Transcanyon Water Line, Beginning 5 miles below North Kaibab Trail and .14 miles east of Roaring Springs and extending to Indian Garden and Indian Garden Pumphouses, Grand Canyon

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER AZ-95. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Begilming 5 nliles below North Kaibab Trailhead and .14 nlile east of Roaring Springs, continuing along North Kaibab Trail through Cottonwood Cmnpground and PhantOln Ranch. Crosses Colorado River at Silver Bridge and follows Colorado River Trail and beyond to a cliff face, ascending to Plateau Point. Follows Plateau Point Trail to Bright Angel Trail, tenninating at Indian Garden and Indian Garden punlphouses. USGS Bright Angel Point, Grand Canyon, Phantonl Ranch Quadrangles, UTM Coordinates (Beginning; End): Roaring Springs Cave: E - N; Indian Garden North PUlnphouse: E - N. Present Owner/ Occupant: U.S. Government, Department of the Interior, National Park Service

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER AZ-95. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Grand Canyon National Park's Transcanyon Water Line is a critical and historically significant component of the park's infrastructure, supplying water since for the South Rim's visitor and management facilities. The 12.4-lnile pipeline can transport up to 17 percent-about 1 nlillion gallons per day-of naturally flowing spring water froin the North Rinl' s Roaring Springs Cave directly to the water-short South Riin. Engineer Ralph Stratton of the NPS Western Office of Design and Construction in San Francisco led the temn beginning in that produced engineering drawings and specifications for the pipeline, financed by the bureau's Inid- century Mission 66 iinproveinent progrmn. Elling B. Halvorson and Lent's Inc.

of the Seattle area contracted with NPS in to build the structure of extruded-alulninum pipe and small aluminum bridges, with cast iron fixtures and the galvanized-steel Colorado River suspension bridge. All parts were by flown helicopter into remote segments of the park's Bright Angel Fault trails systein and the Colorado River gorge. As the pipeline neared conlpletion in Decenlber a "1 ,500-year flood" in Roaring Springs and Bright Angel Creeks washed out 5 miles of the new pipeline and the carefully rebuilt NOlih Kaibab Trail that covered it.

With repair funding under the Mission 66-successor Parkscape USA initiative, the pipeline finally linked Roaring Springs and existing waterworks at Indian Garden in meeting the South Rim's substantial water demands and allowing for decades of expanded park-visitor capacity. TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 2) Improvements to the operation and efficiency of the pipeline continued through with cathodic protection, pumping and monitoring stations, and re-designs of troubled segments.

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER AZ-95. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Grand Canyon National Park (GRCA) and NPS Denver Service Center staff initiated this documentation in in anticipation of replacing parts and eventually all of the Pipeline, a structure anticipated by the pipe manufacturer to last thirty years (through c. GRCA Cultural Resource Program Manager Ellen Brennan prepared initial research in the form of a Prelilninary Determination of Eligibility on the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. Mr. Steely expanded the documentation to current standards and for Section 110 compliance; produced this affiliated HAER historical report; coordinated all large-format photography; and conducted the North Rim photography fieldwork.

Historian and Historical Archeologist Annie Lutes, from SWCA's Flagstaff office, performed research in the GRCA Museum Collection Archives, and assisted with the copy-stand reproduction of Pipeline engineering drawings and with the North Rim photography fieldwork. Photographer Jessica Maggio conducted the copy-stand reproduction of engineering drawings, as well as the South Rim photography fieldwork assisted by Tim Hauck, both based at SWCA's Flagstaff office. Ms. Maggio labeled the HAER negatives, prints, and mounting boards. Hidden Light photography lab in Flagstaff provided the copy-stand for engineering drawing copies, developed the HAER black & white negatives, and processed the archival-paper prints. TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 3) Part I. Historical Information A.

Physical History: 1. Dates of construction: planning and design of Pipeline by NPS (Anderson Grand Canyon National Park Staff initial construction of Pipeline (Grand Canyon National Park Staff re-building and cOlnpletion after flooding (Grand Canyon National Park Staff completion of Roaring Springs facility upgrades (Denver Service Center Aiken Indian Garden and Plateau Point improvements (Denver Service Center McLaughlin Water Engineers 2.

Engineers: Ralph Stratton (see below), Transcanyon Water Line system-design engineer of record, NPS Western Office of Design and Construction, aka Western Service Center (Grand Canyon National Park Staff Kennedy Engineers, design, Colorado River Bridge, (Grand Canyon National Park Staff McLaughlin Water Engineers Plateau Point Reroute, including non-trail truss Bridge Nos. 8 and 9 (McLaughlin Water Engineers Ralph Merritt Stratton was born in Milo, Missouri, and attended public schools in Garden City, Kansas, where he joined the U.S. Army National Guard upon graduation. His Guard unit activated as part of the 35 th Infantry Division during World War II, and Stratton received several decorations including the Purple Heart for wounds in during the Battle of the Bulge in Belgium.

Following the war he attended the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, with GI Bill assistance, and received a civil engineering degree about Following engineering jobs in Texas and Kansas, Stratton began work for the National Park Service in at the Western Office of Design and Construction (WODC) in San Francisco. During assigrunents to Grand Canyon National Park, he suffered Inedical elnergencies three different times, each time airlifted from the canyon by helicopter to care.

"For a while" thereafter, wrote his wife Evelyn about his career, "family and office dreaded to hear that he had to go to Grand Canyon" (ancestry .com Stratton supervised utility construction directly in several western National Parks and then became "supervisor of all utilities west of the Mississippi River," according to Evelyn (ancestry.com probably the NPS position he held in as the Transcanyon Water Line commenced its design development. TRANS CANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 4) When WODC Illoved to Denver in "Ralph was put in charge of all utilities for the whole USA," recalled Evelyn, "and held that position until he retired" in "So when you visit a National Park," she concluded, "Ralph Stratton probably was there ahead of you and improved or built something" (ancestry.com 3.

Builder/Contractor/Supplier: "Elling Halvorson Inc., Lent's Inc., A Joint Venture," aka Halvorson-Lent's, general contractor for pipeline and bridges, (Grand Canyon National Park Staff Reynolds Metals Company, Phoenix, Arizona, extruded-alunlinum pipe supplier (Grand Canyon National Park Staff Construction Erectors Inc., subcontractor, Colorado River bridge, (Grand Canyon National Park Staff US Steel, galvanized-steel Colorado Bridge components supplier (Grand Canyon National Park Museum Collection drawings) Slavin and Shafer Inc., cathodic protection upgrade (Grand Canyon National Park McLaughlin Water Engineers Plateau Point Reroute, including non-trail truss Bridge Nos. 8 and (McLaughlin Water Engineers 4.

Original plans and construction: As conceived in the 12.4-mile Transcanyon Water Line would transport up to 17 per cent-about 1 million gallons per day (gpd)-of Roaring Springs daily output directly to the water-short South Rim. WODC completed engineering drawings in (WODC full set available at GRCA Museum Collection) and issued notice for Transcanyon Water Line construction bids in a press release on October 21, describing the future Pipeline as designed to: ... take water froin Roaring Springs on the north side of the Grand Canyon, down Bright Angel Canyon, across the Colorado River suspended from a pedestrian walkway, and up out of the 1,500-foot-deep inner gorge to the pumping station at Indian Gardens [sic], feet below the South Rim, all gravity flow.

From this point, it will be pumped to Grand Canyon Village and stored in reservoirs ... The pipe will be welded steel, aluminum, or ductile iron, depending on most favorable bid (USDOI Contractor Halvorson-Lent's field-bent and -welded the Pipeline structure from 40- and 50-foot lengths of extruded-aluminum pipe, sUPPolied by sillall aluminum-plate bridges, cast iron fixtures, and the steel suspension bridge. Helicopters transported all these components in pieces flown into remote segments of the North Kaibab Trail, River Trail, Plateau Point Trail, and Bright Angel Trail. TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No.

