Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges, Holbrook

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER AZ-58. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

miles northeast of Junction Highway 180 (MP and Rainbow Forest (South) Entrance. Date of Construction: This bridge (Milepost consists of three spans for a total length of The approach span length {heading southwest) is The center span is The final span is The typical section is a cast-concrete deck that includes two driving lanes and curb, with very narrow shoulders and a steel guardrail. The total deck width is The pavement 85Sources for the section on roads and bridges include: U.S.

Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHA), Bridge Inspection and Management Program (Field Assessment), 17 April Steven Trimble, Earth Journey: A Road Guide to Petrified Forest (Flagstaff: Petrified Forest Museum Association, official pamphlets distributed at Petrified Forest National Park; several one-week site visits, and a field visit (June by the author and structural engineer Sonya L. Cooper, New Mexico State University (NMSU). 86This site was named "Agate House" on 27 March by Dr. Mera, Archeologist from the Laboratory of Anthropology, Santa Fe with his assistants, Willis T. Goodwin, and Mr. A.A. Normand. Monthly Report prepared by Frank Pinkley, Superintendent Southwestern Monuments, 7 April On file, PEFO, Library.

Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges HAER No. AZ-58 (Page 44) width is The concrete deck is cast continuously over the three spans. Two center concrete piers and two end abutments support the three spans. The piers rest on concrete spread footing foundations. The abutments rest on spread footings over structural piles. The bridge crosses Cottonwood Wash at a 20- degree skew. Route 10 over Jim Camp Wash FHA Structure No. miles north of Junction Highway 180 (Milepost and (South) Entrance Road. Date of Construction: See HAER No. AZ-59, "Jim Camp Wash Bridge," for complete report. Puerco Ridge Southeast of the Flat Tops lies Puerco Ridge, designated by Congress as a wilderness area. Pronghorn roam here, in badlands and desert grassland, among spiky-leaved yucca and blue grama grass.

Flat Tops Route 10 over Dry Wash: Bridge North of Flat Tops FHA Structure No. 1 mile north of Flat Tops. miles south on Route 10, off of Interstate 40 (Exit Date of Construction: Date of Reconstruction: This bridge (Milepost consists of a single tee beam concrete span 38' in length. The total length of the structure equals 66' . The typical section consists of a cast-in-place concrete deck with two driving lanes. The deck width is with 3' wide shoulders on either side. The bridge crosses the wash north of Flat Tops at a 0-degree skew. The guardrail is of continuous steel set at full height Sandstone blocks support concrete beam abutments and roller bearing seats. Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges HAER No.

AZ-58 (Page 45) The following Civilian Conservation Corps graffiti is penciled beneath the road deck: o Burning Weeds Jim Maxwell Co 805 CCC Nov. 9, Lafayette, Colorado o Herbert Cwright [?] April 15, o Ray Hale Boulder Colorado Nov. 9, o Joe Satz [?] March 26, When I wear [sic] in the CCC Joe Satz Route 10 over Dry Wash: Culvert North of Crystal Forest FHA Structure No. miles south on Route 10, off of Interstate 40 (Exit Date of Construction: This culvert (Milepost consists of five spans each) for a total structure length of The typical section consists of a cast-in-place concrete deck. A narrow shoulder is constructed on either side of the width of the two- lane deck The culvert exhibits a full-height continuous steel guardrail mounted to wood posts.

The culvert spans the dry wash north of Crystal Forest at a 0-degree skew. This culvert is in need of repair. Poor erosion control at the upstream wing walls is undermining the structural stability of the support ng sandstone rocks. At the top deck, spalling edges due to deteriorated asphalt reveal exposed re-bar. Silt infill has substantially reduced the carrying capacity at this location. Jasper Forest The Jasper Forest Overlook perches above a valley strewn with petrified logs made mostly of red jasper. A slender rock spire stood below the bluff until it collapsed in Named for nesting birds of prey, Eagle's Nest Rock fell into a pile of rubble, witnessed only, perhaps, by passing pronghorns and skittering lizards. At Milepost an unmarked two-track leads to a rock feature.

