Republic directory, 1908

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THE LIBRARY

THE UNIVERSITY

OF TEXAS

PRESENTED BY

Mrs, Burton Miles

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CANAL ZONE PILOT;

GUIDE TO THE

REPUBLIC OF PANAMA

AND

CLASSIFIED BUSINESS DIRECTORY

EDITED BY

TILUAH C.|HASKINS

PUBLISHED BY

A. BIENKOWSKI

Aticod, Canal Zone aod Panama, R. P.

PROFUSELY UXUSTRATED

THE STAR Sc HERALD Co. PANAMA.

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COPTKIOHTED 1907 IH THE

Bepubuc op Panama

TiNiTBD States

A. BlENKOWBKl.

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UBRAIT WaVGRSl FY OP TEXAS

Alianu TPVAS

WHAT THIS BOOK CONTAINS.

1. Tbe Cantl^ of Gold .. 1,

2. The Raids or UieBuccaneerx. IT,

8. Capture or Porto Bello_ 2S.

4. TbeFnllorOldPanania 38.

5. TrieFntlofUMPflnaiiin. (Peem.) 110.

B. TbeFouDdlD^orNow Vnmiiiui 116.

7. TbelBtliialBiillubbleor I«8«. 121.

8. Trouble wltb iDdluns, 1710-1J90 IM.

9. Independenc<! rroni Spain. 1821 123.

10. TbeMhTnus1nltieDayR«r'« 128.

lU Lola Montez "of Parts and PHrtetnu." 132.

12. OccaUB Linked by »let>l Ribbon e, 1855. 135.

IS. Nlgbt of Horror In April, IKSfl. 13a

14. AttempUloPlerRelsUimiiii 170.

15. DeLessopa - Hta OroitScbeme 172.

16. MiitMrinKn of Hepantlon 2D4.

17. IiitheTUrowofB^voUitlon 207.

18. "(lUiiglog; the Belles." 215.

19. Polyglot Ponama. 221,

20. Btory of tbe Youngext Repabllc 223.

21. The Canal In American Hsnds aBl.

2!. Not by a Dam Site Z76.

!34Takliie No Chnnws 284.

24. How Aboiltit To-lny* 288.

25. The King Pin of the Canal 883.

26. Pnnama-H Morals In tbe 'TOs -140;

27. Beyond Uie ChagrfB (Pom) 34.1.

28. Unelettem's IsUimUn nnmain 344.

29. Teaching Canal Zona YoQth 360.

aOL The Isthmian Water Supply 3S3.

3L Revenue EndoftheZone S38,

32. The Guardians of the Zone 302.

38. The Peart Induitry of Panama 388.

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n Pilot and Guide.

3*. TlicNewPiilacp nud Thi«lr.-

Page. .. 370.

88. ORti'lHl ItaiuJ i>r the I.C.C.

... m

41. PlphiKOII AcroBG Isthmus :!HH.

(nl - PublltLniidUiwa Hi.

45. OIBclftlKofRi'p. orPiinanui,!. C. «.'., and 1'. R. It

., KT.

47. Clnssl fled Husliiass Directory ofColoii

.. rm.

4H. (r,iIn|)E11intt

LIST OF ILLUSTHATIOHS.

FtoiiHsdIcw - I'nwiit Islhiiilun (."iinul UomniisHioii.

I-ilBO.

6. Country 8(«no In IHtuania Itcpubllc

7. CiitUedrBl l^rk, IMiiaiiia .

m.

. 12. Chlnrao VegPlablp (iiirden, r^naiiia

m.

17. AnLKJii Hospllal

ISi.

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FiM and Cuide.

III

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27. Old Atluntlu Eutraiiw to Cuual

lie.

29. View<tfG«rgon«

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39. Sinking of thcLnutoro

33. GtnerHl Albnn Entering IVilon

'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 'n-'.

35. P. R.R. RtAtion at Empire.

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37. PtaiSB Bollvur, Jhivid, Uhlrli|Ul .':!'l. I

:::::::: i:

41. Mnpiifthe iKDimux

42. PrPsKlent RiBBi-velt nnd Hotel Tivoll

47, Amiy EnKlueera

48. ACuiiul Iiredgc

4B. Sleam Shovel LoiidiiiK Tniin

SO. ABtene on the Chiwi«" Rlvor

£S. CauBl Zoi..' PostofHo-, CriatobHl

:;:;:: £

59. DonnldoVib-™, AutluJi, "TheWaroiUhe lathmtis"

!«.

C2. Slnr * Hemld BiiiidtnK

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THE PUBLISHER'S ANNOUNCEMENT.

In submittinj; this, the first odition of tlie Pilot and Guide, the publisher does so, with the firm belief that it will meet witJi the approbation of its readers. He has departed somewhat from the beaten path of this class of books for the express purpose of meeting an insistent pubhc demand, that of a work that will enable people inr terested in Panama and the Isthmian Canal to gain a clear aiid adequate conception of what has occurred, and is now taking place. Books have been published, and some of them very good ones, on various phases of Isthmian his- tory and events, but the publisher has tried and believes that he has succeeded in massiTig more "meat of the Isth- mian cocoanut," than has ever before been printed between the covers of a book whose title page beai-s the well known name of "Panama."

To accomplish this end has Ijeen no small task. It has been a case of book-building from the gixiuud up. lafonnatioii and facts had to be hunted out of musty

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nn_

nooks and comers, and as much of the information conld be obtained only from Spanish books and documents, care- ful translation was necessary. Where possible, tho workers on this book have gone back to the times when tlie histor- ical incidents were in the making, and in the case of later events, to see and talk with people who were on tlie spot and knew personally of the occurrences related. Mistakes may have crept in; a book covering a scope of four hun- dred years would be a positive wonder without any, yet the publisher believes that the authenticity in general of the information herein contained will stand the test.

The workers on this volume realized that its readers will embrace many different classes, therefore iinecdotes and incidents, all strictly true, have been introduced to illustrate a little of the humorous, and also, of the tragic side of Isthmian history. Another earnest effort was made to bring the book down to the year of Our Lord, 190S, and the work in this respect speaks for itself. It is the oidy pubhcation now in print tliat covers the recent and very important change in plans at the Pacific end of the canal, and of the decision to widen the canal locks; it is the only work that contains a continuous narrative of the great Isthmian waterway since it has been in American hands, and it is the only book that gives tho story of the circumstances leading up to, and culminating in the seces- sion of Panama from the Republic of Colombia from every point of view. There lias been no attempt to "tlirow cold water," or disparage, but rather to present the iuformatiou in a wholly dispassionate and matter-of-fact way. The .publisher and his assistants however, believe that in re- viewing the past three years of canal history, supported

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by facts and figureB, and by a personal knowledge of the general situation, the book will serrc a purpose iu dispell- ing and didmissing many a doubt and delusion that may have esist«4), or may still exist in the minds of some, regarding the extent and progress of the canal undertaking.

A work of this kind necessarily involves considerable outside assistance. Tn9 publisher takes this occasion to thank the inany who have contributed to the book by af- fording all information that lay in their power. He is especially indebted to the members of the Isthmian Canal Commission, Panama Railroad officials, Mr, W. G. Tubby. Mr. H. G. Prescott, Don Jose Augustiii Arango, Don Ri- cardo Arango, Don Sicardo Arias, Don ^Eelchor Lasso de la Vega, Don E. T. Lefevre, Don Samuel Boyd, Seiior Donaldo Yelasco and others. He is also indebted to The Star & Herald Co., Mr. J. Gabriel Duque. its Director, Mr. Carl von Lindeman, it8 Maimger, and its staff of em- ployes for the. excellent typographical work on the book, as well as to the management for the opiwrtunity for res^i-ch afforded by the early files of the paper. Cordial thanks are also extended to Senor Guillcrmo Audreve and Senor Don- aldo Velasco for the loan of several half-tone illustrations appearing on the pages of the Pilot and Guide.

Just a word to the advertiseia. Your confidence was invited, and although you niatle it known to the publisher that you had often been foolod in the past, notwithstand- ing the prospoctus of the present work attracted your at- tention. The publisher believes he has kept faitli with you m every respect. It is seldom that a work of this kind opens its pages to advertisers, in fact, had such an oppor-

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tuiiity been afforded in the United States, advertising , agencies would have taken every available inch of space. The publisher thanks you for your patronage and trusts that the 1909 edition will see you again represented.