AZ-95 (Page 5) As the Pipeline neared completion in December a "1 ,500-year flood" (Halvorson in Roaring Springs and Bright Angel Creeks washed out 5 miles of the new Pipeline and the carefully rebuilt North Kaibab Trail that covered it. WODC updated the drawings (WODC full set of update available at Denver Service Center), primarily showing new alignments under the re-Iocated North Kaibab Trail, and corresponding new and rebuilt trail bridges across Bright Angel Creek.

The repaired Pipeline linked Roaring Springs and existing waterworks at Indian Garden in (Grand Canyon National Park Staff NPS installed a lllore robust cathodic protection system that improved degradation problems in (Grand Canyon National Park upgraded the Roaring Springs Cave intake and chlorination piping in (Denver Service Center and replaced the Plateau Point ascent with steel pipe in (McLaughlin Water Engineers 5. Alterations and additions: cathodic protection systen1 upgrade (Grand Canyon National Park completion of Roaring Springs facility upgrades (Aiken Indian Garden and Plateau Point improvements (Denver Service Center McLaughlin Water Engineers B. Historical Context

Water for the South Rim

Grand Canyon's center of visitation and management at the South Rim grew into Grand Canyon Village only after the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway arrived in and brought its own daily water supply on tank car trains from wells under Arizona's Chino Valley 125 miles south. When square miles of Grand Canyon and its north and south rims became a National Park in the Santa Fe hauled up to gallons per day to the village for the railroad's own steam power and generators in the park, and for railroad- affiliated Fred Harvey hotel facilities and other visitor accommodations.

The Park built a water reclamation plant in drastically lowering costs for steam boilers and other non- drinking uses (Anderson In the Park gained control of Indian Garden and its substantial spring below the South Rim, and in the Santa Fe built a Pumphouse and facilities there for llloving Indian Garden water feet up to the South Rim. By the Santa Fe completed this system that piped up to gallons per day to Grand Canyon Village storage tanks.

Supplemented by summer-season tank car trains and million-gallon storage tanks, the South Rim's water supply remained adequate for about 40 more years (Anderson John Milner Associates Meanwhile, a combination of automobile popularity and durability, better roads, and the Union Pacific Railroad's interest in expanding its own affiliated Utah Parks Company visitor-services concessionaire led to extensive upgrades of North Rim visitor facilities TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No.

AZ-95 (Page 6) starting in Utah Parks bought out private claims and built a water system for its Grand Canyon Lodge and adjacent cabin village froln the prolific source of Roaring Springs Cave about feet below the rin1 (Anderson Grand Canyon adlninistrators counted 1 n1illion Park visitors in and anticipated 1.7 million visitors to the Park by the majority concentrated at South Rim Village. The projected visitation figure exceeded the Indian Garden and railroad-supplemented water supply, and planners sUlnmarized grimly that "the answer is this simple-to keep pace with visitation, we must find more water." If additional supplies are found, we should decentralize [South Rim services away froln Grand Canyon Village].

If, on the other hand, no new sources of water are made available, we need not decentralize, and the limits on accommodations for visitors will be automatic. In that case, from an operational sense, the park will have to be geared predominantly to day use (Anderson quoting the Park's "Mission 66 Prospectus"). The Santa Fe Railway had turned its Grand Canyon Village and Indian Garden physical plant over to NPS in and by the early Union Pacific signaled interest in divesting its North Rim facilities.

Working from studies dating back to the early to bring Bright Angel Creek (fed primarily by Roaring Springs) water to the South Rim, NPS in worked out a deal with Utah Parks to divert some of its more than sufficient North Rim surplus of Roaring Springs water into a new pipeline to the South Rim (Anderson MISSION66andPARKSCAPEPROGRAMS The "Mission 66" program an innovation of longtime NPS Director Conrad L. Wirth, resulted in park planning and development of facilities and infrastructure to meet the needs of increased visitation, concluding with the anniversary ofNPS in The "Parkscape USA" program projected similar popular and political momentum under NPS Director George B.

Hartzog and continued national planning and development activities, including those within Grand Canyon National Park. Nationwide, Mission 66 ultin1ately cost $1 billion and resulted in 100 visitor centers, 250 administrative buildings, 650 single-family residences, and 122 multiple-housing units (Anderson Mission 66 infrastructure modernization also added to the National Parks: 578 lniles of roads, parking lots, and 360 "water, sewer, and power systems" (Anderson Conrad Wirth more specifically credited Mission 66 with additional water systems" and "additions ... to 301 old water systems," with Grand Canyon's Transcanyon Water Line likely falling into both categories.

"Improving the ability to maintain and service park infrastructure throughout the National Park system," confirmed authors of the nationwide Mission 66 Historic Context (Carr et al. "was one of the identified goals of the Mission 66 program." The Grand Canyon superintendent in issued his "Mission 66 for Grand Canyon National Park"-abbreviated as the Park's program "prospectus"-relying heavily on TRANS CANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 7) proposed additional water supply to expand services at the South Rim.

The $25 million, 10- year program for the Park becmne its Mission 66 master plan, calling for the "decentralization" of Grand Canyon Village with a new park headquarters to the east, and elsewhere a new community building, hospital, 33 family homes for staff, more than 140 multiple-unit dwellings, and two trailer parks. In1provements included visitor facilities at Grand Canyon Village and nearby, and at Desert View, Indian Garden, Phantom Ranch, and the North RiIn' s Bright Angel Point. Additional staff would serve visitors from the new facilities, and from roads, trails, power lines, and water system upgrades that served everyone.

In NPS contracted with Arizona Mining Supply Corporation to build water and sewer lines to Grand Canyon Village's new extensions, and to set the stage for an increased water supply by erecting two 2-million-gallon water storage tanks and one 300,000-gallon tank, then in a 3-million-gallon tank (Anderson DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING THE PIPELINE NPS civil engineer Ralph Stratton (see A. 2.

Above) led the federal infrastructure design team at the San Francisco-based Western Office of Design and Construction (WODC, nicknamed Western Service Center toward the end of the Transcanyon Water Line project) (Grand Canyon National Park Staff NPS engineers surveyed the pipeline route in primarily along North Kaibab, River, Plateau Point, and Bright Angel Trails, and Stratton's WODC team completed corresponding engineering drawings and specifications in Arrangements with the Santa Fe Railway resumed supplemental water deliveries by tank car during the interim of planning and construction of the Pipeline (Anderson The construction-bid notice laid out further aspects of the job, including the need to bury the pipe under at least 8 miles of hiking trails to prevent disturbance of the park's adjacent natural resources.

Locations where the line could not be buried had been selected by WODC engineers "in such a way that the pipeline will be hidden by shrubs and trees whenever possible." NPS as early as considered the installation a "Inajor engineering project" due to conditions of the im1er canyon environment such as SUlnmer heat and extreinely rugged terrain, its remote nature, and the logistical challenges that the remoteness of the job corridor imposed on the contractor. NPS expected the contractors to finish the job within 18 with the duration of construction from January 26, to July 19, (Western Office of Design and Construction United States Departinent of the Interior WODC awarded the general contract in late to the joint venture of Elling Halvorson Inc.

and Lent's Inc., with work commencing on January 26, Even after change orders pushed the completion date to December the Transcanyon Pipeline remained Grand Canyon's signature, if hardly visible, Mission 66 project (Grand Canyon National Park Staff The initial Transcanyon Water Line contract cost of million (more than $18 million in 20 15 dollars) represented almost 10 percent of Grand Canyon's 10-year Mission 66 investment (Bureau of Labor Statistics TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 8) The Transcanyon Water Line contractor, subcontractors, and NPS personnel addressed a relatively simple scope-lnoving water miles from its source to its greatest Park- operation need-with a complex structural system built under extremely rough conditions.

