Keams Canyon Quarters Building 36, 1/2 mile east of Highway 264, Keams Canyon

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS AZ-231. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Keams Canyon Quarters Building 36 is located on the south side of Main Street in Keams Canyon, approximately 0.4 mile east of the turnoff to AZ-264. The building is located at latitude: longitude: This coordinate represents the main entrance point of the building. This coordinate was obtained on March 29, by plotting its location on the Keams Canyon, AZ USGS Topographic Quadrangle Map. The accuracy of the coordinate is +/- 2 meters. The coordinate s datum is North American Datum The location of Keams Canyon Quarters Building 36 has no restriction on its release to the public.

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS AZ-231. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Keams Canyon Quarters Building 36 is an example of an early-twentieth-century frame residence built to house staff of the Keams Canyon Boarding School. The Office of Indian Affairs established the boarding school in Keams Canyon for the education of Hopi children in While most buildings in Keams Canyon were constructed of local stone and had a more rusticated appearance, traditional wood frame bungalow-style houses were seen as necessary for attracting and maintaining qualified instructors for the boarding school. 2 1 Richard Clemmer, Roads in the Hopi Culture and History in a Century of Change (Boulder: Westview Press, 90. 2 Horton H. Miller, Correspondence between Horton H. Miller and John H.

Baldwin (letter, Mohave City, RC Moqui Indian Agency Collection, Billie Jane Baguley Library and Archives, Heard Museum, Phoenix. KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 2) Part 1. Historical Information A. Physical History: 1. Date of erection: ca. (Estimated, based on architectural style and documented era of government-sponsored building and construction projects in the area).3 2. Architect: Not known. 3. Original and subsequent owners, uses: a. The building was constructed in the early twentieth century by the Hopi Agency of the BIA to house employees of the Keams Canyon Boarding School, established in The building has remained under the ownership of the BIA since its construction and served as a living quarters until 4.

Builder: The building, like other government-sponsored facilities in the area, was constructed by workers hired by the Hopi Indian Agency, headquartered in Keams Canyon. 5. Original plans and construction: Although the original plans of the building are no longer extant, a soffit that bisects the living room suggests that this space was likely originally made up of two rooms, with the front room serving as the living room and the back room serving as a dining room. A kitchen is located to the rear of this space and originally opened to a rear porch on the southwest corner of the building; this has since been enclosed. 6.

Alterations and additions: The building has undergone several alterations and additions, although the exact dates of these cannot be determined due to a lack of previous documentation. Extant documentation consists of a series of exterior photographs dating to ca. and along with an as-built floor plan created in These records are on file with the BIA Western Regional Office, Office of Facilities Management, located at N. Central Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona. The back porch appears to have been enclosed with exterior plywood sheeting sometime after initial construction but prior to 3 Harry C. James, Pages from Hopi History (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 3) as indicated on the as-built floor plan.

The fixed plate glass window which opens to this area was originally a nine-light casement window, as evidenced in the photographs. New poured concrete steps leading to the back enclosed porch and the front screened porch, along with metal handrails, were evidently installed sometime after The basement entrance may not have been originally enclosed as it is today, as indicated in the floor plan.

The screens on the west end of the front screened porch were replaced with two 4-light windows sometime after A coat of parging covers the exterior of the stone foundation; this was done sometime after None of the exterior doors are original to the house, and three windows along the western elevation are non- historic replacements completed after The original openings for two of these windows are still visible from the exterior of the house. Both the and photographs indicate the presence of two brick chimneys which are no longer in place. A door leading from the front porch to the front bedroom appears to have originally been a window; however, the date of this alteration is unknown.