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LWRAMT

UMTt^Rsi TT ornuj

AlMfk'U, 'XhXAS '

THE CASTLE OF HOLD.

The famed Cathay of Columbus* dreams led that daring, hut disappointed navigator to mnke a fourth and final attempt in the year 1502, to discover a short sea route to the East After being bnffeted about for days by contrary winds in Uie Cariblwaii Sea, his Bcaall and leaky boats threatening to go to tlio bottom at any moment, he at last sighted laTid in the vicinjty of Cape Gracias fi Dios, Nicaragua. Doubling tbis cape on the 14th of September, in the year above-mentioned, he landed and explored a region to which he gave tlic name of Cerabora. , Here he ran across numerous specimens of gold ore, and by questioning the Indians, ascertained that the precious metal existed iu large quantities in a district to the east of there called Veragua. He secured num- erous ore samples, and obtained a rough description of the mines.

Continuing his voyage, he sailed along the coast of i what is now Costa Bica, and Panama, passing on his way I the famous Chiriqui Lagoon in the Province of Bocas del

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2 Pitot and Gt(i<fe

Toro, called by the Indians, Aburema, and which quite deceived Columbus for a time into bolieving that he had at last discovered the much sought for passage. While voyaging down the coast he encountered numerous storms which imperiled his boats, and on one occasion forced him to seek shelter at a small island. Here he found fruits- fish and game in abundance, which led him to give the place the name" of Puerto de Bastimento, meaning a place of supplies.

After a few days' rest at this point, Columbus or- ganized a small expedition, and on the 23rd of November left the haven, but was obliged to put in to the coast again three days later owing to a tempest which narrowly came to swamping his ships. This place he aptly termed Retrete. meaning a place of retreat. Here he stayed until the oth of December, when he decided to turn back over his course. Ho kept a westerly direction for fifteen days, which brought him on the 7th day of January, 15011, to the inoTCth of a river called in the Indian tongue Quiebra, but to which Columbus gave the name of Belen. This liver to-day forms the natural boundary line between the Province of Qolon, and that of Veritas. Towards the iritbrior could be seen a broken mountain range which Columbus named San. Cristobal. Near this spot, . a short while'later, the Adelantado J). Bartolorae Colon, founded the. first establishment on Isthmian soil, but it did not endure long, being destroyed by the Indians under a chief named" Qiiibian.

> At this point Columbus again changed his plans and sailed back toward the east, stopping at the present' site of Porto Bello (1), and going as far as the islands in the Malatto Archipelago, which lie in the Gulf . of San Bias. After som' further journeyings back and forth, ever, on the look-out for a natural opening in the barrier before

(1) Variously spelled Puerto Belo, Port«bel<i,'and Porto Bello.

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CamU of (Sold. 3

bim, he decided to return, the had state of his ships, midcing such actiou imperative.

History credits Columhus as having first set foot on the soil of what is now the Kepublic of Panama, on Novemher 2iid., 1502, somewhere in tho vicinity of the Chiriqui Lagoon. Thus we have two important dates in Isthmian history nearly coincidental as to the day and month; the discovery, smd the declaration of independence of the Republic of Panama, Not. ;!id., litOit.

"In the Name of God."

Accounts of the newly discovered TOuntr}', and the samples of gold having in due time reached tlie court of Spain, the fanciful name of Castilta del Oro, or Castle of Gold was conferred upon all that region extending from Cape Gracias a Dios, to the Gulf of llraha, and in the year 1510, Biego de Nicuesa was sent over from S.3ntD Domingo to govern it. He took along with him colonists to the numher ni 700, but during the voyage a tempest arose, wrecked some of his ships, and caused the loss of 400 of his men, while the othei-s wore in desiierate straits. In the tempest the ships hecanie separated and some of them reached the coast near the mouth of tho Belen River, while others brought up at tlie mouth of the Cliagres River. After collecting his men, Nicuesa left the Belen River and went to tlie port of Biistimcnto, h.nd when he had doubled Manzanillo Point, he shortly landed and said: "We will remain hero in the name of God." This was the site of the town of Nomhre de Dios, called into prominence at the present time chiefly fi-om its having been one of the earliest settlements on the Ist!ur.us, and , ono of the most unhealthful spots in Panama. In this , enterprise Nicuesa perished miserably along with the hulk of his followers.

Befoi« Kicueea's time, two other hardy navigators : had added considerably to the store of knowledge concern-

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4 P'iot aitrf Guiile.

ing Spain's new possessions. One of those, Kodrigo de Bastidti, headed an expedition thnt visited rarioua parts of the Spanish Main, and discovered in 1501, a year in ad- vance of the arrival of Columbus, that part of the coast lying between Cape Tiburon, on the Gulf of Uraba and the port of Rrtrete. The other, Alonso de Ojeda, ex- plored the whole northern coast of South America, and gave the country adjacent to the Gulf of Ilraba, the name of Nueva Andalusia. He founded a town in the eastern part of the Gulf, naming it San Sebasti.in. He grew tired of the i'esistance offered by the neighboriiig tribes of Indians and very soon abandoned the colony, leaving his lieutenant, Fraiicieco Pizarro, afterwards famous as the conqueror of the Inca empire, in possession of the pi ce. Ojeda later distinguished himself as the founder of several places in Venezuela.

The Story of Balboa.

Many a child at school has fallen down on a hard history lesson, but rarely a dullard so great as to fail in the recital of Balboa's exploit. History accords it hut a brief mention, albeit it is entitled to second place in the. New Wor'd discoveries. Balboa fared forth adventuring- at a comparatively early age. At 25 he voyaged with Bastida to tlie Spanish Main, and on his return to His- , paniola, the Hayti of the present day, he took up the pursuit of agriculture. His bent did not at all lie in this direction, and his principal harvest was a lot of bad debts. To escape these, and an occupation distast<?fal to him, he concealed himself one night in a cask, and bribed some of; the crew of a ship lying in the harbor to take the cask on board. This ship happened to belong to an expedition commanded by one BacbiUer Enciso, then fitting out for a voyage to the South American coast. Balboa was at' this time a man of very pleasing appearance, . and latfir, when at sea, his presence on board became knovn'i, . Iw'^

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The Stnry of Balboa. 5

made Huch au earnest appeal to tLe Commander, that the latter reversed hia earlier decision to throw him overboard. Balboa's representations of the richness of the country, aud the fact that he had beej there before in company with Bastida, led Enciso to head his course for the (Julf of XJraba, and the colony of San Sebastian. Before reach- ing tho mainland one of his ships became wrecked and through this accident, lost all the horses and pigs he had brought with him. Still greater misfortune awaited the expedition, for on its arrival, tlie town of San Sebastian wps found to have been burued by the Indians, and tho colonists that were there scattered.

Balboa, nothing daunted, promised Eticiso tbnt if he would accompany him, he would take him to the western shore of the gulf, where another towji could easily bo founded, and where the Indians did not use poisoned arrows. The offer was accepted.and together with tlieir men they marehed into the territory of an Indian chief named Cemaco, whom they defeated aud took prisoner. At the town of this chieftain, they founded Santa Maria la An- tigua del Darieu, in honor of the celebrated imago at Seville, Spain. This place is noted for its having been the site of the first Episcopal See, and the oldest church on the American continent Enciso was at the liead of this new colony, but itdid not last long owing ina large measure to an interdict received from the Crown of Spain pro- hibiting the traffic of gold with the Indians. About this time,. too, Balboa aud Enciso had a falliiig out, and the former, gaining the ascendancy, sent his fellow-explorer back to Spain ill irons.

Balboa Seeks the Temple ol Gold.

