Verde River Sheep Bridge, Spanning Verde River (Tonto National Forest)

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER ARIZ,13-CACR.V,1-. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Spanning the Verde River in Tonto National Forest, 5.5 miles north of the Yavapai County-Maricopa county Line, 21 air miles northeast of Cave Creek, Yavapai County, Arizona. Section 25, Township 9 North, Range 6 East, Gila and Salt River Base and Meridian. UTM: Quad: Chalk Mountain, Arizona Date of Construction: altered in Engineer: Cyril O. Gilliam Builders: Frank Auza and George W. Smith

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER ARIZ,13-CACR.V,1-. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

The Verde River Sheep Bridge is the last remaining suspension-type sheep bridge in Arizona. It is important in state history for its relation to the sheep-raising industry. The bridge was constructed largely by immigrant Basque sheepherders with little technical assistance. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in Report Prepared by: Gerald A. Doyle & Associates, Historical Architects North Twelfth street Phoenix, Arizona July Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 (Page 2) IR'l'RODUCTIOB The Verde River Sheep Bridge (see HAER Photograph No.

AZ-10-1), also known as the Red Point Sheep Bridge, was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 21, Because of the structure's advanced deterioration, its demolition was recommended on June 13, by Richard L. Kasel, Bridge and Tramway Engineer, Region Two, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2 Construction documents for a new bridge at the site, reminiscent of the old bridge, have been developed. Neither demolition of the existing bridge nor construction of a new bridge had been scheduled at the time of preparation of this document, although both actions were anticipated. Sheep are no longer grazed in the immediate area, and a new bridge would be used primarily by backpackers and hunters to gain access into the Mazatzal Wilderness.

Location o:f Bridge The Verde River Sheep Bridge is located in Section 35, Township 9 North, Range 6 East, Gila and Salt River Base and Meridian (see HAER Drawing, Sheet 1). According to local legend, the general area, known as Bloody Basin, derived its name from numerous Indian fights that occurred there.3 The bridge site is in the Yavapai County portion of the Tonto National Forest and is 5.5 miles north of the Yavapai County-Maricopa County line and 21 air miles northeast of Cave Creek, Arizona. It is accessed by eastward travel on Cave Creek Road from Cave Creek, Arizona, to the beginning of Tonto Forest Route 24, then northward on Forest Route 24 to Forest Route and then eastward on Forest Route 269 to the bridge.

The site can also be reached by Forest Route 269 from Bloody Basin Road interchange on Interstate Highway 17, and by Forest Route 479 from Horseshoe Dam or from a river ford a few miles below the dam. (The Salt River Project controls vehicle passage over the dam.) All access roads are unpaved and are suitable for dry-weather use by pick-up truck only. More specifically, the bridge is located at a point on the Verde River approximately 500 feet downstream from the combined mouths of Sycamore and Horse creeks, where the normal flow channel makes a pronounced Z bend (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-2 and HAER Drawing, Sheet 1). During periods of greater-than-normal flow, the Z configuration id obscured as the river rises.

About 500 feet below the bridge, there is a normal-flow ford, and immediately below the ford, there is a rapid. The ford connects the east terminus of Forest Route 269 (on the west side of the river) with the north terminus of Forest Route 479 (on the east side of the river). DESCRIPTION OJ!'

The Bridge

The Verde River Sheep Bridge is a cable-stayed suspension bridge with a cable clear span of 568 feet between support towers . Overall length of the structure from cable anchorage to cable anchorage is 691 feet, and the length of the Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 (Page 3) cable-supported walkway, or deck, from abutment to abutment is 476 feet. The bridge runs in a general east-west alignment, with the east tower located on the left bank of the river And the west tower on the right bank (see HAER photograph No. AZ-10-3 and HAER Drawing, Sheet 2). In the area of the bridge, the river banks are low, and there are a number of sand and gravel beaches during times of normal flow.

The approaches to the bridge, the walkway (deck), the main suspension cable support towers, and the main suspension cable backstay anchorages are located well above the flood level of the river on prominent rock outcroppings, which rise precipitously from opposite shorelines ( see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-2). During periods of normal flow, the walkway is about 45 feet above the water level. Frank Auza ( see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-4), one of the Basque sheepmen who participated in the building of the bridge, recalled at least one flood when the river rose to within about 10 feet of the walkway.4 The west tower ( see HAER Pho to graphs No.

AZ-10-5, AZ-10-6, AZ-10-7, and AZ-10-8 and HAER Drawing, Sheet 3), located on a low cliff rising from the right bank of the river, is 22 feet high and is sited 21 feet west of the deck abutment at the face of the cliff. The base of the tower is about 45 feet above river level at a typical dry-weather flow of 350 The anchorage for the west ends of the suspension cables is 109 feet west of the tower. The east tower (see HAER Photographs No. AZ-10-9, AZ-10-10, AZ-10-11, and AZ-10-12 and HAER Drawing, Sheet 4), located on a rock outcrop on the left bank of the river, is 9 feet high and is sited 71 feet east of the deck abutment, which is at the face of the rock outcrop. Anchorage for the east ends of the suspension cables is 14 feet east of the tower.

Although the east deck abutment is about 20 feet lower than the west deck abutment, the east tower cable saddles are about at the same elevation as the west tower cable saddles. The deck has a camber of about two feet, The anchorages for the ends of the main suspension cables are buried under rock cairns and can not be seen ( see HAER Photographs No. AZ-10-12 and AZ-10-13). However, it is apparent that each cable is passed around a deadman, or bollard, and then clamped back to itself, forming a loop. The anchorage for the east ends of the suspension cables is itself anchored with a single strand of suspension cable looped around a rock outcrop.

Frank Auza recalled, "The deadmen are made of concrete, about five or six feet around, with scrap iron [reinforcement ]--they are set in holes dug in the ground. "5 The bridge towers were originally constructed with nail-laminated lumber legs and solid timber cross braces (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-14). All member connections were made with through-bolts. In the later direction ( 90 degrees to the main suspension cables), the wood towers were stabilized with guy cables attached to the ends of the saddle beams and to eyebolts cast into concrete anchorages set into the rock (see HAER Drawings, Sheets 3 and 4). Soon after Verde River Shsep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No.

AZ-10 (Page 4) the bridgs was constructed, the wood towers were reinforced with concrete buttresses and the guy cables were removed. The guy cable connectors on the ends of ths west tower saddle beams and on the south end of the east tower saddle beam remain (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-15). Also, the guy cable ground anchorages for the west tower are still in place. The guy cable anchorages for the east tower were not found. The original wood tower structures, although deteriorated, also remain in place. They are now, however, of little structural significance. The west wood tower, as it occurred prior to the placement of the concrete, is seen in HAER Photographs No. AZ-10-16 and AZ-10-17.

The -0riginal wood structure was stiffened with wire rope tension tendons installed between the tower legs. These wire ropes remain in place and are now encased in the concrete, except where they are looped around the tower legs (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-14). The east wood tower, as it appeared prior to the placement of concrete, is seen in HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-18. The main suspension cables are actually not cable but, rather, are 1~3/8-inch diameter full lock-coil spiral strand, ( 1 +6) construction. A cross section of the strand is shown in figure 1 below. Two strands, side by side, are used in both main cables . The two pairs of strands are separated at intsrvals along the span by timber spacers (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-19).

Each pair of strands shares a common steal saddle (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-20) at the point where it passes over each tower to common buried anchQrages, one at each end of s true ture ( see HAER Pho to graphs No. AZ-10-12 and AZ On both towers, the cables break over the saddles at approximately 12-degree angles from the horizontal in each direction. The saddles were expertly fabricated from steel plate but are too narrow for two strands installed side by side and too wide for two strands installed one over ths other. Plans for the bridge, prepAred by c. O. Gilliam, detail the saddles with a width of inches for two 1-1/8-inch strands installed one over the other. Placed side by side, they do not seat properly in the saddles (see HAER Drawing, Sheet 2).

Lock-coil strand is not usually used in this type of structure. Prior to its use on this bridge, the strands had been spliced with track cable couplings, using double thimbles and wedges ( see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-21). Ssvsral trestle saddle clips are also attached to the strAnd (see HAER Photograph No . AZ-10-22). The strands and the attached devices are commonly used in tramway Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 (Page 5) construction. Splices made during the construction of the bridge were accomplished by clamping lapped strands (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-21). Although the strands are rusted, and broken wires were noted, the cables still appear to be fairly sound, The cables obviously have not been maintained for many years.

Frank Auza was dismayed to see his handiwork in disarray and recounted how he and the sheepherders had protected the cables with axle grease every year,6 The superstructure consists of timber panels carried at each end on needle beams that are hung from the main suspension cables by steel cable suspenders (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-23), The suspenders, also called hangers, are 3/8-inch-galvanized wire rope and 1/2-inch-diameter bright (ungalvanized) wire rope. The rope size does not appear to follow a location pattern. The suspenders are simply single wrapped around the ends of the needle beams and double wrapped around both main cables.

The loose ends of the suspenders are separately fastened to the live line sections with wire rope clamps, one at each end, or are fastened together with clamps. Cables are held in place by notches in the needle beams and by tie cables looped around the walkway side panel 4x4-inch posts, and twisted (both ends) around the hanger cables (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-24). Panels vary slightly in size, but most are approximately eight feet long. The walkway is approximately three feet wide and is supported by three 4x4-inch floor beams spanning between, and at right angles to, the 4x6-inch solid timber needle beams (see HAER Photograph AZ-10-25). The decking is 2xl2-inch boards and runs parallel to the needle beams.

Rigidity in the floor structure is provided by diagonal members crossing under the floor beams. The sides of the walkway are three feet high above the walkway deck and are capped with a continuous, flat lx4-inch handrail. Filling the space between the deck and the top rail are seven horizontal lx4-inch rails installed vertically. The rails are supported by 4x4-inch posts with knee braces at the needle beam and by a lx4-inch stiffener located at midpoint between the 4x4-inch posts. The sides of each 8-foot-long walkway panel are trussed with two diagonal lx4-inch members running from the tops of the 4x4-inch posts to the bottom of the vertical intermediate lx4-inch stiffener in each panel (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-26).

The walkway is further reinforced with a 4-inch-wide by 1/8-inch-thick steel strap square-hooked over the top rail at each 4x4-inch post and running the height of the post (see HAER Photographs No. AZ-10-7 and AZ-10-23). The strap is bolted into the top rail and through the side rails into the 4x4-inch post. The steel straps are not seen in early photographs of the bridge (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-27), but appear in subsequent pictures. The purpose of the straps is not entirely clear. However, the side rails are butt-jointed at each 4x4-inch post and the straps cover the joints, thereby securing the ends of the rails to the posts. Wind damage to the sides of the bridge occurred at an early date,7 probably resulting in the installation of the straps .

Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 (Page 6) The general condition of all wood components is poor. Virtually all of the lumber is severely checked and many elements have lost to decay as much as 50 percent of their cross-sectional areas. Several members, including the nail-laminated saddle beam of the west tower, have lost more than 80 percent of their areas. The east tower eaddle beam has virtually dieappeared; only a small fragment of it remains (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-11). While the bridge was in use by sheepmen, Frank Auza and Joe Manterola ke~t the bridge in repair, replacing side and floor boards as they became broken. A variety of hardware items ie found in the structure.

Some items were cus-tom-fabricated and othere are standard manufactured i terns. In the former category are the main suspension cable saddlee ( eee HAER Photographe No. AZ-10-11 and AZ-10-12), the top of tower guy cable connectors (HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-15), cable eyebolts (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-10, and walkway side panel straps. The saddles and guy cable connectors, fabricated of 3/8-inch-thick steel plate, show signs of acetylene torch cutting and grinding. The components of the saddles were arc-welded. All bol't holee were drilled or punched, rather than torch-burned, indicating the items were shop-fabricated. Auza recalled that the saddles and the guy cable connectors had been obtained in Phoenix by George W. Smith, the principal builder of the bridge.

9 Cable clamps, bolts, nute, and washers are standard commercial items (see HAER Photographs No. AZ-10-11 and AZ-10-14). Wind bracing was first provided by randomly-placed cables connected to the superstructure's needle beams at one end and to the shore at the other end. Each anchorage to the shore was made by a concrete deadman with the cast-in eyebolt. Three cables were attached to the downstream side at the bridge; two of these cables ran to anchorages on the right bank and one to the left bank of the river. One cable ran from the upstream side of the bridge to the right bank of the river.

Soon after the bridge was completed, this stabilizing system was improved by the addition of two cross-stream stay cables, one located on each side of the walkway, that are connected to anchorages on opposite ehores. These cablee are located about 30 feet from the bridge proper and at an elevation of about 10 feet below the elevation of the deck. Wire ropes run between the deck stringers and the stay cables, in a manner reminiecent of a child's "cat's cradle" ( see HAER Photographs No. AZ-10-28 and AZ-10-29). The cables that originally ran between the needle beams and the shoreline were disconnected from the beams and reconnected to the ehore-to-shore stay cables, further limiting motion in the walkway.

Other cables designed to dampen movement of the main suspension cables and of the deck run between the main cable spacers and the abutments, and the deck and the abutments ( see HAER Photographe No. AZ-10-10 and AZ-10-30 and HAER Drawing, Sheet 2). Although the shore-to-ehore sway cables have not been tightened since and other cables in the stabilizing system are broken, the HAER investigators found the bridge to be surprisingly stable and experienced little motion when walking across it . Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 (Page 7) CONSTRUCTIOl'I OF THE BRIDGE A number of long-standing ~uestions concerning the bridge can now be answered.

The construction date has variously been reported as and "early in the The date erroneously provided in the National Register nomination is It has now been determined that the access road to the bridge site (on the west side of the river) was prepared in January construe tion of the bridge took place primarily during March, april, May, and June and placement of concrete in the towers occurred in January as indicated by names and dates scratched in the fresh concrete (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-31). A set of drawings prepared by C. C. Overstreet, engineer, titled "Suspension Sheep Bridge Across Verde River at Horsehoe Dam Site" and dated January was, at one time, assumed to represent the Verde River Sheep Bridge. There is little similarity between the drawings and the bridge.

These drawings were furnished to Dr. R. O. Raymond, one of the sponsors of the Verde River Sheep Bridge, by the Forest Service only as an example of a suspension bridge.12 They may have been used in the construction of the bridge at the Horseshoe Dam site. However, the Horseshoe Dam Site Bridge (see HAER Photographs No . AZ-10-32, AZ-10-33, and AZ-10-34), which was demolished in September or October differed from the bridge shown in the Overstreet plans in a number of ways, especially in the sides of the walkway. The Overstreet plans detail a walkway with vertical sides, while the Horseshoe Dam Site Bridge had sides that sloped outwardly from the deck to the top rail (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-35).

On the other hand, there are some similarities between the drawings and the Horseshoe Dam Site Bridge, suggesting that the drawings may have had some connection with the bridge. At Bartlett Dam, another suspension-type bridge was in existence in while the dam was under construction. The dam was completed in by which time the bridge had disappeared. This bridge is further discussed in the section titled "History of Sheep Ranching in Arizona." A set of plans prepared by C. 0. Gilliam, engineer, was thought to have been made after the Verde River Sheep Bridge had been completed, only to satisfy some bureaucratic whim of the Forest Service.

However, they were prepared in time to have been the drawings referenced in Flagstaff Sheep Company's application to the War Production Board for authorization to obtain construction materials.13 Moreover, the Gilliam drawings are site-specific for the Verde River Sheep Bridge, and the original construction closely follows many of the Gilliam details. These plans were obviously utilized by the builders of the bridge, although they made changes as they saw fit to accommodate the available materials . Verde River sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 (Page 8) The origins of the bridge materials have now been largely been determined.

Horseshoe Dam Site Bridge was not dismantled until a year after the Verde River Sheep Bridge was completed, thus eliminating the possibility of the popular supposition that Horseshoe Dam Site Bridge materials were utilized in the construction of the Verde River Sheep Bridge. Furthermore, the applica- tion to the War Production Board indicates that the suspension cables were to be obtained from a mine. Additionally, Frank Auza stated with authority that he obtained the suspension cables from the Bluebell Mine near Mayer.14 This was verified by Harry E. Cordes, who assisted Auza in obtaining the cable and in trucking it to the bridge si te.15 Auza also recalled that the Douglas fir lumber and bridge hardware were purchased by George W.

Smith in Phoenix, and that the lx4-inch rails for the bridge sides were obtained by Dr. Raymond in Flagstaff.16 According to Cordes, the guy cables were obtained from the Golden Turkey Mine. Auza further related that construction of the bridge was largell directed by himself and George W. Smith ( see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-36). 7 Smith, a carpenter by trade, was knowledgeable of suspension bridges, having performed maintenance and repaired on the Horseshoe Dam Site Bridge before the Verde River Sheep Bridge was constructed. 18 Smith appears to have been the superintendent for the project, while Auza was the owner's representative.

Auza's account book indicates much of the access road and bridge construction work was performed by six, or so, immigrant Spanish Basques, several immigrant French Basques, about twenty U. S. Hispanics, and a few Mexicans .19 With the exception of George W. Smith and his brother, John; Jeff Houston, a carpenter; and Tony A. Koch, a mason and carpenter, the builders were all sheepherders and camp tenders by trade. George W. Smith apparently paid his brother, because only George's name appears in Auza's account book. Auza, Smith, and several sheepherders visited Blue Point Sheep Bridge, across the Salt River on the old Heber-Reno Sheep driveway (a few miles west of Stewart Mountain Lake), to gain additional knowledge in suspension bridge construction. As a result of this visit, J. T. M.

Garcia, one of Auza's herders, said, "They have Blue Point Bridge, we '11 call ours Red Point. 20 00 This name was scratched in large letters on the rock outcropping below the east tower by Garcia. Although Auza and others continued to use the name "Red Point Sheep Bridge," the Forest Service prefers the name "Verde River Sheep Bridge." According to Auza, the bridge was constructed solely with hand tools--saws, braces and bits, wrenches, hammers, picks, shovels, rock drills, and sledgehammers. Dynamite was used for blasting rock. The main cables, delivered in coils by a flatbed truck to the west bank, were pulled across the river by a team of two mules to the east bank and connected to the backstay.

After they were lifted into the tower saddles with a block and tackle, the cables were tensioned from the west bank by a block and tackle pulled by a pickup truck.2 1 Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 (Page 9) After the main cables were in place, a ladder was placed across them, forming a one-man platform that could be slid along the cables (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-37). From this platform, the suspender cables were attached to the main cables. Wi th the suspenders in place, the needle beams were installed, one after the other across the river, and the deck was construe ted between them.

Amazingly, these hazardous procedures were completed without a fatality or serious injury.22 DESIGB CONSIDKRATIOBS The remote location and the scarcity of materials required that the bridge be constructed with an economy of materials, and the flood potential of the river demanded that the structure span the channel without intermediate supports that could be washed away. Additionally, in times of flood, the river can rise thirty feet, so it was necessary that the walkway be located above the flood level. A suspension-type bridge was ideally suited for these parameters. Moreover, suspension bridges were, at the time of the bridge's construction, in vogue with the engineering profession.

Furthermore, the principal component of a suspension bridge, cable, was readily available to the builder's without charge from an abandoned mine tramway . The site where the bridge is located is the most suitable site for a suspension bridge on this section of the Verde River. Frank Auza decided upon the location because "it was the only place that was narrow with high cliffs on bo th sides. n23 Auza apparently did a good job of choosing the site. Kasell s tated in his report on the bridge, "Realizing the necessity for a crossing somewhere in the area of the existing bridge, I reviewed USGS maps to de termine al terns ti ves to the present site.

Working north from Horse Shoe [sic] Reservoir to the next crossing, a trail ford at Red Creek approximately eight miles north of the present bridge site, it appears the old bridge (Verde River Sheep Bridge) is at the most desirable site."24 Blue Point Bridge, Horseshoe Dam Site Bridge, Bartlett Dam Bridge, Cecil Overstreet's Horseshoe Dam Site Bridge plans, and the site-specific plans prepared by C. O. Gilliam all influenced the design of the Verde River Sheep Bridge. George W. Smith, the bridge contractor-carpenter, and Frank Auza visited the Horseshoe and Blue Point bridges. Auza had used the Horseshoe Bridge and was aware that it was too lightweight for crossing sheep.

2 5 Gilliam, who designed the Verde River Sheep Bridge, apparently had access to Overstreet's plans, as Tonto Na tional Forest sent them to Dr. Raymond for informs tion. 26 During World War II, cer tain construction materials were scarce, and their civilian use was controlled by the government. In order to receive authorization to obtain materials for the bridge, an application was submitted to the War Production Board on March 4, Authorization to purchase bolts, nails, lumber, cable clamps, and other materials requiring a priori ty rating Verde River Sbeep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No.

AZ-10 (Page 10) was returned on March 10, The authorization valued the rated materials at Non-rated materials (cement and second cable) were valued at The total cost of the bridge, as reported by Auza, was The main cables, which would bave been difficult to obtain during the war if produced new, were listed on the War Production Board application as used.