The 1/2-mile approach road to Jasper Forest is typical throughout the southern portion of the park. The posted speed limit drops to 15 mile per hour, with motorists sent into a counter-clockwise, one-lane loop with parking. Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges HAER No. AZ-58 (Page 46) Agate Bridge A log spans a wash at the edge of a mesa. Harder than the surrounding rock that encases each end, the log has resisted the same weathering that has hollowed out an arroyo beneath it. In a concrete support beam was placed beneath the bridge to conserve it as a scenic attraction. Located at Milepost this concrete work replaces earlier masonry pillars. The concrete has since popped off in sections of the steel plates. The steel plates are exposed.

The fasteners are exposed at splice plates; the steel plates and concrete no longer operate in tandem to support log. Opposite the Agate Bridge, a road is maintained for "Authorized Use Only." Route 10 over Dry Wash FHA Structure No. miles north of Highway miles south on Route 10, off of Interstate 40 (Exit Date of Construction: This culvert (Milepost consists of nine spans for a total structure length of 99' . Each span is symmetrical, measuring The typical section consists of a cast-in-place concrete deck. The deck width is Each narrow shoulder measures 2' wide. The culvert exhibits a full-height continuous steel guardrail mounted to wood posts. The culvert spans East Fork Dry Wash at a 0-degree skew.

The total horizontal clearance equals Extensive cracking and spalling at several locations along the concrete deck edge has resulted in exposed re-bar and accelerated deterioration due to weathering. The re-bar construction exhibits poor design in the sense that the hooks were not integrated into the upright slabs. An attempt has been made to reduce erosion at the abutment banks by filling wood frames with aggregate. The treated wood frames are exposed and failing at the joints. Route 10 over East Fork Dry Wash at Blue Mesa FHA Structure No. Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges HAER No.

AZ-58 (Page 47) 300 yards south of Blue Mesa; miles south on Route 10, off of Interstate 40 (Exit Date of Construction: Date of Reconstruction: This culvert (Milepost consists of five spans for a total structure length of Each span is symmetrical, measuring 11' . The typical section consists of a cast-in-place concrete deck. The deck width is Each narrow shoulder measures 2' wide. The culvert exhibits a full-height continuous steel guardrail mounted to wood posts. The culvert spans East Fork Dry Wash at a 0-degree skew. The total horizontal clearance equals Originally, the reinforcing bars were not set deeply enough into the concrete.

Extensive cracking and spalling at several locations along the concrete deck edge has resulted in exposed re-bar and accelerated deterioration due to weathering. Silt infill has substantially reduced the carrying capacity at this location. Blue Mesa Blue Mesa rises above the surrounding plain, shaped by water, wind, and time. A self-guided 1 mile trail loops through this stark landscape from the road at its rim. A access road to Blue Mesa stretches miles. Posted speed is reduced to 25 mph at the one-lane counter-clockwise loop and parking lot. The Badlands, a moonscape of plantless hills and gullies, spreads out below. The Rio Puerco, occupying the flat desert valley and providing a natural corridor for the railroad and the interstate highway, dominates the scenic overlook.

The curvy Blue Mesa exit road echoes the undulations of the nearby dendritic drainages. Tepees At times the Tepees area was a lake; at other times it contained low, rolling, hills; and at still others the landscape consisted of a broad floodplain and meandering streams. Plant fossils in the Tepee area yield a glimpse of forests along ancient streams. They include a bed of spectacular fern and cycad leaf impressions, upright horsetails 50' high, and spores and pollen from more than 100 species. A meandering road (45 gives way to straight-shot beeline segments at Milepost 12. Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges HAER No. AZ-58 (Page 48) Newspaper Rock Newspaper Rock features scores of pecked designs created 650 - years ago.

Archaeological Surveys and the Puerco Pueblo Most of the archaeological surveys conducted at Petrified Forest were initiated using New Deal funding under the direction of Mera of the Laboratory of Anthropology in Santa Fe, New Mexico and his associate Cosgrove. These early surveys, augmented over the decades, have located hundreds of prehistoric sites in and around Petrified Forest. As a result, the Petrified Forest region is regarded as an important cultural frontier, sandwiched as it is between the mountain people of the south (the Mogollon), the canyon and plateau people to the north (the Anasazi), and the Sinagua, Salado, and Hohokam groups to the west. Although most of the archaeological sites are off-limits to the traveling public, several sites are interpreted for visitors.