The whole country of the Castilla del Oro was now in Balboa's charge, and one of the first of his acts was to despatch Pizarro to explore the interior. About the same time he sent out a company of meu to collect the sur-

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g FHot and Guide.

vivors of the ill-fated town of Nombre de Dios. He then took the tiL'ld against the Indians, first capturing and im- prisoning the chieftain Cuareca along with tiis family, and afterwards pillaging the lands of an Indian chief named Poiica, This brought him and his men to the territory of another Indian chieftain named Oomagre, at that time probably the most powerful chief in the Biitire Darien I'egion. Comiigre lived in a state of magniiicence, and had the mummies of his ancestoi-s enshroud(d in rich cloths, adorned with pearls, precious stones, and ornaments of gold. Although he had 3,000 warriors at his call, he re- ceived Balboa peaceably, and gave him the freedom of his domain. Comagre's eldest son named Pauquiaco became very friendly with Balboa, and besides presenting him with 4,000 ounces of gold, and 60 women slaves, taken prison- ers in battle with neighboring tribes, gave him the in- formation that back of the line of mountains that I'eared their tops in the dim distance, was a nation very rich and powerful, having ships with sails like the Spaniards, and using vessels of solid gold. " He also told him of a temple of gold caJled Dabaihe, situated forty leagues from Darien, on the banks of a great river, emptying nito the Gulf of Uraba (1). In ihe aboriginal belief, Dabaibe was the mother of the Deity, which dominated the elements, and created the sun, mnon, stare, and all things good.'

Balboa's cupidity was greatly aroused by these tales, and returning to Santa Maria, prepared for an expedition in search of the golden temple. It is evident tlmt at this period Balboa placed some credence in the Indian's tale of "ships witli sails," but had more faith in the existence of a temple of gold. It is quite likely that this temple had reference to the treasure house of the Inca emperors at Cuzco, an account of which, more or less distorted, might easily have passed from tribe to tribe until it reached the Darien.

(1) The Alraf o Kiver.

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Balboa Seela the Temple of Gold. "^^

His exp^ditioi) in tn'm, Balboa entered the mouth of- the Alrato, aud passed up it until he reached the Rio' KegTu, or Sucio, as it is commonly called on account of the color of its watei-s. Asceiiiliiig this tributary be tinally arrived at the lands of an Indian chief named. Abihoibo,. without having seen any indication of the object of his quest He left here a company of 30 men to guard tlie place, and then returned to Darien, On arriving he found that the Indians under Cemaco, and five other chiefs, witji. a force of 5,000 warriors, and 100 canoes, had planned an attack ou the colony, which plot w.is disclosed by one' of their number named Fulvia. Balboa at onc« took the; initiative, surprised and defeated the L:dians, and left Cemaco dead on the field.

In bluest of the South Sea.

About this time there were internal dissensions in the colony, but Balboa succeeded in pacifying all parties, so that by the time reinforcements arrived from Spaili- bringing to him thn title of Captain-General do la-' d.ntigDa, Ke was ready to set out on an expwditiou inquest of the South Sea. He sailed from Santa Maria on the 1st of September. 1513, taking with him 100 of his own- men, some Indians, aiid a number of dogs. A short dis- tknee on his way, the Indian chief, Cuareea, who had been baptized by the Spaniards, gave him guides, some Indian auxiliaries, and on the 6th of September, after attcnding- mass to ask the blessing of God on his mission, lio took' the road to the mountains.

On the 8th of September, Balboa arrived at the- home of the Indian chief, Ponca, mentioned in a previous expedition. Here he was the recipient of the first really credible information concerning the great sea to the South. Ponca informed him that the ocean would oi>en to view after passing certain mountains, which ho would show him. He also gave Balboa some curious, but handsomely

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3 ^ilol "'"' Gaiile.

formed gold umameiite, which the Indian Kuid came from places on the ocean of which he spoke.

On thi) 20th of September he cojitiiiued his march. The surface of the gioiind was so rough and broken, and there were so many Hiiiall streams to cross, that in four days, he only covered thirty miles. At the end of this march, he lume to the territory of the belligerent chief- tain, Cuaracua, who gave him a hard fight. The Indian was finally overcome, and perished in company with tiOO of his men. The town of Cuaracua where be now was, laid, he was told, at the foot of the last raountaiit lemaining to be surmounted, before his eyes could rest on the ohject of his long and tedious march.

Balboa Discovers the Pacific.

On the 26th of September, a little after ten o'clock in the morning, the Spaniards discovered from the top of the mountain, the mighty waters of the Pacific. The priest of the expedition, Andres do Vara, intoned the Te Deuin, and all thoBO in the company fell on their knees arouiid him. They aft^^rwai-ds luiscd at this point a cifss made of the trunk of a tree, braced up by rocks, and upon which they wrote, as well as on various trees in the vicinity, the names of the rultra of Spain. On his descent to the beach, Balboa and his men had to pass through the lands of an Indian warrior named Cheajies, who ti'e.'>tetl tiipm kindly, and mado them a present of -^00 pounds of gokl. Beadiing the water-side, Balboa wudod nut knee-deep into the sea, and witli the bamier of Spain waving in his hands, proclaimed the vast ocean, and the coasts adjoining it, the property of his King.

Find Pearls of Fabulous Size.

Shortly after the discovery of the South Sea. as the Pacific was for a long time afterwards called, Balboa set

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(O niol and Guide.

about making arrangemonts to explore the vicinity. Tht ocean at this point on' the coast forms a g;<iilf to which Balboa gave the name of San Miguel in honor of his having arrived there on the day the CSthdlic chflrch cele- brates this saint, which name it bears at the preiient time. He despatched one of his men named Alonso Martin af the head of a small company of Spaniards and ludians, to explore the coast in a: canoe, while helilmself embarked and went ta an island inhabited by a chief named Tumaco. Martin, leaving first, ^s the credit of - b^ng the first European to navigate the waters of the Pacific. The inland Balboa landed OR was one!of many,, and to the group, he gave the name-.0¥ the Archiepelago de las Perlas, or the<Pearl Archipelago, ^ To the largest island iu the group' he gave the name of Isla-' Bica, or Rich Island, on account of the quantities of pearls he found, there, some of which were- (tf great size., ^^'boa's papers relate how that the canoes of Chief Turaaco had liieir oarsiucrusted with pearls, so pl^tiful were they at this period Some time aft£r this, an- expedition under FjzaBti and Morales, two of Balboa's lieutenants, w(is seyt against., the Pearl Islands. They" crossed the Isthinjis by a j^s. difiCicult route than Balboa had done, and arrived" at the' islands without incident. After foiir different battles wifV the chief whom they found in possession of'isia Rica, the latter finally surrendered, ahd as peace' offering.ptesented, Pizarro and Morales wilh a. basket full of very fine pearls, one of which weighed 3o carats, .and afterwards sold for 4,000 ducats, equivalent to $9,120.00, veritably a prince's

Origin of tlie "Bloody Siiirt."

After collecting all the gold and pearis he could lay hands on, Balboa returned to Darien, the only notable incident of the backward journey being the execution of a native chief named Ponera, together with three of his as-

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Oriffin of Ike "Bloodf Shirt'.

H

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O YOU -WANT YOUR WATCH HBHA1RED7 O YOU WANT A WBDDINO RING? O YOU WANT A FINE POB CHAIN? O YOU WANT Jewelry of any Description? . ARE YOU a FOREICN COIN COLLECTOR?

el. \LI. Q'ClVOZlC' cat^ fit tjou out.

sociatos, accused of certain vicious practices. These men, Balboa caused to be devoured alive by the savage dogs which he carried with him.

The year following, 1514, there arrived at Antigua, a colonel of infautry named Pedro Ariaij Davila, commonly called Pedrarias, who had been named by the Spanish Crown as Governor of Darien. It is related that Pedrarias was the father-in-law of Balboa, but history does not ap- pear to be fully clear on this point. He commanded a brilliant expedition consisting of 2,000 picked men, which had originally been raised and equipped for war in Italy, under Uie orders of Grand Captain Gonzalo de Cor^lova, Cavalier of Spain. About this time La Antigua had been elevated to a metropolitan city of Castilla del Oro, and Friar Juan de Quevedo was named as the iirst bishop, while Gaspir de Espinosa was chosen as the first Alcalde. Shortly after the arrival of Pedrarias, Balboa made another and last quest for the mythical temple of gold, resulting in the usual failure. Then followed several months of Indian fighting. Tumanama, one of the most powerful chiefs of the mountains had long been at enmity witii the Spanish invadei-s, and securing allies in a num- ber of other tribes commenced a war of extermination against the Conquistadores. The Indians carried a Hag in their fights made out of, the bloody shirts of the Spaniards they had killed, which is the first mention History

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makes of that since famous tocsin. The victories gained by the Indians caused great alarm at Ija Antigua, aud the mint and other public buildings were closed. However, after 'several, desperate eiigjigenieiits, Tumaiiama and his warriors were put to rout, and a peace pact was entered into.