Frank Auza related that Henry Cordes found the cables for him at the tramway of the Bluebell Mine,2 8 Henry Cordes stated with tbe knowledge of one who grew up in the area (Cordes, Arizona), "The cables were from an abandoned, three-mile-long, overhead tramway which went from the Bluebell Mine, about one mile west of Cordes, over to the railroad station two miles south of Mayer." He recalled that the tramway was probably built before and abandoned about According to Cordes, "In all the towers had been taken down, and the cable was abandoned on the ground," Auza, Cordes, and two Mexican sheepherders gathered up two 900-foot-lengths, coiling each into a figure eight pat tern on a 7xl2-foot truck bed.

Later, when it was decided to use two strands in each suspension cable, two additional 900-foot-lengtbe were salvaged from the tramway. There was no cost for the suspension cable, as it had been abandoned. Cordes obtained the guy cables from the Golden Turkey, a gold and silver mine located four miles south of Cordes. The owners donated this material to the sheepmen.29 Each tower leg was built witb five nail-laminated 2xl0-inch boarde instead of two 4x6-inch timbers as shown on the Gilliam plans. A letter from Dr. Raymond to George W. Smitb dated May 11, indicates the difficulty he was experiencing in obtaining lumber and suggests why the legs were constructed with nail-laminated members rather tban with the solid timbers detailed by Gilliam.

The legs soon began to delaminate, explaining why the towers were reinforced with poured in-place concrete less than a year later. Auza related, "The first thing I see, they [the towers] weren't going to bold it. So another winter we put a form around them and we fill them up with concrete,"30 Auza and his herders maintained the bridge until about replacing the suspenders, stay cables, decking, and other components as needed to keep the structure in good repair.

HISTORY OF SHEEP RANCHING IB ABIZOBA Domestic sheep were first introduced into what is now Arizona in by Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, when his army drove them along as food during the search for the mytbical Seven Cities of Cibola,3 1 However, there is no record that any of Coronado's sbeep survived in Arizona or New Mexico after he returned to New Spain (New Mexico). In Juan de 0nate, captain general and governor of a colonizing expedition to the lands explored by Coronado brought sheep to the Rio Grande valley. These animale thrived, and some were seized by Navajo raiders and driven into northeastern Arizona, where they flourished,32 By many Navajo were successfully raising sheep and had Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No.

AZ-10 (Page 11) developed large flocks descended from Onate's animals. However, some warriors continued to raid nearby Anglo settlements, causing punitive action by the U.S. Army. In Colonel Christopher Carson defeated the Navajo in battle and forced them to make the "long walk" to Basque Redondo in New Mexico, Upon their return to northern Arizona in they were given sheep and goats by the United States Government. Subsequently, they again built up their flocks and became successful producers of wool, some of which has always been utilized by the now-famous Navajo weavers.33 In the eighteenth century, Father Eusebio Francisco Kino brought sheep from New Spain to his Pimeria Alta (southern Arizona) missions.

There, he taught the native people to grow crops and to raise domestic animals, including sheep. Soon after, Spanish settlers began raising sheep in what is now southern Arizona. Because of Apache raids, the Spaniards, and after the Mexicans and their livestock had a very tenuous existence, and by the end of the Mexican War in the Mexican flocks in Arizona had virtually disappeared. 34 Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) were the first Anglos to consistently raise sheep in Arizona.

In the they brought sheep from Utah as far south as the Grand Canyon, occasionally even crossing the Colorado River.35 In the last quarter of the century, several events encouraged tbe sheep industry to develop in Arizona: the Navajo depredations ended, the California droughts of the occurred, mining and military activities in the Prescott area began, and the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad across northern Arizona was completed. The droughts of and forced California rancbers, who were raising sheep to feed the gold miners, to find new grazing grounds in Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico.36 The first Basque sheepherders in Arizona came from California at that time.37 In John Clark brought sheep from California to the Williams and Flagstaff area of Arizona.

He was followed the next year by William Ashurst and the Daggs brothers. The Daggs owned sheep in the many of which were leased to other sheepmen.3 8 Mining activities and the presence of Fort Whipple in the Prescott area encouraged sheepmen to locate there. J. H, Lee, owner of the American Ranch near Prescott, brought sbeep to his ranch in and, in Manuel Yrissari trailed head from New Mexico to the Prescott area. By sheep were coming to the area from California, with W. A.

Deering bringing a flock of and Joseph Curtis a flock of The Atlantic and Pacific Railroad was completed across northern Arizona in providing sheepmen with ready access to markets.40 In the early decades before the railroad, sheep were grown mainly for their wool, and Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 (Page 12) getting wool to market meant sending it by ox team to the nearest eastern railway connection in Colorado. 4l In the U. S. Department of agriculture reported that there were sheep in Arizona in (not including Navajo sheep), in in and in 2 The large increase in the number of sheep from to indicates the importance of the railroad to the developing Arizona sheep industry.

Northern Arizona sheepmen have historically migrated annually from the mountains of the Colorado Plateau, where they spend the summer in pine forests, to the Phoenix area, where they pass the winter grazing their sheep on the deserts or on irrigated alfalfa fields. In an observer related, "In Yavapai, Coconino, and Apache counties the sheep are pastured during the spring, summer, and autumn in the glens and foothills of the San Francisco, Mogollon, snd Sierra Blanca ranges, and on their outlying spurs and parallel ridges. The short, sweet pine grass of the mountain country is eagerly sought after by the sheep and they grow fat very rapidly upon it.

Late in the fall, the flocks are driven to the valleys and mesas of the warmer regions further south."43 Sharlot Hall, in describes this migration. "The bands of sheep increased and overflowed the mountain ranges into the deserts of the South. and then came the special fitness of Arizona for a sheep country. A sheep can go a week or more without water if he has green feed, watering places were too few in the desert for cattle, but in winter the 'filaree' stood rank and tall, and grass started in mid-winter. The sheep wandered for miles through the cactus-covered foothills and broad valleys, came into spring rolling fat, moved slowly north for shearing and lambing, and by mid-summer were up on the mountain-grass among the pines, to stay till snow-fall. ..

44 This early migration wss a casual thing, with sheepmen going wherever there was grass to be found, and staying as long as the grass held out. There was no real destination--the developing sheep driveways (the trails linking the summer and the winter pastures) were the destinations in themselves. This caused several problems. The early flocks ate all the grass, leaving sparse pickings for those that followed. And cattlemen, who followed the sheepmen into northern Arizona after the railroad arrived, were upset, as the sheep encroached on land the cattlemen coveted. For years cattlemen insisted that "cattle and sheep cannot live together on the same range.

The latter not only eat down the grass so closely that nothing is left for the cattle, but they also leave an odor [from a gland in the foot] which is veri offensive to the others [cattle] for at least two seasons afterward. "45 It was eventually found that the odor did not keep the cattle from grazing or drinking after sheep, but the was slow is dispelling. There was much misunderstanding between the two sides, and sheepmen and cattlemen alike called for s solution. Sheep driveways were legally established during the period from to so herders could get their flocks between summer and winter pastures without Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 (Page 13) grazing on cattle land.

These trails were marked at intervals with signs and rock cairns and varied in width from a little less than a mile to two and a half miles. When the first national forests (then called reserves) were set aside in in northern Arizona, there was debate as to whether grazing should be permitted. It was finally decided by President Theodore Roosevelt that regulated grazing would be allowed. In ths shespnen of the Arizona Wool Growers Association worked with government officials to establish the driveway routes still used today. 46 Another rasult of the founding of the national forests was the establishment of a for granting grazing permits on federal land to ranchers.

These permits, called "allotments, "47 stipulate the number and kind of animals allowed on a specified range and the period for which grazing is permitted. By an extensive nstwork of shesp driveways in central Arizona linked summer ranges in the mountains of Prescott, Coconino, and Sitgreavss national forests with winter pastures in the valleys of the Salt, Gila, and Verde rivers. The main routes were mack Canyon and Heber-Reno driveways.

Black Canyon Driveway and its branches ran between the Phoenix area and Prsscott and Coconino national forests, and Heber-Reno ran from the Mesa-Tempe area to Sitgreaves National Forest and the Apache Ressrvation in the White Mountains, Apache granted grazing permits to Anglo sheep ranchers,) Heber-Reno Driveway crossed the Salt River on Blue Point Sheep (suspension) Bridge, a few milss west of Stewart Mountain Lake. The bridge was washed out in and never replaced. However, the Hsber-Reno remains in use today and crosses the Salt River on a nearby county highway bridge, Sheep driveways were also established in southeastern Arizona. They were, howsver, unrelatsd to the major driveway network located in central Arizona. No sheep bridges have been identified on the southern trails.

Blue Point Sheep Bridge was constructed and maintained by the Arizona Wool Growers Association, at a river crossing of a major driveway that passed through arsas of Tonto National Forest reserved for cattle grazing. There were no allotments with a "sheep reference" in the area. Verde River Sheep Bridge, on the other hand, was located several miles from a main sheep driveway. It linked Tangle Driveway with Chalk Mountain and with other nearby grazing allotments, rather than being a part of a major migration route. It also connectsd the Chalk Mountain pasture on the east side of the Verde River with the Chalk Mountain (ranch) headquarters on the west side.

Moreover, unliks Blus Point Sheep Bridge, Verde River Sheep Bridge was considered to be part of an allotment and was "owned" by the Chalk Mountain Allotment permi ttee, who sold rights in the bridge to other nearby allotment holders. In addition to the Verde River Sheep Bridge, two other permanent suspsnsion- type bridges and two temporary bridges have been identified on the Verde River. A suspension bridge existed at Bartlatt Dam in when the dam was under construction. This bridge may have been construe ted by the dam contractor to Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 (Page 14) cross construction workers from one side of the river to the other.

According to Frank Auza and Les Smith, the Bartlett Dam Bridge was moved to the Horse shoe Dam si te4 8 and was used there by sheep ranchers to reach allotments on the east side of the Verde River before Horseshoe Dam was constructed. Horseshoe Dam Site Bridge was demolished when the construction of Horseshoe Dam began in The HAER team was unable to document Auza 's and Smith's belief that Bartlett Dam Bridge was moved to the Horseshoe dam site. The two bridges were visually dissimilar, but Horseshoe Dam Site Bridge could have utilized construction materials, such as cable, from Bartlett Dam Bridge. Horseshoe Dam contains a special walkway under the spillway which was designed to accommodate sheep crossing the river when water was being released over the dam.

This walkway is no longer used by ranchers, because sheep raising is no longer conducted in the area. It is, however, used by hikers, hunters, and fishermen. The two temporary bridges were used for only a few years before the Verde River Sheep Bridge was built in A pontoon-type bridge was located near the mouth of Red Creek, and a small suspension-type bridge was located a short distance downstream from the Verde River Sheep Bridge site. Both of the temporary bridges were erected each fall and then dismantled in the spring before the seasonal floods. After the Verde River Sheep Bridge was constructed, the temporary bridges were no longer needed. The driveways also had numerous unbridged stream crossings.