The interior has experienced considerable alteration from its historic character, including the installation of laminate tile flooring, the installation of a wood stove in the living room, and the addition of non-historic electrical and air handling systems. No interior doors are original to the house, as all have been replaced with flush hollow-core doors with contemporary hardware. Upper and lower cabinetry throughout the kitchen and laundry room appear to date to the mid-twentieth century and are likely not original to the home. B. Historical Context: Keams Canyon Quarters Building 36 is a one- story simplified bungalow-style residence with an asymmetrical rectangular block plan comprised of a large combined living/dining room, two bedrooms, a bathroom, a kitchen, and a pantry.

The house has asymmetrical bays and minimal decoration. The traditional Euro- American architectural style, construction materials, and location of the house on the Hopi Reservation suggests that it was constructed in the early twentieth century to house staff of the Keams Canyon Boarding School, established in KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 4) Keams Canyon is located twelve miles east of First Mesa within the current boundaries of the Hopi Reservation. The three-mile-long canyon, which has a northeast-southwest alignment, was formed by a seasonal drainage originating at Antelope Mesa. Prior to Euro- American incursion, Hopis called the area Poongo-sikia or Masiptanga, meaning Moth Canyon.

In trader Thomas Keam purchased several existing buildings associated with an earlier, short- lived trading post located along the north wall of the canyon. Members of both the Hopi and Navajo tribes visited the post, where they could trade their manufactured goods for coffee, salt, flour, sugar, and commercially-woven fabrics. By Keam s Trading Post had attracted a considerable amount of business, and the canyon began to be known locally as Keams Canyon.4 In December President Chester A.

Arthur issued an Executive Order to establish the Hopi Reservation, initially called the Moqui Reservation, in northeastern Arizona.5 The headquarters of the Moqui Pueblo Agency, established at Fort Wingate, Arizona in were moved to Keams Canyon in At the time, Keams Canyon was still outside of the reservation boundaries. Among the top priorities of the U.S. government for reservations established during this time was the education, and ultimately, assimilation of native children into American citizenship. 7 The concept was first proposed in by Captain Richard Henry Pratt, who conducted an experiment to rehabilitate prisoners of war at Fort Marion in Florida.

Techniques employed by Pratt included the cutting of prisoners hair, replacement of native dress with military clothing, and the forced adoption of Christianity and military discipline. These methods began to be implemented on American Indian children in with the establishment of the Carlisle Institute, a boarding school in Pennsylvania.8 In Thomas Keam sent a letter and petition purportedly signed by several Hopi religious leaders to 4 Laura Graves, Thomas Varker Keam, Indian Trader (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 5 Peter M. Whiteley, Deliberate Acts: Changing Hopi Culture Through the Oraibi Split (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 6 Edward E. Hill, The Office of Indian Affairs, Historical Sketches (New York: Clearwater Publishing Company, 12.

7 United States, Office of Indian Affairs, Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the year (Washington, Government Publishing Office, 8 Margaret D. Jacobs, A Battle for the Children: American Indian Child Removal in Arizona in the Era of Assimilation, The Journal of Arizona History 45 KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 5) Washington, requesting the establishment of a school for the education of Hopi children. Keam offered to rent the buildings associated with his trading post in Keams Canyon to the government for the establishment of the Indian industrial boarding school. The Moqui Boarding School was opened in the fall of in Keams former trading post buildings.9 The government purchased the complex, as well as the adjacent land, two years later.

Although a few families were persuaded to send their children to the boarding school early on, many parents objected to compulsory boarding school education, as it removed children from home for long periods of time and prevented them from participating in important Hopi ceremonies and traditions. Agency officials sometimes awarded parents with goods and tools, or offered employment in government freighting, road building, and construction work, in exchange for their compliance with the boarding school system. Differing views on schooling contributed to factionalism within the Third Mesa village of Oraibi through the and Some families, called Friendlies or Progressives, held a positive view of the U.S.

government and were open to sending their children to school and adopting some of the ways of European-Americans, prompting the emergence of an opposing group, known as Hostiles or Conservatives. 10 Loololma, the Village Chief of Oraibi, visited Washington, in to meet with the Commissioner of Indian Affairs regarding government schooling for children, among other things, and seemingly returned as a supporter of the program. This deepened the division between the two groups in Oraibi that would ultimately lead to the Oraibi Split of Despite Loololma s evident support of the government school system, by late only four children were in attendance at the Keams Canyon school, and the Commissioner of Indian Affairs directed school superintendent Ralph P.