Balboa's Last Expedition.

Upon the cessation of Indian hostilities, Pedrarias consented to an expedition planned by Balboa, to explore the South Sea. This involved the construction of the ships necessary for navigating the Pacific, on the Atlantic stda of the divide, and their transportation, knocked-down, across the Cordillera to some point on the south coast The work of cutting trees and jireparing the parts of the ships was performed after several mouths of arduous toil, an4 then commenced the long and wearisome journey across the Isthmus,' The native Indians were utilized as carriers, aud History records th.it upwards of two thousand of them weakened and died under their heavy burdens. In making the passage, Balboa showed poor judgment. Instead of journeying by a known route, he started across an unexplored part of the Isthmus, discovering the Kio Balsas on his way, which stream he utilized aR far as he was able. Beaching- the south coast, he put liis ships together, and after visiting the Pearl Archipelago, navigated across the Gulf of Sau Mi- guel,and to a point about, two leagues farther on. Here the ciews of his ships became aiaimed at a school of whales, whom they took to be reefs in the ocean, and induced Balboa to put about Reaching tlie coast again the entire expedition was brought to a sudden stop, by orders received from Pedra- rias, the Governor, authorizing Balboa's an-est and imprison- ment, under tlie charge of being a traitor to tJie Crown.

Balboa, a Victim of Jealousy and Hate.

Up to the time of ihc last ill-planned expedition, fortune had always smiled on Balboa's enterprises.' At

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Balboa, a eklim of Jfalmmf and Hale. |3

thfs period of his life, however, tho fickle goddess turned her hack upon him forever. Pedrarias, the Governor of Dnrisn, had long been jealous of Biilboa'a successes, and this filing culminated into one of intense hate. While fearing to withhold his consent to the South Sea exi)edi- tion, he was busy piniiniiig the while how to frustrate it. The news of .a great Indian empire far to the south had filtered through to tho Spanish camp, and stirred Halboa to accomplish what his able but unprincipled lieutenant, Francisco Pixarro, later carried out I'edrarias was well iiware of Balboa's ambitious plans, and this knowledge did hut sei-ve to put an edge to his jealousy and hate.

With but a farce of a trial, and condemned of being a traitor to the Crown on evidenco of purely an ex parte character, Balboa, in the year 151T, in the forty-second year. of his age, met death by the headsman's a.xe, and thus ended the life of one of the greatest explorers of the New World. Balboa maintained his innocence to tho very last, defying his accuser and inunlerer, Pedrurias. who occupied a window only ten feet distant from llie scaffold where the execution took place.

In view of Balboa's great achievement, history has passed lightly over his faults, among which avarice and w;u^ty were the most prominent; but taking into account the ..general customs of the age in which he lived, the dff^iealt and exasperating circumstances and emergencies

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he had to contend with and overcome, it cannot be gain- said but that he was an exceptional man; an intrepid, cunning and resoarceful warrior whose ultimate success and wonderful discovery conquered for him a lasting place in the world's history. Besides, his latter sufferings, im- prisonment and death on the scaffold on an unjust charge, were, no doubt, ample atonement for his sine.

Founding of Old Panama.

Pedrarias, incompetent, treacherous, and cruel, cojir tifiued in high favor with the king whose coffers he kept well supplied with gold and treasure wrung from the en- slaved and oppressed natives who died by the thousands on accoumt of not being physically adapted to the Work. It was this terrible decimation of the Indians that prompt- ed some time later a pi-ominent Catholic bishop to suggest the importation of negroes from Africa, thus saving the Indian from complete extermination, but at the same time inaugurating the system of slavery that afterwards spread over the gieat«Bt part of two continents.

In 1515, Diego de Albites and Tello de <>uzman formed part of an expedition that crossed to the Pacific sido of the Isthmus and aiTived at a hut of a poor fisher, at a point called by the Indians Panama, from the abun- dance of fish and sea shells found there. Here in 1519, Pedrarias founded fhe city of Old Panama, giving it the Indian name. In 1531, by order of Emperor Cbarles V., the title of "Muy noble y muy leal" was bestowed on the place, and the government, bishopric and colonists of Santa Maria la Antigua del Darien removed: thereto. This was only accomplished after great privation and suffering, it being estimated that no fewer than 40,000 Spaniards per- ished in this trans-Isthmian hegira during the ensuing thirty years. The court-of-arms given to the new city consisted of a yoke, a bunch of arrows on a gilded field, with two ships underneath, a star, castle and lions. The

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NO DULL SEASON WITH US.

WHY?

BECAUSE:

FIB8T.-,»We,h»ve always stood, and shall always stand, with- out a single deviation, behind our iroii<?lad guarantee based upon Beliabi.e Guods, Muueratf. Pkh'eh and Our Own Confidbkcb in iheir Worth, SECOND. - We constantly endeavor to provide our pTistomers ._ with the Very Best Merchandise Manufactcred, ' using special care in the selection of our stork. THlED.~We have in' our Ladies' Department, the latest, best »nd most extensive variety of Dress G<)ods, Shirt Waists, Skirts, Underwear, Hosiery, Laces, Em- BRoiDEitiEs, Gloves, Fancy Articles and a com- ' plet« line of corsets - Warner's, Royal Worcester, Bon Tok and W. B. , - FOmiTH. - Wecatflr'lo the most correct tastes in gentlemen's wear, and we can truthfully say that there are no bet- ter dressed'tnen iu Panama, or the Canal Zone, than tliose.that have erxit ol'tpitted in Ot-r Gents' De- partment. They are advertising us every time they appear on the street. FIFTH. --We have won and now hold the most discriminnt- ' '- h^ Clientele .in Punama and the Canal Zone for The EuERsON Shoe, (a castle for the fool), the Eldreboe Silent SEWiNa Hand and Foot Sewing Machines, - .. i; -mdUie "Hiu, Safe Co"s. Fire Proof Safes.

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COMISIONI&Tp.

Avanida Norte, No. 70. Apartado de Correo No. 70. ^^ PANAMA. E^

city becaiiifl tlio seut of the first court of the Kcal Au- dieiicin, which obtained in the .Spanish irasspssions in America from 1535 to 1752.

Ill 1525, a Catholic priest named flemando Luque celebrated solemn mass in the Cathedral at Old Panama^ taking communion with two Spanish explorers and men-at- arms, Francisco Pizarro and Diego Almagro. He broke the holy bread into three pieces, taking one, and giving the other pieces to the two men. The significfince of this act was no other than the solemnization of a contract between all three to conquer the countries to the South. They shortly afterwards manned several vessels and sailed down the coast, reaching at last the " goldon" Peru. Pizarrro'ii Aag use«I in his conquest is a treasured relic to- day in the aichives at Bogota.

Early Trans-Isthmian Routes.

Some time after the settlement of Old Panama, an attempt was made to establish land communication from Nombre de Dios, at that time the principal port on the Atlantic, to the new city on the Pacific. A road was finally constructed between the two places, whidi crossed the Chagres River at Cruces. For a part of the way the road was paved, evidences of which remain to this day. Later small vessels commenced to sail from Nombre d«

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Eiirlg TraHK-lslhaii

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l!)tos to tho mouth of the Oliagi'ea, then ii|> lh;vt strojiiu to CJruccs, wlipi-e the cniKoes wci-c tiHrisfcmd to tht> hiirks Qf tnules. Koiiibre do Pioa was aliinidfiiicd at llic end iif tile sixteenth century in fiaor ol' Pocto Hello, known to be oin- ^)f tlio bt'st havens (HI the entire iKthmiiin const, smith of Chi- *riqui lAgoon, to which evoii tlio steamers of the piesent d;iy *^aort when an unusuidly strong norther is hlowiiig at (loloii. -Oombro do Dies had loi)g Iiecji known as a yraveyaiil for the Spaniards, and its decay was of little ii'oinent.