The largest of these, Puerco Pueblo, represents a late-phase dwelling occupied intermittently between AD and AD The Puerco Pueblo ranks as the park's largest prehistoric structure, featuring nearly eighty rooms. The Road to Adamana Adamana is currently inaccessible to the general public because the area is owned and operated by the Ferrellgas Company. Barbed wire fencing and "Danger-Stay Out" signs surround an underground storage tunnel and other activities. The old road from Adamana to the park is now designated as an "Authorized Use Only" road. Route 10 over Rio Puerco FHA Structure No. miles north of Highway 180 junction; miles south on Route 10, off of Interstate 40 (Exit Date of Construction: Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges HAER No.

AZ-58 (Page 4 9) It bears repeating that reaching Petrified Forest in the early days from either Route 66 or the tiny railroad stop of Adamana required crossing the treacherous Rio Puerco. Many tourists visited the monument along this route, only to find the same road impassable at the end of the half-day or daylong visit. Written and verbal pleas to construct a reliable bridge at this location were finally answered decades after federal stewardship of Petrified Forest was established.

One of the earliest letters on record was a request from Al Stevenson to his acquaintance Andrew Carnegie in Owing to the lack of a bridge over the Rio Puerco (you no doubt remember we always had to ford it) visitors are often obliged to wait a week or two until the river subsides so that it may be safely crossed. Many are compelled to return home without visiting the Forest, which they have stopped especially to see ... Would you not kindly write to the Secretary of the Interior, pointing out the necessity of such work ...

I would greatly appreciate your interest in this much needed help to the Forest, which is endorsed by leading railway officials, scientists, and travelers.B 7 Ten years later, the threat of a lawsuit from a man who lost his new automobile to the Rio Puerco during a cloudburst contributed to mounting concerns that something constructive be done.BB In a petition tendered by Apache County officials again emphasized the necessity of providing a viable solution to the impasse.

Petitioners noted that ongoing improvements to the National Old Trails highway (later Route 66) would come to naught if attention was not paid to the "looming obstacle" presented by the Rio Puerco.B 9 87Letter from Al Stevenson to Andrew Carnegie, 12 September NARA, Number Box 88"He is still here and now intends to sue both the county and the Park Service for damages.

While suit against the is ridiculous it is quite possible that he may find a lawyer to serve such papers." Letter from Custodian William Smith to the Director, National Park Service, 2 August NARA, Number Box "Pt 8 Apr 14, to May 25, 89"The National Old Trails highway is being put in excellent shape, and to conform to the desires of the auto traffic the road is led along the rim of Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges HAER No. AZ-58 (Page 50) A personal campaign undertaken that same year by Acting NPS Director Arno B. Cammerer demanded that Custodian Nelson provide assistance at his earliest convenience: We are going to do everything we can to get the bridge in at Adamana as soon as possible.

What I need worst of all are some photographs, showing automobiles stuck in the mud, automobiles being hauled out of the river on a rampage; in fact anything that I can show the members of Congress when the appropriation items are under consideration ... Do everything you can to get me these pictures during the next few months. 90 Frank Pinkley threw in his support by stating that the bridge was unequivocally the "most important item" in the Southwestern Monuments road budget. Pinkley and others were emphatic in their assessment: We cannot draw traffic from both branches of the highway until this bridge is built. We cannot give regular service to the train visitor without it. No hotel service can be successful at Adamana until it is put in.

91 Complicating the endeavor was the fact that the proposed bridge site was situated outside the monument boundary. Several years earlier, a bill proposed by Senator Henry Ashurst had elicited just such a concern from NPS Director Stephen P. Mather. "If an appropriation should be made under this bill," he confided to Ashurst, "the bridge across the Rio Puerco could not be the Painted Desert, thence through Adamana and to the North boundary line of this Monument, where our road begins. The looming obstacle is, as always, the Rio Puerco crossing; hence the petition." Letter from William Smith, Custodian, to the National Park Service Director, 9 January NARA, Number Box 90 Letter from Acting NPS Director Arno B.