The initial Pipeline construction in and rebuilding in depended on skilled and pragmatic workers, and upon a number of specialized machines. In addition to employing helicopters of popular design and routine n1aintenance, in the contractor assembled a motor pool of devices conforming to the project specifications, including working areas confined in many places to the 3' -width of hiking trails (details below from Western Construction Magazine Avery Grand Canyon National Park Staff and Halvorson Helicopters.

In the helicopter technology had advanced to machines capable of carrying much more than 750 pounds, but the contractor kept costs down by employing several aircraft with that capacity, primarily the Bell Model 47, whose distinctive glass-bubble cockpit first appeared in Films of the Pipeline construction also show a Bell the manufacturer's civilian turboshaft helicopter of introduction that became the Vietnam War military workhorse of the And Elling Halvorson recalled leasing the much larger twin- turboshaft Sikorsky civilian aircraft, first flown for the U.S.

Navy in The larger machines lifted loads up to pounds, and project descriptions imply that these aircraft delivered the Colorado River Bridge's suspension cables in They also transported very large machinery into Grand Canyon during the rebuilding (see below) that liberally expanded the Bright Angel Canyon construction zone to the heavily flood-damaged creek bed. Crawler-tractor with rock drill and air compressors. Halvorson mounted an air- operated Atlas-Copco drill on a small Agritrac crawler-tractor, pulling two Athey wagons (rolling on two sets of slnall crawler tracks, each around two small wheels, to distribute heavy weight along the trail surface) each carrying a gasoline- powered English Holman 85 cubic feet per minute air compressor.

Two Atlas- Copco hand-operated jackhammers supplemented the effort. Dynamite charges dropped into lines of drilled holes, 30" deep at 18" intervals, along the trails broke up the bedrock to create the specified 24" wide by 30" deep trench. Crawler-tractor backhoe and front-end loader. Halvorson acquired an Oliver OC-4 crawler tractor with a 3' -wide front loader, and mounted on the rear a Davis hydraulic backhoe. This cOlnpact machine dug out rock debris from the freshly blasted trench and dumped the debris into the rock crusher (see next), which followed the Oliver's path and re-filled the trench. After Pipeline installation, the OC-4 covered the installed pipe and smoothed the final trail surface. Construction photographs c.

also show an Oliver crawler-tractor with a hydraulically powered clamshell-bucket on the rear. Wheeled rock crusher. Halvorson commissioned Alnelio Mayorga of Flagstaff, Arizona, to design and build a portable rock crusher for the narrow trail. Mayorga assembled his 3' -wide machine with a 30-horsepower Wisconsin prime Inover and hydraulic pump on a single I-beam frame, hydraulically moved and steered by a Jeep differential on one end and a Chevrolet differential on the other, along an wheelbase. Above the frame, he mounted a hydraulically powered TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 9) 8"x 10" crusher under a shaker screen, fed by a conveyor belt independently powered by a small Briggs & Stratton lawnmower-size engine.

Mayorga's contraption crushed 5 cubic yards per hour and produced 1" and smaller gravel for backfilling the Pipeline's trenches. The resulting large sharp-edged gravel inspired NPS to amend Halvorson's contract to include wrapping the Pipeline in thick protective felt prior to installation. Trencher. VVestern Construction described the step of re-opening the trench, to accept the finished welded Pipeline, as performed by a "David trencher." This Inachine is not Inentioned or pictured elsewhere, but was likely another small tracked vehicle with another pipeline-industry attachment of a rotary or belted trenching device. Pipe bender.

Halvorson acquired a portable pipe-bending machine made by PEMCO (Pipeliners Equipn1ent Manufacturing Corporation) of Houston, Texas, still inventoried at the Park (in Its sturdy steel sled supports a hinged pendulum against which the pipe section is bent in increlnents until the desired angle is achieved. The device rolls on two small sets of Athey-type tracks, pushed by hand or pulled behind any of the contractor's narrow trail vehicles. Although no longer in use, the machine still has helicopter-sling cables attached, as it did when transported directly to the leak-repair crew for decades after completion of the Pipeline.

(The Park now flies broken pipe sections back to its South Rim shop for shaping replacen1ent sections on a larger stationary PEMCO bender that is hydraulically powered.) Portable Welder. Halvorson employed a small two-man Miller MIG-microwire inert (argon) gas-welder that rode on monorail wheels atop the continuously assembled Pipeline. The machine's argon gas dispelled incompatible oxygen from each aluminum weld. Halvorson's crew x-rayed each joint for success, and when tested under pressure at completion only one "slow seeping leak" appeared in the 12.4-mile installation (Grand Canyon National Park Staff Concrete mixers. The general contractor and Silver Bridge subcontractor en1ployed pOliable concrete-mixing machines.

Their details are not included in the several written sUlnmaries of Pipeline construction, but c. photographs show during Silver Bridge construction what appeared to be a Koelu"ing Dandie concrete mixer, fed by a Uni-Batch sand screener, loading cement into a large (perhaps Cam-Lever) cam-release bucket. The crew positioned the bucket over foundation framework via the overhead-cable erection system that spanned the river banks. Garden tractors and wagons. Halvorson bought two small rubber-tired tractors, a John Deere 110 and a Case to haul small trailers that delivered tools and supplies including valve assemblies, dynamite, and concrete to the construction train. Motorcycles.

The contractor introduced 10 "Mighty Burro" scooters, each 8 horsepower on thick rubber tires, made by Angle Lake Cyclery in Seattle to move workers quickly up and down the host trails. Highline, or High Wire/Aerial Tramway, assembly of Silver Bridge. Subcontractor Construction Erectors Inc. strung temporary steel cables between bluffs on the north and south sides of the Colorado River, higher than the tallest components of the bridge, to move and position components, concrete buckets, and workers. TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 10) The suspension bridge for the Colorado River crossing followed an entirely new trail alignment, connecting Phantom Ranch directly with the River Trail on the south bank.

The new bridge was about .5 mile downstremn (west) of the Kaibab Trail "Black Bridge" that connected the South Kaibab Trail directly with the nOlih since Kennedy Engineers of San Francisco designed the 522-foot span in probably under direct contract to WODC. Construction Erectors Inc. of Seattle subcontracted to Halvorson Inc. and Lent's Inc. to erect the cOlnplicated span. As noted above, Halvorson leased a heavy-lift helicopter to carry the bridge's suspension cables to the Phantom Ranch staging area, considered the heaviest single loads of the entire project.

When finished, the bridge's bright galvanized steel components brought the lasting nickname "Silver Bridge," the most visible, expensive, and complicated component of the Transcanyon Water Line (Grand Canyon National Park Staff Johnson and Johnson Halvorson

Flood and Rebuilding

As the project neared completion in December an unusually wet storm made its way over Northern Arizona and the Grand Canyon, bringing heavy rains to the North Rim for three days. By the end of the storm, the area had received some 15 inches of precipitation that resulted in massive flooding along Bright Angel Creek. At least 40 percent of the pipeline was destroyed including 5 miles of North Kaibab Trail and several of its bridges spanning Bright Angel Creek. The contractor lost all his construction equipment. The flood severely damaged or destroyed Park facilities, including the North Rim's pumphouse below Roaring Springs, and USGS buildings at and near Phantom Ranch.

Elling Halvorson suffered serious injuries while surveying the damage to the project, when the helicopter he was riding in stuck a wire at the Phantom Ranch heliport and crashed (Halvorson Because NPS had designed and staked the path of the pipeline, the contractors believed the Park was entirely responsible for damage to the line. on the other hand, felt since the project was still in its construction phase, the contractor held responsibility to repair the line. Following legal wrangling the two parties came to an agreement in early and construction resumed in August with an additional million NPS infusion that rebuilt and completed the Pipeline. For the rebuilding, NPS allowed the contractor to import much heavier equipment for repairing and finishing the Pipeline.