After tho conquest of Peru, and the dcvelo|tinciit of the gold mines in tho Onrien. Ohl Panama sprang rapidly into pmmincnco, All the golden treasure of the West Ooiist was |)OUit'd into her lap to he sorted for shipment

Lacroisade & Regis, i Lacroisade & Regis.

mm% m tmmrn.

OptLcul G™1k! Giiarsnlwit J^noltj-; *'niii:j- irtkl««i SWISS LONIilX'KH

Watches, spodai Agciis «t ii>e

''NDERWOOD tJiM-wrilifr; Kupulriug "f Vine Walchea a Sjwrinlty; Siiii'iil <^ra(TBfuT Kurapo and United SIdIi'k.

<1 Cattedrdi sunare, P. o. fln n. HUtk.

mmi jQTHii ) QniGn.

Joyin (Jaroolisiulu-; (H.l.-rch. .!. Vnu- laAiK KKUUliS LOMllNI'^S^ I'liiriiH At!.'Ulv« .1.- Ill' Miquiiiiw li,- li-iiilitr INUKK\V(MIU: HhInIUIihI ) (-..Bii--

l^41lllnll pHjircliliv* il Kuni|ia y lun Kk'

tlHlojl I'llilllH.

41 ?*rvm U U CaKMI. ArwMi 71.

to the mother country. Porto Bello likewise became an im- portant post, and was the scene of gi-eat faii-s up to the time of its capture by tho Pirates under Henry Morf,'aii.

TlMlOFTeEBDCCAlEBS.

The attack and pillage of Porto Hello, tlio capture of Fort San Lorenzo at the niowtli of the C/hagres River,

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and litstly and chief of all, the sack and burning of Ol'l Paiiiima, perbaps at the time the most opulent city in all Now Spain, by Henry Morgan and his band of seven- teenth century buccaneers, pirates and sea rovers, furnisbeR one of the most thrilling chapt»irs in the early histoiy of the Spanish Main, and some of the most notable events in the piratical raeord of the West Indies, not only from the boldness and intrepidity of the attack, but for the gallant defence as well.

To-day, nearly three hundred and fifty years after, crumbhng ruins mark the spots where these occurrences took place, though as the late Mr. James Stanley Gilbert has written in his famous work, "Panama Patchwork":

" Clouil-etfBteil San Lorenzo guanJH

Tlie (^liaKres' cnti'aiice still, Tho' o'er oaeh Btone Jenst- moss has grown,

And earth his moat doth till. His bastions, feeble with decay,

Steadfastly view the sea, And sternly wait the oei'tain fate

The ages shall decree."

To the Americans employed on the Isthmus and tho tourists that are coming in ever increasing numbers, the sites of tlieae early Spanish centers of Western civilization have a considerable charm, as is evidenced by the numer- ous excursions made thereto, especially during the dry season. Of them all Old Panama, perhaps, possesses the greatest attraction. It is easily sccessibte from the present city, and really interesting, ahhough unfortunately many visitors merely ride over, take a look at the tower and the old bridge, and then come hack with the idea that they have seen everything woi-tli while. The tower and bridge arc near to the beach, and easily seen, but the dense vegetation with which the greater part of Old Panama is overgrown makes sight-seeing fai-ther in more difficult There is the old Cathedral, the roof of which has fallen

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ill, but the walls nf which are still stiLiidiiig. Tiiis cliiuili is mentioned in Esquem ding's nan-ative of tlip sinli uml buniing of Old Panama, wTittPii in Ui7S. mid rcjiiiiil''il herewith, as the only one left standing after tlie iin-. (lie which was used for a liospitul for the wounded I'f tlir buccaneers. Tlic interior of this church has lu'cn tr^i'il in recent tiinoa, and is still twing used. I undel^tan(l. Iij lhi> natives living in the vicinity for a htirying place for thi-ir dead. Nearby to the church is the (Jatacuinhas, or touilts, apon the roofs of which great treef* are now growing vigor- ously. As one proceeds farther landwanfs, sertions of the ancient city's walls may l)e seen in various directions, some being only held up hy the gigantic roots of trees which have twined and intertwined in and ahout the stones in such a manner that now it would Iw difficult even for a pry to dislodge them. Large open wells curhcd with stone are scattered ahout the place, and in these, nunteious ix-lics have recently been fonnd, sucli as parts of ctjppei- kettles, pieces of fireanns, money, articles used in the churches, etc. If all were cleaned out, no douht many interesting and perhaps valuable relics could be i-ccovored, inasmuch as the tradition has been handed down, and history in a mpasuro supports it, that the inhabitants of the place in their fright and excitement sought to hide their valuables, and as a last resort threw them into the wells of th- city. Be that as it may, the site of Old Panama furnishi's a point of interest well worth visiting.

The tower at Old Pananiii, which figui-es so prmni- nently among Isthmian photographs, and whi<^h may lie seen on a clear day from high elevations in tho new city, formed a part of tho castle of St. Jerome. In the pa])ei-s of a Spanish engineer of that time occurs the following I description of it: " This fortification was an excellent piece of workmanship, very strong, being raised in tlie middle of the port, of quadrangular form, and of very hard stone. Its elevation or height is 88 geometrical feet, its walls being fourteen, and its curtains, seventy-five feet in diameter.

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DELMONICO

GRAN CAFE Y CANTINA.

Plaza de la Catedral, Panam^^ R. de P.

LIcores, Viverca, Ccrvezas, QlSarros r Tabacos dc las fl cjorc. narcas, Imporlados dlrcclamciilc.

Sein.cl'w-icliieB VEtr'la.cloB A. Toc3.a,B HorB,a

S. WOLFF, Propietario.

IIP! MOMirn AMERICAN BAR AND GHILL ROOM.

UCl«l!iuil 1 VVy Cathedral Square, Panama, R. P. Finest and ^est Imported Liqaors and Cigars. S. WOLFF, Proprietor.

It was built at the expense of several private persona, the Governor of the city furnishing the principal part of the money, so that it did not cost His Majesty any sum at all." The fragmentary and often inaccurate accomits of Old Panaina has not tended to give readers a clear con- ception of this and attendant events. Nothing has ever appeared in print more truthful and interesting concerning the capture of Porto Bello, and the burning of Panama, than is to be found in Jolni Esquemeling's narrative pub- lished in 1678, seven years after tho events actually oc- curred. Esqueinclinfi was a member of the pirate band, and therefore an eye witness of the incidents related. Although not definitely known, the author of this nan-utive is thought to have been a Hollander, inasmuch as his ac- count first appeared in the Dutch language. It was after- wards translated into Spanish, and in recent years into English, the latter translation appearing as a part of tlte

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22 Pi'*" °»^ Guide.

book called "The Buccaneers of America," published by Swan Soniienschciii & Co.. of liOndon. The author's account is both graphic and picturesque, in which he in- variably figures in the third person. With the exception of a few instances where he speaks of the extraordinary exploits of the English under Morgan, as matters of course, he has taken no sides, and is as prone to criticize his leader, as any tndiridufll on the opposite side. The worst criticism to be made of hts naiTative is his tendency to magnify the importance of certain places and things. Hence, from his description of Old Panama, one would be led to believe it a much larger and important place than it really was. He refers to there having been five thousand houses in the place at the time of its fall. This would indicate a" population of 40,000, or 50,000 souls. Even in a much more extensive area than the site of Old Panama, it would have been impossible to comprehend so many

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The Baidg of the Bneenneert

23

buildings, and there is nothing to-day to indicate it I have thoroughly explored the site, aud cannot see possibly where more than 10,000 or 15,000 souls c-ould have l>ecii gathered together. Ringrose, a member of tlie pirate band of Capt. Sharp, says in his narrative of their expedition whicb visited New Panama in 1680, that the latter place then was larger than Old Panama ever was.

The expedition against Old Panama was Heniy 3Nforgan's crowning achievement, and his action toward his »iien after their return to the Fort of Ohagre, as Esque- ixieling terms San Lorenzo, marked the Iteginning of the end of his career as the greatest pirate of his time. He ^vas a man of quick impulse, one good act being almost invariably offset by an evil one. He cared not for con- quest for conquest's sake, but he was out for the coin of ^he realm, which in his time was figured in pieces of eight One of the most astonishing moves in his whole career was his attitude towards piracy after his ascendancy to the post of Governor of Jamaica, not long after his return from the Panama expedition. To him, more than to any one man, is probably due the ridding of the pirates from the waters and islands of the West Indies.