Carnrnerer to Custodian William Nelson, 31 May NARA, Number Box 91Letter from Frank Pinkley, Superintendent, Southwestern Monuments, to the Director, National Park Service, 15 September NARA, Number Box "National Monuments Petrified Forest: Inspection - Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges HAER No. AZ-58 (Page 51) constructed as it is about four miles north of the Monument line. " 92 After minor editing by NPS officials, the revised bill requested special legislative authority from Congress. On 9 April tentative allocations for bridging the troublesome river were included in the third year of work. Authorities were asked to consider either a special act or a boundary revision to address the legality of expending federal funds on privately owned land.

93 Finally, after years of hand wringing and political wrangling, bids were let on 2 June for the construction of a bridge at Rio Puerco. 94 On 6 June one year almost to the day after work on the bridge was initiated, several prominent individuals convened in the town of St. Johns to address an important agenda. Grady Stubbs, President of the Holbrook Chamber of Commerce; Art Sanders, Field Land Examiner for the Santa Fe Pacific Railroad; Petrified Forest Custodian Smith; Judge Sidney Sapp; Don Udall, and several other interested individuals motored to the noon meeting of the Lions Club of St. Johns. Representing the town's "only service organization," attendees responded in the affirmative when asked to attend the upcoming July dedication of the long-awaited Rio Puerco bridge.

Next, attentive Lions Club members were asked to support the proposed addition of the enormous Painted Desert to the existing Petrified Forest. Enthusiastic members promised cooperation" in both matters. 95 92Letter from Stephen T. Mather, Director, National Park Service, to U.S. Senator Henry Ashurst, Washington, DC, 19 April NARA, Box 93Letter from NPS Director Stephen T. Mather, to the Secretary of the Interior, 3 November NARA, Box Also: Letter from Engineer F.A. Kittredge to the NPS Director, 17 July NARA, Box "Administration and Personnel Reports." 94Monthly Report prepared by Custodian Smith. Submitted by Hilding F. Palmer, Acting Superintendent Southwestern Monuments on 9 June On file, PEFO, Library. 95Memorandum for the file dated 7 June prepared by Custodian Chas. J. Smith.

NARA, Box Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges HAER No. AZ-58 (Page 52) Replacement Bridge at Rio Puerco The original bridge at the Rio Puerco has been replaced, and further alterations to the replacement bridge have been necessary. Water diversion projects at this dynamic intersection of nature and technology have realized varying degrees of success. The current bridge (Milepost consists of four spans for a total structure length of The typical section consists of a cast-in-place concrete deck supported by pre-stressed concrete girders. The bridge exhibits two driving lanes, narrow 2' right and left shoulders, and a concrete curb-rail.

The total deck width is The pavement width is The concrete deck is cast continuously over the four spans with transverse expansion joints located overtop each pier. Three center concrete piers and two concrete end abutments support the four spans. The center piers and Abutment #2 rest on concrete spread footings supported by O.D. steel pipe piles filled with concrete. Abutment #1 rests on a spread footing. This bridge is characterized by a full-height continuous concrete guardrail. This bridge spans Puerco River at a 0-degree skew. Route 10 over AT & SF Railroad FHA Structure No.

miles north of Highway 180 junction; miles south on Route 10, off of Interstate 40 (Exit Date of Construction: This bridge (Milepost consists of three spans for a total structure length of The typical section consists of a pre-cast concrete deck supported by pre-stressed multi beam girders. The length of span #1 is the length of span #2 is the length of span #3 is The spans are supported using Type 502 pre-stressed girders (five each). The curb-to- curb width at the deck is while the deck width itself measures Each of the piers and abutments rests on spread footings. The bridge spans the railroad pass at a skew angle of 0-degrees. The total horizontal clearance equals This bridge exhibits a full-height continuous concrete guardrail. Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges HAER No.

AZ-58 (Page 53) North of the Railroad Overpass At Milepost 8, the terrain opens into vast grassland nearly devoid of rocks. At least one two-track road closed to the public is visible. At Milepost 6, an overpass at Interstate 40 features an access road also closed to the public. Posted signage reads "No Motor Vehicles Service Road Only." Each of these maintenance roads located throughout the Park is included on a sketch map dated Several scenic overlooks or "points" greet the motorist at the north end of the main Park road. At Milepost 5, an overlook named for Iowa Congressman Lacey reminds visitors that Petrified Forest, although initially preserved for its scenic vistas, has also become an invaluable resource for on-going scientific research.

