Mineral directory, 1919

Total Value of Production of 'Miscellaneous Stone' (Crushed Rock, Sand, Gravel, Paving Blocks and Grinding Mil! Pebbles), by Counties, for 1918.

County Value

Butte NC CINE CHR cio iS | 77,822 Calaveras: Sasa 420 700 A lo 22 COLUSA

Lassen Ea 800 Madera do LSI LC e es 10 Monterey aaa 52,697 San Benito s lu Sa eS eee eee se 103,295 San Luis ODISDO.- . a aloe is 6,100 San Mateo. cerrar ce ice DOE SEI Lee 94,104 Santa Olara lec a a E e i Em dr 111,860 Shasta Fa Mab p cc DE a LE D e Ld IL 1,000

Bibliography: Reports XIV, XV. Bulletin 38. Min. & Sci. Press,

The following mineral substanees have been arbitrarily arranged under the general heading of Industrial Materials, as distinguished from those which have a clearly defined classification, such as metals, salines,

These materials, many of which are mineral earths, are, with four or five exceptions, as yet produced on a comparatively small scale. The possibilities of development along several of these lines are large and with increasing transportation, and other facilities, together with stead- ily growing demands, the future for this branch of the mineral industry in California is certainly promising. There is scarcely a county in the state but might contribute to the output.

Up to within the last few years, at least, production has been in the majority of instances dependent upon more or less of a strictly local market, and the annual tables show the results of such a condition, not only in the widely varying amounts of a certain material produced from year to year, but in widely varying prices of the same material. Fur- thermore, the quality of this general class of material will be found to fluctuate, even in the same deposit. The war in Europe has affected some of these items, but not to the striking degree that it has the metal

The more important of these minerals thus far exploited, so far as shown by annual value of the output, are limestone, mineral water, pyrite, pottery clays, and diatomaceous earth.

The following summary shows the value of the industrial materials produced in California during the years 1917-1918, with increase or decrease in each instance:

Metal Decrease - Amount Amount Value Infusorial and diatoma- Totals ESTI

*Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each.

Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports XII, XIII, XIV. Bul- letin 38. Canadian Dept. of M., Mines Branch Bull. 69.

Though asbestos of various grades is known in several localities in California, the production thus far is still small. For the year 1918 there were marketed 229 tons valued at $9,903. This was principally from Nevada County, with smaller amounts from Alameda and Cala- veras. Some small shipments of spinning fibre were sent East; but the main part of the output was utilized locally in magnesite-cement stucco, steam-pipe covering, and flooring.

The Nevada County material yields a good proportion of medium- length chrysotile with some high-grade spinning fibre. The Sierra Asbestos Company hag opened up a promising deposit there, and is milling its rock in an old 20-stamp gold-mill converted to their purposes, to which fiberizing machinery has been added. They report prospects for an increased output in 1919.

The bulk of the world's supply of this mineral comes from Canada; and Canadian asbestos, so far, leads in length of fibre as well as in

Vi 70 A Sarna

Classification and Characteristics.

The word asbestos (derived from the Greek, meaning ineombustible) as used here includes several minerals, from a strictly mineralogical standpoint. There are two main divisions, however; amphibole and ehrysotile. The fibrous varieties of several of the amphiboles (silicates chiefly of lime, magnesia and iron), notably tremolite and actinolite, are called asbestos. Their fibres usually lie parallel to the fissures con- taining them. Amphibole asbestos possesses high refractory properties, but laeks strength of fibre, and is applieable principally for eovering steam pipes and boilers. Chrysotile, a hydrous silieate of magnesia, is a fibrous form of serpentine, and often of silky fineness. Its fibres are formed at right angles to the direction of the fissures containing them. Chrysotile fibres, though short, have considerable strength and elasticity, and may be spun into threads and woven into cloth. To bring the highest market price asbestos must needs have a combination of prop- erties, i. e., length and fineness of fibre, tensile strength and flexibility - all combined with infusibility. Of these qualities the most important are toughness and infusibility, and determination of the same can only be made by praetieal tests or in the laboratory.

Asbestos, roughly speaking, was worth from $20 to $200 per ton, before the war. Under the stimulus of war conditions, the demand has caused a material increase in prices. The poorer grades which are unsuitable for weaving and which, of course, command the lower prices, are used in the manufacture of steam packing, furnace linings, asbestos brick, wall plasters, paints, tiling, asbestos board, shingles, insulating material, magnesite-stucco, etc. The better grades are utilized in the manufacture of tapestries of various kinds, fireproof theater curtains,

À very important development of the asbestos industry is the rapidly increasing demand for the lower grade material, on account of the numerous diversified uses to which asbestos produets are being put, in almost every branch of manufacture. This fact means that many deposits of asbestos will become commercially important even though the grade of the material is far from the best.

It has been found that not only does an asbestos wall-plaster render the wall so covered impervious to heat, but that in rooms which have given forth an undesirable eeho this evil has been absolutely removed. Asbestos pulp mixed with magnesite-cement has been experimented with ; and roofing, flooring, and other building material of the most satis- factory sort has been manufaetured therefrom.

Value and Production. Total amount and value of asbestos production in California since 1887, as given in the records of this Bureau, are as follows:

Year Tons Value | Year | Tons | Value

Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports XII, XIV, XV. Bul-

The output of erude barytes during 1918 was 100 tons, valued at $1,500, as eompared with the 1917 produetion of 4,420 tons, worth $25,633. This mineral is ordinarily sorted and ground before being put on the market, and in this prepared condition brings from $15 to $25 per ton. The principal use of barytes is in the paint industry ; also in eertain rubber articles. For the former purpose, the material should show pure white after grinding. Lithopone is a chemically prepared white pigment containing about 70% barium sulphate and 30% zine sulphide, and is one of the principal constituents of 'flat' wall paints now 80 extensively used in office buildings and hospitals, replacing both paper and calcimine wall finishes. Minor uses are in tanning of leather, manufacture of paper and rope, and sugar refining.

Known occurrences of this mineral in California are located in Inyo, Los Angeles, Mariposa, Monterey, San Bernardino, and Santa Barbara counties. The deposit at El Portal, in Mariposa County, has given the largest commercial production to date, in part, witherite (barium car- bonate, BaCO3). The 1915 output was. the first commercial production of the carbonate in the United States, of which we have record. In 1916, output began from a new deposit opened up on Fremont's Peak, Monterey County, near the line of San Benito County.

The first recorded production of barytes in California, according to the statistical reports of the State Mining Bureau, was in 1910. The annual figures are as follows:

Year | Tons Value | Year Tons Value

Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports I, IV, IX, XII, XIII, XIV, XV. Bulletin 38.

At one time or another in the history of the state, pottery clay has been quarried in thirty-three of its eounties. In this report pottery elay refers to all elays used in the manufacture of red and brown earthenware, flower pots, ornamental tiling, architectural terra cotta, sewer pipe, ete., and the figures for amount and value are relative to the erude material at the pit, without reference to whether the clay was sold in the erude form, or whether it was immediately used in the manu- facture of any of the above finished products by the producer. It does not include elay used in making brick and building blocks.

During 1918 a total of 31 producers in 10 counties reported an output of 112,493 tons of clay, having a spot value of $166,788 for the crude material, at the pits, as compared with the 1917 production of 166,298

zed bw

A tabulation of the direct returns from the producers, by counties, for the year 1918, is shown herewith:

County Tons Used in manufacture of -

sewer pipe.

Amador 0 -2 113,562 Fire-clay products, sewer and chimney pipe, architectural terra cotta, porcelain, stone- ware, pottery, sanitary ware, and drain tile.

Contra Costa ............... | 100 Pottery, floor and faience tile.

ney pipe, red earthenware,

| stoneware, roofing and drain

Placer <a a td ia , 29,348 Terra cotta, roofing, floor,

| faience, et al. tile, sewer and chimney pipe, architectural terra cotta, sanitary ware.

cotta, et al.

Santa Clara and Sonoma*. 2,050 Porcelain, red earthenware,

| sewer pipe, and terra cotta.

1Includes washed kaolin; also some "fire sand' used in making fire brick. 2Includes some ball clay used for chinaware. *Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each.

Because of the fact that a given produet often requires a mixture of several different elays, and that these are not all found in the same pit, it is necessary for most clay-working plants to buy some part of their raw materials from other localities. For these reasons, in compiling the clay industry figures, much care is required to avoid duplications. The present form of clay blank sent out by the State Mining Bureau, and the co-operation of the operatives in filling it out, has enabled us to make a more intelligent compilation of the data than in earlier reports, both as to sources of the crude material and as to kinds and values of the manufaetured articles. So far as we have been able to segregate them, we have credited the clay output to the counties from which the raw material originated; and have deducted tonnages used in brick manufacture, as bricks are classified separately, herein.

The values of the various pottery elay products made in California distribution being shown in the following tabulation :

Values of Pottery Clay Products, 1918.

Product Value Sewer pipe sun BR vr Ere oe 6 509,685 Stoneware and sanitary ware.........--. LLL clc c cll 7 568,267 Red earthenware ooo 4 25,678 Miscellaneous - including art pottery, conduit pipe, floor

A recent and unique addition to the pottery industry of California is the making of bisque doll heads by the California China Company at Berkeley. The plant was built in 1916, but made no commercial output until 1919. They are at present making deliveries on a large contract with an eastern firm of doll manufacturers. This is stated to be the only firm in the United States at present produeing and selling bisque doll heads on a commercial scale. Before the war, such articles were imported from Germany. This plant is using mainly California clays, silica, and feldspar.

Amount and value of erude pottery clay output in California since 1887 are given in the following table:

Year Tons Value Year Tons Value

Bibliography: Report XV. Bulletin 67.

Previous to the 1915 report dolomite was included under limestone. Limestones are frequently more or less magnesian-bearing, and a chem- ical analysis is often necessary to definitely decide as to whether they are calcite or dolomite; the latter standing intermediate between mag- nesite (MgCO;) and calcite (CaCOxz). Since dolomite, as such. has been found to have certain distinctive applications, we have deemed it worthy of a separate classification.

The major portion of the tonnage being shipped is utilized as a refractory lining in the bottoms of open-hearth steel furnaces, as a partial substitute for magnesite. A portion is used for its carbonic acid gas (COs), and part for its magnesia. We are also informed that some ealeined dolomite has been used by the paper mills. As the San Benito and Monterey dolomite has been found to contain the proper proportions of lime and magnesia, it can replace an artificial mixture of ealeined limestone and magnesite in the manufacture of paper from wood pulp. Dolomite is also sometimes used as a flux in metal

The produetion of dolomite for the year 1918 amounted to 24,560 tons, valued at $79,441, and came from a total of 7 quarries in 4 coun- ties, distributed as follows:

M MÀ es ee, - - ce n Y ET

County | Tons | Value

Amount and value of the output of dolomite, annually, have been as follows:

Year | Tons | Value

Bibliography: Report XV. Bulletin 67. U. S. Bur. of M,

Feldspar was produced in four counties during 1918, to the amount of 4,132 tons, valued at $22,061. "The output of Riverside County was used mainly in cement manufacture, its potash content being recovered as a by-product.

Feldspar production only dates back to 1910 in California. The mineral is a.constituent of many rocks, but can only be commercially produced from pegmatites where the erystals are large and quite free from impurities. The open-cut method of mining this material is com- monly used. Manufacturers of enamel wares and pottery have pre- viously bought most of the better grades of feldspar produced. Small quantities are used in the manufacture of glass and scouring soaps, and the more impure material is utilized as chicken grit, in making various brands of roofing, and in other ways. Various experiments have been made with the potash feldspars in the attempt to extract their potash content for use in fertilizers. Some recent developments along these lines are enumerated under Potash. The most successful of these has been accomplished through the medium of cement manufacture, and recovery of the potash as a by-product.

1"The requirements of the pottery trade demand that in general the percentage of free quartz associated with the feldspar used for this purpose shall not exceed 20 per cent in the ground product, and certain potters demand a spar which is nearly pure, containing probably less than 5 per cent of free quartz. In order to be profitably worked in most feldspar mines between one-fourth and one-half of the total material that must be excavated should contain less than 20 per cent of free quartz. Fresh- ness of the feldspar, though desirable, is not essential.

"A factor of the utmost importance in the mining of pottery spar is the quantity of iron-bearing minerals (black mica, hornblende, garnet, black tourmaline, etc.) present and the manner in which these minerals are associated with the feldspar. The requirements of the pottery trade demand that the spar be nearly free from these minerals. In order that a deposit may be worked profitably these minerals, if present in any appreciable quantity, must be so segregated in certain portions of the deposit that they can be separated from the spar without much more hand sorting and cobbing than is necessary anyway in the separation of the highly feldspathic material from that which is highly quartzose or rich in muscovite. The presence here and there of minute flakes of white mica (muscovite) is characteristic even of the highest grades of commercial feldspar, and this mineral is not injurious except in so far as it is exceedingly difficult to pulverize the thin, flexible mica plates to a fineness equal to that required in the feldspar, and it is therefore necessary in mining to separate carefully as much of the muscovite as possible from the spar.

"Recently potash feldspars have been sought as a source of potash salts and also by reason of their potash content for incorporation in so-called complete fertilizers. For such purposes the prices paid are generally less than for pottery feldspar of first and second grade, and if such use of feldspar is found practicable the quantities required will be far in excess of those heretofore annually required by the pottery industries. To supply such a demand pegmatite deposits must be of large size and very favorably located with respect to transportation facilities and market.

"The requirements for extraction of potash and for use in fertilizer are a high potash content and convenience of location. 'The presence of quartz and of iron- bearing and other minerals in small quantities is of no significance. Both white and black mica are potash-bearing minerals and therefore not wholly undesirable.

"Almost any coarse, undecomposed granite pegmatite is adapted to the manu- facture of roofing materials and poultry grit, but these products command such low prices that they can be marketed only under very favorable conditions."

The 1918 output in California was distributed by counties, as follows:

Monterey ui ep A pooh aa A E dE San DIERON ri e 3,600 Tülarë colas dosis a

Total amount and value of feldspar production in California since the inception of the industry are given in the following table, by years:

Year Tons Value Year Tons Value

Bibliography: Bulletin 67.