The Panama expedition was not as successful as Morgan had figured on i[i the matter of booty. The escape of the Spanish galleon with the plate and church valuables robbed him of the best of his expected treasure. Iiocal tradition has it that he left with as high as 1,200 mule loads of loot, while a biography of Morgan puts it at thirty-seven. Esquemeliug gives it at 175 mule loads, which is probably about the correct figure.

We are giving the reader Esquemeliug's account of the capture of Porto Bello, and the fall of Old Panama in the writer's own picturesque language, which cannot fail hut to add spice to the narrative - Editor.

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I'ilnl ami Ouiile.

Panama Banking Company.

Panama, Coloo, Empire, Corgona, New York.

Central Banking Business.

Loans made and Notes discounted. Foreign Exchange bought and sold.

Cable transfers to all points. Drafts issued on New York and Europe.

Saving Deposits.

Interest at 4*'/o per annun paid on sav- ings accounts, on minimum balance during each month.

Collections.

special attention paid to collections, both local and foreign, at lowest rates.

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Capture of Forlo Bella, 1668.

j Cajtnre Of Porto BeEo, m

Capt Morgan, always communicated vigor with his Words, and infused such spirits into his men as were able to put every one of them instantly upon new designs; they being all persuaded by his reasons, that the sole execution of his orders would be a certain means of obtaining great fiches. This persuasion had such iiiHuence upon their iQinds, that with inimitable courage they all resolved to follow him. The same likewise did a certain pirate of Campeche, who on this occasion joiTied with Capt. Morgan, to seek new fortunes under his conduct, and greater ad- vantages than he had found before. Thus Captain Morgan it) a few days gathered a fleet of nine sail, between ships and great boats, wherein he had four hundred and three- score mihtary men.

After that all things were in a good posture of readiness, they put forth to sea, Capt Morgan imparting the desigit he had in his mind to nobody for that present He only told them on several occasions, that he held as indubitable he should make a good fortune by that voyage, if strange occurrences altered not the coui-se of his designs. They directed their course towards the continent, where they arrived in a few days upon the coast of Costa Rica, with ail their fleet entire. No sooner had they discovered land than Capt. Morgan declared his intentions to the Captains, and presently after to all the rest of the com- pany. He told them he intended in that expedition to plunder Porto Bello. and that he would perform it bj night, being resolved to put the whole city to the sack, not the least corner escaping his diligence. Moreover, ta encourage them he added: This enterprise could not fail to succeed well, seeing he had kept it secret in his mind , without revealing it to anybody; whereby they could not

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have notice of his comiiig. To this proposition some made answer: They bad not a sufficient number of men where- with to assaalt so strong and great a city. But Captain Morgan replied: If our iiumler is small our hearts are great. A.nd the fewer persons we are the more wnitm, and better shares we shall have in the spoil. Hereupon, heing stimulated with the ambition of those vast riches they promised themselves from their good success, they unani- mously concluded to venture upon tliat design. But, now, to the intent my reader may better comprehend the in- comparable boldness of this exploit, it may be necessary ltd say something befoi-ehand of the city of Porto Bello.

The city which bears this name in America is seated in' the Province of Costa Bica (1), under the latitude of ten degrees North, at the distance of fourteen leagues from the Gulf of Darien, and eight westwards from the port called Nombre de Dios. It is judged to be the strongest place that the King of Spain possesses in all the West Indies, excepting two, that is to say, Havana and Carta- gena. Here aro two castles, almost inexpugnable, that defend the city, being situated at the entry of the port: 80 that no ship or boat can pass without permission. The gnrrison consists of three hundred soldiers, and the town constantly inhabited by four hundred families, more or less. The merchants dwell not here, but only reside for awhile, when the grtlleons come or go from Spain; by reason of the unhealthiness of the air, occasioned by certain vapoui-s, that exhale from the mountains Notwithstandipig, their chief warehouses are at Porto Bello, howbeit their habitations be all the year long at Panama, whence they bring the plate upon mules at such times as the fair begins and when the ships, belonging to the Company of Negroes, arrive here to sell slaves.

(1) The name generally applied to tlie Caribbean coast at that time tnjm Cape Graoias 4 Dios to the Chagrps River. - Editor.-

rUnt nml G«i<tf.

27

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GRAN FABRICA NACIDNAL DE TABACDS

la nicjnr j la mas pnile i|ite ksti hoj se ha fstuMffiiio en Pananii

Los CigarroK, Pieadiiras y CigarrilloB el»l)(irmloB en esta F4brica, son del

WEJOR MATERIAL que se cosecha en las vegas iIb Chiriqut y Bubi,

TodoB deben probar el tahaoo Ae PaoamA que es tau bueno

como el extranjero que viene k la Repiiblica.

Protejer i lis Inilustiias Hacionaiss, es protejerse uno i si misino. E. MORRIS y Cia.

TELEF*ONO SO. AVENIDA OENTRAI., r^UMEnO 307

rVM£H SVtSTROS PRODVCTOS 6 NO FUMES. Arrival of the Buccaneers.

CapL Morgau, who knew vory well all the avenues of this city, as also all the neighli:n-ii>g coasts ariived in the dusk of the evening at the pUice culled Puerto de Naos, distant ten leagues toward the wisst of Porto Bello. Being come to this place, they mounted the river in their ships, as far as another harbour called Puerto Pontin; where they came to an anchor. Here tliey put themselves immediately into boats and canoes, leaving only a few men to keep them and conduct them the next day to the port. About midnight they came to a certain place called Est«ra longa Lemos, where they Jill went on shore, and marched by land to the first posts fif the city. They had in their company a certain Englishman, who had been formerly a prisoner in those parts, and who now sened them for a guide. To him, and thi-ee or four more, they gave commission to take the sentry, if possible, or kill him

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Arrival of Ike Bueeanfera.

2Q

upon the place. But they laid hands on him and ajtpre- faended him with such cuiiiiiiig, that he had no time to give wan ing with his musket, or make any other noise. Thus they brought him, with his hands bound, to Captain Morgan, who asked him: Hotc things went in the city, ami Hluit forces they had: with many other circumstances, which "le was desirous to know. After every question, they made nim a thousand menaces to kill him, in caso he declared not the truth. Thus they began to advance towards the city, carrying always the said sentry bound before them. Having marched about one-quarter of a league, they came to the castle that is near the city,which presently they siirroujidcd, Bo that no person could get either in or out of the said

Being thus posted under the walls of the castle, Capt. Morgan commanded the sentry whom they had taken prisoner, to speak to those tliat were within, charging them to surrender, and give themselves up to his discre- tion; otherwise they should be a'l cut to pieces, without giving qnaiter to any one. But tliey would liEarken to none of these threats, beginning instantly to fire; which gave notice to the city and this was suddenly alarmed. Yet, notwithstanding, altliough the Governor and soldiers of tiie said castle made as great resistance as could bo performed, they were constrained to surrender to the Pirate?. These no aooner had taken the castle, than they resolved to be as good as their words, in putting the Spaniards to the sword, thereby to strike a terror into the rest of the city. Hereupon, having shut up all the soldiers and officers as prisoners into one i-com, they instantly set fire to the powder (whereof they found great quantity), and blew up the whole castle into the air, with all tlie Span- iards that were within. This being done, tliey pursued the course of their victory, falling upon the city, which as yet was not m order to receive them. Many of the in- habitants cast their precious jewels and moneys into wells and cisterns, or bid thoni in other places underground, to.

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30 J"''"' ""'' f^""*-

excuse, as much as were possible, their being totally robbed. One party of the Pirates being assigned to this purpose, ran immediately to the cloisters, and took as many re-

ligious men and women as they could find. The Governor of the city not being able to rally the citizens, tlirough the huge confusion of the town retired to one of the cas- tles remaining, and thence began to fire incessaiitly at the Pirates. Bnt these were not ni the least negligent either to assault him or defend themselves with all the courage imaginable. Thus it wjs observable that, amidst the horror

. of the assault, they-iuade very few shots in viiin. For aiming with great dexterity at the mouths of the guns, the Spaniards were certain to lose on.? or two men every time they charged each gun anew.