These crossings were in the high elevations where the water courses were shallow and narrow and could be forded by the flocks with little danger. HISTORY OF SHEEP RAJlCHIHG IH

Bloody Basin

At the end of the nineteenth century, some sheepmen began to pasture their flocks on the irrigated alfalfa fields around Phoenix in the winter. This provided additional income for the local farmers and allowed Arizona sheepmen to breed and to lam their ewes earlier than ranchers in other regions. Arizona ranchers had the first spring lambs available for market in the country and received top dollar for them,, due to the large demand for Easter lamb. Before and after other sheepmen wintered their flocks in the low desert region of Bloody Basin, located in the Verde River valley. Sheep that wintered in Bloody Basin, where the Verde River Sheep Bridge is located, never saw an irrigated alfalfa field.

Their winter forage was the grass and alfilaria of the desert, which sprouted with the winter rains. Alfilaria, a favorite of sheep, is still abundant in the vicinity of the bridge. Also called "filaree," this European plant was introduced to the southwest by the Spaniards. It became widespread in Arizona after its seeds were carried there on the wool of California sheep.49 Activity in Bloody Basin quickened in the spring, when the grass and filaree on the desert was lush. Ewes were bred to give birth in February and March, so the lambs could begin feeding at the height of the desert spring growth in April. Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No.

AZ-10 (Page 15) In as a result of overgrazing by cattle, the terms of some allotments (permits) on Tonto National Forest were changed from year-long cattle preference to winter sheep preference.50 Three of these allotments, Chalk Mountain, Red Hill, and Pete's Cabin, were located near the site of the future Verde River Sheep Bridge and entered prominently into the bridge's history. Tangle Creek Driveway runs northeast from Cave Creek, along the west bank of the Verde River to Cordes.

At Cordes, it connects with Black Canyon Driveway, which formerly headed south to Phoenix, and with Beaverhead Driveway, which still heads north to Flagstaff.51 Tangle Creek Driveway was developed after the Bloody Basin area began to be used by sheepmen in The Verde River Sheep Bridge provided access to the Tangle Creek Driveway from nearby allotments on the east side of the river. Soon after Dr. R. 0. Raymond, owner of the Flagstaff Sheep Company, acquired Chalk Mountain Allotment on the east side of the Verde river in he decided to build a bridge across the river. Frank Auza, Raymond's foreman, apparently was instrumental in causing the bridge to be constructed.

Before the bridge was built, herders had difficulty getting their sheep safely across the river when the water level was high in the spring. They could swim the sheep across, losing some to the swift currents; use one of two nearby temporary bridges which had to be rebuilt each year; or cross on a suspension bridge at Horseshoe Dam site, 12 miles downstream.53 Raymond was grazing sheep on his Chalk Mountain Allotment in The need for a permanent bridge between the winter pastures on the east side of the river and the driveway on the west side leading to the summer ranges caused him to make application to the Forest Service for a permit to build a bridge54 and to the War Production Board for construction material priority ratings.

(During World War II, materials were scarce and difficult to obtain.) The application to the War Production Board gives further insight into the reasons for building the bridge. "Construction of this bridge will reduce losses for 6 sheep outfits in crossing Verde River during lambing time and will increase utilization of feed by allowing sheep to graze greater area than is now possible. Great losses have been experienced by these outfits during lambing time due to crossing the river from one side to the other during high water which usually occurs during lambing season.

"55 Important events in a sheepman's year have always been the spring drive to the mountains for summer grazing, the breeding of ewes, the marketing of lambs (either in the spring or at the end of summer) , and the fall drive to the winter grazing areas where lambing and shearing of ewes occurred. For companies that operated in the Bloody Basin area, the bridge became the hub around which the traditional winter activities took place.56 It was used by ranchers on Chalk Mountain, Red Hill, and Pete's cabin allotments to cross sheep, burros, and supplies from one side of the river to the other. As many as eleven to twelve thousand sheep crossed the bridge at least four times per Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No.

AZ-10 (Page 16) year--in the fall when going to the winter pastures from summer grazing in the Flagstaff area, before and after shearing, and in the spring when returning to the summer ranges in the high country.57 The bridge was also used on a day-to-day basis by the sheepherders for crossing between the pastures on the east side and the ranch headquarters on the west side. Additionally, Red Hill and Chalk Mountain allotments included pastures on both sides of the river, and at times the herders would take sheep across the bridge to r<>ach pastures on the opposite side of the river.58 On the spring drive :from Bloody Basin to the Flagstaff area, the sheepherders would take the sheep across the bridge to Tangle Creek Driveway (see HAER Photograph No.

AZ-10-29), then head northwest along the driveway to Cordes. At Cordes, they would pick up Beaverhead Driveway, following it all the way to Flagstaff. It went by way of Mayer, northeast through the Cherry Creek area, and on to the Verde River at the mouth of Oak Creek and continue on to Flagsta:ff by way of Rattlesnake Creek and Woods Canyon, over a route parallel with that of present-day Interstate 17. This drive, beginning around April 15 at the Verde River Sheep Bridge, took about 45 days.59 For a drive, a flock was divided in to bands of to sheep. The bands started out about two days apart, averaging two to five miles per day. Each band had a herder, a camp tender (who cooked meals, set up camp, and cared for the supplies), four or five pack burros (see HAER Photograph No.

AZ-10-38), and, perhaps, several sheepdogs (not all herders used dogs). 60 The harders traveled on foot and reckoned if any sheep were missing by counting the black "marker" sheep and by listening to the bells placed on the sheep that tended to be leaders or stragglers. This seemingly chaotic system worked only because the herders knew their sheep well and because sheep generally do not wander off alone. The :foreman rode between the bands, overseeing drive and seeking sh<>ep reported missing by the herders.6 1 Today, sheep are generally trucked between summer and winter pastures, although a few ranchers still conduct drives on a reduced scale, much in the manner of earlier days.

Bloody Basin ewes were bred on the summer allotments in the mountains, since infertility is high among sheep in hot climates. 6 2 Rams were trucked from the winter range a:fter the ewes had arrived at the summer pastures, so as to closely regulate the lambing time. The breeding season was carefully planned so lambing could coincide with the peak growth of spring grassas on the Bloody Basin allotments along the Verde River. Bloody Basin ewes were bred in September, several months later than the ewes that wintered in the Phoenix area al:falfa fi<>lds. Bloody Basin lambs were sold to market from Flagsta:f:f, so they could fatten on the rich grass of the high country. They were mark<>ted at the end of June, with the "cut backs" ( those not big or fat enough) sold in September.

Sheep that grazed during the winter on the lush alfalfa fields on the Phoenix area, were marketed in March to April from Phoenix, much as they are today.63 Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No, AZ-10 (Page 17) The fall drives back to the Bloody Basin allotments started the first of October, so that the flocks would arrive at Chalk Mountain about November 15, A flock returning in the fall was about half the size it was going to Flagstaff in the spring, as the lambs had been sold in Flagstaff.64 The majority of the returning ewes were pregnant, and the sheepmen felt that the gradual acclimation to change in altitude and temperature was beneficial to them,65 Lambing in Bloody Basin took place during February.

This was the most active time of the year around the bridge, as more men were hired to care for the ewes and their lambs.

Frank Auza, foreman of Chalk Mountain operations, hired two extra "top" herders who specialized in lambing ewes, in addition to extra herders, camp tenders, and trappers of predators, For the first month or two after the lambs were born, the ewes and lambs were formed into small bands of about five hundred, for protection against coyotes and other predators, Before and after the lambing season, most of the original bridge construction and subsequent annual maintenance work was accomplished, extra men being available for these activities when they were not needed to help with the lambs.66 Shearing of the sheep took place in mid-March on the west side of the river, so the wool could be trucked to market ( there were no roads on the east side at that time).

Sheep kept on range on the east side of the river had to cross the river before and after shearing. This was readily accomplished after the bridge was built (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-39), An open shearing shed and fenced corrals were located southwest of the barn (on the west side of the river), where a concrete slab remains today. Sheep from the three nearby allotments were sheared there. The first year the bridge was in use, eleven thousand sheep were sheared and produced one hundred thousand pounds of wooi.67 Shearing a sheep with electric shears (powered by a portable generator) took three to five minutes ( see HAER Pho to graph No. AZ-10-40). Each fleece weighed eight to ten pounds.

The fleeces were packed into six by two-foot gunny sacks and taken by pickup truck to a semi-trailer truck waiting at LX Ranch, near the junction of Seven Springs and Cordes roads (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-41). After the ewes were sheared, their physical condition were checked (condition of teeth indicates age) to determine whether or not to keep the dry ewes another year or to sell them,68 The sheep were then marked with a paint brand on their rumps to identify the flock they were in. Ear notches provided further permanent identification,69 The suspension bridge was a vast improvement over the early methods of crossing the river.

However, the first few animals of a flock had to be pushed to get them started across, There could be 142 sheep in single file on the bridge; at times there were twice that number.70 In an observer related, "Basque herders walked the bridge, checking for loose boards, Then the Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-1O (Page 18) tinkling of the lead goat's bell grew louder, as it moved in their direction. In a few moments, the river of white animals was funneled across the bridge and spread like liquid fingers over the rugged terrain.; One of the herders stood at the base of the bridge and took a head count as the animals arrived on the west bank.

"71 CONCLUSION In the number of sheep in Arizona peaked at Although the sheep industry remained vigorous into the post-World War II era, the number of sheep was decreasing, and by only sheep remained in Arizona.7 2 The decline in the industry and the subsequent abandonment of Chalk Mountain Allotment and the Verde River Sheep Bridge by the Manterola family in are largely attributed to the shortage of' young Basque sheepherders, the importation of lamb and mutton from New Zealand and Australia, and the development of' synthetic fibers that have replaced wool. In the Chalk Mountain Allotment was awarded to a cattleman, and maintenance on the bridge was no longer required of the permittee by the Forest Service. On April 18, the bridge was barricaded and closure notices were posted.

Created almost entirely with hand tools, mule power, and a pickup truck by itinerant sheepherders and a f'ew skilled builders from available materials in a wilderness environment, the Verde River sheep Bridge demonstrates a remarkable level of' resourcefulness. And the fact that the primitive structure has withstood the test of time f'or almost half a century further evidences the ingenuity of its builders. Although the bridge has outlived the need f'or it, it manif'ests the pioneer spirit of its builders and a way of' ranching that has virtually disappeared. The sheepmen who built and used the bridge and their families have special remembrances of' it. Frank Auza recalled, "After we built it, Dr. Raymond used to come to see it.