Collins to visit each of the Moqui villages and to take such steps as are authorized to induce them to place their children in school. 12 The forced removal of children from their homes, 9 Clemmer, Roads in the 90. 10 Scott Rushford and Steadman Upham, A Hopi Social History (Austin: University of Texas Press, 11 Ibid., 12 Jacobs, Journal of Arizona History, 34. KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No.

AZ-231 (page 6) oftentimes in the middle of the night by armed government troops, became a common practice over the next several years.13 In the converted trading post buildings which had served as the boarding school for nine years were deemed unsatisfactory and replaced with a complex of brick buildings that included the school, administrative offices, and living quarters for employees.14 The school faced a near-constant staff shortage, and written correspondence from Horton H. Miller, superintendent from emphasized in particular the need for a school carpenter to construct wood frame cottages that were seen as vital for attracting and maintaining qualified employees.

Miller s correspondence regarding the carpentry job also detailed the construction techniques used in the area up to that point: The buildings at this place are of stone, laid in mortar, and the walls inside are plastered and finished in white. 15 It appears that, despite his attempts, Miller was generally unsuccessful in securing appropriations for the needed construction projects. Leo Crane became school superintendent in and, like his predecessor, found the physical condition of the government buildings at Keams Canyon to be inadequate.

Utilizing apparent connections in Washington Crane quickly gained funding for and initiated an extensive construction and building repair project in the canyon.16 Between and The Holbrook News regularly reported on Hopi freighters hired by the government to haul lumber to Keams Canyon for various construction projects.17 The construction materials and techniques utilized in Keams Canyon Quarters Building 36 suggest that it was likely built during this time, along with several other frame cottages of similar design and materials. Evidence of these comparable buildings can be seen in ca. photographs of Keams Canyon taken by Virdie Warren Hall, a 13 Louise Udall, Me and Mine: The Life Story of Helen Sekaquaptewa (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 31.

14 James, Pages from Hopi History, 15 Miller, Correspondence between Horton H. Miller and John H. Baldwin, 16 James, Pages from Hopi History, 17 News of Holbrook and Vicinity, Holbrook News (Holbrook, AZ), Apr. 19, City and Town News, Holbrook News (Holbrook, AZ), Mar. 26, City and Town News, Holbrook News (Holbrook, AZ), Jul. 16, Local and General News, Holbrook News (Holbrook, AZ) Nov. 19, KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No.

AZ-231 (page 7) teacher who worked at several BIA schools during her career.18 Although Quarters Building 36 is outside of the frame of these photographs, five or six cottages of similar layout are present along the north and south sides of the main road into the canyon.19 Each features a screened front porch and steeply-pitched hip and valley roof form, along with a window configuration along the east and west elevations that is identical to that seen in Quarters Building 36. Today, Quarters Building 36 is the last remaining cottage of its type in Keams Canyon. Part 2. Architectural Information A. General Statement: 1.

Architectural character: Keams Canyon Quarters Building 36 is a one-story simplified bungalow-style residence with an asymmetrical rectangular block plan comprised of a large combined living/dining room, two bedrooms, a bathroom, a kitchen, and a pantry. The building is constructed of wood framing that rests on a rubble stone foundation, and the fa ade faces north. Horizontal wood clapboard siding finished with corner trim boards sheaths the exterior of the original house form, which also has a plain wood frieze board topped with a molded wood cornice. A steeply-pitched hip and valley roof with boxed eaves covers the main house form, while shed roofs with projecting eaves top the front screened porch and back enclosed porch. Non-historic asphalt shingles cover the entire roof structure.