Fluorspar is used as a flux in steel and iron smelting, and in the pro- duction of aluminum. It is also utilized in the manufacture of hydro- fluorie acid, glass, poreelain, enamels and sanitary ware.

"The market for the bulk of the fluorspar sold in the United States depends on the steel industry and the demand fluctuates with the rise and fall in the production of steel. Gravel spar is consumed as a flux in basic open-hearth steel furnaces and to à smaller extent in other metallurgical operations. In both 1914 and 1915 the sales of gravel spar constituted between 83 and 84 per cent of the total marketed output of domestic fluorspar, and in 1916 it was nearly 86 per cent. Fluorspar is used also as a flux in iron blast furnaces, iron foundries, and in gold, silver, copper, and lead smelters; in the manufacture of fluorides of iron and manganese for steel

. fluxing and of sodium fluoride for wood preservation?; in the manufacture of glass,

enameled, and sanitary ware, and of hydrofluoric acid; in the electrolytic refining of antimony and lead; and in the production of aluminum. Other miscellaneous uses of fluorspar that have been reported are as a bonding for constituents of emery wheels, for carbon electrodes, in the extraction of potash from feldspar, and in the recovery of potash in Portland cement manufacture. The last use depends on the suitability of calcium fluoride as a reagent for increasing the volatilization of potassium salts from the clinker and the regeneration of the reagent from the dust collected."

In California, deposits have been reported in Los Angeles, Mono, Riverside, and San Bernardino counties, but up to 1917 no commercial production had resulted. As the 1918 output came from a single oper- ator in Riverside County, the amount and value are concealed under the

Unapportioned item. It is reported that there will be some produetion from Los Angeles County in 1919.

1Burchard, E. F., Fluorspar and cryolite in 1916: U. S. Geol. Surv., Min. Res. of U. S,, 1916, Part II,

Teesdale, C. H., Use of fluorides in wood preservation: Wood Preserving, vol. 3, No. 4; vol 4, No. 1. (Reprint, 9 pp.)

Treanor, John, Potash from cement at the Riverside Portland Cement Co.: Met. and Chem. Eng.

Bibliography: Bulletin 38. U.S. Bur. of M., Bull. 71.

Fuller's earth production in California during the year 1918 amounted to 37 tons, valued at $333, as compared with 220 tons valued

This material is soft and friable, and, in general, resembles a clay, but is non-plastie. It has no definite mineralogieal composition, and its commercial value is determined by its physical properties, 4. e., texture, and filtering and absorbent properties.

In California, fuller's earth is used in clarifying both refined mineral and vegetable oils, although its original use was in fulling wool, as the name indieates. Production has mainly come from Calaveras and Solano counties. Deposits have also been found in Riverside, Fresno and Kern counties.

It was first produced commercially in this state in 1899, and the total amount and value of the output since that time are as follows:

Year | Tons Value Year Tons | Value

Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports IT, XIV, XV. Bulletins

Accounting for the production of gems in California is somewhat unsatisfactory, owing to the widely seattered places at which stones are gathered and marketed in a very small way. The following table shows the production, by counties, of rough uncut materials during 1918:

County Value Kind TOTO LA A cres Diamonds. Los Angeles A | Beach stones (jasper and chalcedony). Divertido 27277 | *$650 J| Quartz crystals. San Bernardino .. - - - ..--. 2. Bloodstone and blue chalcedony.

*Combined to conceal output of single operator in each.

tee Google

O arum wey Gs GU DO a a Ss:

the beginning of commercial production is as follows:

For the first time in many years, there was no production reported of tourmalines from San Diego County in 1918.

California tourmalines are decidedly distinctive in coloring and 'fire' as compared to foreign stones of this classification. The colors range from deep ruby to pink, and various shades of green; also more recently a blue tourmaline has been found.

Two of our California gem stones, kunzite and benitoite, are not found elsewhere in the world; and these, each in but a single locality here: the former in the Pala Chief Mine in San Diego County, and the latter in the Dallas Mine in San Benito County.

Californite, or 'California jade,' is a gem variety of vesuvianite, and is green or white in color.

Some rhodonite has been mined in Siskiyou County, and used for decorative purposes, its value being included in the marble figures.

Diamonds have been found in a number of localities in California; but in every case, they have been obtained in stream gravels while working them for gold. The principal districts have been: Volcano in Amador County; Placerville, Smith's Flat and others in El Dorado County; French Corral, Nevada County; Cherokee Flat and Yankee Hill, Butte County; Gopher Hill and upper Spanish Creek, Plumas County. The most productive district of recent years has been Chero- kee in Butte County.

There was some chrysoprase produced in Tulare County in 1918.

The value of the total gem production in California annually since

Year Value Year Value

Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XIII, XIV, XV. Bul.

Graphite has been produeed from time to time in the state, coming principally from Sonoma and Los Angeles counties. It is difficult for

these deposits, which are not high grade, to compete with foreign sup- plies which go on the market almost directly as they come from the deposit. Low-grade ores are concentrated with considerable difficulty and the electric process of manufacturing artificial graphite from coal has been perfected to such a degree that only deposits of natural graphite of a superior quality ean be exploited with any certainty of

According to a recent report by the U. S. Geological Survey, "at present prices, miners in this country who are working disseminated flake deposits must depend on their No. 1 and 2 flake for their profit. Graphite dust is merely a by-produet and is salable only at a low price. Improved methods of graphite milling, adopted during the last year, promise to increase largely the production of flake of better grade.''

On account of its infusibility and resistance to the action of molten metals, graphite is very valuable. It is also largely used in the manu- facture of electrical appliances, of 'lead' pencils, as a lubricant, as stove polish, paints, and in many other ways. Amorphous graphite, commonly carrying many impurities, brings a much lower price. For some purposes, such as foundry facings, etc., the low-grade material is satisfactory. The price increases with the grade of the material until the best quality crystalline variety, ordinarily ranges as high as $200 per ton. Because of the increased demand during the war period for brass and crucible steel, the requirement for graphite crucibles grew rapidly, thus boosting the price of flake graphite to above $400 per ton for Ceylon lumps. The coarser flakes are necessary for crucibles, as they help to bind the clay together in addition to their refractory service. Since the close of hostilities in Europe, prices have declined to nearly the pre-war level; and imports are being resumed from Ceylon, Canada and Madagascar.

Among the newer uses for graphite is the prevention of formation of seale in boilers. The action is a mechanical one. Being soft and slippery, the graphite prevents the particles of scale from adhering to one another or to the boiler and they are thus easily removed.

Occurrence of graphite has been reported at various times from Calaveras, Fresno, Imperial, Los Angeles, Mendocino, San Bernardino, San Diego, Siskiyou, Sonoma and Tuolumne counties.

During 1918 production was reported from Los Angeles County. It was concentrated from a disseminated ore, and was used for paint, foundry facing, and lubricants. As there was but a single operator,

ly vain

the figures are concealed under the 'Unapportioned' item. The pro- duction, by years, has been as follows:

Year | Pounds Value

E edo po erc E es LI * +

*Concealed under 'Unapportioned, on account of a single producer.

Bibliography: Reports XIV, XV. Bulletins 38, 67.

Gypsum is widely distributed throughout the state, and is produced to a considerable extent, to supply the fertilizer manufacturers and also those of plaster and cement. |

The action of gypsum as a fertilizer is indirect*; it is not a food for plants, but it is supposed to aet on the double silieate of magnesia and potash in the soil, freeing the magnesia and potash, so that they become available as plant food. Its use is believed to be beneficial only if these elements are present in the soil, and its applieation to some soils would therefore be of no advantage.

Some authorities hold that land plaster tends to make nonporous elay soils more pervious to water and to make sandy soils less pervious. Ground gypsum has an affinity for water and will draw moisture from the atmosphere, so it keeps moisture in the soil and is of value to the farmer who is starting grain and grass erops, as it holds moisture where the roots of the small plants most need it. The use of ground gypsum or land plaster in a dry, hot season may draw enough moisture from the atmosphere to save a erop from damage by drought. Land plaster is employed to neutralize the blaek alkali that forms in many of the soils of arid regions, as in parts of California, Nevada and Utah.

Land plaster may be applied to the soil by drilling, or scattered in the hill, or it may be sowed broadcast, in quantities ranging from 200 to 500 pounds to the aere.

In the caleined form as plaster of Paris, gypsum plays a very important part in surgical work. It is also widely used in building operations, as a hard-wall plaster, as plaster board, ete.

During 1918, produeers in Riverside and San Bernardino counties took out a total of 19,695 tons, valued at $37,176, being a decrease from the 1918 output was utilized as 'land plaster.'

Total annual produetion of gypsum in California sinee sueh records have been eompiled by this Bureau is as follows:

Tons Value

Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports II, XII, XIII, XIV, XV.

Infusorial and diatomaceous earths - sometimes called tripolite - are very light and extremely porous, chalk-like materials composed of pure silica (chalk, being calcareous) which have been laid down under water and consist of the remains of mieroscopical infusoria and diatoms. The former are animal remains, and the latter are from plants. The prin- cipal commercial use of this material is as an absorbent; and it is also employed in the manufacture of scouring soap and polishing powders, and in making some classes of refractory brick. It is a first-class non-conductor of heat, where high temperatures are employed, such as around steel and gas plants and power houses. In such cases, it is built in as an insulating layer in furnaee walls. In Germany, under the name 'kieselguhr,' it was used as an absorbent for nitroglycerine in the early manufacture of dynamite.

As a noneonduetor of heat it has been used alone or with other materials as a eovering for boilers, steam pipes, and safes and in fire- proof cements. It is used largely by paint manufacturers as a wood filler. Boiled with shellae it is made into records for talking machines. It has been used for absorbing liquid manures so that they could be

de Xe Aa de Cen wes amus ab. num dien oF 4 ase

utilized as fertilizers, and as a source of silica in making water-glass as well as in the manufacture of cement, tile glazing, artificial stone, ultra-marine and other pigments of aniline and alizarine colors, paper filling, sealing wax, fireworks, hard-rubber objects, matches, and papier- maché, and for solidifying bromine.

The most important deposits in California thus far known are located in Monterey, Orange, San Luis Obispo, and Santa Barbara counties. The Santa Barbara material is diatomaceous and is of a superior qual- ity. Infusorial earth is also found in Fresno, Kern, Los Angeles, Plumas, San Benito, San Bernardino, San Joaquin, Shasta, Sonoma, and Tehama counties.

During 1918, five quarries operating in Monterey and Santa Barbara counties, produced a total of 35,963 tons, valued at $189,459, which is a material increase over the 24,301 tons, valued at $127,510 in 1917.

The first recorded production of these materials in California occurred in 1889; total amount and value of output, to date, are as follows:

Year | Tons Value Year - Tons | Value

Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports IV, XII, XIII, XIV, XV. Bulletin 38. Oregon Agr. College Extension Bulletin 305.

Limestone was produced in ten counties during 1918, to the amount of 208,566 tons, valued at $456,258. This amount does not include the limestone used in the manufacture of cement nor of lime for build- ing purposes, but accounts for that utilized as a smelter flux, for glass and sugar making, and in other chemical and manufacturing processes (including fertilizers, roofing preparations, whiting for paint, terrazzo and for CO»).

In agriculture, the chief reason for the use of lime is now recognized to be that of correcting soil acidity. Lime is stated to be especially

necessary for the proper development of the bacteria in the nodules on the roots of the legumes such as the clovers and alfalfa. It will also combine with some of the plant food materials already in the soil to make them more readily available, and will supply any lack of calcium as a plant food that may exist in the soil. To some extent, certain forms of lime will make heavy soils more friable, thus aiding aeration, eultivation and drainage. It may be applied, ground, in either the burned or un-burned form, or as hydrated lime. i

Hauling limestone, near Shingle Springs, El Dorado County.

Distribution of the 1918 output is as follows:

RATER DBPDRTR A itai naim A al SO M Sa 9,790 18,830

*Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each.

In the early reports of this Bureau values for lime and limestone were not segregated. The following tabulation shows the total com-

Original from

bined value of such material since records for the state were first compiled, in 1887, to date:

Year | Value | Year Value Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports IT, IV, XIV. Bulletins

Lithia miea, lepidolite (a silieate of lithium et al.) utilized in the manufacture of artificial mineral water, fireworks, glass, etc., has been mined in San Diego County since 1899, except between 1905 and 1915. Some amblygonite, a lithium phosphate, has also been obtained from pockets associated with the gem tourmalines. In 1918, the yield of lepidolite was 4,111 tons, valued at $73,998, and was utilized in glass

Lithia mica total production in the state has been as follows:

Year | Tons | Value | | Year Tons Value

Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports IT, IV. Bulletins 38, 67.

No commercial production of mica has recently been reported in California. Production in previous years has been as follows:

Year | Tons Value Da ce eh Bs ars ee ae MERE 50 3,800

1"The different uses to which mica is put depend on its form - whether in sheets or in powder. Sheet mica is used in the electrical industry, for glazing, and to some extent for other purposes. Ground mica is used chiefly in the decorative trades and in insulation.

"Sheet mica finds its greatest use in the electrical industry, where an insulating, noninflammable material is necessary. It is used in sheets and as washers and disks in dynamo-electric machinery, electric-light sockets, spark plugs, insulators, guards in rheostats, fuse boxes, and telephones. I lexible cloth and tape, covered with mica, find varied uses in electrical apparatus. Sheet mica is used for glazing the fronts of stoves and for making lamp chimneys and lamp shades. It is also used in spec- tacles, automobile shields, phonograph diaphragms, in windows where glass would be broken, and in lantern transparencies.

"Ground mica is used for decoration in wall paper, to which it gives luster and brightness; in fancy paints, ornamental tiles, concrete, rubber goods, pipe and boiler coverings, insulating compounds, fireproof paints and coverings, patent roofing mate- rial, molded mica (ground mica mixed with shellac), and calico printing; as absorbent for nitroglycerin in the manufacture of 'mica powder, in tempering steel; to a large extent as a lubricant for wooden bearings, or, mixed with oil, as a lubricant for metal bearings; and as a filler for various products. Tar and other roofing papers are coated with coarsely ground mica to prevent sticking when they are rolled for ship- ment. <A possible value of ground mica as a chemical source of potash salts is indi- cated in a recent Geological Survey report.?

