Sussex Village (part 1 of 2)

Teees, Shkubs And Vines

Black Ash - F Sambuci folia. - This is another tall, graceful and well-known species of ash. The wood is used for making baskets, hoops, etc. ; when thoroughly dry, affords a good article of fuel. Deserves to be cultivated in low, rich, swampy situations, where more useful trees will not thrive.

Black Walnut - Juglans Nigra. - This giant of the rich alluvial bottom lands claims special attention for its valuable timber. It is among the most durable and beautiful of American woods ; susceptible of a fine polish ; not liable to shrink and swell by heat and moisture. It is extensively employed by the cabinet-makers for every variety of furniture. Walnut forks, are frequently found which rival in richness and beauty the far-famed mahogany. This tree, in favorable situations, grows rapidly ; is highly ornamental, and produces annually an abundant crop of nuts.

Butternut - J. Cinerea. - This species of walnut is not as valuable as the above, yet for its beauty, and the durability of its wood, it should claim a small portion of attention. The wood is rather soft for most purposes to which it otherwise might be applied. When grown near streams, or on moist side-hills, it produces regularly an ample crop of excellent nuts. It grows rapidly.

Shell-Bark Hickory - Carya Alba. - This, the largest and finest of American hickories, grows abundantly throughout the state. Hickory wood possesses probably the greatest strength and tenacity of any of our indigenous trees, and is used for a variety of purposes, but, unfortunately, it is liable to be eaten by worms, and lacks durability. For fuel, the shell-bark hickory stands unrivaled. The tree is ornamental and produces every alternate year an ample crop of the best of nuts.

Shag-Bark Hickory - C. Inclata. - Is a magnificent tree, the wood of which is nearly as valuable as the above. The nuts are large, thick-shelled and coarse, not to be compared to the C. alba. A rare tree in Wisconsin ; abundant further south.

Pignut Hickory - C. Glabra. - This species possesses all the bad and but few of the good quaUties of the shell-bark. The nuts are smaller and not so good. The tree should be preserved and cultivated in common with the shell-bark. Not abundant.

BiTTERNUT - C. Amara. - Is an abundant tree, valuable for fuel, but lacking the strength and elasticity of the preceding species. It is, however, quite as ornamental as any of the hickories. Red Beech - Fagus Ferruginea. - This is a common tree, with brilliant, shining light-green leaves, and long, flexible branches.' It is highly ornamental, and should be cultivated for this purpose, as well as for its useful wood, which is tough, close-grained and compact. It is much used for plane-stocks, tool handles, etc., and as an article of fuel is nearly equal to maple.

Water Beech - Carpinus Americana. - Is a small tree, called hornbeam by many. The wood is exceedingly hard and compact, but the small size of the tree renders it almost useless.

Iron Wood - Ostrya Virginica. - This small tree is found disseminated throughout most of our woodlands. It is, to a considerable degree, ornamental, but of remarkably slow growth. The wood possesses valuable properties, being heavy and strong, as the name would indicate ; yet, from its small size, it is of but little use.

Balsam YovLK^ - Populus Candicans. - This tree is of medium size, and is known by several names : Wild balm of Gilead, cottonwood, etc. It grows in moist, sandy soil, on river bottoms. It has broad, heart-shaped leaves, which turn a fine yellow after the autumn frosts. It grows more rapidly than any other of our trees ; can be transplanted with entire success when eight or nine inches in diameter, and makes a beatiful shade tree - the most ornamental of poplars. The wood is soft, spongy^ and nearly useless.

Large Aspen - P. Grandidentata.- - Is the largest of our poplars. It frequently grows to the height of sixty or seventy feet, with a diameter of two and one-half feet. The wood is soft, easily split, and used for frame buildings. It is the most durable of our poplars.

Cotton Wood - P. Monolifera. - This is the largest of all the poplars ; abundant on the Mississippi river. Used largely for fuel on the stearnboats. The timber is of but little use in the arts.

Sycamore or BuTT0NwooD^7'/a;?a«a.f Occiderdalis. - This, the largest and most majestic of our trees, is found growing only on the rich alluvial river bottoms. The tree is readily known, even at a considerable distance, by its whitish smooth branches. The foliage is large and beautiful, and the tree one of the most ornamental known. The wood speedily decays, and when sawed into lumber warps badly; on these accounts it is but little used, although susceptible of a fine finish. As an article of fuel it is of inferior merit.

Canoe Birch - Betula Papyracea.- - Is a rather elegant and interesting tree. It grows abundantly in nearly every part of the state. The wood is of a fine glossy grain, susceptible of a good finish, but lacks durability and strength, and, therefore, is but little used in the mechanical arts. For fuel it is justly prized. It bears transplanting without difficulty. The Indians manufacture their celebrated bark canoes from the bark of this tree.

Cherry Birch - B. Lenta. - This is a rather large, handsome tree, growing along streams. Leaves and bark fragrant. Wood, fine-grained, rose-colored ; used largely by the cabinetmakers.

Yellow Birch - B. Lutea. - This beautiful tree occasionally attains a large size. It is highly ornamental, and is of value for fuel ; but is less prized than the preceding species for cabinet work.

Kentucky Coffee Tree - Gymnocladus Canadensis. - This singularly beautiful tree is only found sparingly, and on rich alluvial lands. I met with it growing near the Peccatonica, in Green county. The wood is fine-grained, and of a rosy hue ; is ejsceedingly durable, and well worth cultivating. >

June Berry - Amelanchier Canadensis. - Is a small tree which adds materially to the beauty of our woods in early spring, at which time it is in full bloom. The wood is of no particular value, and the tree interesting only when covered with its white blossoms.

White Pine - Pinus Strolus. - This is the largest and most valuable of our indigenous pines. The wood is soft, free from resin, and works easily. It is extensively employed in the mechanical arts. It is found in great profusion ih the northern parts of the state. This species is readily known by the leaves being in fives. It is highly ornamental, but in common with all pines, will hardly bear transplanting. Only small plants should be moved.

Norway or Red Pine - P. Resinosa, and Yellow Pine - P. Mitis. - ^These are two large trees, but little inferior in size to the white pine. The wood contains more resin, and is consequently more durable. The leaves of both these species are in twos. Vast quantities of lumber are yearly manufactured from these two varieties and the white pine. The extensive pineries of the state are rapidly diminishing.

Shrub Pine - P. Banksiana. - Is a small, low tree ; only worthy of notice here for the ornamental shade it produces. It is found in the northern sections of the state.

Balsam Fir - Abies Balsamea. - This beautiful evergreen is multiplied to a great extent on the shores of Lake Superior, where it grows forty or fifty feet in height. The wood is of but

Trees, Sheubs And Vhstes

Double Spruce - -A. Nigra. - This grows in the same localities with the balsam fir, and assumes the same pyramidal form, but is considerably larger. The wood is light and possesses considerable strength and elasticity, which renders it one of the best materials for yard's and topmasts for shippmg. It is extensively cultivated for ornament.

Hemlock - A. Canadensis. - The hemlock is the largest of the genus. It is gracefully ornamental, but the wood is of little value. The baik is extensively employed in tanning.

Tamarack - Larix Americana. - This beautiful tree grows abundantly in swampy situations throughout the state. It is not quite an evergreen It drops its leaves in winter, but quickly recovers them in early spring. The wood is remarkably durable and valuable for a varietv of uses. The tree grows rapidly, and can be successfully cultivated in peaty situations, where other trees would not thrive.

Arbor Vit^e - Thuja Occidentalis. - This tree is called the white or flat cedar. It grows abundantly in many parts of the state. The wood is durable, furnishing better fence posts than any other tree, excepting the red cedar. Shingles and staves of a superior quality are obtained from these trees. A beautiful evergreen hedge is made from the young plants, which bear transplanting better than most evergreens. It will grow on most soils if sufficiently damp.

Red C^TiKK - Juniperus Virginiana. - Is a well known tree that furnishes those celebrated fence posts that " last forever." The wood is highly fragrant, of' a rich red color, and fine grained ; hence it is valuable for a variety of uses. It should be extensively cultivated.

Dwarf Juniper - /. Sabina. - This is a low trailing shrub. Is conside'ably prized for ornament. Especially worthy of cultivation in large grounds.

Sassafras - Sassafras officinale. - Is a small tree of fine appearance, with fragrant leaves bark. Grows in Kenosha county. Should be cultivated.

Willows. - There are many species of willows growing in every part of the state, several of which are worthy of cultivation near streams and ponds.

White Willow - Salix alba. - Is a fine tree, often reaching sixty feet in height. The wood is soft, and makes the best charcoal for the manufacture of gun-powder. Grows rapidly.

Dogwoods. - There are several species found in our forests and thickets. All are ornamental when covered with a profusion of white blossoms. I would especially recommend : corns sericea, C. stolonifera, C. paniculata, and C. alternifolia. All these will repay the labor of transplanting to ornamental grounds.

Viburnums. - These are very beautiful. 'Wtha.Yt viburnum lentago, V . prunifolium, V.nudunty V. dentatum, V. pubesceiis, V. acerifoliutn, V. pauciflorum, and V. opulus. The last, is known as the cranberry tree, and is a most beautiful shrub when in bloom, and also when covered with its red, acid fruit. The common snow-ball tree is a cultivated variety of the V. opulus.

Witch Hazel - Hamainelis Virginica. - Is an interesting, tall shrub that flowers late in autumn, when the leaves are falling, and matures the fruit the next summer. It deserves more attention than it receives.

Burning Bush - Euonymus atropurpureus. - This fine shrub is called the American strawberry, and is exceedingly beautiful when covered with its load of crimson fruit, which remains during winter.

Sumach - i?/4M typhina. - Is a tall shrub, 11 known, but seldom cultivated. When well grown it is ornamental and well adapted for planting in clumps.

Bladder Nut - Staphyka trifolia. - Is a fine, upright, showy shrub, found sparingly all over the state. Is ornamental, with greenish striped branches and showy leaves.

Virginia CvcE^'PS.'R. - Ampelopsis guinquefolia. - This is a noble vine, climbing extensively by disc-bearing tendrils, so well known as to require no eulogy. Especially beautiful in its fall colors.

Bitter Sweet - Celastrus scandens. - Is a stout twining vine, which would be an ornament to any grounds. In the fall and early winter it is noticeable for its bright fruit. Common.