The main floor sits roughly 1 -6 above grade at the northern end of the property, and about 3 -0 above grade at the southern end, indicative of the sloping nature of the lot. The home features very little exterior ornamentation, restricted to the use of wood casing around window and door openings and chamfered posts on the front screened porch. 2. Condition of Fabric: The condition of the building is poor to moderate. Cracks in the rubble stone foundation are apparent from 18 Virdie Warren Hall, Agency at Keams Canyon from a Distance, (photographic print, Keams Canyon, ca. RC Virdie Warren Hall Collection, Billie Jane Baguley Library and Archives, Heard Museum, Phoenix. 19 Virdie Warren Hall, Snow Covered Houses, c. (photographic print, Keams Canyon, ca.

RC Virdie Warren Hall Collection, Billie Jane Baguley Library and Archives, Heard Museum, Phoenix. KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 8) both the interior and exterior, despite the presence of attempted repairs, including concrete and mud daubing and parging of the exterior. Installation of non-historic electrical and plumbing systems has resulted in the selective removal of foundation stones, as can be seen from the basement, further contributing to the instability of the foundation. Problems with the foundation are also evident from the home s interior, which features sloping floors and cracked wall and ceiling plaster.

Many windows throughout the home are experiencing deterioration from water damage along sills, and several are inoperable or no longer close completely, likely due in part to the deterioration of the foundation. The original clapboard siding, along with the wood fascia, appears to be deteriorating due to water damage, as the majority of the building does not have an adequate rain gutter system. The floors of both the front and back enclosed porches are sloping considerably, and the western wall of the screened front porch appears to be detaching from the fa ade of the building. B. Description of Exterior: 1. Overall Dimensions: Keams Canyon Quarters Building 36 is a one-story residence with a rectangular block plan that features three asymmetrical bays along the fa ade, which faces north.

The east elevation of the original house has three bays; the south elevation has two bays consisting of the original house and the enclosed back porch; the west elevation has four bays. The overall dimensions of the house, including the screened front porch, are 46 -4 long and 24 wide. 2. Foundations: The foundation is constructed of rubble sandstone with an early lime mortar mixture. The exterior of the foundation has been covered with a coat of concrete parging. 3. Walls: The walls are of wood frame construction and feature horizontal 3 wood clapboard siding on the exterior. Siding is finished with vertical corner boards. The exterior of the enclosed back porch is sheathed in a combination of exterior plywood panels, 6 wood clapboard siding, and board and batten siding. 4.

Structural System, Framing: The main floor of the building rests on the rubble stone foundation. The floor framing consists of a KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 9) wood sill that supports the four load-bearing exterior walls, and a girder supported by a steel I-beam runs the length of the house roughly 5 from the westernmost wall. Wood cross-bracing is present between floor joists approximately 5 from the easternmost wall. 5. Stairways: The front screened porch is accessed via a set of two poured concrete steps that measure 36 wide. A two-rail metal handrail is present on both sides of this stairway. The back enclosed porch is also accessed via a set of five poured concrete steps, measuring 48 wide.

A two-rail metal handrail is present on both sides of this stairway. Four poured concrete steps measuring 36 wide lead to the basement. 6. Chimneys: A non-historic metal woodstove chimney extends approximately 5 beyond the exterior roof and is located on the eastern roof slope. 7. Openings: a. Doorways and doors: The building has four external doorways. On the north elevation there are two exterior doorways, leading into the living room and front bedroom, respectively. Neither door is of historic age; the main entry door to the living room is a flush solid core door with a 10 diamond-shaped light insert, while the door to the front bedroom is a flush solid core door with no light.