"It is understood that sheet mica has come to be of importance as a war mineral through its use abroad as windows in masks worn for defense against asphyxiating gases, and for other uses where a transparent, noninflammable, nonshattering mate- rial is necessary, as in automobile goggles and in windows for armored cars."

Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XII, XIII, XIV, XV.

Mineral paint was produced in California in 1918 from Amador, Colusa, San Bernardino and Stanislavs ecunties, amounting to 728 tons, valued at $4,738. This is an increase from the tonnage and value of 1917. Three producers in Stanislaus County reported a total of 498 tons worth $3,088, and the balance eame from single producers in each of the other counties named. The material from Colusa and San Bernardino was hematite and jasper, while that *rom Amador and Stanislaus was red and yellow ochre, respectively. The Calaveras and Stanislaus yellow ochre is the equal of any of the imported ochres.

Besides the above-named counties, deposits of mineral paint are located in the following: Kern, Kings, Lake, Los Angeles, Nevada, Riverside, and Sonoma.

3Butler, B. S., Potash in certain copper and gold ores, with a note on muscovite by George Steiger:

The first recorded production of this material in the state was in the year 1890. "The output showing annual amount and value, sinee that time, is given herewith:

Year Tons | Value | Year Tons Value

The half-hour geyser at Myrtledale Farm, near Calistoga, Napa County.

Digitized by Goc gle

Original from

Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports VI, XIT, XIII, XIV,

A widespread production of mineral water is shown annually in California. These figures refer to mineral water actually bottled for sale, or for local consumption. Water from some of the springs having

The two-hour geyser at Lights Winery, Calistoga, Napa County. -

a special medicinal value brings a priee many times higher than the average shown, while in some cases the water is used merely for drink- ing purposes and sells for a nominal figure. Health and pleasure resorts are located at many of the springs. The waters of some of the hot springs are not suitable for drinking, but are very efficacious for bathing. From a therapeutic standpoint, California is particularly rich

i Original from Digitized by : aizea oy (GOK gle UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA

in mineral springs. The counterparts of practically any of the world- famed spas of Europe or the eastern United States can be found here.

An interesting, recent development is the obtaining of 'geyser' wells at Calistoga, in Napa County, by drilling into the thermal-water strata underlying that part o£ the Napa Valley. There are at least four wells so erupting at the present time. They spout in true geyser fashion, and their periods vary from 10 minutes to 2 hours, each follow- ing its own schedule rather elosely.

Commercial production by counties, for 1918, was:

County Gallons Value Colusa, Humboldt, Marin, Riverside, San Benito, San

*Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each.

Amount and value of mineral water produced in California since 1887 are given herewith:

Year Gallons | Value | Year | Gallons Value

Bibliography : Bulletin 67.

: No commercial production of phosphates has been recorded from Cali- fornia, though occasional pockets of the lithia phosphate, amblygonite, Li (AIF) PO,, have been found associated with the gem tourmaline deposits in San Diego County. Such production has been classified under lithia.

Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XII, XIV, XV. Bul-

The production of pumiee and voleanie ash for the year 1918 amounted to 2,114 tons, valued at $28,669, and eame from Humboldt, Imperial

Brand € Stevens' Pumice, Imperial County. Thirty-ton dump of pumice, selected for grinding, awaiting shipment. Shows average size of material obtained. Photo by Emile Huguenin.

and Siskiyou counties. This is a considerable increase over the 525 tons, valued at $51,295, in 1917; and is due to shipments from a deposit near Mt. Shasta in Siskiyou County, and also to an increased output from Imperial County. The material from Imperial and Siskiyou counties is the vesicular, block pumice, these being practically the only localities in the United States producing this class of rock at the present time; and is stated to have found a ready market. The Lipari Islands, Italy, have in the past been the principal source of supply of block

o e Original fram Digitized by V 3 | 3

pumice. This form is used largely for abrasive purposes; and is also being utilized in fire-brick, and as an insulating filler in the walls of refrigerators and eold-storage plants. There are other known deposits of pumice in California, in Inyo, Madera, and Mono counties. The material from Humboldt, Inyo and Madera counties is the fine-grained, voleanie ash, or tuff variety. It is employed in making scouring soaps

Commercial production of pumice in California was first reported to the State Mining Bureau in 1909, then not again until 1912, since which year there has been a small annual output, as indicated by the Following table:

Year | | Tons | Value | Year | Tons | Value

Pyrite is mined for use in the manufacture of sulphurie acid, which in turn was being used in large quantities during the past four years in the preparation of explosives. Experiments are being made as to the effect of sulphur, sulphuric acid, and SO? in the correction and fertilization of alkali soils. Two properties in Alameda County and one each in Shasta and El Dorado reported a total production in 1918 of

This does not include the vast quantities of pyrite which are other- wise treated for their valuable metal contents. Some sulphurie acid is annually made as a by-produet in the course of roasting certain ton- nages of Mother Lode auriferous concentrates for their precious-metal values. California has, available, supplies of sulphide ores suitable for the manufacture of sulphurie acid far in excess of the local require- ments; but the excess acid if made here is not of sufficient value per ton to pay the freight rates to Eastern markets. One of our large copper smelters here could, alone, flood the market with sulphuric acid from its copper ores roasted.

The total recorded pyrite produetion in California to date is as

Year | Tons Value | Year Tons Value

Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports IX, XIV. Bulletins

We combine these materials, because of the overlapping roles of vein quartz which is mined for use in glass making and as an abrasive, and that of siliea sand which, although mainly utilized in glass manufacture, also serves as an abrasive.

A portion of the tonnage of vein quartz in California in 1916 and 1917 was employed in the preparation of ferro-silieon by the electric furnaee. Some also was utilized as a foundry flux. In 1918, a portion of the siliea sold (both sand and quartz) was used in glazes for porcelain, pottery and tile; and some of the sand for the preparation of silieate of soda.

The production of siliea in 1918 amounted to 23,257 tons, valued at $88,930, from 13 properties in Amador, El Dorado, Monterey, Placer, Riverside, and Tulare counties :

County Tons Value

*Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each.

Of the above total 7,685 tons were of vein and boulder quartz, and

Practically all the glass sand produced in California occurs as such and needs no grinding. There are various deposits of quartz which

could be utilized for glass making, but to date there has been only a small commercial produetion of this class of material.

Glass sand has been produced in the following counties of the state: Alameda, Amador, El Dorado, Los Angeles, Monterey, Orange, Placer, Riverside, San Joaquin, and Tulare. The chief producing centers have been Amador, Monterey and Los Angeles eounties. The industry is of limited importance, so far, because of the fact that much of the avail- able material is not of a grade which will produce first-class colorless

Total silica production in California since the inception of the indus- try, in 1899, is shown below, being mainly glass sand:

| Tons | Value l Year Tens Value

Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XII, XIV, XV. Bul-

Tale - also called soapstone or steatite - oceurs widely distributed throughout California. It is found as a hydration product in the alter- ation of magnesian silicates, and is often associated with serpentine and actinolite. But few deposits have been proven of especial value to date, although there is an undoubted future for this branch of the mineral industry in the state. Deposits of high-grade white tale, the equal of the imported Italian artiele, are now being developed in Inyo and San Bernardino counties. It is used in making paper, rubber, toilet artieles, soap, rice polishing, lubrieants, tiling, ete., and for such is ordinarily ground to about 200 mesh before marketing. In this condi- tion it brings $15 per ton and upwards, depending on quality. Com- mereially, the higher grades are called tale, and the lower, soapstone. Soapstone blocks are used in fireless cookers, electrical switehboards, laboratory table tops and laundry tubs; and the crushed material is used in roofing papers.

from four producers in Inyo County, two in San Bernardino, and one

each in Amador, El Dorado, and Tulare. This is an increase over the

County | Tons Value

*Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each.

Production has been intermittent in the state since 1893, as shown in the following table:

Year | Tons | Value | Year | Tons | Value

Produetion of strontium minerals in California in 1918 amounted to .2,900 tons, worth $33,000, from San Bernardino County, being both eelestite (SrSO4), and the carbonate, strontianite (SrCOs). The first recorded commercial output of strontium minerals in California was in 1916. The occurrence of the carbonate is particularly interesting and valuable, as it appears to be the first considerable deposit of commercial importance so far opened up in the United States. Shipments reported as averaging 80% SrCOz have been made. The deposit is associated with deposits of barite.

In addition to the Imperial County occurrence, noted in our 6 bulletin, celestite is also found near Calico and Ludlow, and in the Avawatz Mountains in San Bernardino County, hut as vet undeveloped. The above output was converted to the nitrate.

It is estimated by the U. S. Geological Survey, that prior to 1914 about 2,000 tons of strontium nitrate was used in the manufacture of flares, or Costen and Bengal lights and fireworks. The demand has since increased considerably. Previously, the nitrate was imported from Germany, England and Sieily.

There is undoubtedly a good future for the strontium minerals. in California, if the beet-sugar factories will take up their use, as has been done in Germany. Strontia is much more efficient and satisfac- tory in that process than lime, as it is stated to give an additional recovery of 6%-8% over lime. In Germany and Russia, about 100,000 tons of strontium hydroxide were used annually in the sugar industry.

Of the two minerals, strontianite is the more desirable, but scarcer. Celestite is more abundant, and can be sold in large quantities at about $14-$18 per ton at the Atlantic seaboard. The carbonate during 1918 brought from $40-$50 per ton, crude, depending on quality. Celestite is found with limestones and sandstones and is sometimes associated with gypsum. Strontianite is also found with limestone, but associated with barite and calcite.

Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports IV, XIII, XIV. Bul-

There has not been, for many years, any commercial output of native sulphur in California, although this mineral has been found to some extent in Colusa, Imperial, Inyo, Kern, Lake, Mariposa, San Bernar- dino, Sonoma, Tehama, and Ventura counties. Operations were begun late in 1917, on a property in Inyo County, and some material stated to assay 40% sulphur was mined. Difficulties were encountered in refining it, so that only a small production was made, but none shipped.

At the Elgin mine, near Wilbur Springs, in Colusa County, a small tonnage of sulphur was prepared toward the close of 1918, but not shipped that year. The orebody is stated to assay 52.6% S. over a width of 22 feet. "Two retorts, steam-heated, have been installed, with a capacity of 4500 pounds of ore, each, per charge. There is a large body of material, in a zone at least 75 feet wide, impregnated with native sulphur erystals, which ean be cheaply mined, if certain mechan- ical difficulties of melting and cleaning can be economically overcome.

Sulphur was produced at the famous Sulphur Bank mine, in Lake County, during the years 1865-1868 (ine.) totaling 941 tons, valued at $53,500; following which the property became more valuable for its quicksilver. The Elgin mine, noted above, is a similar occurrence.

About 37,000 tons of sulphur per year are imported to the United States from Japan, most of it coming in through the port of San Francisco. The principal sources in the United States are the strati- fied deposits in Louisiana and Texas, extraction being accomplished by a unique system of wells with steam pipes. It is stated that the three large companies operating there are capable of producing more than 1,000,000 tons annually in excess of our normal consumption in the United States, which averages about 600,000 tons. ,

Formerly considerable sulphur was imported from Italy, the Palermo district being the principal producer. The industry is under the control of the government, and exports are under license. According to a recent Consular Report :*

"Prices range from $55 to $57 for crude, to $73 to $85 for refined. As American sulphur is cheaper than Sicilian, it is believed that should freights become normal it will be possible to import American sulphur into Italy."

Under this heading are included borax, common salt, soda, potash, and other alkaline salts. The first two have been produced in a num- ber of loealities in California, more or less regularly since the early ° sixties, although the State Mining Bureau kept no annual records of output previous to 1887. Except for a single year's absence, soda has had a continuous production since 1894. Potash, and magnesium chlor- ide and sulphate have only recently been added to the commercial list, while the nitrates are still prospeetive.

Our main resources of salines are the lake beds of the desert regions of Imperial, Inyo, Kern, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, San Luis Obispo, and Siskiyou counties, and the waters of the Pacific Ocean.

The following tabulation shows amount and value of the saline min- erals produced in California during the years 1917 and 1918, with increase or decrease in value for 1918, as compared with the previous

Tons Value Tons Value

Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports III, X, XII, XIII, XIV,

Borax was first diseovered in California in the waters of Tuscan Springs in Tehama County, January 8, 1856. Borax Lake, in Lake County, was diseovered in September of the same year by Dr. John A. Veatch. This deposit was worked in 1864-1868, inclusive, and during that time produced 1,181,365 pounds of refined borax. This was the first commercial output of this salt in the United States, and California is still today the only Ameriean producer of borax.

Produetion from the dry lake or 'playa' deposits of Inyo and San Bernardino counties began in 1873; but it was not until 1887 that

the borax industry was revolutionized by the discovery of the colemanite beds at Calico in San Bernardino County. These have since been worked out, and the present output comes from similar beds in Inyo and Los Angeles counties. "The colemanite deposits of Ventura County are at present unworked, owing to lack of transportation facilities.

During 1918, there was reported a total output of 88,772 tons, valued 1917. The decrease was due largely to freight car shortage.

Value of the state's borax output sinee 1887 is shown in the following

Year | Value | Year | Value

Magnesium ehloride is an important item in certain chemical uses, and in the preparation of Sorel cement in laying magnesite floors. Previous to 1915, Germany was the principal source of this chloride, which source has since, of course, been eut off. For this reason experi- ments have been made to prepare it by aeid solution from magnesite, which is so abundant in California. Some of the salt companies began its commercial preparation in 1916, from the residual bitterns obtained during the evaporation of sea water for its sodium chloride.

In 1917 and 1918, in addition to the chloride, some magnesium sul- phate, or ''technical epsom salts," was also made at the salt plant of the Oliver Chemical Company in Alameda County. This was sold to cotton goods manufacturers. The ehloride sold for $20-$40 per ton, and the sulphate at $80-$90 per ton.