Yellow Honeysuckle - Lonicera flava. - Is a fine native vine, which is found climbing over tall shrubs and trees. Ornamental. There are several other species of honeysuckle ; none, however, worthy of special mention.

FfiosT Grape - Vitce cordifolia. - This talKgrowing vine has deliciously sweet blossoms, which perfume the air for a great distance around. For use as a screen, this hardy species will be found highly satisfactory.

Fauna Of Wisconsin Fish And Fish Culture

Fish are cold blooded aquatic vertebrates, having fins as organs of progression. They have a two-chambered heart ; their bodies are mostly covered with scales, yet a few are entirely naked, like catfish and eels ; others again are covered with curious plates, such as the sturgeon. Fish inhabit both salt and fresh water. It is admitted by all authority that fresh-water fish are more universally edible than those inhabiting the ocean. Marine fish are said to be more highly flavored than those inhabiting fresh waters ; an assertion I am by no means prepared to admit. As a rule, fish are better the colder and purer the water in which they are found, and where can you find those ccnditions more favorable than in the cold depths of our great lakes .^ We have tasted, under the most favorable conditions, about every one of the celebrated salt-water fish, and can say that whoever eats a whitefish just taken from the pure, cold water of Lake Michigan will have no reason to be envious of the dwellers by the sea.

Fish afford a valuable article of food for man, being highly nutritious and easy of digestion ; they abound in phosphates, hence are valuable as affording nutrition to the osseous and nervous system, hence they have been termed, not inappropriately, brain food - certainly a very desirable article of diet for some people. They are more savory, nutritious and easy of digestion when just taken from the water ; in fact, the sooner they are cooked after being caught the better. No fish should be more than a few hours from its watery element before being placed upon the table. For convenience, I will group our fish into families as a basis for what I shall offer. Our bony fish, having spine rays and covered with comb-like scales, belong to the perch family - a valuable family ; all take the hook, are gamey, and spawn in the summer.

The yellow perch and at least four species of black or striped bass have a wide range, being found in all the rivers and lakes in the state. There is a large species of fish known as Walleyed pike {Leucoperca americand) belonging to this family, which is found sparingly in most of our rivers and lakes. The pike is an active and most rapacious animal, devouring fish of considerable size. The flesh is firm and of good flavor. It would probably be economical to propagate it to a moderate extent.

The six-spined bass {Pomoxys hexacanthus, Agas.) is one of the most desirable of the spine- ' rayed fish found in the State. The flesh is fine flavored, and as the fish is hardy and takes the hook with avidity, it should be protected during the spawning season and artificially propagated. I have examined the stomachs of a large number of these fish and in every instance found small crawfish, furnishing an additional evidence in its favor. Prof. J. P. Kirtland, the veteran ichthyologist of Ohio, says that this so-callea " grass bass" is the fish for the million.

The white bass {Roccus chrysops) is a species rather rare even in the larger bodies of water,. but ought to be introduced into every small lake in the State, where I am certain they would flourish. It is an excellent fish, possessing many of the good qualities and as few of the bad as any that belong to the family. There is another branch of this family, the sunfish, Pomotis, which numbers at least six species found in Wisconsin. They are beaiitiful fish, and afford abundant sport for the boys ; none of them, however, are worth domesticating (unless it be in the aquarium) as there are so many better.

The carp family (Cyprinidce) are soft finned fish without maxillary teeth. They include by far the greater number of fresh-water fish. Some specimens are not more than one inch, while others are nearly two feet in length. Our chubs, silversides and suckers are the principal members of this family. Dace are good pan-fish, yet their small size is objectionable; they are the children's game fish. The Cyprinidce all spawn in the spring, and might be profitably propagated as food for the larger and more valuable fish.

There are six or seven species of suckers found in our lakes and rivers. The red horse, found every where, and at least one species of the bufi'alo, inhabiting the Mississippi and its tributaries, are the best of the genus Catastomus. Suckers are bony, and apt to taste suspiciously of mud ; they are only to be tolerated in the absence of better. The carp {Cyprenius carpo) has been, successfully introduced into the Hudsonriver.

The trout family (^SalmonidcB) are soft-finned fish with an extra dorsal adipose fin without rays. They inhabit northern countries, spawning in the latter part of fall and winter. Their flesh is universally esteemed. The trout family embrace by far the most valuable of our fish, including, as it does, trout and whitefish. The famous speckled trout {Salmo fonlinalis) is a small and beautiful species which is found in nearly every stream in the northern half of the State. Wherever there is a spring run or lake, the temperature of which does not rise higher than sixty-five or seventy in the summer, there trout can be propagated in abundance. The great salmon trout (^Sal. amethystus) of the great lakes is a magnificent fish weighing from ten to sixty pounds. The Siscowit salmo siscowit of Lake Superior is about the same size, but not quite so good a fish, being too fat and oily. They will, no doubt, flourish in the larger of the inland lakes.

The genus Coregonus includes the true whitefish, or lake shad. In this genus, as now restricted, the nose is square and the under jaw short, and when first caught they have the fragrance of fresh cucumbers. There are at least three species found in Lake Michigan. In my opinion these fish are more delicately flavored than the celebrated Potomac shad ; but I doubt whether they will thrive in the small lakes, owing to the absence of the small Crustacea <:" which they subsist. The closely allied genus Argyrosomus includes seven known species inhabitmg the larger lakes, and one, the Argyrosomus sisco, which is found in several of the lesser lakes. The larger species are but little inferior to the true whitefish, with which they are commonly confounded. The nose is pointed, the under jaw long, and they take the hook at certain seasons with activity. They eat small fish as well as insects and crustaceans.

Of the pickerel family, we have three or four closely allied species of the genus Esox, armed with prodigious jaws filled with cruel teeth. They lie motionles eady to dart, swift as an arrow, upon their prey. They are the sharks of the fresh water. The pickerel are so rapacious that they spare not their own species. Sometimes they attempt to swallow a fish nearly as large as themselves, and perish in consequence! Their flesh is moderately good, and as they are game to the backbone, it might be desirable to propagate them to a moderate extent under peculiar circumstances.

The catfish {Siluridcz) have soft fins, protected by sharp spines, and curious fleshy barbels floating from their lips, without scales, covered only with a slimy coat of mucus. The -genus Pimlodus are scavengers among fish, as vultures among birds. They are filthy in habit ^nd food. There is one interesting trait of the catfish - the vigilant and watchful motherly -care of the young by the male. He defends them with great spirit, and herds them together when they straggle. Even the mother is driven far off; for he knows full well that she would not scruple to make a full meal off her little black tadpole-like progeny. There are four species known to inhabit this State - one peculiar to the great lakes, and t-wo found in the numerous affluents of the Mississippi. One of these, the great yellow catfish, sometimes weighs over one hundred pounds. When in good condition, stuffed and well baked, they are a fair table fish. The small bull-head is universally distributed.

The sturgeons are large sluggish fish, covered with plates instead of scales. There are at least three species of the genus Acipenser found in the waters of Wisconsin. Being so large and without bones, they afford a sufficiently cheap article of food ; unfortunately, however, the quality is decidedly bad. Sturgeons deposit an enormous quantity of eggs ; the roe not unfrequently weighs one fourth as much as the entire body, and numbers, it is said, many millions. The principal commercial value of sturgeons is found in the roe and swimming bladder. The much prized caviare is manufactured from the former, and from the latter the best of isinglass is obtained.

The gar-pikes {Leptdosteus) are represented by at least three species of this singular fish. They have long serpentine bodies, with jaws prolonged into a regular bill, which is well provided with teeth. The scales are composed of bone covered on the outside with enamel, like teeth. The alligator gar, confined to the depths of the Mississippi, is a large fish, and the more common species, Leptdosteus bison, attains to a considerable size. The Lepidosteous, now only found in North America, once had representatives all over the globe. Fossils of the same family of which the gar-pike is the type, have been found all over Europe, in the oldest fossiliferous beds, in the strata of the age of coal, in the new red sandstone, in oolitic deposits, and in the chalk and tertiary formations - being one of the many living evidences that North America was the first country above the water. For all practical purposes, we should not regret to have the gar-pikes follow in the footsteps of their aged and illustrious predecessors. They could well be spared.

There is a fish {Lota maculose) which belongs to the cod-fish family, called bythe fishermen the "lawyers," for what reason I am not able to say - at any rate, the fish is worthless. There are a great number of small fish, interesting only to the naturalist, which I shall omit to mention here.

Fish of the northern countries are the most valuable, for the reason that the water is colder and purer. Wisconsin, situated between forty-two thirty, and forty-seven degrees of latitude, bounded on the east and north by the largest lakes in the world, on the west by the "Great river," traversed by numerous fine and rapid streams, and sprinkled all over with beautiful and picturesque lakes, has physical conditions certainly the most favorable, perhaps of any State, for an abundant and never-failing supply of the best fish. Few persons have any idea of the importance of the fisheries of Lake Michigan. It is difficult to collect adequate data to form a correct knowledge of the capital invested and the amount of fish taken; enough, however, has been ascertained to enable me to state that at Milwaukee alone $100,000 are invested, and not less than two hundred and eighty tons of dressed fish taken annually. At Racine, during the entire season of nine months, there are, on an average, one thousand pounds of whitefish and trout, each, caught and sold daily, amounting to not less than $16,000. It is well known that, since the adoption of the gill-net system, the fishermen are enabled to pursue their calling ten months of the 'year.

When the fish retire to the deep water, they are followed with miles of nets, and the poor fish are entangled on every side. There is a marked falling off in the number and size of whitefish and trout taken, when compared with early years. When fish were only captured with seines, they had abundant chance to escape and multiply so as to keep an even balance in number. Only by artificial propagation and well enforced laws protecting them during the spawning season, can we hope now to restore the balance. In order to give some idea of the valuable labors of the state fish commissioners, I will state briefly that they have purchased for the state a piece of property, situated three miles from Madison, known as the Nine Springs, including forty acres of land, on which they have erected a dwelling-house, barn and hatchery, also constructed several ponds, in which can be seen many valuable fish in the enjoyment of perfect health and vigor. As equipped, it is, undoubtedly, one of the best, if not the best, hatchery iri the states. In this permanent establishment the commission design to hatch and distribute to the small lakes and rivers of the interior the most valuable of our indigenous fish, such as bass, pike, trout, etc., etc., as, well as many valuable foreign varieties. During the past season, many fish have been distributed from this state hatchery. At the Milwaukee Water Works, the commission have equipped a hatchery on a large scale, using the water as pumped directly from the lake. During the past season there was a prodigious multitude of young trout and whitefish distributed from this point. The success of Superintendent Welcher in hatching whitefish at Milwaukee has been the best yet gained, nearly ninety per cent, of the eggs "laid down" being hatched. Pisciculturists will appreciate this wonderful success, as they well know how difficult it is to manage the spawn of the whitefish.