Halverson and the Park brought in a Caterpillar D-7 bulldozer; a Lull front-end loader mounted on wheeled tractor; 3 John Deere crawler-tractors each with backhoe and loader; several dump trucks and 10 Army-surplus pickup trucks; and large trailer-mounted air compressors (Grand Canyon National Park Staff As rebuilt between full resumption of work in August and cOlnpletion in July the Pipeline retained its general statistics of length and capacity. It changed in design with several additions and upgrades to the water delivery system, primarily with the shifted alignment of North Kaibab Trail away and at a higher elevation from Bright Angel Creek (Grand Canyon National Park Staff WODC TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No.

AZ-95 (Page 11) Construction of a new 102-foot-Iong North Kaibab Trail and Pipeline through-truss bridge of Corten (self-oxidizing copper-alloy) steel at the Roaring Springs developn1ent, on the newly carved channel of Bright Angel Creek below its confluence with Roaring Springs Creek, near the fonner Pumphouse. This span is "Bridge No.1" in this document, following the water-direction, north- to-south Pipeline structure and auxiliary resources descriptions. Relocation and rebuilding of the Pipeline, its control-valve system, and NOlih Kaibab Trail at locations washed away by the flood. In most cases in the broader canyon around Cottonwood Campground and in the canyon's Box, the trail and Pipeline co-location moved several feet up and away fron1 Bright Angel Creek wherever possible.

NPS consequently moved Cottonwood Campground campsites higher in the floodplain as well. "Undercutting" of clifffaces in the Box to create a new, higher ledge for the trail and Pipeline. Swauger Contractors of Evanston, Wyoming, performed this work. Construction of many new mortared stone and dry-laid riprap retaining walls along NOIih Kaibab Trail, resulting froin rebuilding the trail and Pipeline co-location and raising some of its elevations. Replacing and rebuilding the four bridges in the Box-in this document, Bridge Nos. 2 through 5. Bridge No.2 is a Corten steel, bolted angle-stock, pony truss, 80 feet long. Bridge No.3 is constructed of original aluminum girders, but raised and lengthened to 94 feet with girders and parts from other damaged bridges.

Bridge No.4 is a Corten steel, bolted angle-stock, pony truss, 60 feet long. Bridge No.5 is the original at its location, constructed of aluminum girders 75 feet long, but raised 6 feet above the original position (WODC The "lower" bridge at Bright Angel Campground in Phantom Ranch, an aluminum-girder span installed in on stone abutments, remained in place and is here designated the Transcanyon Water Line's Bridge No.6. The Colorado River suspension span, here designated Bridge No.7, was not dmnaged in the or subsequent floods.

NPS engineers conducted the final Transcanyon Water Line inspection on July 24, and the Park dedicated the Pipeline in a ceremony the following day (Grand Canyon National Park Staff The late contract change orders and rebuilding thus brought the total project cost in to about $5 million, adjusted for inflation Inore than $30 million in (Bureau of Labor Statistics IMPROVEMENTS / Beginning year-round service in July the Transcanyon Water Line moved a typical maxilnum of gallons per day from Roaring Springs to the South Rim via Indian Garden.

The Park's operations staff developed an understanding of its character, and soon learned that occasional leaks occurred typically at welded joints and in the dense series of pipe bends through the Box Staff observation of the line also revealed pipe deterioration at joints of aluminum with cast iron; in soils reacting chemically with the aluminum pipe; and through damaging cathodic TRANSCANYONW ATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 12) charges where a buried electrical line ran parallel to the Pipeline from Indian Garden north to Phantom Ranch. The Pipeline's original PVC-tape wrap and magnesium anodes proved inadequate to con1bat such conosive attacks on the aluminum. In January NPS awarded a contract to Slavin and Shafer Inc.

to replace all insulated couplings between cast-iron valves and the alulninum pipe, and to install a low-electrical-charge Cathodic Protection system for the Pipeline. The work included "band stations on all valves, 16 anode stations, and 22 test stations," completed in one month by mid-February (Grand Canyon National Park Another early lesson learned from daily Transcanyon Water Line operation led to placement of a full time system n1anager or ranger at Roaring Springs. Denver Service Center designer Rudy B. Labato drafted the new wood-frame 33 Roaring Springs "Quarters" in When NPS built the new Quatiers in it demolished the old operator's house that had accompanied the Pumphouse but survived the flood.

The Park continued to use the operator's dwelling as a seasonal ranger residence after when Transcanyon Water Line operator Bruce Aiken retired (Aiken Also in Lobato designed a new Roaring Springs Pumphouse, built in below the Cave and near the temporary Transcanyon Pipeline chlorination station. The resulting fireproof building houses permanent pumps for the NOlih Rim, and chlorination piping for both the North Rim and Transcanyon lines. The building is strictly utilitarian but is tucked into the Roaring Springs Canyon wall mostly hidden froln North Kaibab Trail hikers. Its foundation supports 2 pumps and the chlorination room, behind walls of vertical concrete panels.

The split-gable roof on steel (as designed; possibly built with wood) trusses creates a clerestory panel of windows and vents into the work space; cedar roof shakes help the building blend into the landscape. During the Pumphouse project, in the Park installed outside Roaring Springs Cave a lockable entry door and sunounding panels of steel bars (Denver Service Center The Plateau Point Reroute in replaced the entire vertical section of aluminum pipe from the Colorado River's south bank up to Plateau Point with about feet of 8" steel pipe.

The "reroute" for this Pipeline section followed generally the original path, but partly buried the line in natural scree near the bottom of the canyon wall, carried it across two deep ravines with two steel box-trusses-in this document designated as Bridge Nos. 8 and 9-and deliverd it to the Plateau Point summit partly underground and hidden from view at the popular public overlook McLaughlin Water Engineers Also in the Denver Service Center, assisted by consulting electrical and water engineers, drafted extensive refitting of both Indian Garden Pumphouses (McLaughlin Water Engineers The stone-finished South Pumphouse received a new 750 horsepower, 650 gallons per minute electric pump dubbed Pump #3 following the Pump #s 1 and 2-each 600 hp, 550 gpm-next door.

The North Pumphouse, originally textured in tan-painted stucco, received a stone-veneer finish on its east, north, and west elevations for sound-proofing and NPS-Rustic revival styling to blend better with the adjacent building. Both buildings received additional sound proofing on their interiors with fiberglass under metal panels (McLaughlin Water Engineers TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 13) Part II. StructurallDesign Information A. General Statement: 1. Dates of construction: 2. Condition of fabric: Serviceable, but past alutninutn pipe manufacturer's 30-year life expectancy (in B.

Description: The Transcanyon Water Line, designed, installed, and improved between and in Grand Canyon to catTy the National Park's main water supply from the North Rim to the South Rim, is approximately tniles in length from Roaring Springs south to Indian Garden. The Pipeline begins below the North Rim with water-collection facilities inside the natural spring source of Roaring Springs Cave at an elevation of feet, and moves chlorinated water by gravity south and down Bright Angel Canyon, across the Colorado River, and up to Indian Garden at an elevation of3,767 feet.

As constructed, aluminum extruded pipe of 6-inch and 8-inch diameters, and typically 50-foot lengths, formed the original continuous conduit through welded connections and various cast iron valves spaced for regulating functions along the Pipeline. Built with an internal pressure maximum of2000 pounds per square inch (psi), the still-functioning (in Pipeline nornlally sustains psi at its lowest point at the Colorado River crossing, and delivers 650 to 700 gallons per minute to the two Pumphouses (built in and and adjacent 15,000-gallon Sedimentation Tank (built in in the Indian Garden day use area.

Frotn Indian Garden about gallons per day-during strategic time to tninimize pump-noise disturbance of visitors-are pumped to storage tanks that supply South Rim Village and other Park facilities. Materials and their Dimensions The Transcanyon Water Line is composed of a number of materials, most chosen for their light weights and small sizes that could be transported into Grand Canyon by helicopters with maximum lifts of 750 pounds per load (most details below from Grand Canyon National Park Staff Extruded aluminum-alloy pipe, originally about 7 miles of 6" diameter and about 5.5 miles of 8" diameter, based on Pipeline locations of geography and Demand Points (valves for local use such as Cottonwood Campground and Phantom Ranch).