He gets in the middle of it, he look back and say, 'Oh, my God!'." Josie Gonzalo reminisced about her husband Tony's f'eelings about the bridge, "He never enjoyed a thing so much in his lif'e as that cable bridge." Elsie Auza fondly remembered, "I think we all were impressed, it was like seeing the Golden Gate [Bridge], you know." PERSONAGES INVOLVED WITH THE BRIDGE Dr. Ralph Oliver (R. O.) Raymond, a physician and sheepman, was the principal patron of the Verde River Sheep Bridge. Raymond was born on September 5, graduated f'rom medical school in St. Louis in and moved to Arizona for his health in He practiced medicine in Flagstaf'f and, bef'ore World War I, entered the sheep business. Raymond owned Flagstaff Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No.

AZ-10 (Page 19) Sheep Company and was a partner of Ramon Aso until in Howard Sheep Company. In he acquired Chalk Mountain Allotment and, in December of that year, made application to Tonto National Forest for a permit to build a bridge across the Verde River on his allotment. He paid most of the construction costs for the bridge. Raymond donated land for Flagstaff Community Hospital, Raymond Antelope and Buffalo Refuge, and the old Flagstaff Armory. Additionally, he gave Lindberg Springs to the state and founded the Flagstaff (now Raymond) Educational Foundation.

Raymond died July 5, Frank Auza was foreman of Flagstaff Sheep Company and Howard Sheep Company from to He oversaw the companies' Bloody Basin sheep operations in the winter months and moved with the sheep to the Flagstaff area pastures during the summer months. He and Dr. Raymond were the principal motivators behind the construction of the bridge. Auza work on the construction of the bridge, when he was not busy with the sheep, and organized and paid the road and bridge laborers (see HAER Photograph No. AZ-10-42). He kept the bridge in repair until Additionally, he was foreman for Manterola Sheep Company from to In he purchased his own sheep and had feeder lambs in Tacna, Arizona, in Auza is a Spanish Basque and arrived in the United States from Spain in when he was ten years old.

He married Elsie Barreras of Flagstaff, who was born in Magdalena, New Mexico. They had eight children, seven of whom are in the sheep business or are married to sheep ranchers.74 Ilrunon A.so was sole owner of Howard Sheep Company after and agent for Flagstaff Sheep Company while the bridge was being built. He signed the application to the War Production Board for the bridge materials. Aso was a Spanish Basque and arrived in the United States in from Spain.; He was a camp tender for Lockett Sheep Company in and, by the had his own sheep. In he purchased Howard Sheep Company, in partnership with Dr. Raymond. Aso died on August 5, Cyril O.

Gilliam prepared drawings for the Verde River Sheep Bridge on January His plans accompanied the Flagstaff Sheep Company's application to the War Production Board dated March 4, He was apparently employed by Dr. Raymond to design the bridge. Gilliam was an architect and engineer, working in Phoenix at the time he designed the bridge. Gilliam died on December 9, George W. Smith of Cave Creek was the principal builder of the bridge. According to Frank Auza, he went with Auza to look at Blue Point Sheep Bridge over the Salt River, apparently before the plans were drawn by Gilliam. He was paid by Auza for work on the bridge.

Smith was born in Arkansas in and moved to Arizona in He worked on bridges for the Apache Railroad in and made major repairs to the Horseshoe Dam Site Bridge in 7 Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 (Page 20) Jose Antonio (Tony) Kanterola bought Flagstaff Sheep Company in from Dr. Raymond. Manterola wintered sheep on Chalk Mountain Allotment in Bloody Basin and in Casa Grande. He used the Verde River Sheep Bridge to cross sheep, eupplies, and men from the west side of the Verde, where he had shearing corrals, a barn, horse corrale, a three-room cabin, a caretaker's cabin, a wood shed, and a chicken coop, to the east side of the river, where the winter pastures were located.

Manterola died November 23, but the Manterola family kept the Chalk Mountain Allotment and continued to maintain the bridge. The Manterolas used the bridge for sheep until After and until they relinquished the allotment in only burros were wintered on Chalk Mountain Allotment. Manterola was a Spanish Basque and arrived in the United States in from Spain.78 Tony Gonzalo held Pete's Cabin Allotment and used the bridge until when the allotment wae acquired by the Manterolas. Gonzalo arrived in California in from Spain and moved to Arizona in He was not a Basque. Gonzalo died on June 15, W. B. Spurlock held Red Hill Allotment when the bridge was built and, according to Auza, ueed the bridge to cross hie eheep to the east-aide paetures.

Jose Echenique held Red Hill Allotment in He used the bridge for a few years until the allotment was acquired by John W. Hennessy. Echenique wae a Spanieh Basque and arrived in the United States in or John W. Hennessy held Red Hill Allotment in and used the bridge, which is listed as a range improvement on grazing permits iseued to him by the Tonto National Forest in and Hennessy wae born in Flagstaff in He died February 21, II. O. Best held Red Hill Allotment after Hennessy. The Arizona Wool Growers Association "trail expenses" show Henneesy' s last year on Tangle Creek Driveway to be and M. O. Best's first use of Tangle creek Driveway to be in According to Levi Reed and Frank Auza, Best used the bridge for croesing sheep.

82 Levi Reed held Red Hill Allotment from or until or Reed stated that he "bought" the allotment from M. O. Best, in order to get the summer grazing allotment at the old Hennessy ranch at Marshall Lake, in the Flagstaff area north of Lake Mary. His "purchase" of Red Hill Allotment included head of sheep, which were grazing on the west side of the river. He took theee sheep directly to Flagstaff, without crossing the bridge. Nevertheless, he was part owner of the structure. Levi stated he "sold" Red Hill Allotment (and aseumedly the bridge) to Glendale cattleman, Emil M. Rovey in or Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 (Page 21) Emil JII.

Rovey held Red Hill Allotment from about to He ran cattle on the allotment and used the bridge to cross the river with pack animals .84 SHEEP RAISING CO.MPABIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE BRIDGE Flagstaff Sheep Company was owned by Dr. R. O. Raymond. It built the bridge in to access its winter pastures on the east side of the Verde River. In Raymond sold the bridge to Jose Manterola. Jllanterola Sheep Company was established by Jose Manterola's family after his death in The company continued to use the Chalk Mountain winter pastures and the bridge for sheep until Jllud Lake Livestock Company was owned by Tony Gonzalo.

(Tony's brother, Rogue, was a partner in the company for a few years.) Gonzalo wintered sheep on Pete's Cabin Allotment on the east side of the Verde River near the bridge and used the bridge for going to and from Tangle Creek Driveway and the shearing shed on the west side of the river until when Jose Manterola bought the allotment . Hovard Sheep Company was owned by Ramon Aso and Dr. Raymond until February when Dr. Raymond sold his interest in the company to Aso. The company's grazing allotment was on the west side of the Verde River between Bartlett Dam and the Horseshoe dam site and, therefore, the company had no need to use the bridge, even though it operated in the area. GRAZING ALLOTIOOl'l'S

Associated with the Bridge

Chalk Mountain Allotment was located on the east side of the Verde River between the sheep bridge And Horseshoe Dam. This allotment was held by Dr. Raymond at the tim the bridge was built. From to it was held by the Manterola family. The allotment included a small parcel on the west side of the river, where the shearing shed, barn, and other buildings were located. Red Hill Allotment was located on the east and west sides of the Verde River, immediately north of Chalk Mountain Allotment. Red Hill Allotment had six different permittees from to They were W. B. Spurlock, Jose Echenique, John w. Hennessy, M. o. Best, Levi Reed, and Emil M. Rovey. Reed did not use the bridge, and Hovey, a cattleman, used it for pack animals only.

Pete's Cabin Allotment was located on the east side of the Verde River, immediately north of Red Hill Allotment. It was held by Tony and Roque Gonzalo of Mud Lake Livestock Company until when it was acquired by Jose and Marianne Manterola. Tony Gonzalo used the sheep bridge to take his sheep to the west side of the river to be sheared and to get them to summer pastures in the Mormon Lake area. Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 (Page 22)

Chronology of

Il!POR'l'AliT EVEIITS RELATING THE BRIDGE December 8, Dr. R. 0. Raymond submits application to Tonto National Forest to construct a sheet bridge across the Verde River. (This application has not been found, but its existence is inferred by the following letter.) December 28, Tonto National Forest acknowledges receipt of Raymond's December 8, application to build "a suspension bridge to move sheep back and forth across the Verde River." See Field Record Item 1. January C. 0. Gilliam prepares drawings for a suspension bridge across the Verde River at the location of the subject bridge. January 11, Forest Service agrees to furnish road equipment and operator to assist in the construction of a wagon road to the bridge site. Raymond agrees to pay for the gas and oil.

Effective period of agreement is January 15, to February 1, See Field Record Item 2. January 12, Forest Service issues Special Use Permit to Dr. Raymond for right-of-way for two miles of wagon trail to bridge site. See Field Record Item 3. January 22, Frank Auza pays Jose M. Perez $45 for 15 days work on the road, starting January 7. See Field Record Item 4. January 28, Auza pays Margarito Romero $78 for 26 days road work, starting January 1. See Field Record Item 4. January 30, Auza pays Juan Yruega $35 for 12 days road work in January. See Field Record Item 4, January 31, Auza pays Ramon Rodriquez for 38 days road work, starting December 24. See Field Record Item 4. February 22, Auza pays Agustin DeArmond for bridge labor, 13 days in January and 12 days in February.

See Field Record Item 4. February 27, Auza pays George W. Smith See Field Record Item 4. March 4, Application made by Flagstaff Sheep company, Ramon Aso, agent, to War Production Board for priority ratings for construction materials required for the sheep bridge. Application states that bridge is new construction and that used cables, eyebolts, and other materials have been purchased from an abandoned mine. Blueprints accompanies application. Date of application corresponds with date of Gilliam plans. See Field Record Item 5 Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 (Page 23) :March 10, War Production Board assigns priority ratings for bridge materials. See Field Record Item 5.

:March 18, War Production Board provides serial number and preference rating order for construction of bridge across Verde River in Section 36, T 9N R 6E. See Field Record Item 6. :March 23, Department of Agriculture transmits "approved papers for the construction of your suspension bridge" to Aso. See Field Record Item 7. :March 27, Auza pays George W. Smith See Field Record Item 4. Apri1 9, Auza pays George W. Smith (Other amounts paid Smith, with no dates, totaled See Field Record Item 4. :May 5, Auza pays Simon Torrez for road and bridge work, 4 days in January, 28 days in February, 31 days in March, and 4 days in May. See Field Record Item 4. :May 5, Auza pays Jesus Cedillo for road and bridge work in January, February, March, and May. See Field Record Item 4.

:May 11, In a letter to George W. Smith, Raymond reports the bridge is unfinished and urges Smith to complete the work. See Field Record Item 8. August 17, In a letter to Aso, the Secretary of the Wool Growers Association states that 75 feet of the side of the bridge has blown off and that George W. smith wants to know if he should do anything about it. See Field Record Item 9. February 14, Raymond has disposed of his interest in Howard Sheep Company. Flagstaff Sheep Company's preference now is for sheep for five months on Tonto National Forest. See Field Record Item 10. :March 24, Auza pays Julian Romero for 51 days work on the bridge and for 10 days work on road repair. See Field Record Item 4.