Assault on the Oastle.

1 The assault of this castle where the Governor was, con- ; tinned very furious on both sides, from iircak of day until [ noon. Yea, about tliis time of the day the case was very ; dubious which party should cojuiuer or be conquered. At , last the Pirates, perceivi:ig they had lost many men and as yet advanced but little towards tlic gaining eitlier this, or the other castles remaining, thought to make use of : fireballs, which they threw with their hands, designing, if

possible, to burn the doors of the castle. But going about to put this into execution, the Spaniards from the

wall let fall great qunntities of stones and earthen pots full of powder and other combustible matter, which forced them to desist from that attempt. Capt. Morgan seeing this generous defetice made by the Spaniai-ds. began to despair of the whole success of the enterprise. Hereupoo, many faiut and calm meditations came into his mind; neither could he determine which way to turn hrmaelf in that straitness of affairs. Being involved in these thoughts, he was suddenly animated to continue the assault by seeing

[ the English colours put forth at one of the lesser castles.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Assault on the Cantlf.

V% MAnCEt QUTI£nii£Z c,

SURGEON-DENTIST.

Licenae to ^^ UnlBfji^ of ftl Shte of Bm ToA.

Ths SlitR Board of tlit Conmoniulth of PNuiliuiL practice from '

Ths Sfaf; Boiri of tnt Cammonw^alth of Nn imtj.

OFF-IOE

H n. in. to 11 a. m

1 p. m. to 5 [1.

pontine, .

e.f."

then entered by his men, of whom he presently after spied ji troop that came to liini, proclaiming victory with loud shouts of joy. This instantly put him upoti new resolu- tions of making new efforts to take the rest of the ciisties that stood out against him; especially seeing the chief citi- zens were flat to tliein, and had conveyed thither great part of their riches, with all the plate belungijig to the churches, and other thiu^ dedicated to divine service.

To lliis effect, therefore, he ordered ten oi twelve ladders to be made in all possible baste, so broad tlmt three or four men at once might ascend by tliem. These being finished, he commanded all the religious men and women whom he had taken prisonei-s to fix them against . the walls of tlie castle. This much he had beforehand threatened the Governor to perform, in case ho delivered uot the castle. But his answer was:' lie icould never aur-, render hmielf alive. Capt. Morgan was much peisuaded felt the Governor would not employ his utmost forces,

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p

32 P'M ""'! Oui<te.

seeiug religious women and ecclesiastical persons, exposed in the front of the soldiei-s to tbe greatest dangers. Thus the ladders, as I have said, were put into the hands of religious persons of both sexes; and these were forced, at tiie bead of the companies, to raise and apply them to the walls: But Capt. Morgan was fully deceived in his judg- ment of this design. For tlie Governor, who acted like a brave and courageous soldier, refused not, in performance of his duty, to use his utmost endeavours to destroy who- ever came Jiear the walls The religious men and women ceased not to cry to him and to beg of him by all the Saints of Heaven that be would deliver the castle, and hereby spare both his and their own lives. But nothing could prevail with tlte obstinacy and fierceness that had possessed the Governor's mind. Thus many of the religions men and nuns were killed before they could fix the ladders. Which at last being done, though with great loss of the said religious people, the Pirates mounted them in great numbers, and with no less valour; having fireballs in their hands, and earthen pots full of powder. All which things, being now at the top of the walls, they kindled and cast in among the Spaniards.

Refused ftuarter Despite Wife's Tears.

This effort of the Pirates was very great; insomuch as the Spaniards could no longer resist nor defend the castle, which was now entered. Hereupon they all threw down their anus, and craved quarter for their lives. Only the Governor of the city would admit or crave no mercy; but ratiier killed mauy of the Pirates with his own hands, and not a few of his own soldiers, beeause they did not stand to their arms. And although the Pirates asked him if he would have quarter, yet he constantly answered: By no means: I had rather die a valiant soldier than be hanged as a coward. They endeavoured, as much as they could, to take him prisoner. But he defended himself so

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Re/Med Quarter Despite Wife's Teart.

33

obstiuately tliat they were forced to kill him; tiatwithstand- iug all the crieii and teats of his own wife and daughter, who begged of him upon their kueea he would demand quarter and save his life. When th« Pirates had possessed tbemaelves of the castle, which was about night, they en- closed therein all the prisoners they had taken, placing the women and men by themselves, with some guards upon them. All the wounded were put into a certain apartment b; itself, to the intent their own complaints might be the core of their own diseases; for no other was afforded them.

This being done, they fell to eating and drinking after their usual manner; that is to say, committing in both these things all manner of debaudieiy and excess. After snt^ manner they delivered themselves up to all sort of debauchery, that if there bad been found only fifty cou- rageous men, they might easily have retaken Uie city, and killed all the Pirates. The next day, huving plundered all they could find, they began to examine some of the prison- ers (who had been persuaded by their companions to say they were the richest of the town), chnrgiiig them severely to discover where they had hidden their riches and goods. ^Qt not being able to extort anything out of them, as they Vere not the nght persons who possessed any wealth, they at last resolved to torture them. This tiiey performed with Such cruelty that many of them died upon the rack, or presently after. Soon after, the President of Panama had lews brought him of the pillage and ruin of Porto Bello. 3^is intelligence caused him to employ all his care and in- dustry to raise forces, with design to pursue ^nd cast out the Pirates thence. But these cared little for what extra- ^^rdinary means the President used, as having Uieir ships Hear at hand, and being determined to set fire to the city, ^nd retreat They had now been at Porto Bello fifteen days, in which sjiace of time they had lost many of their teen, both by the uuhealtbiness of the countiy and the ex- travagant debaucheries they had committed.

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Di„i„«b,Googlc

Banaom Placed on Pritoaera. 35

Bansom Placed on Prisoners.

Hereupon they prepared for n dcp&rtiire, carrying on

board iheir 8hi[>a all the piliage t!iey had goi But, before

all. they provided the fleet witli .sufficient victuals for the

voyage. While these things wer» getting ready, Captain

Morgan sent an injunction to the prisoners that thoy should

paj> him a ransom for.Jhe.city, or dso he would by fire

' consume it to ashes, and blow up alt the custles into the

; air. Withal, he commanded them to send speedily two

pei-sons to seek and procure the sum he demanded, which

amounted to one hundred thousand pieces of eight. To tliis

effect, two men were sent to the President of Panama, who

\ gave him an account of all these tragedies. The President

having HOW a body of men in readiness, set forth immc-

diately towards Pnrto Bello to encounter the Pirates before

I their retreat- But these people, hearing of his coming,

' instead of flying away, went out to meet him at a narrow

passage through which of necessity ho must pass. Here

they placed an hundred men very welt armed; who, at the

: first enctiunter. put to flight a grtod party of those of

Panama. This accident obliged the President to retire for

that time, as not being yet in a [Misture of stieugth to

proceed any farther. Presently after this encounter he sent

a message to Capt Morgan to tell him: That in ca»e he

departed not suddenly with all his forces froot Por.'o Bella,

he ought to expect 7to quarter for himnefnor his compamons<

when he shou'd take them, ag he hoped soon to do. Captain

Morgan who feared not his threats, knowing ' he bad a

secure retreat in his ships which were near at hand, made

him auswer: He would not deliver the castles, before he had

received the contribution-money he had demanded. Which

in case it were not paid down, he would certainly burn the

whole city, and then leave it; demolishing beforehand the

eastlea, and killing the prisoners .

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Piiot and Guule.

wm finoeiiiiL

opposite the P. R. R. Passenger Station.

90> Cooler place In the City. Large tnd WeU-ventiUied 'Spoms.

FIRST CLASS RESTAURANT IN OONNEOTION.

Hotel electric lighted throagkoat. cAB. 9iodem eArrangements.

"baggage Transported Free to jnd from l^llroad Xafion.

TWccs 3ll6derafe. Special li/^ts for Familits.

Superior Settnce. Trindpai Languages ^loken.

CONVENIENT FOB TOURISTS,

^m ^Oertitti, Jfraprietnr.

fioiel Bngelini.

Frente a la EstaCion Nueva del Ferrocarril.

n^ttniiiaisinutiidEiiKtiiliii. DiiiiiEimlHiBti tniMi.