The pipe arrived by truck at the South Rim's Yaki Point staging lot in 40' and 50' lengths from the Reynolds Metals Cotnpany plant in west Phoenix, Arizona. Helicopters then transported the pipes two at a load, suspended under the aircraft by slings that held the pipes securely under tension with quickly attached and detached end-caps. The contractor bent and welded the pipe along its course, then wrapped the pipe with two layers of 10-mil polyvinyl chloride tape for cathodic protection. To protect the pipe and ensure no breaks in the tape, NPS instructed the contractor to wrap the continuous assembly with "American Sisal-Craft" asphalt TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 14) paper.

Film of construction shows this thick wrap secured onto the pipe with periodic strips of narrow adhesive tape (Halvorson The contractor replaced NOlih Kaibab Trail sections in the repairs with 8" Reynolds aluminum pIpe. Cast-iron valves, collectively included in specification literature as "appurtenances," primarily about 90 manual Air Release Valves, and 13 manual Isolation Valves. Designers intended that the Air Release Valves would eliminate air pockets at apex points of the undulating Pipeline, but they proved unnecessary and are not used. Only two major valves-Isolation Valve 445 (at station below Cottonwood Campground, and the Drain Valve at station below Plateau Point-are in frequent use to halt water delivery during leak repairs.

Steel pipe at Roaring Springs Cave and Plateau Point ascent. For ~dditional strength at the initial veliical drop fronl the Cave, and possibly because of fire potential in the host canyon, in the contractor replaced the wood- stave intake pipe first with alulninum, then with 8" steel pipe for the initial flow from the diversion box at the Cave intake. During the "reroute" of the Colorado River to Plateau Point vertical section, contractors replaced the original 8" aluminum pipe with 8" steel pipe, carried over two deep ravines with steel box trusses, Bridge Nos. 8 and 9. Bridge girders and smaller assembly components of aluminum alloy.

Since the construction work moved most materials by relatively light-capacity helicopter, the contractor chose aluminum for bridge components of all 5 short spans across Bright Angel Creek at its Colorado River delta and in its host canyon. In early December all these bridges stood completed as aluminum-girder trail bridges carrying the Pipeline beneath. In the repairs, only Bridge Nos. 3, 5 and 6 remained aluminum. Bridge members of Corten copper-alloy steel. During the Pipeline rebuilding, requiring longer replacement bridges over Bright Angel Creek in several locations, the contractor assembled two new pony trusses-Bridge Nos. 2 and 4- and one through truss-Bridge No. I-of bolted angle stock rolled from Corten steel.

The material's surface oxidizes naturally, resulting in a rusty appearance that renlains stable under extreme conditions. Colorado River Bridge components ofgalvanized (zinc-coated) steel. Extreme conditions of wind and water at the Colorado River crossing dictated Transcanyon Water Line specifications for an extremely durable suspension bridge. The US Steel Corporation fabricated galvanized steel bridge menlbers in small sections for helicopter transport, highline positioning, and bolting asselnbly, resulting in the -long Silver Bridge. The hot-dip zinc coating of high-strength steel results in a stable surface under extreme conditions, and the somewhat shiny silver-gray appearance of all bridge components.

Concrete for bridge abutments and cable anchors for thrust-stabilization of Pipeline extreme angles, building foundations and walls, and other permanent installations. As critical Pipeline construction materials, reinforcing steel and concrete mix in weight-distributing sacks arrived at the contractor's construction sites by helicopter. With water, sand, and aggregate abundant in Grand Canyon, the dry concrete mix TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 15) depended on local materials for its ultil11ate applications requiring extren1e strength and durability. Other "appurtenances, " including pumps.

The Pipeline depends on many materials in special configurations for successful operation, from the chlorination piping to the electric-service line to Phantom Ranch, and the complex electrical wiring at the Indian Garden Pumphouses. Panels of Transite- a sturdy and fireproof cement material reinforced with asbestos-completed the NOlih Pumphouse roof at Indian Garden. The current 3 Indian Garden pumps (specifications above)- consisting of large electric motors coupled to large il11peller pumps-are said to follow U.S.

Navy marine-pump specifications for installation in capital ships, possibly a result of the Halvorson and Lent's contractors hailing from Washington towns near the Puget Sound Naval Ship Yard (Til11 Jarrell The Pipeline as completed in Decen1ber contained linear feet of 6" pipe and linear feet of 8" pipe, laid along the Cross Canyon Corridor using tools, equipment, and methods adapted or invented specifically for the job (see Workmanship in Section 7, and Invention below). NPS construction inspectors described the Pipeline as "extremely crooked," and estimated that the pipe proceeded through 700 horizontal bends and vertical bends along its drop of feet in elevation between Roaring Springs and Phantom Ranch, and subsequent gain of feet on the way up to Indian Garden.

Some 50-foot lengths of pipe, the inspectors noted, "would have a combination of three to six vertical and horizontal bends" (Grand Canyon National Park Staff Bright Angel Creek bridges for the Water Line, all designed to complement the host trail and sling the Pipeline beneath, followed two basic designs for the creek's relatively short spans. Halvorson installed "Type A" aluminum-girder spans with 2' girder webs, and "Type B" aluminum-girder spans with slightly lighter 2' -1 girders for shorter spans. Natural-stone veneers hid reinforced-concrete abutments on bedrock.

The abutment drawings instructed, "typical rock pattern, stone available at each site shall determine pattern," in a nod to NPS Rustic styling, a federal standard dating back to the and even earlier for concession architects such as the Santa Fe's Mary E.J. Colter (WODC Carr Dimensions of the Pipeline Alignment The linear boundary of the Transcanyon Water Line extends from its begilming at Roaring Springs Cave miles to its terminus at the two Indian Garden PUl11phouses.

Based on the (Johnson and Johnson) boundaries for the recreational trails hosted by the Cross Canyon Corridor Historic District, the mostly buried Pipeline's boundary is: Generally a 100-foot-wide strip, generally 50 feet on each side of host North Kaibab Trail, Colorado River Trail, Plateau Point Trail, and Bright Angel Trail. This width also captures the Pressure Reduction Valves at Roaring Springs Quarters, Cottonwood Campground, and Phantom Ranch; and all bridges including Silver Bridge. TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No.

AZ-95 (Page 16) Teri Cleeland further defined the Cross Canyon Corridor's boundary by acknowledging four types of trail-and here, Pipeline-characteristics: 1) 50 feet on each side "on flat, open land," 2) "Natural features less than 50 feet from the trail centerline," such as cliffs and walls, 3) full canyon widths when 200 feet wide or less, and 4) "On exposed slopes (25 feet beyond turns, encompassing all switchbacks)." The exceptions to these linear boundary guidelines are, in the direction of the water flow: Roaring Springs Cave and Intake Complex, encolnpassing the Cave entrance and its internal intake structures. Pipeline for 650 feet from Cave to Roaring Springs Pumphouse, 50 feet on each side of the vertical pipe.

Pipeline for feet, 50 feet on each side of the generally horizontal pipe (after which the Pipeline enters the North Kaibab Trail's 100-feet-wide corridor and continues as noted above). Pipeline out of the Colorado River Trail between Silver Bridge and Plateau Point, 50 feet on each side of the exposed horizontal pipe along the Colorado River and exposed feet of vertical pipe ascending to Plateau Point. Indian Garden North and South Pumphouses and the Sedimentation Tank, the buildings' and structure's footprints and their leveled platforms, sidewalks, and connecting stairways. Layout The two below-ritn National Recreation Trails following Bright Angel Fault-North Kaibab and Bright Angel Trails-define the Cross Canyon Corridor for its Park visitors.