They were distributed as follows, in the month of May, 1877 : Whitefish planted in Lake Michigan, at Racine, 1,000,000; at Milwaukee, 3,260,000; between Manitowoc and Two Rivers 1,000,000; in Green bay, 1,000,000; in Elkhart lake, 40,000.

Salmon trout were turned out as follows : Lake Michigan, near Milwaukee, 600,000 ; Brown's lake, Racine county, 40,000 ; Delavan lake, Walworth county, 40,000 ; Troy lake, Walworth county, 40,000 ; Pleasant lake, Walworth county, 40,000 ; Lansdale lake, Walworth county, 40,000; Ella lake, Milwaukee county, 16,000; Cedar lake, Washington county, 40,000; Elkhart lake, Sheboygan county, 40,000 ; Clear lake. Rock county, 40,000 ; Ripley lake,

Jefferson county, 40,000 ; Mendota lake, Dane county, 100,000 ; Fox lake, Dodge county, 40,000 ; Swan and Silver lakes, Columbia county, 40,000 ; Little Green lake, Green Lake county, 40,000; Big Green lake, Green Lake county, 100,000; Bass lake, St. Croix county, 40,000; Twin lakes, St. Croix county, 40,000 ; Long lake, (Jhippewa county, 40,000; Oconomowoc lake, Waukesha county, 100,000; Pine lake, Waukesha county, 40,000; Pewaukee lake, Waukesha^ county, 100,000 ; l^orth lake, Waukesha county, 40,000 ; Nagawicka lake, Waukesha County, 40,000 ; Okanche lake, Waukesha county, 40,000.

Fifty years ago, the territory now included in the state of Wisconsin, was nearly in a state of nature, all the large wild animals were then abundant. Now, all has changed. The ax and plow, gun and dog, railway and telegraph, have metamorphosed the face of nature. Most of the large quadrupeds have been either exterminated, or have hid themselves away in the wilderness. In a short time, all of these will have disappeared from the state. The date and order in which animals become extinct within the boundaries of the state, is a subject of great interest. There was a time when the antelope, the woodland caribou, the buffalo, and the wild turkey, were abundant, but are now no longer to be found.

The Antelope, Antilocarpa Americana, now confined to the Western plains, did, two hundred years ago, inhabit Wisconsin as far east as Michigan. In October, 1679, Father Hennepin, with La Salle and party, in four canoes, coasted along the Western shore of Lake Michigan. In Hennepin's narrative, he says; " The oldest of them " (the Indians) " came to us the next morning with their calumet of peace, and brought some Tznld goats." This was somewhere north of Milwaukee. " Being in sore distress, we saw upon the coast a great many ravens and eagles " (turkey vultures), " from whence we conjectured there was some prey, and having landed upon that place, we found above the half of a fat wilti goat, which the wolves had strangled. This provision was very acceptable to us, and the rudest of our men could not but praise the Divine Providence which took so particular care of us." This must have been somewhere near Racine. "On the 1 6th" (October, 1679), " we met with abundance of game. A savage we had with us, killed several stags (deer) and wild goats, and our men a great many turkeys, very fat and big." This must have been south of Racine. These goats were undoubtedly antelopes. Schoolcraft mentions antelopes as occupying the Northwest territory.

When the last buffalo crossed the Mississippi is not precisely known. It is certain they lingered in Wisconsin in 1825. It is said there was a buffalo shot on the St. Croix river as late as 1832, so Wisconsin claims the last buffalo. The woodland caribou - Rangifer caribou - were never numerous within the limits of the state. A few were seen not far from La Pointe in c^Al- The last wild turkey in the eastern portion of the state, was in 1846. On the Mississippi, one was killed in 1856. I am told by Dr. Walcott, that turkeys were abundant in Wisconsin previous to the hard winter of 1842-3, when snow was yet two feet deep in March, with a stout crust, so that the turkeys could not get to the ground. They became so poor and weak, that they could not fly, and thus became an easy prey to the wolves, foxes, wild cats, minks, etc., which exterminated almost the entire race. The Doctor says he saw but one single individual the next winter. Elk were on Hay river in 1863, and I have little doubt a few yet remain. Moose are not numerous, a few yet remain in the northwestern part of the state. I saw moose tracks on the Montreal river, near Lake Superior, in the summer of 1845. A few panthers may still inhabit the wilderness of Wisconsin. Benjamin Bones, of Racine, shot one on the headwaters of

Black river, December, 1863. Badgers are now nearly gone, and in a few years more, the only badgers found within the state, will be two legged ones. Beavers are yet numerous in the small lakes in the northern regions. Wolverines are occasionally met with in the northern forests. Bears, wolves, and deer, will continue to flourish in the northern and central counties, where underbrush, timber, and small lakes abound.

All large animals will soon be driven by civilization out of Wisconsin. The railroad and improved firearms will do the work, and thus we lose the primitive denizens of the forest and prairies.

Peculiarities Of The Bird Fauna

The facts recorded in this paper, were obtained by personal observations within fifteen miles of Racine, Wisconsin, latitude 42° 46' north, longitude 87° 48' west. This city is situated on the western shore of Lake Michigan, at the extreme southern point of the heavy lumbered district, the base of which rests on Lake Superior. Racine extends six miles further into the lake than Milwaukee, and two miles further than Kenosha. At this point the great prairie approaches near the lake from the west. The extreme rise of the mercury in summer, is from 90" to 100° Fahrenheit. The isothermal line comes further north in summer, and retires further south in winter than it does east of the great lakes, which physical condition will sufficiently explain the remarkable peculiarities of its animal life, the overlapping, as it were, of two distinct faunas. More especially is this true of birds, that are enabled to change their locality with the greatest facility. Within the past thirty years, I have collected and observed over three hundred species of birds, nearly half of all birds found in North America. Many species, considered rare in other sections, are found here in the greatest abundance. A striking peculiarity of the ornithological fauna of this section, is that southern birds go farther north in summer, while northern species go farther south in winter than they do east of the lakes. Of summer birds that visit us, I will ennumerate a few of the many that belong to a more southern latitude in the Atlantic States. Nearly all nest with us, or, at least, did some years ago.

Yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virdis ; mocking bird, Mimus pollyglottus ; great Carolina wren, Thrioihorus ludovicianus ; prothonotary warbler, Protonoiaria citreaj summer red bird, Pyrangia (estiva; wood ibis, Tantalus loeulator.

Snowy owl, Nyciea nivea; great gray owl, Syrnium cinerus; hawk owl, Surnia ulula; Arctic three-toed woodpecker, Picoides arciicusj banded three-toed woodpecker, Picoides hirsutusj magpie. Pica hudsonica; Canada jay, Perisorius canadensis ; evening grosbeak, Hesperiphona vespertina; Hudson titmouse, Parus hudsonicus ; king eder, Somateria speciabilis; black- throated diver, Colymbus arcticusj glaucus gull, Laurus glaucus.

These examples are sufficient to indicate the rich avi fauna of Wisconsin. It is doubtful if there is another locality where the Canada jay and its associates visit in winter where the mocking bird nests in summer, or where the hawk owl flies silently over the spot occupied during the warmer days by the summer red bird and the yellow-breasted chat. But the ax has already leveled much of the great woods, so that there is now a great falling off in numbers of our old familiar feathered friends. It is now extremely doubtful if such a collection can ever again be madf within the boundaries of this state, or indeed, of any other.

Educational History

From the time of the earliest advent of the families of French traders into the region now known as Wisconsin, to the year 1818, when that region became part of Michigan territory, education was mostly confined to private instruction, or was sought by the children of the wealthier in the distant cities of Quebec, Montreal, and Detroit. The early Jesuit missionaries, apd - subsequently to 1816, when it came under the military control of the United States - representatives of various other religious denominations, sought to teach the Indian tribes of this section. In 1823, Rev. Eleazar Williams, well known for his subsequent claim to be the Dauphin of France, and who was in the employ of the Episcopal Missionary Society, started a school of white and half-breed children on the west side of Fox river, opposite " Shanty-Town." A Catholic mission school for Indians was organized by an Italian priest near Green Bay, in 1830. A clause of the treaty with the Winnebago Indians, in 1832, bound "the United States to maintain a school for their children near Prairie du Chien for a period of twenty-seven years.

From 1818 to 1836, Wisconsin formed part of Michigan territory. In the year 1837, Michigan was admitted into the Union as a state, and Wisconsin, embracing what is now Minnesota, Iowa, and a considerable region still further westward, was, by act of congress approved April 20th of the year previous, established as a separate territory. The act provided that the existing laws of the territory of Michigan should be extended over the new territory so far as compatible with the provisions of the act, subject to alteration or repeal by the new government created. Thus with the other statutes, the school code of Michigan became the original code of Wisconsin, and it was soon formally adopted, with almost no change, by the first territorial legislature, which met at Belmont. Although modified in some of its provisions almost every year, this imperfect code continued in force until the adoption of the state constitution in 1848. The first material changes in the code were made by the territorial legislature at its second session, in 1837, by the passage of a bill " to regulate the sale of school lands, and to provide for organizing, regulating, and perfecting common schools." It was provided in this act .that as soon as twenty electors should reside in a surveyed township, they should elect a board of three commissioners, holding office three years, to lay off districts, to apply the proceeds of the leases of schoollands to the payment of teachers' wages, and to call school meetings. It was also provided that each district should elect a board of three directors, holding office one year, to locate school-houses, hire teachers for at least three months in the year, and levy taxes for the support of schools. It was further provided that a third board of five inspectors should be elected annually in each town to examine and license teachers and inspect the schools. Two years subsequently (1839) the law was revised and the family, instead of the electors, was made the basi.s of the town organization. Every town with not less than ten families was made a school district and required to provide a competent teacher. More populous towns were divided into two or more districts. The office of town commissioner was abolished, its duties with certain others being transferred to the inspectors. The rate-bill system of taxation, previously in existence, was repealed, and a tax on the whole county for building school-houses and support- ing schools was provided for. One or two years later the office of town commissioners was restored, and the duties of the inspectors were assigned to the same. Other somewhat important amendments were made at the same time.