:March 27, Auza pays Joe Landeta for 125 days of bridge labor (10 days in November 31 days in December 31 days in January 29 days in February and 24 days in March at $5 per day. See Field Re cord Item 4. June 25, Auza pays Guillermo "Willie" Gonzalez $32 extra for work on the bridge sometime during the period of January to June See Field Record Item 4 . Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 (Page 24) June 29, Auza pays Trinidad Garcia for road repair work done sometime from November to June See Field Record Item 4. January 20, In a letter to Raymond, Auza writes, "Have not been able to get Jose [Echenique] and Tony [Gonzalo] ,ogether yet to settle up about the bridge but think we can get together pretty soon." See Field Record Item 11.

September 1, Jose Antonio Manterola pays Raymond for "Puente Del Rio Berde [sic]." Manterola receives from Antonio Gonzalo and from Jose Echenique for use of the bridge. See Field Record Item 12. November 22, Manterola has purchased Flagstaff Sheep Company from Raymond. See Field Record Item 13. !larch 12, Special Use Permit is issued to Jose and Marianne Manterola, Jose Echenique, and Mud Lake Livestock Company (Tony Gonzalo) to use one acre of national forest land in Section 36, T 9N R 6E, for maintaining a sheep bridge across the Verde River. See Field Record Item 14. September 6, Grazing permit is issued to John W. Hennessy for Red Hill and Brooklyn allotments for sheep for five months from November 15 to April 15.

Permit lists the Verde River Sheep Bridge as a range improvement privately owned with Jose Manterola and Mud Lake Livestock Company. See Field Record Item 15. October 23, Grazing permit is issued to Jose and Marianne Manterola for sheep for five-month winter season, from November 15 to April 15. Permit also transfers Pete's Cabin Allotment to them and lists the bridge as privately owned with John Hennessy. See Field Record Item 16. July 11, Grazing permit is issued to John W. Hennessy for Red Hill Allotment for sheep for five months from November 15 to April 15. Permit lists the Verde River Sheep Bridge as a range improvement privately owned with Manterola. See Field Record Item 17.

Average number of sheep which crossed the Verde River Sheep Bridge was The number tha, crossed in was See Field Record Item 18. January 30, General instructions from Forest Service to Manterolas for the grazing season states maintenance is needed on the buildings and corrals at the sheep bridge. The main cabin had been burned down by vandals in summer of September 29, In a letter to Manterola Sheep Company, Tonto National Forest requests company to review its files for information concerning the legal ownership of the sheep bridge.

Noted is Special Warranty Deed dated January 1, which gave Manterola Sheep Company "'the right to use the Verde River Sheep Bridge (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No, AZ-10 (Page 25) bridge and shearing corral as set forth and contained in deed recorded on February 2, in Book 182 of Deeds, page of the records of Yavapai County." Tonto National Forest further states that the last deed gave "the right to use in connection with the Howard Sheep Company the present bridge across the Verde River near the JS Ranch without cost . . . " The letter further states that "any structure built on National Forest land is normally the property of the United States Government, even though the permittee pays for it in full, and maintains it." See Field Record Item 20.

November 21, The Verde River Sheep Bridge is entered on National Register of Historic Places. March 16, Tonto National Forest requests funds to share the cost of maintenance and repair of the sheep bridge with the grazing permit tee. Bridge had been damaged by a flood, See Field Record Item 21. March 22, In a letter to the District Ranger at Cave Creek, the Forest Supervisor states that the grazing permittee, Manterola Sheep Company, is responsible for general maintenance of the bridge and that the Forest Service will share the cost of repairing flood damage. See Field Record Item 22.

April 18, In a letter dated October 26, supervisor of Tonto National Forest states the bridge was closed to the public on April 18 by Special Order June 8, A new grazing permit for Chalk Mountain Allotment is issued to a cattleman named Johnson, and the bridge is deleted from the new permittee's maintenance agreement. See Field Record Item 23. June 13, Richard 1, Kasel, Structural Engineer, finds the bridge to be structurally unsafe and recommends that it be removed and replaced with another suspension bridge,85 January 12, U.S. Senator Dennis DeConcini initiates a request for funding the construction of a replica of the Verde River Sheep Bridge. See Field Record Item 24. December 19, Bill #HJREF 465 is signed by President Ronald Reagan.

This appropriation bill includes for replacement of the Verde River Sheep Bridge. August 6, Tonto National Forest receives letter of intent from Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, to construct new Verde River Sheep Bridge. See Field Record Item 25 . NOTES VERDE RIVER SHEEP 8RIOGE (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ- I 0 Page 26 I . Feder a 1 Register, Nati o na I Reg is t er of H is tori c Places, Annual Listing of Historic Properties, Tuesday, February 6, I 8ook 2. 2. Richard L. Kasel, 8ridge and Tramway Engineer, Region Two, Lakewood, Colorado (Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture), inspected the bridge on April 26, His unpublished report (hereinafter cited as Kasel report) was transmitted by his supervisor, Donald D.

Loff, Director of Engineering, to the Forest Supervisor, Tonto National Forest, on June 13, The document is on file in the headquarters of Tonto National Forest, Phoenix, Arizona. A copy of the document is contained in the HAER field notes. 3. Wi I I C. Sarnes, Arizona Place Names, (Tucson: University of Arizona, p. 4. Frank Auza was interviewed at the bridge on February 22, by the HAER team (hereinafter cited as Auza interview February 22, A copy of the interview transcript is contained in the HAER field notes. At the time of the interview, Auza was 82 years old, but h Is memory of events was very good. However, his recollection of dates was sometimes in error by a year or two. Auza continually recalled names and events which, when investigated, were proved to be accurate. 5.

Auza interview February 22, 6. Auza interview February 22, 7. Letter dated August 17, to Ramon Aso from Arizona Woo I Growers Association, located in Arizona iolool Growers Association Collection, Northern Arizona University, Special Collections Library, Series I, 8ox 2, Folder 40. Appendix Document 9. 8. Telephone interview with Joe Auza on March 4, (herein- dfLi::1 l.:iLeU Joe Auza interviewJ . .Joe Auza 1s trie son ot rrank Auza. He was foreman of the Manterola Sheep Company in the and early He married Carmen Manterola, daughtei'r of Jose "Tony" Manterola, and remains in the sheep business in Casa Grande. Also see telephone interview with Joe Hanterola on March 2, (hereinafter cited as Joe Hanterola interview March 2, Joe Manterola is the son of Jose "Tony" Manterola.

He manages the family sheep company (Hanterola Sheep Company), which pastures i ts sheep i n Casa Grande i n the w i n t er and in F I a gs ta f f in the summer. In the spring, the Manterola sheep are trucked to Cordes and then driven along 8eaverhead Driveway to the Flagstaff area. In the fa 11, they are returned to Casa Grande by the same way. interviews were by Carol Ayraud Newberry. Copies of VERDE RIVER SHEEP BRIDGE (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ- I 0 Page 27 the interview transcripts are contained in the HAER field notes. 9. Frank Auza was interviewed on January 29, by Carol Ayraud Newberry (hereinafter cited as Auza interview January 29, A copy of the interview transcript is contained in the HAER field notes. IO.

Memorandum of Verba I Agreement, located i n Fr an k Auza's personal files. Appendix Document 2. 11. Frank Auza' s account book (hereinafter cited as Auza's account book), located in Frank Auza's personal fi Jes. Appendix Document 4. 12. Letter to Dr. Raymond from Tonto National Forest dated 0ecem ber 28, (hereinafter cited as Raymond letter December 28, located in Frank Auza's personal files. Appendix Document I. 13. War Production Board Application, located in Arizona Wool Growers Association Collection, Northern Arizona University, Special Collections Library, Series I, Box 2, Folder 40 (herein-. after cited as War Production Board Application, Document 5. Appendix 14.

Frank Auza was interviewed on March 25, by Carol Ayraud Newberry (hereinafter cited Auza interview March 25, A copy of the interview transcript is contained in the HAER field notes. 15. Henry E. Cordes was interviewed by telephone on March 31, by Carol Ayraud Newberry (hereinafter cited as Cordes interview March 31, Cordes is the grandson of the founder of Cordes, Arizona. The community is located on a sheep drive- way, and Henry befriended many sheepmen. A copy of the Interview transcript is contained In the HAER field notes. 'C o Vo " .. - liitc1v ,.. I . CUI L.. .. Udl y i ~6 7. I 7. Auza interview January 2 9 , 18. Smith interview January 2 7, I 98 7. I 9. Au z a' s account book. 20. 2I . Auza Auza interview January 29, interviews February 2 2, I 98 7.

and March 25, VERDE RIVER SHEEP BRIDGE (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 Page 28 22. Auza interviews January 29, and March 25, 23. Frank Auza was interviewed on March 31, by Carol Ayraud Newberry (hereinafter cited Auza interview March 31, A copy of the interview transcript is contained in the HAER field notes. 25. Kasel report, p. 10. 2 5. Auza interview January 29, 2 6. Raymond 1 etter Dec ember 28, I 2 7. War Production Board Application, 28. Auza interview March 25, 2 9. Cordes interview March 31, 30. Auza interview January 29, 3l . Herbert Eugene Bolton, Coronado, Knight of Pueblos and Plains (New York: Whittlesey House; and Albuquerque: of New Mexico Press, p. 56. 32.

University Bert Haskett, "Hist_ory of the Sheep Industry in Arizona" (hereinafter cited as Haskett, "History of the Sheep Industry"), Arizona Historical Review 7 (July pp. 33. Jay J. Wagoner, Early Arizona: Prehistory to Civil War, (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, pp. Also see Edward Norris Wentworth, Arizona's Sheep Trails (hereinafter cited as Wentworth, America's Sheep Trails), (Ames: Iowa State College Press, p. 34. Haskett, "History of the Sheep Industry. 35. Wentworth, America's Sheep Trails, p. 36. Haskett, "History of the Sheep," pp. 37. Sharlot Hall, "Old Range Days and New in Arizona" (herein- after cited as Hal I, "Old Range Days"), Out West 28 (March p. 38 . Haskett, "History of the Sheep," p. 21. 3 9. Wentworth, America's Sheep Trails, p~. 40.