The trails also host key parts of the Park's utility system developed by visitor . concessionaires and NPS during the 20 th century. When NPS planners in surveyed the Transcanyon Water Line route to bring Roaring Springs water to the much larger year-round population of the South Riln, they chose the Cross Canyon Corridor and its trails themselves as the alignment, and as the disguise, for Inost of the Pipeline's distance. Thus, as an industrial fixture the Water Line is part of the Corridor setting at the Pipeline's occasional locations visible to the public-Roaring Springs Pumphouse, valve- access points in and along the trails, exposed Pipeline along the Colorado River bank, and Indian Garden Pumphouses.

The Pipeline is integral with its host trails and shares their settings, through the physical environment as seen by visitors from the trails, and experienced as scenic grandeur preserved in a National Park. Auxiliary Structures The Pipeline is associated with auxiliary structures, sites, and buildings: the Pipeline and appurtenances (valves and other controls); Roaring Springs Cave (a site); Roaring Springs Pumphouse (a building housing chlorination equipment for the spring water divelied here to both the NOlih and South Rims); Roaring Springs Quarters (building); Bright Angel Creek Bridge Nos. 1 through 6 between Roaring Springs and the Colorado TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 17) River (structures); Silver Bridge (No.7) over the Colorado River (structure); Bridge Nos.

8 and 9 below Plateau Point (structures); and the two PUlnphouses (buildings) and Sedimentation Tank (structure) at Indian Garden. These auxiliary resources are part of the National Register of Historic Places district identified for the Transcanyon Water Line property, but they are not individually doculnented for this HAER report as "structures within a complex." For clarity of recording the Pipeline for HAER as an engineering structure, only the 12.4-mile welded- pipe assembly is the primary subject of this documentation. Inventory Pipeline features are inventoried in the following table. The Park's location-numbering system for Transcanyon Water Line structures is based on standard engineering stations (100-foot increments, e.g.

to that begin at Indian Garden and proceed north to Roaring Springs, the opposite direction to the flow of water from Roaring Springs to Indian Garden. In the table and throughout this document, Pipeline features are instead identified in the direction of the water, and bridges are given numbers-1 through 9- in the same southerly direction for clarity of describing their positions, dates, designs, and materials. Bridge station numbers are at the approximate center of each structure, with exception of 522-foot-Iong Silver Bridge, with its beginning and end points noted. Feature / Location Station Date Description, Comments (beginning to end/ Number/ Installed north to south) c.

Length Roaring Springs Cave Isolation dams rebuilt Intake Complex annually with spring snowmelt; locked entry installed 12" Steel Pipe 650 feet Exposed on canyon wall; transitioning at a (approximate 8" pipe replaced after length between Diversion Box to 8" stations) campfire damage during Aluminum Pipe construction. New Roaring Springs Replaced temporary North Pumphouse Rim pumps installed after and Transcanyon Water Line chlorination station installed about 8" Aluminum Pipe feet First feet above grade; balance under North Kaibab Trail. Roaring Springs Replaced pun1phouse Quarters quarters; demand point: pressure reduction valve. TRANS CANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 18) Feature / Location Station Date Description, Comments (beginning to end/ Number/ Installed north to south) c.

Length 8" Aluminum Pipe feet Under North Kaibab Trail Bridge No.1: 102 feet; replacement Steel-angles polygonal bridge after flood. through truss 8" Alulninum Pipe feet Under Bright Angel Trail; includes isolation valve at Station Valve Box at Demand point: pressure Cottonwood reduction valve; also drain Cmnpground valve. 8" Aluminunl Pipe feet Replaced after flood; under North Kaibab Trail. 6" Aluminum Pipe feet Reused after flood; under North Kaibab Trail. Isolation Valve 445 Drains the system during leak repairs in the "box." 6" Aluminum Pipe feet Reused after flood; under North Kaibab Trail; built-up trail and "bog bridge" crossing of wetland (c. Bridge No.2: Replaced after flood. Steel-angles pony truss 6" Aluminuln Pipe feet Reused after flood; under North Kaibab Trail.

Bridge No.3: 94 feet; extended with Aluminum girders parts from other bridges damaged in flood. 6" Aluminum Pipe feet Reused after flood; under North Kaibab Trail. Bridge No.4: Replacement after Steel-angles pony truss flood. 6" Alulninum Pipe feet Reused after flood; under North Kaibab Trail. Bridge No.5: 78 feet; original span Aluminum girders raised 6 feet, per drawings. 6" Aluminum Pipe feet Reused after flood; under North Kaibab Trail. Valve Box at Phantom Demand point: pressure Ranch Dining Hall reduction valve. 6" Aluminum Pipe feet Original installation, under North Kaibab Trail. TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 19) Feature / Location Station Date Description, Comments (beginning to end/ Number/ Installed north to south) c.

Length Bridge No.6: 54 feet, replaced Alulninum girders CCC bridge on original stone abutments. 6" Aluminum Pipe 220 feet Original installation, under North Kaibab Trail. Valve Box at River Demand point: pressure Ranger Residence reduction valve. 6" Aluminum Pipe 550 feet Original installation, buried under NPS corral and trail. Silver Bridge Pipeline suspended under (Colorado River bridge. Bridge; Bridge No.7) feet) 6" Aluminum Pipe feet Partly exposed along south bank, partly in sandbar, partl y under River Trail. Pipe Creek Crossing Armored with mortared stone across creek at grade.

6" Aluminum Pipe feet Partly buried in rock, partly at grade; off River Trail; drain valve at 8" Steel Pipe 875 feet Transition due to Plateau Point Reroute in Bridge No.8: Part of Plateau Point Steel-angles box truss Reroute; off trails. 8" Steel Pipe 335 feet At grade; off trails. Bridge No.9: c. Part of Plateau Point Steel-angles box truss Reroute; off trails. 8" Steel Pipe 620 feet Attached to canyon wall; replaced original in 8" Aluminum Pipe feet Under Plateau Point Trail. Garden Creek Crossing Partly exposed pipe. 8" Aluminum Pipe feet Under Bright Angel Trail. North Pump House at Pumps # 1 and #2; Indian Garden 3 exterior walls clad in Campground stone South PUlnp House Interior rebuilt with new Pump #3.

Sedimentation Tank Stages water from pipeline and pUlnps, for delivery to South Rim. TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 20) C. Mechanicals/Operation: At feet above sea level, Roaring Springs Cave's water-intake complex-first developed in for the North Rin1's water system-collects water inside the cave behind 5 small rock dams. The dams are built on redwood-plank cores and placed at strategic points along the cave's natural cham1els.

The Cave's average flow of 5.8 Inillion gpd is Inore than sufficient to divert about 17 percent-up to 1 million into two intake pipes that converge into a 12" dian1eter steel pipe that exits the West Cave entrance and comlnences the Transcanyon Water Line, begim1ing at station Some of this maximlun diversion goes to the North Rin1 in summer months; South Rim actually accepts up to gpd because the Indian Garden pumps run only about 12 hours per day. The balance of spring water free-flows out the East Cave entrance and drops as a waterfall to Roaring Springs Creek below.

The West Cave's 12" steel pipe enters a Diversion Box on the cliff below, and then flows into the first length of 8" dian1eter steel pipe that guides the water ahnost veliically down to Roaring Springs Creek (Denver Service Center As completed in December the Transcanyon Water Line passed through a new prefabricated Chlorination Building on Roaring Springs Creek, and proceeded south along the creek past the stone Roaring Springs Pumphouse (not extant).

The Pumphouse, acquired in by the National Park Service from the Utah Parks Company subsidiary of the Union Pacific Railroad, pumped Roaring Springs' local supply northwest and up about feet to visitor facilities on the North Rim (Anderson A contractor built the DSC-designed Roaring Springs Pumphouse in to replace the temporary chlorination and North-Rim pumping facilities with permanent fixtures (see IMPROVEMENTS / above). The Transcanyon Water Line continues to move water under gravity flow south of the PUlnphouse along Roaring Springs Creek to Bright Angel Creek, and within its specified trench under the North Kaibab Trail.