After operating an experimental plant during 1918, resulting in a moderate output of magnesium chloride, the Whitney Chemieal Com- pany in San Mateo County have since (January, 1919) completed a

well-equipped plant capable of producing 250 to 300 tons per month. They report:

"There is sufficient demand to keep us working to capacity if we can land the goods at the large distributing centers, which are mainly east of the Mississippl, on a proper conipetitive basis. With the publication of proper commodity rates this

can be accomplished, otherwise a large proportion of the trade will seek their supplies, as they did before the war, of foreign manufacturers."

The 1918 output totaled 1,008 tons, valued at $29,955, from Alameda, Los Angeles and San Mateo counties, compared with 1,064 tons and $34,973 in 1917. The chloride was utilized in Sorel cement for flooring and stucco.

Bitterns made at plants on San Francisco Bay carry 23 to 86 parts of magnesium per thousand, or 2.3% to 8.6% magnesium.!

Metallic magnesium is prepared electrolytically, utilizing generally an electrolyte of magnesium chloride and an alkaline chloride. Its com- monest known use is in the powdered form for flash lights in photog- raphy. Its largest recent use has been in the making of war munitions.'

It did not enter as an integral part into the explosives or arms, but small quantities were put in shrapnel shells, that observers and gunners might know exactly where the shells were bursting. By day the burning magnesium gives a dense pure-white cloud of magnesium oxide, and at night a dazzling white light. Larger quantities were used in aerial bombs and rockets for lighting up the country at night. Magnesium has as yet found but a limited direct use as a metal. Magnalium, an alloy of aluminum containing about 2% of magnesium and small percentages of other metals, is stated to be used in automobiles and aeroplanes. The possibilities for further important developments in this direction are promising.

Bibliography: Report XV. Bulletin 24. U.S. G. S., Press Bul-

Nitrates of sodium, potassium and calcium have been found in various plaees in the desert regions of the state, but no deposit of commercial value has been developed as yet. It is hoped that a eloser seareh may some day be rewarded by workable discoveries. At present the principal commercial source of nitrates is the Chilean saltpeter (sodium nitrate) deposits in South America.

The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen electrically has been accom- plished successfully in Germany and Seandinavia. The possibilities of cheap hydro-electric power in California make the subject one of intense interest to us, as we have also the natural raw materials and chemicals to go with the power. Sodium and potassium eyanides ean be made by fixation of atmospherie nitrogen electrically.

Bibliography: Report XV. Bulletin 24. U. S. G. S., Min. Res.

Potash production began commercially in California in 1914, with a small yield from kelp. Considerable money has been spent incident to developing deposits of potash-bearing residues and brincs in the old . lake beds of the desert regions, and production there is now on a com- mercial basis at two plants on Searles Lake. The imports of potash salts and fertilizers from Germany previous to the European war had an annual value of several millions of dollars, and their cessation made a domestic production imperative.

The normal pre-war price of $35 to $10 per ton for high-grade agri- eultural salts has been sueeeeded by figures of several times those amounts; until in April, 1916, the chloride was nominally quoted at $425 per ton and the sulphate from $350 to $400 per ton. The approx- imate average selling priee in 1917 at point of shipment for potash materials was $4.26 per unit, corresponding to $426 per ton of 100% K>0. In 1918, the prices received by California operators ranged from

As to the outlook for 1919, the War Trade Board on January 25th!

"That it has received authentic and official information from the French High Commission in the United States to the effect that France will be unable, at least until April, to ship potash from the potash mines of Alsace. These advices further indicate that for the next few months practically the entire potash output of the Alsatian mines will be urgently required for agricultural purposes in France. It is the view of the War Trade Board, based upon this information, that even under the most favorable circumstances, no potash from Alsace could be available in the United States for agricultural uses before June, 1919, and that, therefore, it will

be necessary that the United States rely entirely upon its domestic potash production for the coming spring season."

During 1918, a total of 49,381 tons of potash-bearing materials of all grades was produced in California, valued at $6,808,976. "This is more than 50% increase in value over that of the 1917 output. The decrease in the tonnage figures is due to the fact that the Riverside County output was reduced to a 40% K20 sulphate instead of the cement-mill dust being marketed unrefined carrying only 11% K50.

The 1918 product was, in part, refined potassium chloride and sul- phate, kelp ash and dried kelp, varying in potash content from 59% K50 for the refined salts down to 14% in the dried kelp; in part, refined sulphate and treater dust from several of the cement mills; and in part, eoneentrated salts from the brine of Searles Lake. Small tonnages of refined sulphate were also made from bitterns at two of the salt plants on San Francisco Bay. The yield from Los Angeles, San Diego, and

Santa Barbara counties is from the operations of kelp plants, except that a small portion of the 1918 product in San Diego was made directly from feldspar.

The bulk of this output was utilized in fertilizer preparations; but the produet of at least one of the kelp plants was further refined or converted to the form of the nitrate for explosives manufacture. A small portion was converted into potassium permanganate. Some potas- sium iodide, also, was made experimentally ; also some ammonia.

Other uses for potash salts besides those noted above, are in the manufacture of the best liquid soap and some higher-grade cake soaps, of some finer grades of glass, and in matches. The chemical require- ments include tanning, dyeing, metallurgy, electropiating, photography, and medicine.

The large plant of the American Trona Corporation at Trona, on Searles Lake, San Bernardino County, began commercial operation in September, 1916, and is shipping crude chloride of potash to Eastern fertilizer works. These crude salts carry the equivalent of from 20% to 38% K20. A second plant at Seales Lake, built by the Solvay Pro- cess Company, began commercial operation in 1917. Their product is

In the cement mill of the Riverside Portland Cement Company, the fine dust from ball and tube mills is collected by a Cottrell electrical fume precipitator, the material showing an approximately 11% potash content. Sulphate is prepared from this. Other cement plants, in San Bernardino and Santa Cruz counties, commenced recovery of potash in 1918. The Santa Clara product was 'potash char,' obtained by burn- ing slops refuse from a distillery. That from Sacramento County was leached from the ash dump of the Sacramento City Incinerator.

The following tabulation shows the distribution of the 1918 output of potash in California:

County Product ED. Tons Value

Alameda, Riverside, Sacra-

mento, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz*_________. Chloride, sulphate,

*Combined to conceal output of a single operator in each.

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The annual amounts and values of these potash materials, since their beginning in California, are shown by the following table:

Year | Tons | Value

Bibliography : State Mineralogist Reports IT, XII, XIII, XIV, XV.

Most of the salt produced in California is obtained by evaporating

the waters of the Pacific Ocean, plants being located on the shores of

Salt stacks at plant of Oliver Chemical Company, Alameda County.

San Francisco Bay, at Long Beach, and on San Diego Bay. Additional amounts are derived from lakes and lake beds in the desert regions of the state. The salt production cf San Bernardino County is derived from deposits of rock salt which are worked by means of quavrying and

steam shovels. A small amount of valuable medicinal salts is annually

obtained in Mono and Tehama counties, by evaporation from mineral

Formerly à considerable proportion of the table salí consumed in California was shipped in from Eastern points; but, at present, Cali- forria salt refineries supply not only our own needs but export a fair

tonnage to other markets.

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County Tons i Value Inyo, Kern, Los Angeles, Modoc, Mono, Monterey, San Ber-

*Combined to eonceal output of a single operator in each.

The above returns show a decrease in tonnage with an inerease in value. There were 12 plants operating in Alameda, two each in San Diego and San Mateo, and one in each of the other counties tabulated, a total of 540 men being employed.

Amount and value of annual production of salt in California from 1887 to date is shown in the following tabulation:

Year | Tons | Value | Year | Tons | Value

Bibliography: State Mineralogist Reports XII, XIII, XV. Bul-

The produetion of the earbonates and sulphate of sodium, in Cali- fornia in 1918 included: both the bicarbonate and soda ash from plants at Owens Lake, and the natural sulphate from the Carrizo Plains, San Luis Obispo County. The total tonnage was 20,447, valued at $855,423, the bulk of which came from the three plants in Inyo County.

These 'sodas' were used in the manufacture of glass, soap, and paper, as well as washing and baking soda, also in sugar refining.

The war stimulated the chemical industry in the United States to produce materials that were formerly imported and to supply them to foreign countries, as well as to devise new uses for chemical products, also to replace more expensive by less expensive chemicals. Sodium compounds have replaced potassium compounds, either wholly or in part, in glass and soap making, in photography, in mateh making, in tanning,

California Alkali Company's soda plant at Cartago, Owens Lake, Inyo County. Photo by Emile Huguenin.

and in the manufacture of cyanide for extracting gold and silver from their ores.

The total output, showing amount and value of these materials in California since the inception of the statistical records of the State Mining Bureau, is given in the table which follows:

Year Tons Value Year Tons Value ERU E AAE EA e E AS

AA LANE as dle].

The state of California includes a total area of 158,360 square miles, of which 155,980 square miles are of land. The maximum width is 235 miles, the minimum, 148 miles; and the length from the northwest corner to the southeast corner is 775 miles. The state is divided into fifty-eight counties. Some mineral of commercial value exists in every county, and during 1918 active production was reported to the State Mining Bureau from fifty-six counties of the fifty-eight. In the moun- tainous portions of the state are largely found the vein-forming minerals. In the desert regions of southeastern California ancient lake beds afford supplies of saline deposits. Underlying the interior valleys of the cen- tral and southern portion of the state are the large erude-oil reservoirs. Building stones and mineral earths of all deseriptions are widely distrib-

` uted throughout the length and breadth of the state.

Of the first ten counties in point of total output for 1918, five (Kern, Orange, Fresno, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara) owe their position mainly

to petroleum. Kern, due to its oil, leads all the others by nearly three

times the total of Orange, its nearest competitor. Shasta owes its rank

. to copper, gold, silver, zinc and pyrite; San Bernardino, its place on

account of potash, tungsten, cement and copper; Inyo, mainly to borax, lead, tungsten and soda; and the next five counties, Yuba, Amador, Nevada, Plumas, Calaveras, mainly to gold, except Plumas, which is mainly copper and gold. Twenty-four counties have each a total in excess of a million dollars, for 1918. Cement is an important item in eight of these counties.

In point of variety and diversity, San Bernardino County leads all the others with a total of 25 different mineral products on its commercial list, followed by Riverside with 18, Shasta with 16, Kern with 15, and

The counties with their mineral resources, production for 1918, ete., are considered in detail in this chapter.

Value of California Mineral Production, by Counties, for 1918, Arranged in the

Order of Their Importance.

Los Angeles 0 7 0 etl eS fe . Shasta ds

Plumas AAA A A A L'OBIRBVeTaB- cai scr droit a in eG ae | eS IND A ales torte ce laa it a De er corte aN ae ol "M cong Pe E Da ace | Santa CATA DEE BES EE | < Riverside oes + 0 C Bliss | NADA Se AI O ENSIS ¿SAN Benito- arto SOR Dr came feo «CONTA: COSTA extasiado as | ATA Me dl de ue c a re er a E AS aa |

s Pulare AAA A ee a EA Ea E | 216160778 a AA cal 0 deep OECD Saa |

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4180108 STEP UTE Dr OT Sees

Arca: 843 square miles. Population: 359,0C0 (estimate by Chamber of Commeree, 1914).

Alameda County, while in no sense one of the 'mining counties,' comes twenty-fourth on the list with a value of mineral products for $1,138,723. The mineral resources of this county include asbestos, brick, chromite, clay, coal, limestone, magnesite, manganese, pyrite, salt, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount Value

Other minerals Ae A ir 19,169

*Includes asbestos, magnesium salts, potash, and limestone.

Arca: 176 square miles.

Alpine has in the past shown a small production of gold and silver, but dropped out of the list of producing counties in 1914.

This county lies just south of Lake Tahoe, in the high Sierra Nevada range of mountains. "Transportation is by wagon or mule back, and facilities in general are lacking to promote development work of any

The mineral resources of this seetion are varied and the country has not yet been thoroughly prospected. Occurrences of barium, copper, gold, gypsum, lead, limestone, pyrite, rose quartz, silver, tourmaline, and zinc have been noted here.

Arca: 601 square miles. Population: 11,000 (estimate by County Clerk, 1914).

The value of Amador County's mineral production decreased slightly the list of counties in the state as regards total value of mineral sub- stances marketed. This was due to a decrease in gold output.

Although having an output consisting of 13 different minerals, the leading product, gold, makes up over 94% of the entire total. Amador led the state in gold produetion in 1915, but was slightly exeeeded in 1917 by Nevada and Yuba counties, and by Yuba in 1918.

The mineral resources of this county include asbestos, brick, chromite, clay, coal, copper, gold, lime, quartz erystals, glass-sand, sandstone, silver, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone.

Commereial produetion for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount Value

*Includes brick, coal, copper, manganese, mineral] paint, platinum, and soapstone.

Area: 1,722 square miles. Population: 31,000 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914). Location: North-central portion of state.

Butte, twenty-eighth county in California in regard to the value of its mineral output, reported a commercial production of nine mineral sub- stances, having a total value of $873,035, as compared with $1,130,259 for 1917, the decrease being due to gold. As will be noted in the follow- ing tabulation, gold is by far the most important item. Butte stands sixth among the gold-producing counties of the state. Among the mineral resources of this section are asbestos, barytes, chromite, gems, gold, limestone, marble, mineral water, platinum minerals, silver and miscellaneous stone.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount Value

Diamonds 225632202 oS oe deseara - toe Die 125 Stone, miscellaneous 9 la 77,822 Other minerales? cocoa a dida he 2,765

Total Value colL nea ren CA ee OA $873,085

*Ineludes manganese and natural gas,

Ain ciel LEST T d

Area: 1,027 square miles. Location: East-central portion of state - Mother Lode district.

Calaveras County reported production of 9 different minerals, valued at $2,794,452 during the year 1918, as compared with the 1917 output worth $3,717,150. Gold, copper, chromite and silver are the chief mineral substances produced. In regard to total value of mineral output Calaveras stands thirteenth among the counties of the state; it is fifth in gold, third in eopper, and fourth in silver, having been passed by Plumas in copper and silver output for 1918. The decrease, as . compared with 1917, is due to gold and copper.