Wentworth, America'-s Sheep Trails, p. 41. Haskett, "History of the Sheep," p. VERDE RIVER SHEEP BRIDGE (Red ?oint Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 Page 29 23. 42. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Special Report on the History and Present Condition of the Sheep Industry of the United States (hereinafter cited USDA, Special Report), Part of the U. s. Congress, House, Misc. Ooc. Washington, 0. C.: Government Printing Office, pp. 935 & 43. USDA, Special Report, p. 44. Hall, "Old Range Days," pp. 45. National Live Stock Association, Prose and Poetry of the C,ive Stock Industry, (New York: Antiquarian Press), pp. 651 & 46. Haskett, "History of the Sheep," pp. Also see E. C.

LaRue, Map of Arizona Stock Driveways, (hereinafter cited as LaRue map), located in State of Arizona Department of Library, Archives and Pub! ic Records. A copy of the document is contained in the HAER field notes . 47. An "allotment" is a parcel of federal land upon which livestock grazing is authorized through the issuance of a "grazing permit." I t is usually associated with a parcel of patented {privately-owned)' land, Sheep ranchers formerly had one allotment in northern Arizona for summer use and another in central Arizona for winter use. Today most ranchers winter their flocks on patented alfalfa fields in the Phoenix area.

A grazing permit (Field Record Item 16) establishes the boundaries of an allotment and identifies the kind of livestock ("preference") that can be grazed and the period grazing is allowed. The terms of the permit are designed to protect the ranges from over- grazing. 48. 8. L. (Les) Smith of Lakeside, Arizona, and Louise Smith Bruce of Phoenix, Arizona, son and daughter of George II. Smith ,.ere iri Srut'=' ~ i1orn~ by Caroi Ayraud Newberry on January 27, (hereinafter cited as Smith interview January 27, A copy of the interview transcript is contained in the HAER field notes. 49. USDA, Special Report. pp. Also see Natt N. Dodge, Flowers of the Southwest Deserts, (Tucson: Southwest Parks and Monuments Association, p. 112 . 50.

29, Letter to Ramon Ase from Tonto National Forest, dated July from Arizona Wool Growers Association Collection, Northern Arizona University, Special Collections Library, Series 2, Box 2, Folder 2 (hereinafter cited as Ase letter). VERDE RIVER SHEEP BRIDGE (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 Page 30 A copy of the document is contained in the HAER field notes. 51. Tonto National Forest Grazing Hap, on file in head- quarters of Tonto National Forest, Phoe_nix, Arizona. Also see letter to Frances Aleman, President of the Arizona Woo I Growers Women's Aux i Ii ary f rem Harry B. Embach, dated March 4, I located in Arizona Wool Growers Association Collection, Northern Arizona University, Special Collections Library, Series 6, Box 3, Fe Ider 2.

A copy of these documents are contained in the HAER field notes. In Maricopa County Parks and Recreation Department and the Bureau of Land Management created an eques- trian and hiking trail on a narrow strip of the abandoned Black Canyon Driveway. 52. Auza interview January 29, 53. Auza interviews January 29, February 22, and March 3 l, I Also see Raymond letter December 28, 54. Raymond letter December 28, and Auza interview March 25, Also see the "History of Chalk Hountain Allotment" located in Tonto National Forest files and Auza interview March 25, A copy of the allotment document is contained in the HAER field notes. 55. War Production Board Application, 56.

Frank Auza was interviewed on March 24, by Carol Ayraud Newberry (hereinafter cited Auza interview March 24, A copy of the interview transcript is contained in the HAER field notes. 57. Interview with Marianne and Sylvia Manterola on February 18, by Carol Ayraud Newberry (hereinafter cited Manterola interview February !8, A copy of the interview transcript is contained in the HAER field notes. ,, ,:- ..JU - . ,. - .. .. . .,..I Vlll..U " . Fvr e~L Grazing Map, I I 1~ou. Aiso see Mancerola interview February 18, and Auza interviews January 29 and March 31, 59. LaRue map. Also see Auza interview March 31, 60. Carol Osman Brown, "Old-Time Sheep Drive" (hereinafter cited as Brown, "Old-Time Sheep Drive"), Phoenix l!agazine 13 (November p. 79 . 61.

VEROE RfVER SHEEP 8RfDGE (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-IO Page 31 Interview with Dewey Perkins on January 18, by Carol Ayraud Newberry. Also see Interview with Frank Auza, on Apri I 23, by Carol Ayraud Newberry. Copies of the inter,,.lew tran- scripts are contained In the HAER field notes. 62. Brown, "Old-Time Sheep Drive," p. 77. 63. Auza Interview March 31, 64. Auza Interview March 31, Also see Manterola interview February 18, 65. Sue Peterson, "Shepherd of the Open Range," Arizona Highways 54 (August 66. Auza Interview March 31, 67. Auza Interview January 29, 68. Interview with Joe Manterola during sheep shearing on January 24, 198 7, by Caro I Ayraud Newberry. A copy of the interview transcript is contained In the HAER field notes. 69. 70.

Joe Manterola Auza interview March 2, Interview January 29, 71. Brown, "Old-Time Sheep Drive," p. 79. 72. University of Arizona, College of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics, Arizona Crop and Livestock Reporting; and U. S. Department of Agriculture, Statistical Reporting Service, Field Operations Division, Arizona Agricultural Statistics, to (Tucson: University of Arizona, February 73. Arizona Republic, July 7, Flagstaff Daily Sun, obituary; and "Raymond Park Dedication Monday" article. Copies of the documents are contained in the HAER field notes. 74. Auza Interviews January 29, and March 24, Also see Manterola interview February 18, 75. Telephone interview with Tom Allison on February 17, by Carol Ayraud Newberry.

Tom, the son of Ramon Ase, changed his name from Ase to Allison. Also see Phoenix Gazette, August 8, A copy of the interview transcript and the Phoenix Gazette article are contained in the HAER field notes . 76. Arizona Republic, December- 11, A copy of the document Is contained In the HAE~ field notes. 77. Smith interview January 27, VERDE RIVER SHEEP BRIDGE (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 Page 32 Also see Phoenix Gazette, Apr i I 25, 195 I. A copy of the Phoenix Gazette article is contained in the HAER field notes. 78. Sylvia Manterola, "History of: Jose Antonio Manterola and Family Arizona Sheep," unpublished, I ocated in Mantero I a family files. A copy of the document is contained in the HAER field notes. 79.

Interview with Josie Gonzalo on February 24, and an interview with Lilly (Gonzalo) Hamilton on April 21, both interviews by Carol Ayraud Newberry. Josie Gonzalo was married to Tony Gonzalo and Lilly is their daughter. Also see Arizona Republic, June 17, Copies of the interview transcripts are contained in the HAER field notes. 80. Telephone interview with Frank Echenique on April 6, by Caro I Ayraud Newberry. A copy of the interview transcript is contained in the HAER field notes. Frank's father and Jose Echenique were first cousins and both were in the sheep business in Arizona. Jose had no children . 81. Arizona Republic, February 23, A copy of the Arizona Republic article is contained in the HAER field notes. 82.

Arizona 1/ool Growers Association "trail expenses" from and located in Arizona 110 01 Producers Association's files, Phoenix, Arizona. A copy of the document is contained in the HAER field notes. 83. fnterview with Levi Reed on March 4, by Carol Ayraud Newberry. A copy of the interview transcript is contained in the HAER field notes. 84. [nterview with Emi M. Rovey on March 4, by Carol Ayraud Newberry. A copy of the interview transcript is contained in the HAER field notes. 05. Kd~ei report . BIBLIOGRAPHY VERDE RIVER SHEEP BRIDGE (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ- I 0 Page 33 Arizona Journal /'finer. (October 26, (December 14, (January 27, 4:1 (February 28, 4: I. Arizona Republic. Sheep Trek to Summer Home." ( May 3, I 9 7 4) . Avery, Ben.

"Rickety Sheep Bridge Rich in Arizona Heritage." Arizona Republic (January 10, Ballza, Joan. "Last of the Old Sheep-Orive Routes: The Heber-Reno Tra i 1 . " Arizona Highways 62 (November Barnes, Will C. "Up the Arizona Sheep Trail " Breeder's Gazette (July 27, Western Grazing Grounds and forest Ranges. Chicago: Sanders Publishing Company, Bassett, Carol Ann. "The Last of the Basque Sheepherders." Phoenix /'!agazine 20 (April Bemis, M. E. "Sheep Business in Arizona." Arizona 7 (April Blair, Wink. "Our Shepherds of' the Oesert." Outdoor Arizona 44 (Apri I Car 1 son , F ran c.e s C . "James D. Houck: The Sheep King of Cave Creek." Journal of Arizona History 20 (September Chronic, Halka. Roadside Geology of Arizona. Missoula: Mountain Press Publishing Company, Clark, Esther.

"Faithful Shepherds Guard Their Flocks." Arizona Days and Ways /'!agazine (October 18, Clawson, Mari on. The Western Range Livestock Industry. New York: ,McGraw-Hi 11 Book Company, Oouglass, Ioli 11 iam A. Basque Sheepherders of the American West. Reno: University of Nevada, Embach, Harry 8. "Jos~ Antonio Manterola: A Real Sheepman." Arizona Stockman (May 19SO): . VERDE RIVER SHEEP BRIDGE (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 Page 34 "A Little History of the Sheep Industry in Arizona." Western States Land Commissioners Conference, Minutes (April Gilbert, Dorothy. "Statewide System of Trails Studied." Phoenix Gazette (July I I, Goebe 1, Dorothy. "Ewes Used Foot Power on Spring Trek North." The Arizonian 16 (June 6, Goodman, David M.

Arizona Odyssey: Bibliographic Adventures in Nineteenth-Century ~agazines. Tempe: Arizona Historical Foundation, Granger, Howell Arizona's Names: X ~arks.the Place. Tucson: Falconer Publishing Company, Haskett, Bert. "Sheep Industry in Arizona." Arizona 2 {October I 9 I 2) . Holt, Lynne. "Sheepherding is for Loners." Phoenix Gazette (August II, Johnston, George E. "Historic Sheep's Bridge Should be Pre- served. Arizona Republic. Letter to the Edi tor. (October 29, Kilker, Catherine. Sheep and ~an: An American Saga. Denver: American Sheep Producers Counci I, Kupper, Winifred. The Golden Hoof: The story of the Sheep of the Southwest. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Kyser, Dawn. "End of an Era: Red Tape Strang! Ing State Sheep- herders." Phoenix Gazette (August 3, LaRue, E. C.

The Live Stock Industry and Grazing Conditions in Arizona. Report prepared for U. S. Department of Inter - ior, i..i. 5. Geo 1og1ca1 :ourvey, Typescript on file at Arizona Department of Library, Archives and Public Records, Phoenix, Arizona. Laxalt, Robert. "Basque Sheepherders: Lonely Sentinels of the American West." National Geographic 129 (June Jerrie w. Lee, "Romance of the Arizona Sheep Industry." Program of National Wool Growers Association Convention . Phoenix, Arizona, VERDE RIVER SHEEP 8RIDGE (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 Page 35 Line, Francis R. "Arizona Sheep Trek." National Geographic 97 (April "Sheep, Stars and Solitude." Arizona Highways 31 (April, Mahoney, Ralph. "Keeper of the She_ep." Arizona Days and Ways Magazine (March 9, 16.