Both trail and Pipeline in meandered very close to Bright Angel Creek along its east bank for about 4 miles through Cottonwood Campground, location of a Demand Point valve, approaching the narrow Bright Angel Canyon's "Box" cut through its dense 2-billion-year-old Vishnu Schist.

In the Box, the trail and Pipeline first crossed to the west side of the creek via the "Fourth Bright Angel Creek Crossing North of Phantom Ranch" at station (a measurement from the Pipeline's original description from south to north in the opposite direction of its water) (Western Office of Design and Construction The trail and Pipeline proceed south through the Box and across three more bridges that shift the route back and forth across the creek, and finally to Bright Angel Creek's east bank upon entering Phantom Ranch. The Pipeline's general contractor replaced and rebuilt much of the Bright Angel Creek Pipeline and these bridges following the December flood (see FLOOD AND REBUILDING above).

At the Phantom Ranch Dining Hall, station a Pressure Reduction Valve steps the Transcanyon Pipeline pressure from about psi down to 60 psi and delivers water to Phantom Ranch visitor and staff facilities through local plumbing along Bright TRANS CANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 21) Angel Creek. The Pipeline trench also accommodates Phantom Ranch's electrical service in a buried cable, installed by the Pipeline contractor in running parallel to the Pipeline fronl Indian Garden 3.5 nliles south. The Pipeline and trail cross the final Bright Angel Creek span-pari of the Civilian Conservation Corps Rock House Bridge or "lower bridge" first built in and heavily damaged through flooding in the 1950s-over the creek to its west (south) bank at the lower end of Bright Angel Campground.

A few feet south of the bridge is a Pressure Reduction Valve at station where the Pipeline provides water to the River Ranger Station (fonner Packer Cabin). While the trail connection diverts around the National Park Service Corral near the river, the Pipeline is buried under the mule corral and rejoins the trail about 270 feet from the Colorado River Bridge (Anderson et al. Under at least psi at its lowest point on the river approach-2,445 feet elevation- the Pipeline advances to saddles beneath the 522-foot-Iong Colorado River "Silver Bridge," built in as part of the Pipeline contract, and exits onto the river's south bank sandbar. The Colorado River Bridge, built of galvanized steel and dubbed Silver Bridge shortly after its construction, is a 522 feet long wire-cable suspension bridge.

The towers on each river bank are 61 feet tall, assembled of short bracing members delivered by helicopter and bolted together on site. The bridge's suspended pony truss is a bolted linear assembly of28 3-dimensional panels, each 4'1 wide at the base and on each side. The deck is open-grid, flanked by protective chain-link fencing fixed to the pony truss panel sides, all of galvanized steel.

Saddles securing the Transcanyon Water Line to the base of the pony truss are assembled of bent angle-stock bolted to the truss-panel frames (Western Office of Design and Construction The Pipeline continues west in 6" aluminum pipe secured with surface anchors along the Colorado River sandbar, then buried in the sandbar, then joins the River Trail in a trench to Pipe Creek at station Leaving the trail and buried under Pipe Creek (Photograph the pipeline moves several hundred feet west along the river bank, then turns at a right angle south and up the canyon wall, rising some feet to Plateau Point (Photograph A contractor replaced and rebuilt much of the Plateau Point vertical Pipeline in (see IMPROVEMENTS / above).

Special hangers attached to the dense wall of Zoroaster granite and Tapeats sandstone grip the pipe with wire-mesh sleeves to distribute the vertical stresses of weight and calculated flexing (Western Office of Design and Construction At feet elevation, the Pipeline enters the standard trench in Plateau Point Trail, passes under Garden Creek and into a trench under Bright Angel Trail, and terminates with psi at Indian Garden pumping facilities, feet above sea level.

With installation of upgraded electrical service in at Indian Garden through an above-ground transmission line from the South Rim, the Transcanyon Water Line contract included laying the electrical cable noted above, in the Pipeline's path north 3.5 miles to Phantom Ranch for that area's own upgraded electrical service (Grand Canyon National Park Staff TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No.

AZ-95 (Page 22) Installed in inside the new "North Pumphouse" building, new Transcanyon Pump #s 1 and 2 work in tandem with the existing pump inside the renamed "South Pumphouse" and adjacent Sedilnentation Tank, both built in The system, built by the Santa Fe Railway and operated by its Park concessionaire partner Fred Harvey Con1pany, originally lifted Indian Garden's daily gallons of Garden Spring water up feet to storage tanks at South Rim Village.

In the completed Transcanyon Pipeline's water replaced the Garden Spring source, and the new pumps more than tripled potable water-delivery capacity to the South Riln, up to gallons per day (Grand Canyon National Park Staff A contractor in installed a new pump inside the South Pumphouse, reconfigured the exterior of the North Pumphouse, and added sound insulation inside both Pumphouses (see IMPROVEMENTS / above). D. Site Information: Grand Canyon hosts the west-trending Colorado River, principal drainage of the Colorado Plateau physiographic region of the southwestern United States and northern Arizona.

While the canyon's North Rim is part of the Kaibab Plateau and the opposite, slightly lower South Rim is part of the Coconino Plateau, the two sub-regions are united at a series of geologic faults concentrated around the confluence of Bright Angel Creek and the Colorado River. The longest and straightest of these misalignments is Bright Angel Fault, running southwest to northeast from rim to rim, almost at a right angle to its crossing of the Colorado River. Below the North Rim, Bright Angel Fault created the Colorado River's side canyon hosting Bright Angel Creek, and below the South Riln the fault resulted in the course of Garden Creek draining into the Colorado River after joining another side canyon draining Pipe Creek.

The river and the side canyons have exposed during at least 725 million years of erosion the geologic record of perhaps 1.2 billion years (Grand Canyon Association Beginning at the Colorado River's inner gorge, including entry of Bright Angel and Pipe Creeks, the host Vishnu schist and Zoroaster granite are as old as 2 billion years. Moving up in tin1e and elevation, the Tapeats sandstone, Bright Angel shale, and Muav limestone populate a geologic setting with colors, textures, and density that have emerged through eons of erosion from water, wind, and the roots of hearty vegetation.

Above these levels are the varied strata that provide observers with the signature depths and palate of Grand Canyon: TelTIple Butte Forn1ation, Redwalllimestone, Supai Group, Hermit shale, Coconino sandstone, Toroweap Forn1ation, and finally in most parts of the rilTIS' plateaus, Kaibab limestone (Chronic HDR TRANS CANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 23) Part III. Sources of Information A. Primary

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER AZ-95. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Aiken, Bruce "This is What Went on Here at Roaring Springs over Past Several Decades ~ - Annotated Aiken-fatnily photograph album. Roaring Springs Ranger Residence. Denver Service Center "New Roaring Springs Pumphouse & Quarters." Drawings. Prepared by Denver Service Center, We steIn Team. Copy from GRCA Museum Collection. "Indian Gardens [sic] Pumphouse Renovation." Drawings. Prepared by Denver Service Center, Cloyd and Yost. Copy from Denver Service Center. "Operation and Maintenance Manual, Water System." Prepared by Denver Service Center, Western Team. PDF of document available from Denver Service Center. "Operation and Maintenance Manual. Transcanyon Water Transmission System. Colorado River to South Rim." Prepared by Denver Service Center, Western Team.

PDF of document available froin Denver Service Center. Grand Canyon National Park "Completion Report, Cathodic Protection System." Copy at Grand Canyon Museum Collection. Grand Canyon National Park Staff "Completion Repoli, Supplemental Water Supply." Copy from Denver Service Center. This c. March document describes the Transcanyon Water Line's original and specifications, characteristics, change orders, and contract management in non-technical prose. Its author was anonYlnous, but likely a Park staffmenlber-perhaps O.K. Zimmerman, the NPS project inspector (Western Construction Magazine 1965)-c1osely associated with the project from through completion of the Pipeline in Halvorson, Elling Address to Grand Canyon Rotary Club. Video available at Grand Canyon Museum Collection.