Trim visible from the interior of the front bedroom suggests that the latter door may have originally been a window opening. Both of these doors open inward and are trimmed with plain square- cut head and side casing with a width of 3.5 . On the east elevation, the door which leads to the back enclosed porch is also a non-historic flush solid core door which opens inward; the exterior door casing is metal and appears to have once supported a metal security screen door which is no longer in place. The exterior door to the basement is a batten door constructed of three vertical lumber planks braced with plain wood rails and stiles. This door opens outward and is secured with a steel hasp and a sliding bolt. KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 10) b.

Windows: There are twelve windows on the building. The north fa ade has one single-hung double sash wood window with two-over-two lights measuring 27 wide by 76 tall. The window casing consists of plain square-cut head and side casing topped with cap molding. A set of metal screen hangers is installed along the head casing; the historic window screens are currently stored in the basement. The east elevation has two single-hung double sash windows identical to that on the fa ade. A window-mounted air conditioning unit is attached to the side casing of the northernmost window on the east elevation.

The south elevation has one single-hung double sash window of the same type as those on the east and north elevations, as well as one fixed single-light window that opens to the back enclosed porch. The fixed window has square-cut head and side casing, as well as a lower square-cut casing trim piece. The west elevation has seven windows, one of which opens to the basement. This awning-style wood frame window has two lights, and a metal screen set in a wood frame is installed on the outside of the window. The northernmost windows on the west elevation are fixed four-light wood single-sash windows arranged around a central mullion; these lead to the front screened porch and represent a later alteration.

The west elevation also has three non-historic double-sash horizontal sliding aluminum windows. Two have non-historic square-cut head and stile casing that extends approximately 2 from the top of the current window openings, at the level of the head casing of the historic windows. The area between the current window head casing and the head casing at the level of the historic window is infilled with painted lumber. The third double-sash horizontal sliding aluminum window is trimmed with the historic square- cut head and stile casing topped with cap molding. The southernmost window on the main level of the west elevation is identical to the single-hung double sash wood windows present on the other elevations of the building. 8. Roof: a.

Shape, Covering: The main roof has a hip and valley shape with a steep pitch, while the front screened porch and back enclosed porch both have shed roofs. All roof forms are KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 11) sheathed with non-historic asphalt roof shingles. The gable ends of the shed-roofed portions of the building are sheathed with painted narrow V-groove wood paneling. b. Cornice, Eaves: The main roof form has a 1 molded wood cornice and eaves boxed with narrow V-groove wood paneling. The front screened porch roof has no cornice but eaves are enclosed with narrow V-groove wood paneling; the back enclosed porch roof has no cornice and rafter tails are exposed. C. Description of Interior: 1. Floor Plans: a.

Main Floor: Keams Canyon Quarters Building 36 is a one- story simplified bungalow-style residence with an asymmetrical rectangular block plan comprised of a large combined living/dining room, two bedrooms, a bathroom, a kitchen, and a pantry. b. Attic: The attic has an open plan and is unfinished. c. Gallery: There is a front screened porch with four chamfered posts supporting the edge of a shed roof. The back porch that originally connected to the kitchen has been enclosed. 2. Stairways: There are no interior stairways. 3. Flooring: The interior flooring, which is likely not original to the building, consists of 12 laminate tile installed directly over the subfloor. 4. Wall and Ceiling Finish: Interior walls are sheathed in lightly textured drywall and painted. 5. Openings: a.

Doorways and doors: All interior doors are non-historic, flush hollow-core wood veneer doors with polished brass hardware. The door surrounds of all interior doors are made up of beveled wood casing with mitered joints. In the living room, a single door opens to the front screened porch, two doors open KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 12) to the front and back bedrooms on the west wall, and a single doorway opens to the kitchen on the south wall. On the north wall of the front bedroom, a door opens to the front screened porch; lumber head and side casing extending approximately 2 from the top of the door suggests that this was originally a window opening. A single door opens to the living room on the east wall of the front bedroom.