In 1840, a memorial to congress from the legislature represented that the people were anxious to establish a common-school system, with suitable resources for its support. From lack of sufficient funds many of the schools were poorly organized. The rate-bill tax or private subscription was often necessary to supplement the scanty results of county taxation. Until a state government should be organized, the fund accruing from the sale of school lands could not be available. Congress had made to Wisconsin, as to other new states, for educational purposes, a donation of lands. These lands embraced the sixteenth section in every township in the state, the 500,000 acres to which the state was entitled by the provisions of an act of congress passed in 1841, and any grant of lands from the United States, the purposes of which were not specified. To obtain the benefits of this large fund was a leading object in forming the state constitution.

Shortly before the admission of the state the subject of free schools began to be quite widely discussed. In February, 1845, Col. M. Frank, of Kenosha, a member of the territorial legislature, introduced a bill, which became a law, authorizing the legal voters of his own town to vote taxes on all the assessed property lor the full support of its schools. A provision of the act required its submission to the- people of the town before it could take effect. It met with strenuous opposition, but after many public meetings and lectures held in the interests of public enlightenment, the act was ratified by a small majority in the fall of 1845, and thus the first free school in the state was legally organized. Subsequently, in the legislature, in the two constitutional conventions, and in educational assemblies, the question of a free-school system for the new state soon to be organized provoked much interest and discussion. In the constitution framed by the convention of 1846, was provided the basis of a free-school system similar to that in our present constitution. The question of establishing the office of state superintendent, more than any other feature of the proposed school system, elicited discussion in that body. The necessity of this office, and the advantages of free schools supported by taxation, were ably presented to the convention by Hon. Henry Barnard, of Connecticut, in an evening address. He afterward prepared, by request, a draft of a free-school system, with a state superintendent at its head, which was accepted and subsequently embodied in the constitution and the school law. In the second constitutional convention, in 1848, the same questions again received careful attention, and the article on education previously prepared, was, after a few changes, brought into the shape in which we now find it. Immediately after the ratification by the people, of the constitution prepared by the second convention, three commissioners were appointed to revise the statutes. To one of these, Col. Frank, the needed revision of the school laws was assigned. The work was acceptably performed, and the new school code of 1849, largely the same as the present one, went into operation May first of that year.

In the state constitution was laid the broad foundation of our present school system. The four corner stones were: (i) The guaranteed freedom of the schools; (2) the school fund created ; (3) the system of supervision ; (4) a state university for higher instruction. The school fund has five distinct sources for its creation indicated in the constitution: (i) Proceeds from the sale of lands granted to the state by the United States for educational purposes ; (2) all moneys accruing from forfeiture or escheat ; (3) all fines collected in the several counties for breach of the penal laws ; (4) all moneys paid for exemption from military duty ; (5) five per cent, of the sale of government lands within the state. In addition to these constitutional sources of the school fund, another and sixth source was open from 1856 to 1870. By an act of the state legislature in the former year, three-fourths of the net proceeds of the sales of the swamp and overflowed lands, granted to the state by congress, Sept. 28, 1850, were added to the commonschool fund, the other fourth going into a fund for drainage, under certain circumstances ; but if not paid over to any town for that purpose within two years, to become a part of the school fund. The following year one of these fourths was converted into the normal-school fund, leaving one-half for the common-school fund. In 1858, another fourth was given to the drainage fund, thus providing for the latter one-half the income from the sales, and leaving for the school fund, until the year 1865; only the remaining one-fourth. In the latter year this was transferred to the normal-school fund, with the provision, however, that one-fourth of the income of this fund should be transferred to the common-school fund until the annual income of the latter fund should reach $200,000. In 1870 this provision was repealed, and the whole incorne of the normal fund left applicable to the support of normal schools and teachers' institutes.

At the first session of the state legislature in 1848, several acts were passed which carried out in some degree the educational provisions of the constitution. A law was enacted to provide for the election, and to define the duties, of a state superintendent of public instruction. A district board was created, consisting of a moderator, director, and treasurer; the office of town superintendent was established, and provision was made for the creation of town libraries, and for the distribution of the school fund. The present school code of Wisconsin is substantially that passed by the legislature of 1848, and which went into operation May i, 1849. The most important change since made was the abolition of the office of town superintendent, and the substitution therefor of the county superintendency. This change took effect January i, 1862.

The first annual report of the state superintendent, for the year 1849, gives the income of the school fund for that year as $588, or eight and three-tenth mills per child. Milwaukee county received the largest amount, $69.63, and St. Croix county the smallest, twenty-four cents. The average in the state was forty-seven cents per district. The following table will show at a glance the quinquennial increase in the income of the fund, the corresponding increase in the number of school children, and the apportionment per child, from 1849 to 1875, inclusive ; also, the last published apportionment, that for 1878. It will be seen that since 1855 the increase of the fund has not kept pace with the increase of school population :

Child

The amount of productive school fund reported September 30, 1878, was $2,680,703.27. The portion of the fund not invested at that date, was ;?s8,823.7o.

Educational Histoey

In his message to the first territorial legislature, in 1836, Governor Dodge recommended asking from congress aid for the establishment of a state educational institution, to be governed by the legislature. This was the first official action looking to the establishment of a state university. The same legislature passed an act to establish and locate the Wisconsin university at Belmont, in the county of Iowa. At its second session, the following year, the legislature passed an act, which was approved January 19, 1838, establishing " at or near Madison, the seat of government, a university for the purpose of educating youth, the name whereof shall be ' The University of the Territory of Wisconsin. " A resolution was passed at the same session, directing the territorial delegate in congress to ask of that body an appropriation of $20,000 for the erection of the buildings ol said university, and also to appropriate two townships of vacant land for its endowment. Congress accordingly appropriated, in 1838, seventy-two sections, gr two townships, for the support of a " seminary of learning in the territory of Wisconsin," and this was afterward confirmed to the state for the use of the university. No effectual provision, however, was made for the establishment of the university until ten years later, when the state was organized. Congress, as has been said, had made a donation of lands to the territory for the support of such an institution, but these lands could not be made available for that purpose until the territory should become a state. The state constitution, adopted in 1848, declared that provision should be made for the establishment of a state university, and that the proceeds of all lands donated by the United States to the state for the support of a university should remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which should be appropriated to its support

The state legislature, at its first session, passed an act, approved July 26, 1848, establishing the University of Wisconsin, defining its location, its government, and its various departments, and authorizing the regents to purchase a suitable site for the buildings, and to proceed to the erection of the same, after having obtained from the legislature the approval of plans. This act repealed the previous act of 1838. The regents were soon after appointed, and their first annual report was presented to the legislature, January 30, 1849. This report announced the selection of a site, subject to the approval of the legislature, announced the organization of a preparatory department, and the election of a chancellor or president. The university was thus organized, with John H. Lathrop, president of the University of Missouri, as its first chancellor, and John W. Sterling as principal of the preparatory 'department, which was opened February 5, 1849. Chancellor Lathrop was not formally inaugurated until January 16, 1850.

Owing to the short-sighted policy of the state in locating without due care, and in appraising and selling so low the lands of the original grant, the fund produced was entirely inadequate to the support of the institution. Congress, therefore, made, m 1854, an additional grant of seventy-two sections of land for its use. These, however, were located and sold in the same inconsiderate and unfortunate manner, for so low a price as to be a means of inducing immigration, indeed, but not of producing a fund adequate for the support of a successful state university. Of the 92,160 acres comprised in the two grants, there had been sold prior to September 30, 1866, 74,178 acres for the sum of $264,570.13, or at an average price of but little more than $3.50 per acre.* Besides this, the state had allowed the university to anticipate its income to the extent of over $100,000 for the erection of buildings. By a law of 1862 the sum of $104,339.43 was taken from its fund (already too small) to pay for these buildings. The resulting embarrassment made necessary the re-organization of 1866, which added to the slender resources of the institution the agricultural college fund, arising from the sale of lands donated to the state by the congressional act of r862.

the price obtained for the lands of the University of Michigan. The first sale of those lands averaged $22.85 per acre, and brought in a single year (1837) $150,447.90. Sales were made in succeeding years at $15, $17, and $19 per acre.

The first university building erected was the north dormitory, which was completed in 185 1. This is no feet in length by 40 in breadth, and four stories in height. The south dormitory, of the same size, was completed in 1855. The main central edifice, known as University Hall, was finished in 1859. The Ladies' College was completed in 1872. This latter was built with an appropriation of $50,000, made by the legislature in 1870 - the first actual donation the university fiad ever received from the state. The legislature of 1875 appropriated $80,000 for the erection of Science Hall, a building to be devoted to instruction in the physical sciences. This was completed and ready for occupancy at the opening of the fall term of 1877.

The growth of this institution during the past fourteen years, and especially since its reorganization in 1866, has been rapid and substantial. Its productive fund on the 30th day of September, 1877, aside from the agricultural college fund, was $223,240 32. The combined university and agricultural funds amounted, at the same date, to $464,032 22. An act of the legislature in 1867 appropriated to the university income for that year, and annually for the next ten years, the sum of $7,303.76, being the interest upon the sum taken from the university fund by the law of 1862 for the erection of buildings, as before mentioned. Chapter 100 of the general laws of 1872 also provided for an annual state tax of $10,000 to increase the income of the university. Chapter 119 of the laws of 1876 provides for an annual state tax of one-tenth of one mill on the taxable property of the state for the increase of the university fund income, this tax to be " in lieu of all other appropriations before provided for the benefit of said fund income," and to be " deemed a full compensation for all deficiencies in said income arising from the disposition of the lands donated to the state by congress, in trust, for the benefit of said income." The entire income of the university from all sources, including this tax (which was $42,359.62), was, for the year ending September 30, 1878, ^81,442.63. The university has a faculty of over thirty professors and instructors, and during the past year - 1877-8 - it had in its various departments 388 students. The law department, organized in 1868, has since been in successful operaation. Ladies are admitted into all the departments and classes of the university.