The principal mineral resources developed and undeveloped are: Asbestos, barytes, chromite, clay, copper, fuller's earth, gold, graphite, limestone, marble, mineral paint, mineral water, platinum minerals, pyrite, quartz erystals, silver, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone.

Commereial output for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount Value

PIBDIBUT Saa e ass 10 ounces l 598

*Includes asbestos and lead. Area: 1,140 square miles. Population: 1,882 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914). Location: Sacramento Valley.

Colusa County lies largely in the basin of the Sacramento Valley. Its western border, however, rises into the foothills of the Coast Range of mountains, and its mineral resources - largely undeveloped - inelude coal, chromite, copper, gypsum, manganese, mineral water, pyrite, quicksilver, sandstone, miscellaneous stone, sulphur, and in some places traces of gold and silver. l

The value of the 1918 production was $16,400, a slight increase over the 1917 figures of $16,321, giving it fifty-third place.

Substance Amount Value i

*Includ s chromite, mineral paint, and mineral water.

Area: 714 square miles. Population: 52,500 (estimate by Chamber of Commeree, 1914).

Contra Costa, like Alameda County, lies on the eastern shores of San Franeiseo Bay, and is not eommonly considered among the mineral- producing counties of the state. It stands twenty-third on the list in this respect, however, with an output valued at $1,324,251 for the cal- endar year 1918. "Various struetural materials make up the chief items, including brick, cement, limestone, and miscellaneous stone. Among the others are asbestos, clay, coal, gypsum, manganese, mineral water, and soapstone.

Commereial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount | Value Total value A | 51

*Includes cement and copper.

Area: 1,024 square miles. Location: Extreme northwest corner of state. Tramsportation: Wagon and mule back; steamer from Crescent

Del Norte rivals Alpine County in regard to inaccessibility. Jake the latter county also, given transportation and kindred faeilities, this portion of the state presents a wide field for development along mining lines especially. Its chief mineral resources, largely untouched, are chromite, copper, gems, gold, graphite, iron, platinum minerals, silver, and miscellaneous stone. The increase in 1918 over the 1917 figure of $104,340 was due to chromite.

Commercial production for 1918, giving it thirty-sixth place, was as

Substance | Amount Value GOIQ io A uc mM. sai | 565 PlaliBUM core esos dud ae s 1 ounce | 97

Arca: 1,753 square miles. Population: 8,000 (estimate by County Clerk, 1914). Location: East-central portion of the state; northernmost of the Mother Lode counties.

El Dorado County, which contains the locality where gold in Cali- fornia was first heralded to the world, comes twenty-fifth on the list of counties ranked according to the value of their total mineral production during the year 1918. In addition to the segregated figures here given, a large tonnage of limestone is annually shipped from El Dorado for use in cement manufacture, and whose value is included in the state total for cement. Chromite and limestone both showed important increases

The mineral resources of this section, many of them undeveloped, include asbestos, barytes, chromite, elay, eopper, gems, gold, iron, molybdenum, limestone, quartz erystals, quieksilver, glass-sand, slate, soapstone, silver and miscellaneous stone.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount Value

Gold unicas scsi taa et RON E E 28,352 Silver A foerat toU C re e DA EAE oca alos AE 722 Other minerals* ae os eee te ee econ See 07 000 11,236

*Includes pyrite, silica and soapstone.

Area: 5,950 square miles. Population: 120,000 (estimate by Board of Supervisors, 1914). Location: South-central portion of state.

Fresno County, third in importance as a mineral producer among the counties of California, reported an output for 1918 of ten mineral sub- stances, with a total value of $19,876,625, an increase over the reported 1917 production, which was worth $14,158,052. The great bulk of the above is derived from the petroleum production of the Coalinga field.

The mineral resources of this county are many, and, aside from crude oil, are in the main not yet fully developed. They include asbestos, barytes, brick, chromite, copper, gems, gold, graphite, gypsum, iron, magnesite, natural gas, petroleum, quicksilver, and miscellaneous stone,

Commercial production for 1918 was. as follows:

Substance Amount Value

Gold eee ALLELE et CERE: | 4,795 Magnesite / oo ae eer 2000 1,795 tons i 16,151 Quicksilver O | 35 flasks | 3,652 Silver 2223 coed tes Ud A | 37 Stone, miscellaneous eee ee | 244,647

Area: 1,259 square miles. Location: West side of Sacramento Valley.

Glenn County, standing forty-eighth, owes its position among the mineral-produeing eounties of the state mainly to the presence of large deposits of sand and gravel which are annually worked, the product being used for railroad ballast, etc. In 1917 and 1918, chromite was also an important item. In the foothills in the western portion of the county, deposits of ehromite, copper, manganese, sandstone, and soapstone have been found.

Commereial produetion for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount Value

Area: 3,634 square miles.

Population: 37,500 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914).

Location: Northwestern portion of state, bordering on Pacific

Humboldt County is almost entirely mountainous, transportation within its limits being very largely by wagon road and trail, and until recent years was reached from the outside world by steamer only. The county is rich in mineral resources, among which are brick,

chromite, coal, elay, eopper, gold, iron, mineral water, natural gas, petroleum, platinum, silver, and miscellaneous stone.

Twelve mineral substances, as shown by the table given below, having a total value of $141,954, were produced in 1918, as compared with the 1917 output, worth $59,808, the increase being due to manganese and chromite. Humboldt ranks forty-third among the counties of the state for the year.

Commereial produetion for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount Value

Gold" eessen iea A A al | 8,028 is A hoe ae Se Rl RAN aca A OH MS 72 Stone, miscellaneous suum A eer Sete ee er i 51,082

*[neludes brick, mineral water, and pumice.

Area: 4,089 square miles. Population : 50,000 (estimate by Chamber of Commeree, 1914). Location: Extreme southeast corner of the state.

During 1918 Imperial County produced eight mineral substances having a total value of $109,692, as compared with the 1917 output, worth $129,400. Its rank is forty-sixth. This county contains deposits of gold, gypsum, lead, marble, pumice, salt, silver, and strontium, largely

Commercial produeticn for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount Value

GOld en eee te aan oe A we). a 247

*Includes copper, lead, and pumice,

Area: 10,019 square miles. Population: 1,500 (estimate by Chamber of Commeree, 1914). Location: Lies on eastern border of state, north of San Bernar- dino County.

Inyo, the second largest county in the state, and containing less than one inhabitant per square mile, is extremely interesting from a mineral- ogieal point of view. It is noted because of the fact that within its borders are located both the highest point, Mount Whitney (elevation 14,502 feet), and the lowest point, Death Valley (elevation 290 feet below sea level), in the United States. In the higher mountainous seetions are found many vein-forming minerals, and in the lake beds of Death Valley saline deposits exist.

Inyo's mineral production during the year 1918 reached a value of $5,177,676, standing eighth among the counties of the state in this respect. The 1917 value was $6,296,230, the decrease being due mainly to lead and soda. Its mineral resources include antimony, asbestos, barytes, bismuth, borax, copper, gems, gold, gypsum, lead, magnesite, marble, molybdenum, mineral water, nitre, platinum, pumice, quick- silver, salt, silver, soda, sulphur, tale, tungsten, and zine.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount | Value

*Includes borax, limestone, salt, and soda.

Area: 8,003 square miles. Population: 50,000 (estimate by Board of Location: South-central portion of state.

Kern County, beeause of its immense, productive oil fields, stands pre-eminent among all counties of California in the value of its min- eral output, the exact figures for 1918 being $63,410,685. This is larger by more than forty million dollars than the succeeding county on the list. This figure also is over 3 times the value of the total gold output

of the entire state for 1918. The 1917 mineral output tor Kern County was worth $49,743,422. The great increase was due to the enhanced prices for erude oil of all grades.

Among the mineral resources, developed and undeveloped, of this section are: Antimony, asbestos, asphalt, barytes, borax, brick, clay, copper, fuller's earth, gems, gold, gypsum, iron, lead, limestone, mag- nesite, marble, mineral paint, natural gas, petroleum, potash, salt, silver, soapstone, soda, sulphur and tungsten.

Commereial produetion for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount Value

Silver Loi el d e hop iler des 0 we 7,817

*Includcs lead, limestone, magnesite, mangan se, quicksilver, salt, and tungsten.

Area: 1,159 square miles. Population: 23,500 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914). Location: South-central portion of the state.

Little development has taken place in Kings County along mineral lines to date. Deposits of fuller's earth, gypsum, mineral paint, natural gas, and quicksilver, of undetermined extent, have been found in the county. Some drilling for oil has been under way, but there has, as yet, been no commercial output recorded.

In fifty-fourth place, commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount | Value

Arca: 1,218 square miles.

Population: 5,600 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914).

Location: About fifty miles north of San Francisco Bay and the same distance inland from the Pacific Ocean.

On account of its topography and natural beauties, Lake County is sometimes referred to as the Switzerland of America. The mineral resourees whieh exist here are many and varied, aetual produetion

being eomparatively small, as shown by the table below, and composed mainly of quieksilver, ehromite and mineral water. Some of the lead- ing minerals found in this section, in part as yet undeveloped, are borax, ehromite, clay, copper, gems, gold, gypsum, mineral water, quieksilver, silver, and sulphur.

In thirty-ninth place, commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount Value

*Includes manganese and natural gas.

Area: 4,531 square miles. Population: 7,000 (estimate by County Clerk, 1914). Location: Northeast portion of state.

Lassen County is one of the little explored sections of California. Since about 1912 a railroad traversing the county north and south has been in operation, thus affording opportunity for development along mineral and other lines.

Among the mineral resources of this county are copper, gems, gypsum, gold, silver, and sulphur. In the past, some gold has been produced, but not during the last two or three years.

In fifty-sixth place, commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount Value

Stone, miscellaneous | $800

Area: 4,067 square miles. Population: 800,000 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1913). Location: One of the southwestern coast counties.

Mineral preduetion in Los Angeles County for the year 1918 amounted in value to $16,006,628, as eompared with the 1917 output, worth $8,204,523. This county ranked fourth in the state as a mineral pro- ducer in 1918, passing Shasta, which was fourth in 1917. The advance was due to the large increase in the petroleum valuation.

Its output of briek and tile was nearly a million dollars, and that of petroleum amounted to over thirteen million dollars. Among its mineral resources may be noted asphalt, barytes, borax, brick, clay, fuller's earth, gems, gold, gypsum, infusorial earth, limestone, marble, mineral paint, mineral water, natural gas, petroleum, salt, glass-sand, sandstone, serpentine, silver, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. Some potash is obtained from kelp.

Commereial produetion for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount | Value

Other minerals* coco Cal ra de os UE | 886,865

Total value i-i Eolo dee to $16,006,628

*Includes borax, g ms, graphite, magnesium chloride, manganese, salt, and serpentine.

Area: 2,112 square miles. Population: 12,000 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914). ` Location: East-central portion of state.

Madera County produced five mineral substances during the year 1918, having a total value of $114,327, as compared with the 1917 output, worth $236,937. The decrease is due to a dropping off in the output of eopper and granite. This county contains deposits of copper, gold, iron, lead, molybdenum, pumice, silver, and building stone.

In forty-fifth place, eommereial produetion for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount | Value

Área: 529 square miles. Population: 28,400 (estimate by Chamber of 0 1914). Location : Adjoins San Franeiseo on the north. Mineral production in Marin County during the year 1918 reached a This county is not especially prolifie in minerals, although among its

resourees along these lines are briek, gems, manganese, mineral water, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. In forty-first place, commercial production for 1918 was:

Substance Value

*Ineludes brick, copper, gold, mineral water, and silver.

Area: 1,463 square miles. Location: Most southerly of the Mother Lode counties. East-cen- tral portion of state.

Mariposa County is one of the distinctly 'mining' counties of the

state, although it stands but thirty-seventh on the list of counties in regard to the value of its mineral output for 1918, with a total of

Its mineral resourees are varied; among the more important items being barytes, copper, gems, gold, lead, marble, silver, slate, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone.

The Yosemite Valley is in Mariposa County.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance = | Amount Value

*Includes chromite and lead.

Area: 3,453 square miles. Population: 27,000 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914). Location: Joins Humboldt County on the south and bounded by the Pacific Ocean on the west.

Mendocino's annual mineral production has usually been small, the 1918 output being valued at $108,388, ranking it forty-seventh among the counties. That of 1917 was worth $50,415. The increase is due to chromite and manganese.

Deposits of undetermined value, of asbestos, chromite, coal, copper, graphite, magnesite, and mineral water have been found, as well as traces of gold and silver.

Commereial produetion for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount | Value

*Includes gold and platinum.

Area: 1,995 square miles. Population: 20,000 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914). Location: About the geographical center of the state.

Merced County as a whole lies in the San Joaquin Valley, and it figures as one of the lesser mineral-producing counties of the state. The 1918 mineral output was valued at $74,849. The decrease from the value of $147,116 in 1917 was due to gold. Gold, platinum, and silver, obtained by dredging, are among the important items. Undeveloped deposits of antimony, magnesite, quicksilver, and limestone have been noted in this county in addition to the foregoing. |

In forty-ninth place, commercial produetion during 1918 was as

Substance i Amount | Value SIIVET sess O 0 7 Mee

Area: 3,823 square miles. Location: The extreme northeast corner of the state.

Modoe County, like Lassen, has only recently had the benefit of eommunieation with the outside world by rail. Among its known mineral resources are: Clay, coal, gold, iron, quicksilver, salt, and silver.

In fifty-fifth place, commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

*Includes gold, salt, and silver.

Area: 3,030 square miles. Population: 2,100 (estimate by County Clerk, 1914). Location: Is bordered by the state of Nevada on the east and is about in the central portion of the state measured on a north and south line.