Pintado Point and Painted Desert Inn Entrepreneur Herbert David Lore built his two-story resort using petrified wood and other local stone in Celebrated internationally for its commanding perch overlooking the Painted Desert, Lore's "Stone Tree House" offered Native American crafts, meals and alcoholic refreshments, lodging, and two hour motor tours through the "Black Forest" below the inn. In the Petrified Forest National Monument boundary was expanded to include some acres of the Painted Desert. Four years later, the monument purchased the Stone Tree House and an additional four sections of land. With the assistance of Civilian Conservation Corps enlistees under the guidance of NPS architect Lyle E. Bennett, monument officials stabilized and remodeled the Painted Desert Inn.

By funds were used to improve the 5-mile Painted Desert Rim Drive. The Inn was declared a National Historic Landmark in 96 Pintado Point (Milepost 2), at the Inn, marks the beginning of a trailhead to the 43,000-acre Painted Desert Wilderness area. 96 Harold W. Cole, Project Superintendent, Camp PNM-2-A," report, 29 October NARA, Record Group 35, Entry Number Box 11- Arizona, "Records of the Division of Investigations, Camp Inspection Reports, Holbrook folder." Also: Brochures available at PEFO. Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges HAER No. AZ-58 {Page 54) Painted Desert District/Rim Road At the northernmost end of the meandering park corridor, the scenic drive known as the Rim Road hugs the edge of sheer bluffs overlooking the dramatic expanse of the Painted Desert.

97 Wide shoulders, no guardrail, and low curbing characterize this motor drive. Motorists are encouraged to park, leave their vehicles, enjoy scenic overlooks, and partake in leisurely hikes. The motorist experience varies, depending upon whether one is north of the Rio Puerco, or south. Within the highest concentrations of petrified wood to the south, visitors are encouraged to emerge from their vehicles only at designated pullouts. From the Painted Desert Rim Road in the north, motorists are enticed to hike. A meandering road, hugging the changing terrain, manages to seamlessly connect two very divergent landscapes. 97 Apparently, a Mr. Langley was responsible for suggesting an extended rim road. Note: Langley, Mr. Wallace Mr. Smith and I went over the proposed road extension. Mr.

Langley's plan to place a rim road along the Painted Desert is a good one. The intersection with Highway #66 is well chosen ... I have but one suggestion to offer ... there is one good view to the east, of which we should take advantage_. I feel it would be a mistake not to take full advantage of the one and only grand vista on the proposed route from 66 to the Santa Fe overpass." From a report dated 12 September prepared by H.A. Kreinkamp, Assistant Landscape Architect for Chief Landscape Architect Vint. NARA, Number Box "Petrified Forest Administration and Personnel Report." Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges HAER No. AZ-58 (Page 55) Table: Projects undertaken for Civil Works Project.

Project Number Description of project Project Ditching and hand sloping along existing roadways to promote No. 1 erosion control and increase ditch drainage capacities. Project General clean up and landscaping was conducted at the area No. 2 surrounding the original park headquarters. Picnic shelters, camp tables, and rubbish cans were added to a Project campground located adjacent to the park headquarters. The main No. 3 roadway and parking spurs were graded and surfaced with coarse sand obtained from nearby Cottonwood Wash. A temporary roadway to the prehistoric pictographs was graded to Project the trailhead. This road was intentionally graded to stay No. 4 within the limits of a proposed improved road, construction later.

A foot trail to the prehistoric pictographs was built, "with the Project object in mind of preserving the natural appearance of the cliff No. 5 along which the trail winds." Completion of Third Forest trails and Panorama Knoll begun by a previous Public Works project was suspended due to expenditure Project of funds. An additional trail 2, in length linked the Agate No. 6 House ruins. A clean grade of pea gravel, secured without material cost from the Arizona Highway Department, was used for top dressing. The pea gravel was of a color that blended well with the landscape and made a "very neat and serviceable job." Project [A proposed Second Forest foot trail plan that was eventually No. 7 shelved.] The First Forest Trail Road was completed.