The agricultural college fund, granted to the state by the congressional act of 1862, was by a subsequent legislative enactment (1866) applied to the support, not of a separate agricultural college, but of a department of agriculture in the existing university, thus rendering it unnecessary for the state to erect separate buildings elsewhere. Under the provisions of chapter 114, laws of 1866, the county of Dane issued to the state, for the purpose of purchasing an experimental farm, bonds to the amount of $40,000. A farm of about 200 acres, adjoining the university grounds, was purchased, and a four years' course of study provided, designed to be thorough and extensive in the branches that relate to agriculture, in connection with its practical application upon the experimental farm.

The propriety of making some special provision for the instruction of teachers was acknowledged in the very organization of the state, a provision for normal schools having been embodied in the constitution itself, which ordains that after the support and n.aintenance of the common schools is insured, the residue of the school fund shall be appropriated to academies and normal schools. The state legislature, in its first session in 1848, in the act establishing the University of Wisconsin, declared that one of the four departments thereof should be a department of the theory and practice of elementary instruction. The first institution ever chartered in the state as a normal school was incorporated by the legislature at its second session - 1849 - under the title of the " Jefferson County Normal School." This, however, was never organized.

The regents, when organizing the university, at their meeting in 1849, ordained the establishment of a normal professorship, and declared that in organizing the normal department it was their fixed intention " to make the University of Wisconsin subsidiary to the great cause of popular education, by making it, through its normal department, the nursery of the educators of the popular mind, and the central point of union and harmony to the educational interests of the commonwealth." They declared that instruction in the normal department should be free to all suitable candidates. Little was accomplished, however, in this direction during the next ten years. In 1857 an act was passed by the legislature appropriating twenty-five per cent, of the income of the swamp-land fund " to normal institutes and academies under the supervision and direction of a board of regents of normal schools," who were to be appointed in accordance with the provisions of the act. Distribution of this income was made to such colleges, academies, and high schools as maintained a normal class, in proportion to the number of pupils passing a successful examination conducted by an agent of the board. In 1859, Dr. Henry Barnard, who had become chancellor of the university, was made agent of the normal regents. He inaugurated a system of teachers' institutes, and gave fresh vigor to the normal work throughout the state. Resigning, however, on account of ill-health, within two years. Professor Chas. H. Allen, who had been conducting institutes under his direction, succeeded him as agent of the normal regents, and was elected principal of the normal department of the university, entering upon his work as the latter in March, 1864. He managed the department with signal ability and success, but at the end of one or two years resigned. Meantime the educational sentiment of the state had manifested itself for the establishment of separate normal schools.

In 1865, the legislature passed an act repealing that of two years before, and providing instead that one-half of the swamp-land fund should be set apart as a normal-school fund, the income of which should be applied to establishing and supporting normal schools under the direction and management of the board of normal regents, with a proviso, however, that onefourth of such income should be annually transferred to the common-school fund income, until the latter should amount annually to $200,000. This proviso was repealed by the legislature of 1870, and the entire income of one-half the swamp-land fund has since been devoted to normalschool purposes. During the same year proposals were invited for aid in the establishment of a normal school, in money, land, or buildings, and propositions from various places were received and considered. In 1S66, the board of regents was incorporated by the legislature. In the same year Platteville was conditionally selected as the site of a school, and as there was already a productive fund of about $600,000, with an income of over $30,000, and a prospect of a steady increase as the lands were sold, the board decided upon the policy of establishing several schools, located in different parts of the state. In pursuance of this policy, there have already been completed, and are now in very successful operation, the Platteville Normal School, opened October 9, 1866; the Whitewater Normal School, opened April 21, 1868 ; the Oshkosh Normal School, opened September 19, 1871, and the River Falls Normal School, opened September 2, 1875. Each assembly district in the state is entitled to eight representatives in the normal schools. These are nominated by county and city superintendents. Tuition is free to all normal students. There are in the normal schools two courses of study - an elementary course of two years, and an advanced course of four years. The student completing the former, receives a certificate ; the one completing the latter, a diploma. The certificate, when the holder has successfully taught one year after graduation, may be countersigned by the superintendent of public instruction, when it becomes equivalent to a five-years' state certificate, The diploma, when thus countersigned, after a like interval, is equivalent to a permanent state certificate.

It is believed that the normal-school system of Wisconsin rests upon a broader and more secure basis than the corresponding system of any other state. That basis is an independent and permanent fund, which has already reached a million dollars. The precise amount of this securely invested and productive fund, September 30, 1878, was ;gi, 004,907.67, and the sum of ;g33, 290.88 remained uninvested.

In addition to the work of the normal schools, the board of regents is authorized to expend $5,000 annually to defray the expenses of teachers' institutes. A law of 1871, amended in 1876, provides for normal institutes, which shall be held for not less than two consecutive weeks, and appropriates from the state treasury a sum not exceeding $2,000 per annum for their support. There were held in the State, in 1878, sixty-six institutes, varying in length from one to two The total number of persons enrolled as attendants was 4,944

Including those in the cities, the graded schools of the State number about four hundred. The annual report of the State superintendent for 1878 gives, the number with two departments as 207, and the number with three or more as 225.

A law of March, 1872, provided that "all graduates of any graded school of the state, who shall have passed an examination at such graded school satisfactory to the faculty of the university for admission into the sub-freshman class and college classes of the university, shall be at once and at all times entitled to free tuition in all the colleges of the university." A considerable number of graduates of graded schools entered the university under this law during the next four years, but it being deemed an unwise discrimination in favor of this class of students, in 1876, in the same act which provided for the tax of one tenth of one mill, the legislature provided that from and after the 4th of July of that year no student, except students in law and those taking extra studies, should be required to pay any fees for tuition. Few graded schools of the state are able as yet to fully prepare students for entrance into the regular classes of the classical department of the university. The larger number prepared by them still enter the scientific department or the sub-freshman class.

In 1869 the legislature passed a law authorizing towns to adopt by vote the " township system of school government." Under this system each town becomes one school district, and the several school districts already existing become sub-districts. Each sub-district elects a clerk, and these clerks constitute a body corporate under the name of the " board of school directors," and are invested with the title and custody of all school houses, school-house sites, and other property belonging to the sub-districts, with power to control them for the best interests of the schools of the town. The law provides for an executive committee to execute the orders of the

On the conclusion of the twenty-fifth ballot, the board adjourned amid a shout never to be forgotten by those who heard it, and the Pewaukee folks immediately instituted a search for the eighth man, who deserted them and went over to Prairieville ; but, fortunately for him, they never found the right one, though all manner of corruption was charged upon several. It was done in anger, however, as there was no foundation in fact for such a harsh and damaging charge - not a particle of evidence to sustain it ever having been found.

Court Rouse. - On Saturday, June 14, 1846, S. S. Case offered this resolution, which was adopted : " That Lots 1, 2 and 3 in Block F, of John Gale, Jr., Robert Lockwood and William A. Barstow's plat of Prairieville, situate on the northeast quarter of Section 3, in the town of Prairieville, be and is hereby designated and fixed as the site on which to erect the county buildings for the county of Waukesha." On the motion of William Fisher, S. S. Case, Curtis Reed and Talbot C. Dousman were appointed a committee to procure plans for a court house and superintend the commencement and construction of the building ; also, to determine the expediency of purchasing Lots 4 and 5, adjoining the three donated by William A. Barstow, of Prairieville, H. N. Ward, of Ohio, and Morris D. Cutler, of Prairieville. These two lots were not then purchased. They were sold to the county in December, 1868, however, by Herman A. Meyer, and now form a part of the court-house site - the portion used for a garden.

In April, 1847, a new Building Committee, consisting of Charles Burchard, G. M. Humphrey and William Crombie, was appointed, and Squire S. Case was appointed Superintendent of the construction of the county buildings.

The contract was let to " John Gale, Jr., and others," in 1846 ; but as the work of construction went on very slowly, and the walls, as far as finished, were not satisfactory, in October, 1847, a year or more from the commencement of operations, a committee, consisting of Charles Burchard, F. McNaughton and W. P. Clarke, was appointed to investigate the validity of the contract, the state of the work and the responsibility of the contractors' bondsmen. This committee reported in favor of canceling the bond and contract for building the court house, and appropriating $1,200 for paying any new contractor who should complete the building ; which report was adopted. On more closely examining the unfinished walls, they were found to be wholly unsafe - hardly able to stand without the weight of any further superstructure. The Board, therefore, ordered, in April, 1848, that the court-house walls be torn down, and new contracts for completing the building be let to competent and responsible parties ; or that the Building Committee engage workmen and complete the structure. J. A. Short was, therefore, appointed Superintendent, and the committee prosecuted the work, which was contracted, piecemeal, to various parties, and finally completed it in the summer of 1849, after various alterations in the inside work.

The building stands now as it was completed in 1849, three years and more from its commencement, and is a substantial, plain, two-story stone structure, about 70x42 feet on the outside. It contains a jury-room. Sheriff's ofiice, two oflices for the County Judge, and County Superintendent's office on the first floor, while the second floor constitutes the court room. A blunt dome surmounts the structure, and solid stone walks and steps lead up to its entrance, over which is inscribed the somewhat untruthful legend: " Court House - Erected 1846."

No settlement was ever secured with "John Gale, Jr., and others," the first contractors' whose work had to be torn down, so the exact cost of the structure can hardly be stated, though it was probably about $10,000, from beginning to end.

County Jail. - In January, 1^7, the County Board resolved, "That the Building Committee (S. S. Case, Curtis Reed and T. C. Dousman) be and hereby are directed to contract for the construction of a jail and jailer's house, in accordance with the plans now in its possession, to be paid for as follows, viz. : $500 out of the tax of 1846, and the balance out of the tax of 1847."

The contract was let to Clinton, Conover k Co., for $2,305.18 for the jail buildings. In October, 1847, the Superintendent reported the buildings satisfactorily completed according to contract, and recommended the payment of the balance due, $1,805.18. The Board then granted $40 for " beds, stoves, etc.," for the jail, and also ordered the contractors paid in fulL A bill having come before the Legislature designating this jail as the State Prison until a regular State Prison building should be erected, the Building Committee had certain alterations made which furnished accommodations for more prisoners. But Gov. Dewey finally refused to sign the act, which therefore failed to become a law. The contract for the alteration, however, was let as soon as the act passed the Senate and Assembly, and considerable work had been done before the Governor's refusal to sign it had become known. The alteration was therefore necessarily allowed to be completed, and the County Board petitioned Judge Levi Hubbell ta send all the convicts sentenced to the State prison in his circuit to the Waukesha jail, as it had been strengthened, enlarged and such provisions made for employing convict labor as no other county could offer. The petition was obeyed, and United States convicts, that is, those convicted by the United States Counts, were confined in this building several years.