Gold mining has been earried on in portions of Mono County for many years, although taken as a whole it lies in a rather inaccessible country and has been but superficially explored. It is in the continu- ation of the highly mineralized belt whieh was noted in Inyo County and contains among other mineral resources barytes, clay, copper, gold, limestone, molybdenum, pumiee, salt, silver, and travertine.

In fiftieth place, commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount Value Lead str a e 1,318 Ibs. 04

` Area: 3,330 square miles. Population: 25,250 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914). Location: West-central portion of state, bordering on Pacific

Monterey County produced nine mineral substances during the year 1918, having a total value of $119,687, as compared with the 1917 output worth $138,786. Its mineral resources include brick, clay, copper, coal, dolomite, feldspar, fuller's earth, gold, silver, gypsum, infusorial earth, limestone, mineral water, petroleum, quicksilver, glass-sand, sandstone, silver, and miscellaneous stone.

In forty-fourth place, commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount | Value Dolomite SEES OEIL UL 4,900 tons | $25,950 Stone, Miscellaneous wee ese aa S| ea bero | 52,697

te atas ce | $119,687 ao TOtal valle anio

*Includes barytes, coal, diatomaceous earth, quicksilver, salt, and silica.

Arca: 183 square miles.

Population: 26,500 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914). Location: Directly north of San Francisco Bay- - one of the 'bay

Napa, because of its production of structural and industrial mate- rials and quicksilver, stands twenty-first on the list of mineral-produc- ing counties in California. Its mineral resources include copper, cement, gypsum, magnesite, mineral water, quicksilver, sandstone, and miscellaneous stone.

In 1918, the value of the output increased to $1,676,367 from the 1917 figure of $1,421,073, due mainly to quicksilver and cement.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount Value

*Includes c e. ment, gold, and silver.

Area: 974 square miles. Population: 15,500 (estimate by Chamber of Commeree, 1914). Location: North of Lake Tahoe, on the eastern border of the state.

Nevada, one of the mountain counties of California, has, in recent years, alternated with Amador in the gold lead, but both were passed by Yuba in 1918. Nevada County stands eleventh on the list in regard to the value of its total mineral output, with a figure of $3,301,651, as compared with the 1917 production worth $3,838,397. The decrease is due mainly to gold. Chromite showed an increase.

While this county actually produces mainly gold and silver, its resources cover a wide seope, including antimony, asbestos, barytes, bis- muth, chromite, clay, copper, gems, iron, lead, mineral paint, pyrite, soapstone, and tungsten.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows :

Substance Amount Value

*Includes asbestos, lead, manganese, platinum, and tungsten concentrates.

Area: 795 square miles. Population: 56,500 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914). Location: South-western portion of state, bordering Pacific Ocean.

Orange County is one of the many in California which on casual inspection appears to be anything but a mineral-producing section. It stands, however, as the seeond county in the state in regard to the total value of mineral output for 1918, its highly productive oil fields making such a condition possible.

This county, in company with the other oil counties, shows a gain in 1918, with a total value of mineral products of $22,914,660 from the 1917 output, worth $15,231,626. It thus passed Shasta County in 1917, which previously for a number of years, had exceeded all other counties in California, except Kern.

Aside from the substances actually produced and noted in the table below, coal, gypsum, iron, infusorial earth, sandstone, and tourmaline have been found in Orange County.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount | Value

Clay (pottery) ar dt estis 8,649 tons 4,650

Area: 1,395 square miles. - Location: Eastern border of state directly west of Lake Tahoe.

While standing only twenty-sixth on the list of mineral-producing eounties, Placer contains a wide variety of mineral substances, some of which have not been commercially exploited. Its leading products are gold, chromite, granite, copper, and elay. Other mineral resources are: Asbestos, brick, chromite, coal, gems, iron, lead, limestone, magnesite, manganese, marble, quartz erystals, glass-sand, silver, and miscellaneous

Commercial produetion for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount Value

Otherainimerals* ol dato cacao Bese sea BRL Ege am sr | 21,360

*Ineludes manganese and silica.

Arca: 2,591 square miles. Location: Northeastern border of state, south of Lassen County.

A eonsiderable portion of the area of Plumas County lies in the high mountains, and deposits of the metals, especially gold and eopper, are found there. Lack of transportation and other facilities have retarded its growth, but its future is deeidedly promising. Mineral production worth $2,294,886, the increase being due to copper and silver, which advaneed the eounty from thirtieth to twelfth place in rank.

Among its mineral resourees are: Chromite, copper, gold, granite, iron, lead, limestone, manganese, molybdenum, platinum, silver, and Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount i Value A ose a eee eee nee DEC - - 125,207 Silver AL c e n A bs TN ER LL LESE ! 156,750

Area: 1,240 square miles. Population: 45,000 (estimate by County Clerk, 1914). Location: Southern portion of state.

Riverside is the fourth county in the state in size and the nineteenth in regard to the total value of mineral output for 1918. Within its borders are included mountain, desert, and agricultural land. Its mineral resources include metals, structural and industrial materials,

and salines, some of the more important being borax, brick, cement, clay, coal, copper, feldspar, gems, gold, gypsum, iron, lead, limestone, manganese, magnesite, marble, minerdl paint, mineral water, salt, glass- sand, soapstone, silver, miscellaneous stone, and tin.

The increase in 1918 over the 1917 value of $1,580,555 is due mainly to brick and tile.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount | Value

Totul value. te DUO ec dE d D RUE i $1,689,042

*Includes cement, fluorspar, gems, gypsum, lead, magnesite, mineral water, and potash.

Area: 983 square miles. Population: 90,000 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1913). Location: North-central portion of state.

Sacramento stands sixteenth among the counties of the state as a mineral producer, the output, principally gold, for 1918 being valued In regard to gold output alone this county ranks fourth, being exceeded only by Yuba, Amador, and Nevada counties. Its mineral resources include: Brick, clay, gold, natural gas, platinum, silver, and miscel- laneous stone.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount | Value Other mineras tasa o a ES a 61,235

*Includes natural gas, platinum, and potash.

Arca: 1,392 square miles. Population: 8,750 (estimate by County Clerk, 1914). Location: West-central portion of state.

Although twenty-first among the counties of the state in regard to value of total mineral production, San Benito leads in one important branch of the mineral industry, namely, quicksilver.

Its other mineral resources, many of them undeveloped, include: Antimony, bituminous rock, chromite, coal, gypsum, gems, limestone, mineral water, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount | Value

*Includes cement, manganese, and mineral water.

Area: 20,157 square miles. Population: 53,000 (estimate by board of supervisors, 1914). Location: Southeastern portion of state.

San Bernardino, by far the largest county in the state, in area, ranks seventh as regards the value of its mineral output for 1918 with a total increase is due mainly to potash, in spite of the considerable decrease in tungsten value.

San Bernardino leads all other counties in the state in point of variety of minerals produeed commercially during 1918, there being 25 different substances on its list, against 16 for its nearest competitor, Shasta County.

This county, eonsisting largely of mountain and desert country, is highly mineralized, the following being ineluded among its resources: Asbestos, barytes, borax, brick, cement, clay, copper, gems, gold, granite, gypsum, iron, lead, limestone, manganese, marble, mineral paint, mineral water, nitre, potash, salt, glass-sand, silver, soapstone, soda, miscel- laneous stone, strontium, tale, tungsten, vanadium, and zine.

Commereial produetion for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount Value

Strontium | 2,900 tons 33,000

*Includes gems, granite, gypsum, iron ore, lime, magnesite, manganes?^, marble, mincral Paint, and salt.

Area: 4,221 square miles. Population: 125,379 (estimate by County Clerk, 1914). Location: Extreme southwest corner of state.

San Diego ranks seventeenth in the total value of its mineral output. This figure for 1918 equaled $1,942,150, as compared with the 1917 output worth $1,713,708, the advance being due to potash. For the first time in several years, there was no production of gems, in which San Diego County has led the state. Aside from minerals commercially produced, as shown below, San Diego County contains occurrences of : bismuth, lithia, marble, nickel, soapstone, and tin. Potash is produced from kelp.

A development of the past three years is the shipping of pebbles for grinding mills.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount | Value

Total value. ecient tee sao LED $1,942,150

*Includes granite, lithia, and mineral water.

Arca: 43 square miles. Population: 527,000 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1915).

Surprising as it may appear at first glance, San Francisco County is listed among the mineral producing sections of the state, actual pro- duetion eonsisting of erushed rock, sand, and gravel. Small quantities of various valuable mineral substanees are found here, including cin- nabar, gypsum, lignite, and magnesite, none, however, in paying

In fifty-second place, commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount | Value

Arca: 1,448 square miles. Population: 70,000 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914). Location: Central portion of state.

San Joaquin County reported a mineral production for the year 1918 having a total value of $601,973, as compared with the 1917 output, worth $470,220, the increase being due mainly to brick and gold. Com- paratively few mineral substances are found here, the chief ones being brick, clay, infusorial earth, manganese, natural gas, glass-sand, and miscellaneous stone. Gold, platinum, and silver, are obtained by dredg- ing in the Mokelumme River, which forms the boundary between this county and Amador on the northeast.

In thirty-second place, commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount Value Stone, miscellaneous suo uuu 47,085 Other minerals* cor aa] 71,299

*Includes gold, platinum and silver.

Area : 3,334 square miles. Population: 25,000 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914). Location: Bordered by Kern County on the east and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

The total value of the mineral production of San Luis Obispo County

the increase being due to chromite. Among its mineral resources, both developed and undeveloped, are: Asphalt, bituminous rock, brick, chromite, coal, copper, gypsum, infusorial earth, iron, limestone, marble, mineral water, onyx, petroleum, quicksilver, and miscellaneous stone. In twenty-ninth place, commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount Value Petroléut assess aos p eee 62,744 bbls. 56,783

*Includes bituminous rock, copp r, gold, mineral water, quicksilver, silver, and soda.

Area: 447 square miles. Population: 35,000 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914). Location: Peninsula, adjoined by San Francisco on the north.

San Mateo's most important mineral products are stone, brick, and salt, the last-named being derived by evaporation from the waters of San Francisco Bay. The total value of all mineral production during the decrease being due to miscellaneous stone.

Small amounts of barytes, chromite, infusorial earth and quicksilver have been noted in addition to the items of economic value given below.

In fortieth place, commercial production for 1918 was as follows :

Substance | Amount Value

*Includes magnesium chloride and potash.

Area: 2,740 square miles. Population: 32,750 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914). Location: South-western portion of state, joining San Luis Obispo on the south. Santa Barbara County owes lts advance to fifth in the state in regard to its mineral output to the presence of productive oil fields within its boundaries. The total value of its mineral production during the year

Santa Barbara, in company with the other oil counties, showed an increase in petroleum valuation for 1918,

Aside from the mineral substances listed below, Santa Barbara County contains asphalt, diatomaceous earth, gilsonite, gypsum, mag- nesite, and quieksilver in more or less abundance.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows :

Substance | Amount Value

Total value

*Includes bituminous rock, chromite, brick, diatomaceous earth, quicksilver, and sandstone.

Area : 1,328 square miles. Population: 90,000 (estimate by board of supervisors, 1914). Location: West-central portion of state.

Santa Clara County reported a mineral output for 1918 of $1,759,568, as compared with the 1917 figures of $991,530, the increase being due to potash and manganese.

This eounty, lying largely in the Coast Range Mountains, eontains a wide variety of mineral substances, including brick, chromite, clay, limestone, magnesite, manganese, mineral water, petroleum, quick- silver, soapstone, and miscellaneous stone. It stood second in quick- silver yield for the year.

In eighteenth place, commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount Value

Chfümlté- aa secundus 9 225 tons $8,968 Brick mille A tpi AO 62,000 Mineral water ouo iio dh tra eat 13,025 gals. | 1,678

*[neludes pottery clay, potash, and tile.

Area: 435 square miles. Population: 30,140 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914). Location: Bordering Pacific Ocean, just south of San Mateo County.

The mineral output of Santa Cruz County, a portion of which is itemized below, amounted to a total value of $2,599,717, giving the county a standing of fourteenth among all others in the state in this regard. The advance from seventeenth place in 1917 with a valuation of $1,668,324 was due mainly to cement, and in part to potash.

Commereial produetion for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount | Value

*Includes bituminous rock, cement, and potash.

Area: 3,858 square miles. Population: 19,000 (estimate by County Clerk, 1914). Location: North-central portion of state

Shasta County stands sixth in California among the mineral-produc- ing counties for 1918 with an output valued at $8,098,671, as compared with the 1917 production, worth $10,244,869, the deerease being due mainly to the falling off in output of copper. Not taking petroleum into account, Shasta leads all the counties by a fair margin. This county is first in eopper production, second in silver, first in pyrite, first in zinc, and seventh in gold. The Shasta copper belt contains the most important deposits of this metal yet developed on the Pacific Coast.

Shasta's mineral resources include: Asbestos, barytes, brick, ehromite, coal, copper, gold, iron, lead, lime, limestone, mineral water, molyb- denum, pyrite, silver, miscellaneaus stone, and zinc.

Lassen Peak is located in southeastern Shasta County.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount Value

TIVE? seen coche ke LU Eee ut Sn lene dat ime ed Laer. 420,410 Stone, miscellaneous ooo 7,000

Arca: 923 square miles. Location: Eastern border of state, just north of Nevada County.

Sierra County reported a mineral production of $331,501, consisting mainly of gold and silver, during the year 1918, as compared with the 1917 output, worth $389,615, the decrease being due to the falling off in gold output. Considering gold output alone, this county stands eleventh ; and as to total mineral yield, thirty-eighth.

Aside from the metals itemized below, Sierra County contains deposits of asbestos, eopper, ircn, lead, platinum minerals, serpentine, and tale.

Commereial produetion for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount | Value

Silver el hos tete cens over d reu ae A eee ESE ee 2,121

Area: 6,256 square miles.

Population: 25,000 (estimate by County Clerk, 1914).