Additional doors in the front bedroom along the south wall lead to the closet and bathroom. The back bedroom has a single door on the east wall that leads to the living room, as well as a door on the south wall that opens to the closet. A single door along the north wall opens to the bathroom. The kitchen has one doorway on the north wall that leads to the living room. Two additional doors on the west and east walls of the kitchen lead to the laundry room and enclosed back porch, respectively. The enclosed back porch has three doors; on the north wall, this door leads to the water heater closet, while a door on the west wall opens to the kitchen and a door on the east wall leads outside to the back stairway. b.

Windows: All of the historic windows in the house, with the exception of the basement window, have beveled wood casings, sills, and aprons. Similar casing is present on the bathroom and enclosed back porch window openings, although the windows themselves are not historic. There are twelve windows on the building. Two fixed four-light wood single-sash windows, each measuring wide by 34 high, are arranged around a central mullion on the west end of the screened porch. The living room has two historic single-hung double sash two-over-two light wood windows measuring 27 wide by 76 high along the east wall. The front bedroom has one non-historic double-sash horizontal sliding aluminum window measuring 52 wide by 46 high.

This window is located along the west wall and does not have any trim or casing. The bathroom has one non-historic double-sash horizontal sliding aluminum window measuring 37 wide by 24 high on the west wall, above the bathtub/shower combination. The west wall of the back bedroom has one non- historic double-sash horizontal sliding window identical to that in the front bedroom, also without any framing or casing. Another historic single-hung double sash two-over-two light KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 13) wood window is present along the southern wall of the kitchen; an identical window is present along the west wall of the laundry room. The back enclosed porch has a fixed single- light window along the south wall.

A single two-light, awning-style wood frame window opens to the basement and is placed in a plain wood frame. 6. Decorative Features: In general, the building features very few decorative elements. These are restricted to the use of a molded wood cornice and plain square-cut window casings on the building s exterior. The posts that support the shed roof over the screened front porch are chamfered. Interior walls feature Ranch- style wood baseboard and door casings. 7. Hardware: Standard wire nails are used throughout the residence. 8. Mechanical Equipment: a. Heating: The wood stove is the building s only heating system. b. Plumbing: The building has running water. Some non-historic plumbing equipment, including PVC drainage piping from the laundry room, is visible from the basement.

Two water delivery valves which appear to be original to the building are also present in the basement. c. Electric: The building has electricity and central air conditioning. Wiring is not visible from the interior; however, some non-historic air handling equipment and wiring is visible from the basement. D. Site: 1. Historical Landscape Design: Historic photographs of the building indicate that the surrounding landscaping, consisting of an annual lawn and several deciduous trees, has changed very little since construction of the building. 2. Outbuildings: Historic maps of Keams Canyon indicate that a small garage, designated as Building 37, was once located to the KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 14) southwest of Quarters Building 36.

This garage was demolished, and there are no outbuildings currently on the site. Part 3. Sources of Information A. Architectural Drawings 1. July As-Built Floor Plan, Hopi Agency Keams Canyon, Ariz. Cottage No. 36. On file with the BIA Western Regional Office, Office of Facilities Management, N. Central Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona. B. Early Views 1. Hopi Agency, Keams Canyon Headquarters, Quarters Building West and South Elevation. On file with the BIA Western Regional Office, Office of Facilities Management, N. Central Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona. 2. Hopi Agency, Keams Canyon Headquarters, Quarters Building South Elevation. On file with the BIA Western Regional Office, Office of Facilities Management, N. Central Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona. 3.

Hopi Agency, Keams Canyon Headquarters, Quarters Building North Elevation. On file with the BIA Western Regional Office, Office of Facilities Management, N. Central Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona. 4. Hopi Agency, Keams Canyon Headquarters, Quarters Building East and North Elevation. On file with the BIA Western Regional Office, Office of Facilities Management, N. Central Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona. 5. East and North Elevation. On file with the BIA Western Regional Office, Office of Facilities Management, N. Central Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona. KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 15) 6. North Elevation. On file with the BIA Western Regional Office, Office of Facilities Management, N. Central Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona. 7. West and South Elevation.

