus attaining unearned success, resulted in unnecessary bloodshed, and a sacrifice of lives for which no atonement can be made. What may have been intended merely as an act of bad faith toward a fellow-soldier resulted in a crime, and for this closing scene of the rebellion, inglorious in itself, but historic by circumstances, it is diiEcult to repress a wish that the accident had afforded the Government a representative above suspicion. 0. H. La Grange,

Any one who knows Col. La Grange, his record in the armiy and his course at Milwaukee and in Fond du Lac County, during the famous " Booth War," in Antislavery times - knows he was a particularly brave and fearless man ; that he was brave enough to censure even Secretary Stanton when he thought such censure was deserved, and was brave enough to make the above endorsement, when all the facts were in his 'possession, before any man's judgment had been warped by the hope of magnificent reward. After the Congressional Committee had begun the investigation of the Fourth Michigan's claim to the entire reward of $100,000 offered for the capture of Jefferson Davis, the following sworn testimony was elicited, and furnishes all the evidence necessary to place the honor for that famous capture where it belongs :

I have the honor to represent that, in obedience to orders from Col. 0. H. La Grange, commanding Second Brigade, First Division of Cavalry, Military Division of the Mississippi, I reported with one battalion of the First Wisconsin Cavalry to Brig. Gen. Croxton, commanding First Division of Cavalry, Military Division of the Mississippi, at Macon, Ga., on the 6th day of May, 1865. My orders from Gen. Croxton were verbal - to proceed in search of Jefferson Davis ; to march to Dublin, on the Oconee River ; to leave men at the cross-roads at Jeffersonville and also at Dublin ; to proceed with the rest on toward the Savannah River, unless I could get some trace of Jefferson. Davis - in that case to pursue and capture him, if possible.

I left Macon with my command at 6 o'clock, P. M., May 6, 1865, marching to Jeffersonville, Twiggs County^ where I left Lieut. Hewitt with thirty men. I continued on toward the Oconee River, marching all night and thenext day, arriving at Dublin, Laurens County, about 5 o'clock, P. M., May 7 ; distance from Dublin, fifty-five miles.. The roads were very sandy, and the day immensely hot; men and horses much exhausted. Before reaching Dublim I sent Lieut. Clinton on a side road to Laurel Hill, distant some seventeen miles, with twenty men. I passed, during: the day, many men from the rebel Gen. Johnston's army, on their way home. Some of them were mounted andl armed. At a place called Thomas' Crossroads, I heard of several hundred of them who were all mounted. They had passed out about an hour before I arrived. They were a part of a brigade of cavalry from Gen. Johnston's army. At Dublin, I camped near the ferry. About 11 o'clock, P. M., Lieut. Clinton arrived with his men. I could get no information whatever from the whites. About 12 o'clock at night, a negro came to me and told me that Jefferson Davis, with his wife and family, had passed through the town that day, going south on the " river road." The negro staled that they had eight wagons with them, and that another party had gone down on the other side of the river ; that he heard the lady addressed as Mrs. Davis and one of the gentlemen spoken of as President Davis ; that Mr. Davis did not come across the river at the regular ferry with the balance of the party, but came over on a small flat-boat about three miles lower down the river, and that he was mounted on a fine bay horse ; that he did not come through the town, but only up to the outskirts ; that when the party left he joined, and all went on together. The story of the negro being so straight, all believed it to be true. I detailed Lieut. Lane, with forty-five men, to remain at Dublin, watch the ferry and picket the crossroads.

May 8, at early dawn, started in pursuit, on the Jacksonville road. At Turkey Creek, I got from a woman information that convinced me that Jeff Davis was certainly with the party that I was pursuing. Here we entered the pine regions. The country was"poor and almost uninhabited. I think that, during the day, I saw only two or three men after leaving the vicinity of Dublin. It commenced raining in torrents, and after a few hours the track of the wagons could no longer be followed. While endeavoring to find the trail again, a citizen came along on horseback. At first, he professed to know nothing of any party ; but, upon my threatening to impress his horse, he said he had heard of some wagons stopping over night about eleven miles away. This man guided us through the pine woods, in a westerly direction, about a dozen miles, to the place where the wagon party had stopped the previous night. Discharging the guide, we followed the trail a few miles, when we again lost it. Here I found a new guide, who, for a consideration, showed us through the swamps of the forks of Alligator Creek, over to where the tracks of the wagons could be plainly followed. Continuing on to the crossing of Gum Swamp, and it being after dark, we stopped for the night. We had made about forty miles that day, bat, owing to the great rain, it was a hard day's march.' The men had no rations, except a little corn meal.

May 9, started a little before light, and pressed on through the same wilderness country, to the Ocmulgee River ; thence, down a few miles in a dense swamp, to Thomas' Ferry, where, after some diBBoulty, we crossed over. An accident to the boat delayed us about two and one-half hours. Here I learned that the wagon party had left at