Location: Extreme north-central portion of state, next to Oregon

Siskiyou, fifth county in California in regard to size, located in a highly mineralized and mountainous country, ranks twenty-seventh in regard to the value of its mineral output for 1918. The advance in rank from thirty-ninth in 1917, was due to chromite, notwithstanding the losses in copper, gold and miscellaneous stone. Although the county is traversed by a transcontinental railroad in a north and south line, the mineral-bearing sections are almost without exception far from transportation and other facilities. A large part of the county is acces- sible by trail alone. Future development and exploitation will doubt- less increase the productiveness of this part of the state to a great

Mount Shasta is located in Siskiyou County.

Among Siskiyou's mineral resources are: Chromite, clay, coal, cop- per, gems, gold, lead, limestone, manganese, marble, mineral water, pumice, quicksilver, sandstone, silver, and miscellaneous stone.

Commercial produetion for 1918 was as follows:

Substanee | Amount Value

Golden daz SE ER 7 PLATINUM susto cola E | ] ounce 98

Total value uns tt 0 AAA AA SES $877,287

*Includes lead and pumice».

Area :-822 square miles. Population: 31,000 (estimate by Chamber of Commerce, 1914). Location: Touching San Francisco Bay on the northeast.

Solano, while mostly valley land, produced mineral substances during the year 1918 to the total value of $1,470,726, ranking twenty-second among the counties of the state, the decrease from 1917 being due to cement. Among her mineral resources are: Brick, cement, clay, fuller's earth, limstone, mineral water, natural gas, onyx, petroleum, quick- silver, salt, and miscellaneous stone.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount | Value

*Includes cement, fuller's earth, natural gas, onyx, and salt.

Area: 1,577 square miles. Location: South of Mendocino County, bordering on the Pacific

Sonoma ranked thirty-third among the counties of California during the year 1918, with a mineral production of $586,391, as compared with its 1917 output worth $506,750, the increase being due mainly to chro- mite and quicksilver. More paving blocks are turned out here than in any other section of the state.

Among Sonoma's mineral resources are: Brick, chromite, clay, cop- per, graphite, infusorial earth, magnesite, manganese, marble, mineral paint, mineral water, quicksilver, and miscellaneous stone.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount Value

Manganese: ' see eet io ies | 173 tons 7,645

Area: 1,450 square miles. Population: 30,000 (estimate by Board of Trade, 1914). Location : Center of state, bounded on south by Mereed County. Gold has usually been the chief mineral product of Stanislaus County, but it was exceeded in 1918 by manganese. Brick, clay, gypsum, iron, mineral paint, quicksilver, and silver are found here to some extent as well. This county, for 1918, ranks thirty-fifth in the state in regard to value of minerals, with an output of $453,913 as compared with $289,922 in 1917, the increase being due to chromite, magnesite, and manganese. Gold, platinum, and silver are obtained mainly by dredging. Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount | Value

Stone, miscellaneous |

Other minerals 9 0 0 2

dor uh es onore A scat teet te

Area: 608 square miles. Population: 9,375 (estimate by County Clerk, 1914). Location: Bounded by Butte County on the north and Saeramento on the south. Sutter is one of only two counties in the state which for a number of years reported no commercial output of some kind of mineral substance.

In 1917 some erushed rock was taken out, from the Marysville Buttes, but there was no production in 1918. Both coal and clay exist here, but deposits of neither mineral have been placed on a productive basis.

Area: 2,893 square miles.

Population: 14,575 (estimate by County Clerk, 1914).

Location: North-central portion of the state, bounded on the north by Shasta. |

Tehama stands forty-second among the fifty-six mineral-producing counties of the state for 1918, when its output was valued at $157,591, as compared with the 1917 yield worth $44,019. The advance was due to chromite.

Among its mineral resources are listed: Briek, chromite, copper, gold, manganese, marble, mineral water, salt, and miscellaneous stone.

Commereial produetion for 1918 was as follows:

Substance | Amount | Value

Area: 3,166 square miles. Location: Northwestern portion of state.

Trinity, like Siskiyou County, requires transportation facilities to further the development of its many and varied mineral resources. Deposits of asbestos, barytes, ehromite, eopper, gold, mineral water, platinum, quicksilver, silver, and building stone are known here, but with the exception of gold, chromite, and copper, very little active production of these mineral substances has been made as yet. The 1918 due mainly to gold, notwithstanding the inerease in ehromite shipped.

In thirtieth place, commercial output for 1918 was:

: Substance | Amount Value

Total value .... uuu TERNI PCIE $707,524

*Includes copper, mineral water, and quicksilver.

Area: 4,856 square miles.

Location: Bounded by Inyo on the east, Kern on the south, Fresno on the north.

Tulare stands thirty-fourth on the list of mineral-producing counties, the drop from nineteenth place in 1917, being due to the decrease in magnesite shipments. Her mineral resources, among others, are: Brick, clay, copper, feldspar, graphite, gems, limestone, magnesite, marble, quartz, glass-sand, soapstone, miscellaneous stone, and zine. Tulare for a number of years led the state in magnesite output, but was passed in 1918 by Napa County.

Commercial production in 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount | Value

Stone, miscellaneous ao- o occ loco! 125,407

` "Includes brick, tile, gems, granite, soapstone and tale. MS 7

Area: 2,190 square miles.

Location: East-central portion of state - Mother Lode district.

Tuolumne ranks thirty-first among the counties of the state relative to its total value of mineral output. As a producer of marble its standing is first. The increase in 1918 to $602,278 over the 1917 figure of $511,273 was due to chromite.

Chromite, elay, eopper, gold, lead, limestone, marble, mineral paint, platinum, soapstone, silver, and miscellaneous stone, are among its min- eral resources.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount | Value

Gold A AECE A ee uei. Sine PENES | 274,328 Stone, miscellaneous eee E 1,700

Total valle unclear oa a $602,278

Area: 1,878 square miles. Population: 21,000 (estimate by Chamber of Commeree, 1914). Location: Southwestern portion of state, bordering on Pacific

Ventura is the fifteenth eounty in the state in respect to the value of its mineral production for 1918, the exact figure being $2,186,311, as compared with the output for 1917, worth $1,498,010, the advance being due to petroleum.

The highest gravity petroleum produced in the state is found here.

Among its other mineral resources are: Asphalt, borax, briek, elay, mineral water, natural gas, sandstone, and miseellaneous stone.

Commercial production for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount ! Value

Arca: 1,014 square miles.

Population: 15,000 (estimate by County Clerk, 1914).

Location: Sacramento Valley, bounded by Sutter on the east and Colusa on the north.

The mineral production from Yolo County during the year 1918 con- sisted mainly of quieksilver and miscellaneous stone, valued at $21,215, ranking it in fifty-first plaee. Deposits of undetermined value of iron and sandstone have been diseovered within the eonfines of this eounty.

Commereial produetion for 1918 was as follows:

Substance Amount | Value

Area : 639 square miles. l Population: 14,750 (estimate by County Clerk, 1914). Location: Lies west of Sierra`and Nevada counties: south of

Yuba is ninth of the fifty-six mineral producing counties of the state, and leads in regard to gold output, surpassing both Nevada and Amador counties in 1918 in gold yield. Iron deposits have been reported in this county, aside from the following commercial production shown for the year 1918:

Substance | Amount | Value

aa ae E E EN A EE CL CSI! CONKLIN TON REMPORTER URS ' $8,767,933

An act establishing a state mining bureau, creating the office of state mineralogist, fixing his salary and prescribing his powers and duties; providing for the empioyment of officers and employees of sald bureau, making it the duty of persons in charge of mines, mining operations and quarries to make certain: reports, providing for the investigation of mining operations, dealings and transactions and the prosecution for defrauding, swindling and cheating therein, creating a state mining bureau fund for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this act and repealing an act entitled "An act to provide for the establishment, maintenance, and support of a bureau, to be known as the state mining bureau, and for the appointment and duties of a board of trustees, to be known as the board of trustees of the state mining bureau, who shall have the direction, man- agement and control of said state mining bureau, and to provide for the appoint- ment, duties, and compensation of a state mineralogist, who shall perform the duties of his office under the control, direction and supervision of the board of trustees of the state mining bureau," approved March 23, 1893, and all acts amendatory thereof and supplemental thereto or in conflict herewith.

The people of the State of California do enact as follows:

SECTION 1. There is hereby created and established a state mining bureau. The chief officer of such bureau shall be the state mineralogist, which office is hereby

Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the governor of the State of California and he is hereby empowered to appoint a citizen and resident of this state, having a practical and scientific knowledge of mining, to the office of state mineralogist. Said state mineralogist shall hold his office at the pleasure of the governor. He shall be a civil executive officer. He shall take and subscribe the same oath of office as other state officers. He shall receive for his services & salary of three hundred dollars ($300) per month, to be paid at the same time and in the same manner as the salaries of other state officers. He shall also receive his necessary traveling expenses when traveling on the business of his office. He shall give bond for the faithful performance of his duties in the sum of ten thousand dollars ($10,000), said bond to be approved by the governor of the State of California.

SEC. 3. Said state mineralogist shall employ competent geologists, field assistants, qualified specialists and office employees when necessary in the execution of his plans and operations of the bureau, and fix their compensation. 'The said employees shall be allowed their necessary traveling expenses when traveling on the business of said department and shall hold office at the pleasure of said state mineralogist.

SEC. 4. It shall be the duty of said state mineralogist to make, facilitate, and encourage, special studies of the mineral resources and mineral industries of the state. It shall be his duty: to collect statistics concerning the occurrence and pro- duction of the economically important minerals and the methods pursued in making their valuable constituents available for commercial use; to make a collection of typical geological and mineralogical specimens, especially those of economic and commercial importance, such collection constituting the museum of the state mining bureau; to provide a library of books, reports, drawings, bearing upon the mineral industries, and sciences of mineralogy and geology, and arts of mining and metallurgy, such library constituting the library of the state mining bureau; to make a collection of models, drawings and descriptions of the mechanical appliances used in mining and metallurgical processes; to preserve and so maintain such collections and library as to make them available for reference and examination, and open to

public inspection at reasonable hours; to maintain, in effect, a bureau of information concerning the mineral industries of this state, to consist of such collections and library, and to arrange, classify, catalogue, and index the data therein contained, in a manner to make the information available to those desiring it; to issue from time to time such bulletins as he may deem advisable concerning the statistics and tech- nology of the mineral industries of this state.

SEC. 5. It is hereby made the duty of the owner, lessor, lessee, agent, manager or other person in charge of each and every mine, of whatever kind or character, within the state, to forward to the state mineralogist, upon his request, at his office not later than the thirtieth day of June, in each year, a detailed report upon forms which will be furnished showing the character of the mine, the number of men then employed, the method of working such mine and the general condition thereof, the total mineral production for the past year, and such owner, lessor, lessee, agent, manager or other person in charge of any mine within the state must furnish whatever information relative to such mine as the state mineralogist may from time to time require for the proper discharge of his official duties. Any owner, lessor, lessee, agent, manager or other person in charge of each and every mine, of whatever kind or character within the state, who fails to comply with the above provisions shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor.*

Sec. 6. The state mineralogist now performing the duties of the office of state mineralogist shall perform the duties of the office of state mineralogist as in this act provided until the appointment and qualification of his successor as in this act

Sec. 7. The said state mineralogist shall take possession, charge and control of the offices now occupied and used by the board of trustees and state mineralogist and the museum, library and laboratory of the mining bureau located in San Fran- cisco as provided for by a certain act of the legislature approved March 23, 1893, and hereafter referred to in section fourteen hereof, and shall maintain such offices, museum, library and laboratory for the purposes provided in this act.

Sec. 8. Said state mineralogist or qualified assistant shall have full power and authority at any time to enter or examine any and all mines, quarries, wells, mills. reduction works, refining works and other mineral properties or working plants in this state in order to gather data to comply with the provisions of this act.

SEC. 9. -The state mineralogist shall make a biennial report to the governor on or before the fifteenth day of September next preceding the regular session of the

. SEC. 10. All moneys received by the state mining bureau or any officer thereof (except such as may be paid to them by the state for disbursement) shall be receipted for by the state mineralogist or other officer authorized by him to act in his place and at least once a month accounted for by him to the state controller and paid into the state treasury to the credit of a fund which. is hereby created and designated "state mining bureau fund." All moneys now in the possession of the state mining bureau or any officer thereof received from any source whatsoever, shall be immediately paid over to the state mineralogist and by him accounted for to the controller and paid into the state treasury to the credit of said fund. Said fund shall be used and is hereby appropriated for the use of said bureau in carrying out the purposes of this act.

Sec. 11. The said state mineralogist is hereby authorized and empowered to receive on behalf of this state, for the use and benefit of the state mining bureau, gifts, bequests, devices and legacies of real or other property and to use the same in accordance with the wishes of the donors, and if no instructions are given by said donors, to manage, use, and dispose of the gifts and bequests and legacies for the best interests of said state mining bureau and in such manner as he may deem proper.

*Sec. 19 of the Penal Code of California provides: "Except.in cases where a differ- ent punishment is prescribed by this code, every offense declared to he a misde- meanor is punishable by imprisonment in a county jail nor exceeding six months, or by a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by both.'

Sec. 12. The state mineralogist may, whenever he deems it advisable, prepare a special collection of ores and minerals of California to be sent to or used at any world's fair or exposition in order to display the mineral wealth of the state.

SEC. 13. The state mineralogist is hereby empowered to fix a price upon and to dispose of to the public, at such price, any and all publications of the state mining bureau, including reports, bulletins, maps, registers or other publications, such price shall approximate the cost of publication and distribution. Any and all sums derived from such disposition, or from gifts or bequests made, as hereinbefore pro- vided must be accounted for by said state mineralogist and turned over to the state treasurer to be credited to the mining bureau fund as provided for in section ten. He is also empowered to furnish without cost to public libraries the publications of the bureau, and to exchange publications with other geological surveys and

SEC. 14. The state mineralogist provided for by this act shall be the successor in interest of the board of trustees of the state mining bureau, and the state mineralogist, under and by virtue of that certain act, entitled "An act to provide for the establishment, maintenance, and support of a bureau, to be known as the state mining bureau, and for the appointment and duties of a board of trustees, to be known as the board of trustees of the state mining bureau, who shall have the direction, management, and control of said state mining bureau, and to provide for the appointment, duties, and compensation of a state mineralogist, who shall perform the duties of his office under the control, direction and supervision of the board of trustees of the state mining bureau," approved March 23, 1893, and all books, papers, documents, personal property, records, and property of every kind and description obtained or possessed, or held or controlled by the said board of trustees of the said state mining bureau, and the state mineralogist, and the clerks and employees thereof, under the provisions of said act of March 23, 1893, or any act supplemental thereto or amendatory thereof, shall immediately be turned over and delivered to the said state mineralogist herein provided for, who shall have charge and control thereof.