County Offioes.. - The best building owned by the county of Waukesha is the county ofiices building, located near the court house at Waukesha. It was erected in 1860, at a cost of about $4,000, and is a solid Waukesha-stone, fireproof structure,»of ample proportions for the County Clerk, Register of Deeds, County Treasurer and Clerk of the Court's offices, and for storing their numerous records.* The situation is pleasant - iron fences, stone walks and fine maple trees extending in front. The records of the county are unusually perfect in these ofiices, and the building is such as will preserve them against all ordinary destructive influences for at least five centuries to come.

Fortunately, Milwaukee County, including what is now Waukesha County, was set apart, and organized in 1834, the same year the first settlers located within the present county limits, or whatever business of a public nature that was necessary before that time, would have been recorded at Green Bay, an out-of-the-way place for residents of Waukesha County. All county records from 1834 to June, 1846, were made and continue to be kept at Milwaukee. Mere outlines or index transcripts have been made of them, which are kept at the county building in Waukesha.

After the county of Waukesha was set off" from Milwaukee, the first record was made by the Supervisors of the sixteen towns, who met to set the wheels of the new county machinery in motion. The record of that meeting, the first in Waukesha County, is as follows, for the first day's proceedings :

At a meeting of the County Supervisors of the county of Waukesha, held at Vail's Hotel, in Prairieville, on, Monday, the 8th day of June, A. D. 1846, at 12 o'clock M., pursuant to an act entitled " An Act to provide for a division of the county of Milwaukee," approved January 31, 1846, for the purpose of organizing a Board of County Supervisors for said county ; the Supervisors were called to order by j\Ir. T. C. Dousman, and Curtis Reed waa chosen Chairman pro tern.; and on motion of Mr. Martin, T. C. Dousman was chosen Secretary jsro tern.

The Secretary then proceeded to call the names of the several towns in said county, when the following-named persons appeared and took their seats as members of this Board, viz. :

On motion of Mr. Case, the Board proceeded to take an informal ballot for Clerk. Messrs. Case and Sherwood acting as tellers, who reported that the whole number of votes received were 16, of which Harrison Phillipa. received 11 ; Henry Sherman, 1 ; William P. Sloan, 4 ; when, on motion of Mr. Martin, the Board proceeded to take a formal ballot for the appointment of a Clerk, Messrs. Bond and Turner acting as tellers, who reported that the whole number of votes received were 16, of which Harrison Phillips received 14 ; H. W. Sherman, 1, and William P. Sloan, 1. Harrison Phillips, having received' a majority of all the votes cast, was declared duly appointed Clerk,

On motion of Mr. Turner, the Board then proceeded to take an informal ballot for Chairman. Messrs. Castleman and Richmond acting as tellers, who reported that the whole number of votes received were 16, of which Curtis Reed received 11 ; J. Bond, 1 ; J. Turner, 1 ; S. S. Case, 1 ; H: Phillips, 1, and Blank, 1.

*Tha.nka are not hi8tory ; but it is nothing less than proper to here sincerely thank the incumbents of these offices for many kindnesses, shown by them to the historian in the prosecution of his work.

On motion of Jlr. Turner, the Board then proceeded to take a formal ballot for the election of Chairman of the Board. Messrs. Martin and McVean acting as tellers, who reported that the whole number of votes received were 16, of which Curtis Reed received 14 ; J. Turner, 1, and Blank, 1 ; whereupon the Secretary declared Curtis Keed to be Chairman of this Board.

On motion of Mr. Castleman, a Commiitee of five members was appointed to report rules for the government of this Board, consisting of Messrs. Castleman, Turner, Bond, Case and Sherwood.

Mr. Dousman was excused from acting any longer as Clerk, and, on motion of Mr. Castleman, Jlr. Phillips - the Clerk elect - was requested to act as Clerk of this Board until a Treasurer be appointed and qualified to approve of the bond of the Clerk in conformity to law.

The petition of R. C. Peck, claiming a seat in this Board from the town of Muskego was presented ; and, on motion of Mr. Dousman, was referred to a select committee of three, consisting of Messrs. Dousman, MoVean and Turner.

Resolved, That a Committee of three be appointed by the Chair to receive proposals for furnishing a lot of land and erecting thereon a Court House, Jail, Treasurer's office. Register's office, and two Clerks' offices, accompanied with plans and proposals for the same, and that said Committee be instructed to report to this Board by 10 o'clock to-morrow morning : and the Chair appointed Messrs. Castleman, Fisher and Case such Committee.

Certificate No. 12,.576. - The U.nited States of America - To all whom these presents shall come - greeting: Whereas, Willard Bancroft, of Milwaukie County, Wisconsin Territory, has deposited in the General Land Office of the United States a certificate of the Register of the Land Office at Milwaukie, whereby it appears that full payment has been made by the said Willard Bmcroft, according to the provision of the act of Congress of the 24th of April, 1820, entitled " An .\ot making further provisions for the sale of the public lands," for the northeast quarter of the northwest quarter of Section 4, in Towaship 8 north, of Range 20 east, in the district of lands subject to sale at Milwaukie, Wisconsin Territory, cont.aining forty acres and [seventy-three hundredths of an acre, according to the official plat of the survey of the said lands, returned to the General Laud Office by the Surveyor General, which said tract has been purchased by the said Willard Bancroft ; Now know ye, that the United States of America, in consideration of the premises, and in conformity with the several acts of Congress in such case made and provided, have given and granted, anil by these presents do give and grant, unto the said Willard Bancroft, and to his heirs, the said tract above described ; to have and to hold the same, together with all the rights, privileges, immunities and appurtenances, of whatsoever nature, thereunto belonging, unto the said Willard Bancroft and to his heirs and assigns forever.

In testimony whereof, I, .John Tyler, President of the United States of America, have caused these letters to be ' made patent, and the seal of the General Land Office to be hereunto affixed. Given under my hand, at the city of Washington, the 1st day of October, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and forty-four, and of the Independence of the United States the sixty-ninth. By the President : J. Tyler.

John P. Story was the grantor, and William Cruikshank the grantee, of the first transfer of land recorded next after the above certificate, and were really the parties to the first realestate transaction after Waukesha became a county, so far as the records show.

Summons in trespass in the case issued January 4, 1847 ; writ returned July 6, 1847, indorsed as follows, viz.: " Waukesha County, Wisconsin Territory. Served the within writ by reading to David Douglass, one of the defendants!; J"''^'* A- Douglass not found, 6th day of January, 1847. Albert Alden, Sheriff. Fees, §2.20."

Fded January 25, 1847, and now, February 16, 1847, cause called, and, no plea being filed, the default of the defendant is entered for want of a plea. Judgment granted for the plaintiff by the default of the defendant, and the Clerk is directed hy the Court to examine, ascertain and report what sum the plaintiff ought to have for his damages. The same day the Clerk reports in writing that he has assessed the damages to the plaintiff at the sum of |80.87, per report filed. Wherefore, it is considered and adjudged by the Court nowhere, that the plaintiff recover of the defendants the sum of S80.87, with §5.49 for his costs and charges by him about his said suit in this behalf expended ; and that he have execution therefor.

County Officers From 1846 To 1880

As the territory now designated as Waukesha County was for many years under the jurisdiction, and a portion of, other counties, the first officers who had charge of its local afikirs are not matters of record within its present boundaries, and of necessity must be omitted. During only three years before Waukesha County was set oif from Milwaukee were the people permitted to choose who should manage anything but their town affairs. Other offices were filled by appointment, as often in such a manner as would pay political debts as otherwise. Although, of course, some good officers were appointed, the custom was a vicious one. The act allowing certain officers to be chosen by ballot was approved March 23, 1843, under which the first election was held in May of that year. A Milwaukee paper's comments, as follows, on the passage of the act, is further explanatory :

" Our readers will perceive, by referring to an act of Congress, which we publish to-day, that the people of Wisconsin are hereafter to have the right of electing their own Sheriffs, Judges of Probate and Justices of the Peace. This is a privilege which has long been desired by the people of the Territory, and one which was demanded by justice. The old system of having these ofiScers appointed by the Governor was one which conferred more power upon the Executive than should ever be given to that officer. Men of his appointment were generally such ones as would be subservient to his will and dictation ; and, in appointing them, it has not been the object of the Governor to select such men as would administer the laws with justice so much as it has to get such ones as would give to him the greatest support, and best advance his cause. Such always has been, and always will be, the case when the power of appointing these officers is given to the Executive. This power is now taken from the Governor of this Territory and given to the majority of the people.

" We also publish a bill to provide for the manner and time of electing such officers, which passed both branches of the Legislature, and was sent to the Governor for his approval, yesterday. It provides that the election shall take place on the first Monday in May next, anc? that the officers elected at that time shall commence their term of service on the 1st of June."

Register of Deeds. - T. F. Bancroft, appointed by the Board of Supervisors June 8, 1846, and served until October, 1846; E. B. Quiner, 1846-47, two terms; Philip V. Bovee, 1848 ; Samuel H. Barstow, 1849-52, two terms ; William R. Williams, 1853-58, three terms ; Henry

Sheriff. - John Blane, appointed by the Board of Supervisors June 9, 1846, served three months; Albert Alden, 1846-48 ; Alex F. Pratt, 1849-50 ; Dominick Casey, 1851-52 ; Charles

Board of Supervisors. - The Board of Supervisors is to the county what the Legislature is to a State. The oflicial records show the Board to have been composed of the following persons fo,r the difierent years :

1846 - Hiram Carter, of Oconomowoc ; Curtis Reed, of Summit ; Talbot C. Dousman, of Ottawa; Baxter P. Melendy, of Eagle ; Joseph Bond, of Mukwonago ; Squire S. Case, of Genesee ; Alfred L. Castleman, of Delafield ; William Odell, of Warren ; Thompson Richmond, of Lisbon ; Collin McVean, of Pewaukee ; Joseph Turner, of Prairieville ; Asa A. Flint, of Vernon ; Leonard Martin, of Muskego ; Moses W. Sherwood, of New Berlin ; William Fisher, of Brookfield ; Willard Bancroft, of Menomonee.