On file with the BIA Western Regional Office, Office of Facilities Management, N. Central Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona. 8. Interior, Living/Dining. On file with the BIA Western Regional Office, Office of Facilities Management, N. Central Avenue, Phoenix, Arizona. C. Bibliography 1. Primary and Unpublished

Source document Quoted word for word from HABS AZ-231. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Miller, Horton H. Correspondence between Horton H. Miller and Supt. Chas. S. McNichols. Letter, Mohave City, RC Moqui Indian Agency Collection, Billie Jane Baguley Library and Archives, Heard Museum, Phoenix. Miller, Horton H. Correspondence between Horton H. Miller and Mr. John N. Baldwin. Letter, Mohave City, RC Moqui Indian Agency Collection, Billie Jane Baguley Library and Archives, Heard Museum, Phoenix. Warren Hall, Virdie. Agency at Keams Canyon from a Distance, c. Photographic prints, Keams Canyon, ca. RC Virdie Warren Hall Collection, Billie Jane Baguley Library and Archives, Heard Museum, Phoenix. Warren Hall, Virdie. Snow Covered Houses. Photographic print, Keams Canyon, ca. RC Virdie Warren Hall Collection, Billie Jane Baguley Library and Archives, Heard Museum, Phoenix. 2.

Secondary and Published City and Town News. Holbrook News (Holbrook, AZ), Mar. 26, KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 16) City and Town News. Holbrook News (Holbrook, AZ), Jul. 16, Clemmer, Richard. Roads in the Hopi Culture and History in a Century of Change. Boulder: Westview Press, Graves, Laura. Thomas Varker Keam, Indian Trader. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, Hill, Edward E. The Office of Indian Affairs, Historical Sketches. New York: Clearwater Publishing Company, Jacobs, Margaret D. A Battle for the Children: American Indian Child Removal in Arizona in the Era of Assimilation. Journal of Arizona History 45, James, Harry C. Pages from Hopi History. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, Local and General News. Holbrook News (Holbrook, AZ), Nov.

19, News of Holbrook and Vicinity. Holbrook News (Holbrook, AZ), Apr. 19, Rushforth, Scott and Steadman Upham. A Hopi Social History. Austin: University of Texas Press, Talayesva, Don C. Born a Chief: The Autobiography of a Hopi Indian, Edited by Leo Simmons. New Haven: Yale University Press, Udall, Louise. Me and Mine: The Life Story of Helen Sekaquaptewa. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, United States, Office of Indian Affairs. Annual Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for the year Washington, Government Printing Office, KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 17) Whiteley, Peter M. Deliberate Acts: Changing Hopi Culture Through the Oraibi Split. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, Part 4.

Project Information The recording project was sponsored by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Western Regional Office. Field documentation was undertaken by Paula Scott, Architectural Historian, and Crystal Dillahunty, Archaeologist and Photographer, of Logan Simpson. The project historian was Paula Scott. Oversight of the project was provided by Jennifer Levstik, M.A., Architectural Historian and Historic Preservation Specialist with Logan Simpson. The project was completed in April of KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 18) Appendix A: Existing As-Built Drawings First Floor KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 19) Basement KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 20) Appendix B: Field Photographs HABS No.

AZ-231, Front (North) Fa ade from North HABS No. AZ-231, Front (North) and East Fa ades from Northeast KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 21) HABS No. AZ-231, East Fa ade from East HABS No. AZ-231, South Fa ade from South KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 22) HABS No. AZ-231, South and West Fa ades from West-Southwest HABS No. AZ-231, Front (North) Fa ade and West Fa ade from Northwest KEAMS CANYON QUARTERS BUILDING 36 HABS No. AZ-231 (page 23) HABS No. AZ-231, Interior, Basement from Southeast HABS No. AZ-231, Interior, Living/Dining Room from Southwest