Sec. 15. That certain act entitled "An act to provide for the establishment, maintenance, and support of a bureau, to be known as the state mining bureau, and for the appointment and duties of a board of trustees, to be known as the board of trustees of the state mining bureau, and to provide for the appointment, duties and compensation of a state mineralogist, who shall perform the duties of his office under the control, direction, and supervision of the board of trustees of the state mining bureau," approved March 23, 1893, together with all acts amendatory thereof and supplemental thereto and all acts in conflict herewith are hereby

Publications of this Bureau will be sent on receipt of the requisite amount. Only stamps, coin or money orders will be accepted in payment. The prices, noted, include delivery charges to all parts of the United States.

Money orders should be made payable to the STATE MINING BUREAU.

Personal checks will not be accepted.

Asterisk (*) indicates the publication is out of print. *Report I. Henry G. Hanks. 1880.

* Report II. Henry G. Hanks. 1882. *Report III. Henry G. Hanks. 1883. *Report IV. Henry G. Hanks. 1884, *Report V. Henry G. Hanks. 1885. *Report VI. Part 1. Henry G. Hanks. 1886. *Report VII. Wm. Irelan, Jr. 1887. *Report VIIT. Wm. Irelan, Jr. 1888. *Report X. Wm. Irelan, Jr. 1890. Price *Report XII. J. J. Crawford. 1894. (Second biennial) mu A Chapters of State Mineralogist's Report, Biennial period, 1913-1914, Fletcher Mines and Mineral Resources of Imperial and San Diego Counties. - F. J. H. Merrill TIlE E M Eee e .35 *Mines and Mineral Resources, Amador, Calaveras and Tuolumne Counties - Mines and Mineral Resources, Colusa, Glenn, Lake, Marin, Napa, Solano,

Sonoma and Yolo Counties - Walter W. Bradley. 1915 NOR PM ed .50 Mines and Mineral Resources, Del Norte, Humboldt and Mendocino Counties -

Mines and Mineral Resources, Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Mariposa, Mer- ced, San Joaquin and Stanislaus Counties - Walter W. Bradley, G. C. Brown,

Mines and Mineral Resources, Shasta, Siskiyou and Trinity Counties - G. C. Report XIV. Fletcher Hamilton, 1915, Biennial period 1913-1914. (The above county chapters combined in a single volume) aun 2.00 its of State Mineralogist's Report, Biennial Period, 1915-1916, Fletcher

Mines and Mineral Resources, Alpine, Inyo and Mono Counties, with geological map - Arthur S. Eakle, Emile Huguenin, R. P. McLaughlin, Clarence A.

Waringo LOLS Le am tte etes eel 2 1.25 Same as above, without geological map. .65 Mines and Mineral Resources, Butte, Lassen, Modoc, Sutter and Tehama Coun- Mines and Mineral Resources, El Dorado, Placer, Sacramento and Yuba Coun- Mines and Mineral Resources, Los Angeles, Orange and Riverside Counties - Frederick J. H. Merrill. +78 dd .50

Mines and Mineral Resources, Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties - Walter W. Bradley, Emile Huguenin, C. A.

Logan Clarence A: Wiring, TAI umi est redire dE ut .65 Mines and Mineral Resources, San Bernardino and Tulare Counties - H. C. Cloudman, Emile Huguenin, F. J. H. Merrill, W. Burling Tucker 1917.... .65 Report XV. Fletcher Hamilton, 1918, Biennial period, 1915-1916. (The above *Bulletin 1. Dessicated Human Remains. - Winslow Anderson. 1888... . . MSS *Bulletin 3. Gas and Petroleum Yielding Formations of the Central Valley of *Bulletin 4. Catalogue of California Fossils (Parts 2, 3, 4 and 5). - J. G. COOPER, A 2l c oh IA e Mere Pac eS a See *Bulletin 5. The Cyanide Process: Its Practical Application and Economical

Results. - A. Scheidel. 1891 iWrite for price list.

Asterisk (*) indicates the publication is out of print.

California Gold Mill Practices. - E. B. Preston. 1895...........- Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1894. - Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated. sheet) cune muere EC aa Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1895. - Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Mine Drainage, Pumps, etc. - Hans C. Behr. A Bibliography Relating to the Geology, Palxontology, Mineral Resources of California. - A. W. Vogdes. 1896...... Oil and Gas Yielding Formations of Los Angeles, Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties. - W. L. Watts. 1896

Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1896. - Chas. G. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1897. - Chas. G. Yale. .€Tabulated sheet) uu ión Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1898. - Chas. G.

Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Map of Oil City Oil Fields, Fresno County. - J. H. The Genesis of Petroleum and Asphaltum in California. - 4A. S.

Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1899. - Chas.

Yale: -(Tabulated sheet) remesas usada oce The Mother Lode Region of California. - W. H. Storms. 1900.... Oil ad Gas Yielding Formations of California. - W. L. Watts.

Synopsis of General Report of State Mining Bureau. - W. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1900. - Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Mineral Production of California for Fourteen Years. - Chas. G. Reconnaissance of the Colorado Desert Mining District. - Stephen The Copper Resources of California. - P. C. DuBois, F. M. Ander- son, J. H. Tibbits, and G. A. Tweedy. ps mue Ip The Saline Deposits. of California. - G. E. Bailey. 1902.....-. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1901. - Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Mineral Production of California for Fifteen Years. - Chas. G. c LLL coco Yale. 1901. (Tabulated sheet) The Quicksilver Resources of California. - Wm. Forstner. 1903__ Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1902. - Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Mineral Production of California for Sixteen Years. - Chas. G. A Bibliography of Geology, Paleontology, and Mineral Resources of California. - A. W. Vogdes. Chemical Analyses of California Petroleum. - H. N. Cooper. EIC OR and Use of Petroleum In California. - P. W. Prutzman. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1903. - Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Mineral Production of California for Seventeen Years. - Chas. G. Yale. 1903. (Tabulated Sheet) Mines and Minerals of California, for 1903. - Chas. G. Yale. (Statistical). lat a te tui Gold Dredging in California. - J. E. Doolittle. 1905 Gems. Jewelers' Materials, and Ornamental Stones of California. 07 First edition (without colored plates) *Second edition (with colored plates) The Structural and Industrial Materials of California. - Wm. Mineral Production of California, by Countles, 1904. - Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Mineral Production of California for Eighteen Years. - Chas. G. Yale. 1904. (Tabulated sheet) Mines and Minerals of California, Mineral Production of California, by Counties. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Mineral Production of California for Nineteen Years. - Chas. G.

ewe Loo

Mines and Minerals of California, for 1905. - Chas. G. Yale. Auriferous Black Sands of California. - J. A. Edman. 1907......

General Index to Publications of the State Mining Bureau. - Com- piled by Chas. G. Yale. 1907 Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1906. - Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Mineral Production of California for Twenty Years. - Chas. G.

Asterisk (*) indicates the publication is out of print. Price. Mines and Minerals of California, for 1906. - Chas. G. Yale.

Mug STC ERN e EN TIUS IR The Copper Resources of California. - A. Hausmann, J. Krutt-

Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1907. - D. H.

Walker, iTaíbulated sheet) se: «2 7-5 3 9 menm Mineral Production of California for Twenty-one Years. - D. H.

Mineral Production of California for 1907, with County Maps -

D. H. Walker. 1908, (Statistical) ~~~ o coccion 0 Mineral Production. of California, by Counties, 1908. - D. H.

Mineral Production of California for Twenty-two years. - D. H.

Mineral Production for 1908, County Maps, and Mining Laws

Gold Dredging in California. - W. HB. Winston, Charles Janin.

OUS Al. ee a E M eR aL UN EE Led Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1909. - D. H

Mineral Production of California for Twenty-three Years. - D. H.

Walker. 1909. (Tabulated sheet) uum ET Mineral Production for 1909, County Maps, and Mining Laws

of California. - D. H. Walker. 1910. (Statistical) = Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1910. - D.

Mineral Production of California for Twenty-four Years. - D. H.

Walker. 1910. CTabulated sheet) ~~. 3 ocio - - Petroleum in Southern California. - P. W. Prutzman. 1912...... .45 Mining Laws (United States and California). 1914------------ "cm Petroleum Industry of California, with Folio of Maps (18x22 in.)

Mineral Production for 1914, with Mining Law Appendix. 1915. .... California Mineral Production for 1915, with Mining Law Appen-

dix and Maps. - Walter W. Bradlev. 1916 ooo UN Geologic Formations of California. - James Perrin Smith. 1917

Report of Operations of Department of Petroleum and Gas for

California Mineral Production for 1916, with County Maps. -

Mining Laws, United States and California. 1917... Manganese and Chromium in California. - Walter W. Bradley,

Emile Huguenin, €. A. Logan, W. Burling Tucker, C. A.

Marine TITS e SESE 50 Catalogue of the Publications of the California State Mining

Quicksilver Resources of California. - Walter W. Bradley. 1918.. 1.50 Tungsten, Molybdenum and Vanadium in California. (In prep-

Copper Resources of Foothill Belt, California. (In preparation)... .... Second Annual Report of the State Oil and Gas Supervisor, California Mineral Production for 1917, with County Maps. - Walter AV. Bradley, TOTS a a ta is E Third Annual Report of the State Oil and Gas Supervisor, 1917- Platinum Resources of California. (In presSs)------------------ California Mineral Production for 1918, with County Maps.

Report No. 1. Notes on Damage by Water in California Oil

Fields, Dec., 1913. By R. P. McLaughlin un END: Report No. 2. Nites on Damage by Water in California Oil Fields, Mar., 1914, By R. P. McLaughlin: A SE

Report No. 3. Manganese and Chromium, 1917. By E. S. Boalich Report No. 3. Manganese and Chromium. By E. S. Boalich. (Second edition) ....

Repo No, 4. Tungsten, Molybdenum and "Vanadium, 1918. By

E. Boulich and W. O. Castello. - ccoo sees Beo No. 5. Antimony, Graphite, Nickel, Potash, Strontium,

Tin, 1915. By IZ. N. Boalich and W. O. Castello E

Astrisk (*) indicates the publication is out of print. Price.

Butte Count" cana o RS ee Ell E pL .35

ue el Dorado' County 3o macie E a a E TERES 5 *Kern County eee Be a e: .25 Mariposa County «ldem

ie CD "Placer COUltV- uut cceli e er - ------------- *San Bernardino County esL d ellc cL 23 *Sun Diego Count...

santa. Barbara County- so o eS 0 23 «Shasta: Count. A de a a 0 SIE tr Count usu SS E li o a si discs ME *SISKIVOU COUlLlV (suc a soe a Sr *Trinity "COUNLY | 2 emm mE Eesti o E se e iE TERN *'Duolumne County. ocu a a Er cr

YUBA County los a SEET SEE OTe ea C NEU ELTE .25

OTHER MAPS. Price *California, Showing Mineral Deposits (50x60 in.) - mounted_________________ EE

Forest Reserves in California -

Unmounted ns eos ies a ee LA a as Seah casa oe a ai .30 *Mineral and Relief Map of California uuu - -

El Dorado County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests m

Madera County, Showing Boundaries of National ForestS-- - -------------- - - - - .20 Placer County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests___.____________._-__- .20

Shasta County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests--_---____-- cam 62 EU

Sierra County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests... 22 2 .20

Siskiyou County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests... LLL oo .20 *Trinity County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests______--__________-_ uf Tuolumne County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests______------------ .20

Copper Deposits in California 9 7 0: poene EE e eem .05

Id 25 aa LLLA UU A Rut Calaveras: COUHNLV o sl nou

Tuolumne EUR a e O LC .25

E following maps of the oil fields of the state have been completed and placed on sale: The prices of the maps are 75 cents per copy, with the exception of the Sargent oH map, which is 50 cents. "These prices include postage. ; ara County. Map No. 2 - Santa Maria, including Cat Cafion and Los Alamos. Map No. 3 - -Santa Maria. including Casmalia and Lompoc. Map No. 4 - Whittier-Fullerton, including Olinda, Brea Cañon, Puente Hills, East Coyote, and Richfield. Map No. 5 - Whittier-I'ullerton, including Whittier, West Coyote, and Montobello. Map No. 6 - Salt Lake, Los Angeles County. Map No. 7 - Sunset and San Emidio, Kern County. Map No. 8 - South Midway and Buena Vista Hills, Kern County. Map No. 9 - North Midway and McKittrick, Kern County. Map No. 10 - Belridge and McKittrick Front, Kern County. Map No. 11 - Lost Hills and North Belridge, Kern County. Map No. 12 - Devils Den, Kern County. Map No. 13 - Kern River, Kern County. Map No. 14 - Coalinga, Fresno County. Map No. 15 - Elk Hills, Kern County.

Samples (limited to three at one time) of any mineral found in the state may be sent to the Bureau for identification, and the same will be classified free of charge. No samples will be determined if received from points outside the state. It must be understood that no assays or quantitative determinations will be made. Samples should be in lump form if possible, and marked plainly with name of sender on out- side of package, etc. No samples will be received unless delivery charges are prepaid. A letter should accompany sample, giving locality where mineral was found and the

nature of the information desired.

Area of California, 153,650 sq. miles

Outline map of California, showing relative areas of ten other states.

The following county maps show all towns, post offices, railroads, stage lines, and the highways. They are especially valuable to all who wish to leave the railroad

and penetrate to the interior of the mining districts of the state. These maps must not be reproduced without obtaining permission from the Mining Bureau.

Digitized by Google Original from

Issued by the

State Mineralogist

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