1847 - A. J. Story, of Summit ; T. C. Dousman, of Ottawa ; D. Orendorfi", of Genesee ; W. Crombie, of Delafield ; W. P. Clarke, of Warren ; James Weaver, of Lisbon ; J. H. Watei-- man, of Pewaukee ; C. Burchard, of Waukesha; 0. Hazeltine, of Vernon ; L. Martin, of Muskego ; George M. Humphrey, of New Berlin ; M. Spear, of Brookfield ; N. P. Reynolds, of Menomonee; E. P. Cotton, of Oconomowoc; Jonathan Parsons, of Eagle; Joseph Bond, of Mukwonago.

1848 - William Flanagan, of Menomonee ; Henry Brainard, of Lisbon ; Curtis B. Brown, of Oconomowoc ; Henry C. Morgan, of Pewaukee ; John P. Story, of Brookfield ; E. P. Birchard, of Waukesha; S. S. Case, of Genesee; T. C. Dousman, of Ottawa; Jonathan Parsons, of Eagle ; Jesse Smith, of Vernon ; John Finley, of Muskego.

1849 - William Flanagan, of Menomonee ; George Elliot, of Lisbon ; William A. Barstow, of Waukesha; Robert Curran, of Brookfield; Benjamin Hunkins, of New Berlin; Pitts Ellis, of Genesee ; John C. Snover, of Eagle ; John Finley, of Muskego ; A. J. Story, of Summit ; Andrew E. Elmore, of Mukwonago ; Daniel Cottrell, of Oconomowoc ; Hiram Paris, of Ottawa; Henry Shears, of Merton ; Aaron Putnam, of Vernon; John Hodgson, of Pewaukee ; Andrew Proudfit, of Delafield.

1850 - Simon Smith, of Menomonee ; Elisha Pearl, of Lisbon ; Jeremiah Noon, of Merton ; John S. Rockwell, of Oconomowoc ; J. M. Clark, of Summit ; Dewey H. Warren, of Delafield ; Henry Smith, of Pewaukee ; Robert Curran, of Brookfield ; George Hyer, of Waukesha; Thomas Sugden, of Genesee; Peter D. Gifibrd, of Ottawa; John C. Snover, of Eagle; Andrew E. Elmore, of Mukwonago ; Amos GoiF, of Vernon ; Thomas Lenan, of Muskego ; N. T. Loomis, of New Berlin.

1851 - John C. Snover, of Eagle ; Daniel B. Cotton, of Ottawa ; Elisha W. Edgerton, of Summit ; John S. Rockwell, of Oconomowoc ; Jeremiah Noon, of Merton ; Dewey K. Warren, of Delafield ; Thomas Sugden, of Genesee ; Andrew E. Elmore, of Mukwonago ; Amos Goff, of Vernon ; Absalom Miner, of Waukesha ; William C. Gates, of Pewaukee ; Robert Black, of Lisbon ; Simon Smith, of Menomonee ; Oliver S. Rathburn, of Brookfield ; Daniel Church, of New Berlin ; Luther Parker, of Muskego.

1852 - John Finley, of Muskego; Benjamin Hunkins, of New Berlin; Aaron V. Groot, of Brookfield; William Flanagan, of Menomonee ; Rodman Palmer, of Lisbon; A. H. Griffin, of Pewaukee ; H. N. Davis, of Waukesha ; William A. Vanderpool, of Vernon ; A. E. Elmore, of Mukwonago; Pitts Ellis, of Genesee; George R. McLean, of Delafield; Jeremiah Noon, of Merton ; John S. Rockwell, of Oconomowoc ; Elisha W. Edgerton, of Summit ; Peter D. Gifibrd, of Ottawa; Marvin H. Bovee, of Eagle.

1853 - William R. Hesk, of Menomonee; George Cairncross, of Lisbon; Hosea Prentice> of Merton; Daniel Cottrell, of Oconomowoc; Elisha M. Edgerton, of Summit; Alfred LCastleman, of Delafield ; Ashbert H. Griffin, of Pewaukee ; Ira Rowe, of Brookfield ; Benjamin Hunkins, of New Berlin ; Horatio N. Davis, of Waukesha ; Thomas Sugden, of Genesee ; Talbot C. Dousman, of Ottawa ; Alexander Winnie, of Eagle ; Andrew E. Elmore, of Mukwonago ; Findlay McNaughton, of Vernon ; James Reymert, of Muskego.

1854 - Marvin H. Bovee. of Eagle; Peter D. GiS'ord, of Ottawa; Dennison Worthington, of Summit; Hosea Prentice, of Merton; L. B. Seymour, of Delafield; Alexander Fender, of Genesee; Andrew E. Elmore, of Mukwonago ; Findlay McNaughton, of Vernon ; Horatio N. Davis, of Waukesha; William C. Gates, of Pewaukee ; George Cairncross, of Lisbon ; William R. Hesk, of Menomonee ; Ira Rowe, of Brookfield ; John Evans, of New Berlin ; John Reynolds, of Muskego.

1855 - Patrick Higgins, of Menomonee; George Cairncross, of Lisbon; James Donnelly, of Merton ; Daniel Cottrell, of Oconomowoc ; James H. Waterman, of Pewaukee ; Ira Rowe, of Brookfield ; John Evans, of New Berlin ; G. C. Cone, of Waukesha ; Thomas Sugden, of Genesee; Thomas Chandler, of Ottawa; John C. Snover, of Eagle; A. E. Elmore, of Mukwonago; F. McNaughton, of Vernon; B. Babcock, of Muskego.

1856 - Ira Rowe, of Brookfield; Albert Alden, of Delafield ; George Underbill, of Eagle; Thomas Sugden, of Genesee ; George Cairncross, of Lisbon ; E. McMonnigal, of Menomonee ; Jeremiah Noon, of Merton ; A. E. Elmore, of Mukwonago ; Charles D. Parker, of Muskego ; Moses Cleveland, of New Berlin ; D. McKercher, of Oconomowoc ; Thomas Chandler, of Ottawa ; A. H. Griffin, of Pewaukee ; James Clark, of Summit ; F. McNaughton, of Vernon ; A. F. Pratt, of Waukesha.

1857 - Aaron V. Groot, of Brookfield ; Albert Alden, of Delafield; George Underhill, of Eagle ; Pitts Ellis, of Genesee ; George Cairncross, of Lisbon ; William Flanagan, of Menomonee ; Francis McCormick, of Merton; Andrew E. Elmore, of Mukwonago ; John Reynolds, of Muskego; John Evans, of New Berlin; Washington W. Collins, of Oconomowoc ; William E. McGlure, of Ottawa; Chauncey G. Heath, of Pewaukee; Orson Reed, of Summit; Findlay McNaughton, of Vernon ; George C. Pratt, of Waukesha.

1858 - Simeon Faulkner, of Brookfield ; Albert Alden, of Delafield ; John C. Snover, of Eagle ; Thomas Sugden, of Genesee ; George Cairncross, of Lisbon ; Sylvester Rowe, of Menomonee; Francis McCormick, of Merton; Andrew E. Elmore, of Mukwonago ; Matthew Elliott, of Muskego ; Benjamin Hunkins, of New Berlin ; Daniel Cottrell, of Oconomowoc ; T. C. Dousman, of Ottawa ; George Parker, of Pewaukee ; Orson Reed, of Summit ; Perry Craig, of Vernon ; George C. Pratt, of Waukesha.

1859 - John H. Cushing, of Brookfield; Albert Alden, of Delafield; D. G. Snover, of Eagle ; P. D. Gilford, of Genesee ; R. Cooling, of Lisbon ; William R. Hesk, of Menomonee ; F. McCormick, of Merton ; A. E. Elmore, of Mukwonago ; P. L. Bigelow, of Muskego ; J. J. Punch, of New Berlin ; Norman Schultz, of Ottawa; John Hodgson, of Pewaukee ; Orson Reed, of Summit ; R. C. Robertson, of Vernon ; George C. Pratt, of Waukesha ; R. C. Hathaway, of Oconomowoc.

1860 - Daniel Brown, of Brookfield ; Samuel Thompson, of Delafield ; H. F. Potter, of Eagle ; Peter D. Gilford, of Genesee ; Richard Cooling, of Lisbon ; Sylvester Rowe, of Menomonee ; Holt Barnes, of Merton ; A. E. Elmore, of Mukwonago ; P. L. Bigelow, of Muskego ; John Evans, of New Berlin ; John S. Rockwell, of Oconomowoc ; David R.oberts, of Ottawa ; John Hodgson, of Pewaukee; Orson Reed, of Summit; R. C. Robertson, of Vernon; H. N. Davis, of Waukesha.

1861 - Daniel Brown, of Brookfield ; Samuel Thompson, of Delafield ; W. S. Green, of Eagle ; A. Fender, of Genesee ; H. R. Savage, of Lisbon ; Peter Hart, of Menomonee ; F. McCormick, of Merton ; Frederick Ring, of Mukwonago ; C. H. Babcock, of Muskego ; James Murray, of New Berlin ; D. Rhoda, of Oconomowoc ; Thomas Chandler, of Ottawa ; E. M. Danforth, of Summit ; R. C. Robertson, of Vernon ; H. N. Davis, Waukesha.

In 1861, Commissioners took the place of Supervisors, one being elected at large and one from each Assembly District. Under that system the following Commissioners were elected :

1862-63 - At large. Nelson Burroughs ; Albert Stewart, for the First Assembly District ; E. M. Danforth, for the Second District; Pitts Ellis, Third District; Leonard Martin, Fourth District.

1864-65 - At large, John Hodgson ; A. M. Bobbins, First District ; John N. Cadby, Second District; E. D. Reynolds, Third District; Jesse Smith, Fourth District.

1866 - At large, John Hodgson ; A. M. Robbins, First District ; D. S. Stone, Second District ; David Roberts, Third District ; Sargeant R. Hunkins, Fourth District.

1870 - Isaac Lain, First District ; John Hodgson, Second District ; Patrick Higgins, Third District. These Commissioners only served a small portion of 18(0, the act returning to the town system having become a law in time for the April elections of that year.