McLaughlin Water Engineers "Transcanyon Water Transmission System, System Improvements - Phase 1." Engineering Drawings for Indian Gardens [sic] Pumphouses. Copy available at Grand Canyon Museum Collection. TRANS CANYON WATER LINE HAER No. AZ-95 (Page 24) "Transcanyon Water Transmission System, Syste1TI Improve1TIents - Phase 2, Plateau Point Pipeline Reroute." Engineering Drawings. Copy available at Grand Canyon Museunl Collection. United States Department of the Interior (USDI) "Press Release No.

17 National Park Service Issues Bid Invitations on Construction of Transcanyon Water Pipeline at Grand Canyon National Park." Grand Canyon Museum Collection, GRCA "Press Release No.5 Transcanyon Water Pipeline Construction Contract Awarded At Grand Canyon National Park." Grand Canyon Museum Collection, GRCA Western Office of Design and Construction (WODC) "Rehabilitation of Water Syste1TIS and Supplementary Water Supply for N & South Rim Developments." Grand Canyon Museum Collection, GRCA "Transcanyon Water Line." Engineering Drawings, April Grand Canyon Museum Collection, GRCA "Transcanyon Water Line." Engineering Drawings, 3608A. "As Constructed" set, November Denver Service Center. B. Secondary ancestry.

com "Notes for Ralph Merritt Stratton." Available at: Additional information at Both accessed June 8, Anderson, Michael F. Polishing the Jewel: An Adl1'zinistrative History of Grand Canyon National Park. Grand Canyon Association. Grand Canyon, Arizona. Electronic document: gov Accessed 30 January "Bright Angel Trail." National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. Copy from GRCA Museu1TI Collection. "North Kaibab Trail." National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. Copy from GRCA Museum Collection. Anderson, Michael F., and Debra Sutphen "Colorado River Trail." National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. Copy from GRCA Museum Collection. TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No.

AZ-95 (Page 25) Avery, Ben "Pipeline Strictly Space-age: Strict Rules Preserve Beauty and Natural Scenery of the Canyon." Arizona Republic. August 9, Page 12. Grand Canyon Museum Collection, GRCA Bevis, Kenneth A. "Sedimentary Rock Formations of the Grand Canyon." Electronic document: 14/09/Figure-1-Grand- Canyon-Stratigraphy.jpg. Accessed March 2, Brennan, Ellen "PreliIninary Detennination of Eligibility of the Transcanyon Pipeline, Grand Canyon National Park." Manuscript initiating the Detem1ination of Eligibility task resulting in this host document. Bureau of Labor Statistics "CPI [Consumer Price Index] Inflation Calculator." Electronic document: Accessed April 29, Carr, Ethan Mission 66 : Modernism and the National Park Dilemma. University of Massachusetts Press. Amherst.

Chronic, Halka Roadside Geology ofArizona. Mountain Press Publishing Company. Missoula, Montana. Cleeland, Teri 1986a "The Cross Canyon Corridor Historic District in Grand Canyon National Park: A Model for Historic Preservation." MA Thesis. Northern Arizona University. Copy at GRCA Museum Collection. Geiger, Tom "Transcanyon Water Line." Courier, News Magazine of the National Park Service. Vol. 37, No.4. Grand Canyon Museum Collection. GRCA Grand Canyon Association "Grand Canyon Geology." Electronic document: Accessed March 19, HDR "Final Predesign Documents, National Park Service, Replace Transcanyon Water Pipeline from Roaring Springs to Indian Gardens [sic] Pump Station." Document available from Denver Service Center. TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No.

AZ-95 (Page 26) John Milner Associates, Inc. "Indian Garden, Grand Canyon National Park, Cultural Landscape Report." Copy from GRCA Museum Collection. Jolmson, Ronald, and Tony Johnson "Cross Canyon Corridor Historic District." National Register of Historic Places Registration Form. NPS Denver Service Center. Sublnitted to the Keeper for a determination of eligibility for the district. Logan Sin1pson Design "National Park Service, Cultural Landscape Inventory, April Cross Canyon Corridor Historic District." Copy available at Grand Canyon Museum Collection. McClelland, Linda Flint Building the National Parks. Historic Context, "The Historic Landscape Design of the National Park Service, Based on the "Historic Park Landscapes in National and State Parks." The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Baltimore. Papillon "History With the Canyon: The pipeline across Grand Canyon is where Papillon's story begins." Electronic document: Accessed April 29, Roberts, Matthew, Charlie Schlinger, and Steve Mead "An Investigation of Energy Use, Potable Water and Wastewater Treatment at Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona." Internet article available at: .waterenergy .nau.edu/gcnp.html Western Construction Magazine "Plumbing the Grand Canyon." pp. Grand Canyon Museum Collection, GRCA Wirth, Conrad Parks, Politics, and the People. University of Oklahoma Press. Norman. Zeman, Amanda "Grand Canyon Village Mission 66 Planning Effort: National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Nomination [sic] Fornl. Unpublished Report. Available at GRCA Museum Collection. TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No.

AZ-95 (Page 27) C. Likely Sources Not Yet Investigated: Oral Histories: Elling Halvorson. The general contractor of the Pipeline is living (in but likely has not been fOTIllally interviewed on the engineering aspects of constructing the Transcanyon Water Line. Mel Mmiinez. The retired ORCA nlaintenance worker specialized in repairs of the Transcanyon Water Line. Kelly Confer. This current (in ORCA nlaintenance worker is assigned to repairs of the Pipeline. Bruce Aiken. The Roaring Springs water operator and resident is living (in but likely has not been fornlally interviewed on the operational details of the Transcanyon Water Line during its first decades of function and upgrades.

NPS enlployees who designed the Transcanyon Water Line at Western Office of Design and Construction, and upgrades at Denver Service Center. Research: Reynolds Metals Company (fonnerly Alcoa) World War II-built aluminum plant in Phoenix, Arizona. Little is available on this now-removed industrial plan that produced the and aluminum pipe stock for the Transcanyon Water Line. Mission 66 infrastructure projects' locations, details, and costs. Extensive scholarship is available on the program's proliferation of arcnitecture and landscape features, but little has been written on the large percentage of the program's civil engineering accolnplishments such as the Transcanyon Water Line. TRANSCANYON WATER LINE HAER No.

AZ-95 APPENDIX (Page 28) 2.5 _ _ _-===::I_ _ _5Miles .L Photography Points 036 _ _IE:::::==-_ _ Kilometers SWCA _ TransCanyon 295 interlocl<en Water Une Suite 300 Base Map: USGS 7.5 Topographic Map Bloomfield. CO &lO21 Coconino County. . '. Phone: ~c ~ 0' . <: NAD UTM Zone 12N A N Fox: S'M:a. com Figure 1: Location Map Io'!'j \.0 - , ~ N > UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE ][NTJER][OJR "'0 "'0 (t) NAT][ONAl, PARK JERV][CE ::s 0.. P' ~ ~ Ul \.0 (1) (1) en- KAIS II B rJJ > ~LATt.U 0:: (j ?:J (1) 0 0 ::s rJJ 9 P-. ""1 (rJ t: 8' ~ I N >-t PIPeLINE P\..J1If "MO rROF'ft..E I t - 56 0.. [rj DETAIL .CHlDULI AlII> I!:XCAVA TIOII IIAT!~IAI. DATA Sillt:AM CIIIO.SIN. LA'1O\1TS 11 I ' . - ' 0 M KrAlL S"UTI' ,.'Ulltl AltO ST~I All CllonlN" , " - '1 p) ::s InDI GARDENS I'UII~QUIE 'LAMS NlD DnA'LS . .

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