"Sheep Drive to North Begins." Arizona Republic (April 8, Marinovich, Pete. "Imported Basques Top Sheepherders." Arizona Republic (October 21, / "Sheep Drive in Classic Style." Arizona Republic (October 9, Palmer, Hollis 8. "Following the Trail of the Great Sheep 0riv,e in Arizona." Arizona llighways 17 (October Paul, Virginia. This was Sheep Ranching Yesterday Seattle: Superior Publishing Company, Reeve, Frank 0. "The Sheep Industry In Arizona, l'!exico Historical Review 38 (July and Today . New "The Sheep Industry in Arizona, New Mexico Historical Review 38 (October "The Sheep Industry In Arizona, New l'fexico Historical Review 39 (January "The Sheep Industry in Arizona, New l!exico Historical Review 39 (April Sandberg, Betsy.

"50 Fail to Deter Arizona's Support of Plan to Raze Sheep Bridge." Arizona Republic (June 26, Shaffer, Mark. "Forest Service Wrestling with Fate of Rare Sheep's 8r I dge over Verde." Arizona Republic (October 11, I 98 4) . Towne, Charles Wayland and Edward Norris Wentworth. Shepherd's Empire. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, Udall, Stewart. "In Coronado's Footsteps." Arizona Highways 60 (April Walker, Henry P., and Don Bufkin. VERDE RIVER SHEEP BRfDGE (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 Page 36 Historical Atlas of Arizona. Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, Watkins, Dwight. "Arizona Sheep Drives." Arizona Hi ghwavs (October Watts, Lyle F. Report of the Chief of the Forest Service, Hayden Fi le Arizona State University. Tempe, Arizona. West, Barbara.

"Flagstaff Developer Dies Here." Arizona Republic (July 7, Wi I Iiams, Jack. "Winter Pastures Lure Sheep South." Phoenix Gazette (September 21, Willson, Roscoe G. "Sheep Can't Read Trail Signs." Arizona i'lagazine (July 2S, Wright, Tom. "Congress Provides Funding for Sheep Bridge." Sierra Club Canvon Echo (February I . "Verde River Sheep Bridge: Good News/Bad Sierra Club Canvon Echo (September S. "Update Verde River Sheep 8ridge." News." Sierra Club Canvon Echo (Hay I . FIELD RECORDS VERDE RIVER SHEEP BRIDGE (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 Page 37

Table of Contents

The following documents and typescripts of interviews are referenced in the text and the notes. Copies of these items are located in the Field Records. I. Letter to Dr. Raymond from Forest Supervisor, Tonto National Forest, dated December 28, Frank Auza's personal files, Tacna, Arizona. 2. Memorandum of Verba I Agreement between Dr. Raymond and Assistant Forest Supervisor, Tonto National Forest, dated January 11, Frank Auza's personal files, Tacna, Arizona. 3. Special Use Permit granted to Dr. Raymond from Acting Forest Supervisor, Tonto National Forest, dated January 12, Frank Auza's personal files, Tacna, Arizona. 4. Frank Auza' s account book, selected pages. Frank Auza's 5. persona I f i I es, Tacna, Arizona .

War Product ion Board Application for priority assistance, dated March 4, Arizona Wool Growers Association Collection, Northern Arizona University, Special Collections Library, Series I, Box 2, Folder 40. 6. War Product ion Board Preference Rating, dated March 18, Arizona Wool Growers Association Collection, Northern Arizona University, Special Collections Library, Series I, Box 2, Folder 40. 7. Letter to Ramon Aso from U.S. Department of Agriculture approving construction of bridge, dated March 23, Arizona Wool Growers Association Collection, Northern Arizona University, Special Collections Library, Series I, Box 2, Folder 40. 8. Letter to George W. Smith from Dr.

Raymond, dated May 11, Arizona Wool Growers Association Collection, Northern Arizona University, Special Collections Library, Series I, Box 2, Folder 18. 9. Letter to Ramon Aso from J. W. L., dated August 17, Arizona Wool Growers Association Collection, Northern Arizona University, Special Collections Library, Seri es I , Box I, Folder 40. IO. VERDE RIVER SHEEP BRIDGE (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-IO Page 38 Tonto National Forest memorandum from Acting Forest Super- visor to Regional Forester concerning Lockett Sheep Company, Phoenix, Arizona, dated February 14, Headquarters or Tonto National Forest, Phoenix, Arizona. 11. Letter to Or.

Raymond from Frank Auza concerning Jos~ Echenique, dated January 20, Arizona Wool Growers Association Collection, Northern Arizona University, Special Col I ect ion's Library, Series I, Box 2, Folder 18. 12. Excerpt from Jes~ Manterola's account book, dated September 1, Manterola family files, Casa Grande, Arizona. 13. Letter to Byron F. Hunter concerning Manterola insurance po Ii cy, dated October 22, I Arizona Wool Growers Association Collection, Northern Arizona University, Special Collections Library, Series!, Box 3, Folder 17. 14. Special Use Permit granted to Jes~ and Marianne Hanterola, dated March 12, Manterola family files. I 5. 16. Grazing Permit issued to John F.

Hennessy, dated September 6, Arizona Wool Growers Association Collection, Northern Arizona University, Special Collections Library, Series I, Box 2, Folder 37. Letter to Jos~ Hant erola from Forest Supervisor, Tonto National Forest, dated October 23, and Grazing permit issued to Jos~ and Marianne Manterola, dated October 23, for Chalk Mountain Allotment. Manterola family files. 17. Grazing Permit issued to John F. Hennessy, dated July II, Arizona Wool Growers Association Collection, Northern Arizona University, Special Collections Library, Series I, Box 2, Folder 37. 18. Allotment use sheet of Headquarters of Tonto National Forest, Phoenix, Arizona. 19. Letter to Man"terola Sheep Company and General Instructions for Chalk Mountain Allotment, dated January 30, Hanterola family flies. 20 .

Letter to Manterola Sheep Company from Cave Creek District Ranger, dated September 29, Headquarters of Tonto National Forest, Phoenix, Arizona. 2I . Letter to Supervisor of Tonto National Forest from Cave 0 Creek District Ranger, dated March 16, of Tonto National Forest, Phoenix, Arizona. Headquarters VERDE RIVER SHEEP BRIDGE (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 Page 39 22 . Letter to Cave Creek District Ranger from Supervisor of Tonto National Forest, dated March 22, H ea dq ua rte rs of Tonto National Forest, Phoenix, Arizona. 23. Letter to R-3 Regional Forester from Supervisor of Tonto National Forest, dated October 26, Headquarters of Tonto National Forest, Phoenix, Arizona. 24. Letter to John R. Mayfield from U. S.

Senator Dennis DeCon- cini, dated August 12, and S~nate Conference notes on the Forest Service. John R. Hayfield's personal files, Phoenix, Arizona. 25. Letter to James L. Kimball and Rodney l'lendenhall, both of Tonto National Forest, from Lieutenant Colonel Michael K. Collmeyer, Corps of Engineers, U.S.A., dated August 6, Headquarters of Tonto National Forest, Phoenix, Arizona. 26. Kasel, Richard L. Report of inspection of the Verde River 27 . 28. Sheep Bridge. Auza, Frank. Apri 1 26, . Interviews by Carol Ayraud Newberry. 29, February 22, and March 24, Auza, Frank. Telephone interviews by Carol Ayraud Newberry. January l'larch 25, March 31, and Apri 1 23, 29. Auza, Joe. Telephone interview by Carol Ayraud Newberry. l'larch 4, 30 . Manterola, Joe. Interview by 'Carol Ayraud Newberry.

January 24, Telephone interviews by Carol Ayraud Newberry. January 22, February 9, and l'larch 2, 31. Smith, 8. L. (Les), and Louise Smith Bruce. Interview by Carol Ayraud Newberry. January 27, Telephone interviews by Carol Ayraud Newberry. January 20, February 4, Af,it ii 1, and A rii ,, ;; 32 . Cordes, Henry E. Telephone Interview by Carol Ayraua Newberry. l'larch 31, 33 . LaRue, E. C. Map of Arizona Stock Driveways. I 9 I 8. 34 Ton'to National Forest. letter to Ramon Aso. July 29, 35. Embach, Harry B. letter to Frances Aleman. March 4, . I 36. Tonto National Fore.st. HI story of Cha 1 k Mountain A 1 1 otment. VERDE RIVER SHEEP BRIDGE (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-I0 Page 40 37 . Nanterola, Marianne, and Sylvia. Interview by.Carol Ayraud Newberry.

February 18, Telephone interviews with Sylvia Manterola by Carol Ayraud Newberry. January 6, February 8, and March 2, 38. Perkins, Dewey. Interview by Carol Ayraud Newberry. January 18, 3 9. Arizona Republic. July 7, "Raymond Park Dedication Monday" article. 40. Allison, Tom H. Interview by Carol Ayraud Newberry. February 17, Phoenix Gazette. August 8, 41 . Arizona Republic. December 11, Gi 11 iam family telephone interview by Carol Ayraud Newberry. February 42. Phoenix Gazette . April 25, 43 . 44. Manterola, Sylvia. "History of: Family--Arizona Sheep." Gonzalo, Josie. February 24, Interview by Carol Li II ian (Gonzalo) interview by Carol' Ayraud Newberry. Jose Antonio Nanterola Ayraud Newberry. Hamil ton te I ephone April 21, and Arizona Republic. June 17, 45 . Echenique, Frank.

Telephone interview by Carol Ayraud Ne wb er r y . Apr i l 6 , I 46. Arizona Republic. February 23, 47 . Arizona Wool Growers Association. Trail expenses from and 48. Reed, Levi H., and Emily M. Rovey. Telephone interviews by 49. National Register of Historic Places. Nomination for the Verde River Sheep Bridge. July 22, 50 . Hiscel laneous interviews by Carol Ayraud Newberry. Hal Ashcroft, Tonto National Forest. John Hayfield. Henry Giclas. John Aleman. Kathy Aleman. Bob Veazey. Janice Ioli 11 is. C. Paul Overstreet. Gunner Thude family . 5I . VERDE RIVER SHEEP BRIDGE (Red Point Sheep Bridge) HAER No. AZ-10 Page 41 Drawings for "Suspension bridge to be bu i It over the Verde River in the Tonto National Forest" by C. 0. Gilliam, 3 sheets dated January 5 2.

Two views of Bartlett Dam under construction; one view shows Bartlett Dam Bridge. Salt River Project archives, Phoenix, Arizona .