Begun 16 January Project the rough grading was about 60 percent complete when the No. 8 CWA force took over the work. Nineteen corrugated metal culverts with stone masonry headwalls, and one dip were also constructed at this time. Project The First Forest Trail Road received gravel surfacing. No. 9 Project Roadwork continued at the Newspaper Rock Road. No. 10 Project A temporary road was constructed at Blue Forest, and a foot No. 11 trail was completed. Project [A riverbank protection effort at the Rio Puerco was delayed No. 12 until a later date.] An agreement between the Arizona Land and Cattle Company and an Project adjacent Indian reservation resulted in the completion of a No. 13 boundary drift fence. Crews at each location cut approximately posts.

Altogether 39 miles of temporary roads graded to facilitate the fence construction. Project Five men were employed to reconstruct the Agate House ruins, No. 14 situated on a knoll in the Third Forest. A cultural resources survey located scores of other ruins. Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges HAER No. AZ-58 {Page 56)

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER AZ-58. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Archival Collections: Petrified Forest National Park (PEFO) Supervisor's Office: Vault. Binders contain historic photos and standard construction details; inspections; organization handbooks, etc. One photo captioned "Indian Fence Construction Crew." Blue file cabinet contains section labeled "Historical Files." Several of the file folders are empty. Others contain information pertaining to: Fred Harvey, Rainbow Forest Lodge, various anniversaries, and interpretive texts. Boxes (cardboard storage drawers) marked "General Files" in vault. The following folders were consulted: A7623-A96, and Information largely pertains to the bicentennial, condemnation proceedings, "Situation" folders, press releases (File No. memorandums, and special use permits. Drawings and blueprints (rolled).

Plats of deed surveys, state land condemnation records, records of state land exchanges. Petrified Forest National Park Supervisor's Office: Library. (Monthly) Southwest Monuments and Petrified Forest National Park Superintendents' Reports (currently being scanned to CD-ROM) . Reports include CCC Works Project Reports prepared by Clarence Bell, Assistant Engineer. Annual reports of the Department of the Interior. Petrified Forest National Park Legislation. Photocopies compiled into a red notebook by PEFO staff. Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges HAER No. AZ-58 (Page 57) Petrified Forest National Park Supervisor's Office: Flat Files. Comprehensive set of blueprints related to PEFO roads, bridges and structures.

National Archives, Washington, DC and College Park, Maryland Record Group 79, Number Box Record Group 79, Entry 6, Number Box Record Group 35, Number Box Record Group 79, Number Box Record Group 7 9, Number Box Record Group 7 9, Number Box Record Group 7 9, Number Box Record Group 79, Number Box Personal Communication: Sonya L. Cooper, P.E. Structural Engineer, Engineering Technology Deparment, New Mexico State University (Las Cruces, New Mexico). Staff, Petrified Forest National Park. Pat Thompson, Tessy Shirakawa, and Scott Williams in particular. Government Manuscripts: Brochures, newspapers, newsletters and fact sheets published through the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service available at the PEFO Visitors Center and Supervisor's Office. Field Assessments, U.S.

Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration (FHA), Bridge Inspection and Management Program, 17 April Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges HAER No. AZ-58 (Page 58) Final General Management Plan. "Petrified Forest National Park General Management Plan/Development Concept Plan/Environmental Impact Statement." Nd. Newspaper Articles: Holbrook Tribune-News Nd; 20 April 14 August 2 November 17 October On file at PEFO, Supervisor's Office. Newark Evening News. 25 November New Haven Morning Journal and Courier. [?] New York Times. 17 October Magazine and Journal Articles: Arizona Highways. July Secondary

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER AZ-58. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Armstrong, William Patrick. Fred Harvey: Creator of Western Hospitality. Phoenix: Canyonlands Publications, Ash, Sidney. Petrified Forest: The Story Behind the Scenes. Flagstaff: Petrified Forest Museum Association. Butler, John L. First Highways of America. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, Cutler, Phoebe. The Public Landscape of the New Deal. New Haven and London: Yale University Pres, Houk, Rose. The Painted Desert: Land of Light and Shadow. Flagstaff: Petrified Forest Museum Association, Lubick, George M. Petrified Forest National Park: A Wilderness Bound in Time. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, Trimble, Steven. Earth Journey: A Road Guide to Petrified Petrified Forest National Park Roads & Bridges HAER No. AZ-58 (Page 59) Forest.

Flagstaff: Petrified Forest Museum Association, Worth, Conrad. Parks, Politics and the People. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press,