1870 - Thomas Lambe, of Brookfield ; Albert Alden, of Delafield ; Thomas D. Jones, of Genesee ; Henry Phillips, of Lisbon ; William N. Lannon, of Menomonee ; James McDonough, of Muskego ; M. H. Molster, of Merton ; William McArthur, of Mukwonago ; Lyman Evans,

*The County was re-districted, erecting tliree Assembly Districts, and the Commissioner at Large was cut off, his election not being Necessary to make an odd number of Commisaioners.

of New Berlin ; John Whittaker, of Oconomowoc ; Henry Weiner, of Ottawa ; Alexander Caldwell, of Pewaukee; J. D. McDonald, of Summit ; Jesse Smith, of Vernon ; Edward Porter, of Waukesha ; D. H. Sumner, of Oconomowoc Village ; W. V. Tichenor, of Waukesha Village.

1871 - Thomas Lambe, of Brookfield ; Albert Alden, of Delafield ; John C. Snover, of Eagle ; John A. Jones, of Genesee ; John Watson, of Lisbon ; Thomas McCarty, of Menomonee ; Martin H. Molster, of Merton ; L. J. Andrews, of Mukwonago ; James McDonough, of Muskego ; John Evans, of New Berlin ; David Rhoda, of Oconomowoc ; Henry Weiner, of Ottawa ; Elihu Enos, of Pewaukee ; J. D. McDonald, of Summit ; Jesse Smith, of Vernon ; Edward Porter, of Waukesha ; Willis V. Tichenor, of Waukesha Village ; Orville Hathaway, of Oconomowoc Village.

1872 - Jefferson Gregg, of Brookfield ; J. Sperry, of Delafield ; J. A. Lins, of Eagle ; John Ai Jones, of Genesee; Henry Phillips, of Lisbon ; Thomas McCarty, of Menomonee ; S. L. Worth, of Merton ; William McArthur, of Mukwonago ; James McDonough, of Muskego ; John Evans, of New Berlin ; David Rhoda, of Ocofiomowoc ; William Thompson, of Oconomowoc Village ; B. W. Knight, of Ottawa ; S. T. BoUes, of Pewaukee ; E. S. Stone, of Summit ; Andrew Bertram, of Vernon ; Edward Porter, of Waukesha ; D. H. Sumner, of Waukesha Village.

1873 - Thomas Lambe, of Brookfield ; Johnson Sperry, of Delafield ; William LeFever, of Eagle ; William H. Hardy, of Genesee ; R. Ainsworth, of Lisbon ; M. H. Molster, of Merton ; Thomas McCarty, of Menomonee ; Charles Bass, of Muskego ; William McArthur, of Mukwonago ; John Evans, of New Berlin ; H. T. Dousman, of Ottawa ; F. S. Capron, of Oconomowoc ; Lyman Kellogg, of Oconomowoc Village ; S. T. Bolles, of Pewaukee ; J. D. McDonald, of Summit ; David Edwards, of Summitville ; Jesse Smith, of Vernon ; Edward Porter, of Waukesha ; Isaac Lain, of Waukesha Village.

1874 - Thomas Lambe, of Brookfield ; Albert Alden, of Delafield ; J. C. Snover, of Eagle ; Thomas D. Jones, of Genesee ; Roderick Ainsworth, of Lisbon ; Thomas McCarty, of Menomonee ; John L. Buckley, of Merton ; Charles Bass, of Muskego ; William McArthur, of Mukwonago ; John Evansj of New Berlin ; David Rhoda, of Oconomowoc ; Lyman Evans, of Oconomowoc Village ; H. F. Dousman, of Ottawa ; George Baker, of Pewaukee ; J. D. McDonald, of Summit; L- Martin, of Vernon; 0. M. Tyler, of Waukesha; I. Lain, of Waukesha Village.

1875 - Fred. Goerke, of Brookfield ; Johnson Sperry, of Delafield ; John C. Snover, of Eagle ; Thomas D. Jones, of Genesee ; William Small, of Lisbon ; Thomas McCarty, of Menomonee ; John L. Buckley, of Merton ; J. N. Crawford, of Mukwonago ; Adam Meahl, of Muskego ; William Ockler, of New Berlin ; 0. H. Thayer, of Ottawa ; M. A. Place, of Oconomowoc ; W. W. Collins, of Oconomowoc City ; 0. P. Clinton, of Pewaukee ; J. D. McDonald, of Summit; Leonard Martin, of Vernon; 0. M. Tyler, of Waukesha; George C. Pratt, of Waukesha Village.

1876 - Christopher Gaynor, of Brookfield ; Johnson Sperry, of Delafield ; J. A. Lins, of Eagle; Henry Bowman, of Genesee; William Small, of Lisbon ; Peter Reith, of Menomonee; Edward Purtell, of Merton ; F. S. Andrews, of Mukwonago ; Adam Meahl, of Muskego ; William Ockler, of New Berlin ; Henry Weiner, of Ottawa ; M. A. Place, of Oconomowoc ; M. T. Draper, of Oconomowoc City ; B. F. Goss, of Pewaukee ; S. T. Bolles, of Pewaukee Village ; A. G. Hardell, of Summit ; James Stewart, of Vernon ; R. M. Jameson, of Waukesha ; Isaac Lain, of Waukesha Village.

1877 - Christopher Gaynor, of Brookfield ; J. Sperry, of Delafield ; M. J. Regan, of Eagle; Thomas D. Jones, of Genesee; John Flanagan, of Menomonee; James Walsh, of Merton; F. S. Andrews, of Mukwonago; S. C. Schuet, of Muskego; John Evans, of New Berlin ; 0. H. Thayer, of Ottawa ; Silas Clemens, of Oconomowoc ; M. T. Draper, of Oconomowoc City; J. M. Heath, of Pewaukee; S. T. Bolles, of Pewaukee Village; J. D. McDonald, of Summit ; James Stewart, of Vernon ; R. M. Jameson, of Waukesha ; S^las Richardson, of Waukesha Village.

1878 - W. R. Blodgett, of Brookfield ; Albert Alden, of Delafield ; M. J. Regan, of Eagle; T. D. Jones, of Genesee; Charles Buck, of Lisbon; John Flanagan, of Menomonee ; Edward Drummond, of Merton ; John Schmidt, of Muskego ; William Addenbrook, of Mukwonago ; John Evans, of New Berlin; N. J. Nichols, of Ottawa; David Rhoda, of Oconomor woe ; W. W. Collins, of Oconomowoc City ; John Ross, of Pewaukee ; B. F. Goss, of Pewaukee Village ; John D. McDonald, of Summit ; James Stewart, of Vernon ; 0. Tichenor, of Waukesha; Isaac Lain, of Waukesha Village.

1879 - Christopher Gaynor, of Brookfield ; Albert Alden, of Delafield ; William E. Hennessy, of Eagle ; T. D. Jones, of Genesee ; William Small, of Lisbon ; Thomas McCarty, of Menomonee ; James Walsh, of Merton ; Matthew Howitt, of Mukwonago ; John Schmidt, of Muskego ; John Evans, of New Berlin ; Henry Weiner, of Ottawa ; David Rhoda, of Oconomowoc; M. T. Draper, of Oconomowoc City, First Ward; A. McKee, of Oconomowoc City, Second Ward; E. W. Delaney, of Oconomowoc City, Third Ward; John Ross, of Pewaukee; A. M. Clark, of Pewaukee Village ; Daniel Williams, of Summit ; Leonard Martin, of Vernon ; Alexander McWhorter, of Waukesha ; William Langer, of Waukesha Village.

1880 - Albert Alden, of Delafield ; Christopher Gaynor, of Brookfield ; William E. Hennessy, of Eagle ; Thomas D. Jones, of Genesee ; Henry Phillips, of Lisbon ; Thomas McCarty, of Menomonee; Edward Drummond, of Merton; William A. Denbrook, of Mukwonago; John Schmidt, of Muskego ; A. E. Gilbert, of New Berlin ; Henry Weiner, of Ottawa ; W. A. Place, of Oconomowoc; John Ross, of Pewaukee; Daniel Williams, of Summit; L. Martin, of Vernon ; Alexander McWhorter, of Waukesha.

Waukesha In The Constitutional Conventions

First Constitutional Convention. - This convention assembled at Madison October 5, 1846, and adjourned December 16, 1846, framing a constitution, which was submitted to the people the first Tuesday in April, 1847, and rejected. Waukesha County was represented as follows : Andrew E. Elmore, Pitts Ellis, George Reed, Elisha W. Edgerton, Rufus Parks, William B. Hesk, Barnes Babcock, Benjamin Hunkins, Alexander W. Randall, Charles Burchard* and James M. Moore.

Second Constitutional Convention. - This convention assembled at Madison, on December 15, 1847, and adjourned February 1, 1848, framing the present constitution, which was adopted by the people on the second Monday in March, 1848. Waukesha County was represented as follows : Peter D. Giff"ord, George Scagel, S. S. Case, A. L. Castleman, Emulous P. Cotton and Eleazer Root.

Council. - Alanson Sweet and Gilbert Knapp, 1836-38 ; Daniel Wells, Jr., and William A, Prentiss, 1838-40 ; Jonathan E. Arnold and Don A. J. Upham, 1841-42 (Arnold resigning his seat, which was filled by John H. Tweedy) ; Hans Crocker, Lemuel White and David Newland, 1842-44 ; Adam E. Ray, James Kneeland and Jacob H. Kimball, 1845 ; Curtis Reed, Jacob H. Kimball and James Kneeland, 1846 ; Joseph Turner, 1847-48. f

Representatives. - William B. Sheldon. Madison W. Cornwall and Charles Durkee, 1836-88 ; Lucius I. Barber, William Shew, Henry C. Skinner, Ezekiel Churchill and Augustus Story, 1839 ; Adam E. Ray, William R. Longstreet, Wm. Shew, Horatio N. Wells and Augustus Story, 1839-40 ; Joseph Bond, Jacob Brazelton, A. E. Ray, John S. Rockwell and William Shephard, 1840-42 ; Andrew E. Elmore, Benjamin Hunkins, Thomas H. Olin, Jonathan Parsons, Jared Thompson and George H. Walker, 1842-44 ; Charles E. Brown, Pitts Ellis, Byron Kilbourn, B. H. Mooers, William Shew and George H. Walker, 1845; Samuel H. Barstow, John Crawford, James Magone,' Benj. H. Mooers, Luther Parker and William H. Thomas, 1846; Joseph Bond and tThe first Territorial Legislature convened at Belmont, now in Iowa County, October 25, 1836, and continued in session until December 9, 1836.