RESTAURANTE DE PRIMER ORDEN.

In BWci ti MS 10) iut! V mmn mt t eiiIpoIs mi KM i ii eiMi i hciwio.

RRECIOB MOOIOOS Y C0NVeN010NAI.ES PAHA RAMII.IA*.

Secvltlo Esmerado. Se Hablan loa Prlnslpalea laiomaa.

gUld gl«8«li«i, Jfropieteia.

Di„i„«b,Goog[c

Morgan's Threat against Old Punamn. 3*7

Morgan's Threat Against Old Panama.

The Governor of Panama perceived by this answer tliat no means woald serve to mollify the hearts of the Pirates, nor reduce them to reason. Hereupon he deter- mined to leave ttiem; as also those of the city, whom be came to relieve, involved in the difficulties of making the best agreement they could with their enemies. Thus, in few days more, the miserable citizens gnthered the contri- bution wherein they were fined, and bronght the entire sum of one hundred thousand pieces of ei^ht to the Pirates, for a ransom of the cruel captivity they wore fallen into. But the President of Panama, by these transactions, was brought into an extreme admiration, considering that four hundred men had been able to take ancli a great city, with 80 many strong castles; especially seeing that they had no pieces of cannon, nor other great guns, wherewith to raise batteries against them. And what was more, knowing that the citizens of Porto Bello had always great repute of being good soldiers themselves, and who had never wanted courage in their own defence. This astonishment was so great, that it occasioned him, for to be satisfied herein, to send a messenger to Capt. Morgan, desiring him to send him some small pattern of those arms wherewith he had taken with such violence so great a city. Capt Morgan received this messenger very kindly, and treated him with civility. Which being done, he gave him a pistol and a few small bullets of lead, to carry back to the President, his Master, telling him withal: He deaired him to accept that slender pattern of the arins wherewith he had taken Porto Bello. and keep them for a twelvemonth; after which time he promised to come to Panama and fetch them away. The Governor o£ Panama returned the present very soon to Capt. Morgan giving him thanks for the favour of lending him such weapons as he needed not, and witlial sent him a ring of gold with this message: That he desired him not to give himself the labour of coming to Panama as he had done to Porto Bello; for

..yCoOgIc

FUot and Guide.

he did not certify to him, he should not speed so well here as he had done there.

Departure of the Pirates.

After tliesc transiictioHK, Capt Morgan (having pro- vided his fleet with all necessaries, and taken with hini the best guns of the rustles, nailing the rest which he could not carry awa}) set sail from Porto Bello with all his aliips Witit tlicse he arrived in few days at the Isliiiid of Culwi, wheie he sought out a place wherein with all quiet and ro|>ase h« might make the dividend of the sjKil they had goi They found in ready raouey two hun- dred and fifty thousand ptetes of eight, (1) besides all other luerchtindiKcs, as cloth, linen, silks, and other goods. With this rich booty tboy sailed again thence to their common phice of ii'ntlezvous, Jamaica. Being arrived, they passed hero K>nic time in all sorts of vices and debauchery, iiccoiiliiig to their connnon manner of doing, spending with huge prodigality wint oUiera had gained with no small labour and toil.

THE FALL OFJpiAIilM.

upon the roneluBion of a treaty of peace in 1670 belwecn England and Spain, which conflrnied the former in her possessions in the West Indies, hut forbade her suhjr.cts to tratie tn any Spanish port without a license; a proclamiition wiis issued in pursuance of such arrange- ment whii-h gr»>;itly exiisperated the freeboo ting community, and the dia'ct rc-snlt of which was an assemblage of tMe largest fleet evir brnnght together by the buccaneers, amounting to Si7 sh-ps of all sizes, manned by more thau

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

The Fall of Old Paaamn, S67S.

^jn^b^ms^u ^<&mj£^*

Venta de Pieles de Venado, d« Tigre, de Culebra y de muchas otras clases.

EnSIEKlll DE RUTIS COISIIINTEII»IE.

mmn u roDis guses. Hipolito de la Oliva.

2,000 pirates. They met m December, 1070, at Cape Tiburon, Gulf of Uraba, and held a council to decide whether their forces should be directed upon Cartagena, vera Cruz, or Panama. The last was chosen as being the 'ichest, and Morgan was elected Admiral.

Capt, Morgan perceived that fortune favored his arms, hy giving good success to all his enterprizes, which occa- sioned him, as it is usual in human affairs, to aspire to greater thiiigs, trusting she would always be constant to him. Suchwas the burning of Panama; wherein fortune failed not to assist him, in like maimer as she had done l>efore, crowning the event of his actions with victory, how- beit she had led him thereto through thousands of difficul- ties. The history hereof, I shall now begin to relate, as being so very remarkable in all its circumstances that per- adventure nothing more deserving memory may occur to be read by future ages.

Not long after Gapt. Morgan arrived at Jamaica, he found many of his chief officers and soldiers reduced to their former state of indigence tlirough tlieir immoderate 'icea and -debaucheiy. Hence they ceased not to importune

..yCoOgIc

Pilot and Guide, 40

him for new invasions and exploits, thereby to get some- thing to expend anew in wine, as they had already wasted what was secured so httle before. Capi Morgan being wiUiiig to follow foilune while she called him, hereupon stopped the mouths of many of the inhabitants of Jamaica, who were creditors to his men for targe sums of money, with the hopes and promises he gave them, of greater achievements than ever, by a new expedition he was going about. This being done, he needed not give himself much trouble to levy men for this or any other eiiterprize, his name being now w famous through all those islands, that that alone would readily bring him in more men than he could well employ. He undertook therefore to equip a new fleet of ships; for which puipose he assigned the south aide of the isle of Tortuga, as a place of rendezvous. With this i-esolution, he wroto divers letters to all the ancient and exjiert Pirates there inhabiting, as also to the Governor of said isle, and to the planters and hunters of Hispaniola (H.iyti), giving them to understand his inten- tions, and desiring their appearance at the said place, in case they intended to go with him. All these people had no sooner undei-stood his designs than they flocked to the place assigned, in huge numbers, with ships, canoes and boats, being desirous to obey his commands. Many, who had not the corvenience of coming to him by sea, traversed the woods of Hispaniola, and with no small difficulties ar- rived there by hiiid. Thus all were present at the place assigned and in readiness, against the 24th day of Octo- ber, 1670.

Pirates Go A-Foraging.

CapL Morgan was not wanting to be there accord- ing to his punctual custom, who came in his ship to the same side of the island, to a port called by the French, Port Couillon, over against the island, De la Vaca, this being a place which he had assigned to others. Having

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'I

^1

Pilot nnd Oiiiih:

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

42

Pilot md Guide.

now gathered the greatest part of his fleet, he called a council, to deliberate about the means of finding provisions sufficieot for so many people. Hero they concluded to send four ships and one boat, manned with four hundred men, over to the continent, to the intent they should rifle . some country towns and villages, and in these get all the corn or maize they could gather. They set sail for the continent, towards the river, De la Hacha, with design to assault a small village called La Raucheria, whore ia usually to he found the greatest quantity of maize of all these parts thereabouts. In the meanwhile Capt, Morgan sent another party of his men to hunt in the woods, who killed there a huge number of beasts, and salted them. The rest of his companions remained in the ships, to clean, fit and rig them out to sea, so that at the return of those who were sent abroad, all things might be in readiness towieght anchor, and follow the course of their designs.

The four ships above mentioned, after they had set sail from Hispanicila, steered their course till they came within sight of the liver, He In Hacha, where they were suddenly overtaken with a tedious calm. Being thus within sight of land becalmed for some days, the Spaniards in- habiting along the coast, who had perceived them to be enemies, had sufficient time to prepare themselves for the assault, at least to hide the best part of their goods, to the end that, without any care of preserving them, tiiey might be in reaidness to retire, when they found them- selves unable t" resist the force of tlie Pirates, by whose frequent attempts upon those coasts they had already learnt what they had to do in such cases. There was in the river at that present a good ship, which was come from Cartagena to lade maize, and was now when the Pirates came almost ready to depart. The meu belonging to this ship endeavoured to escape, but not being able to do it; both they and the vessel fell into their hands. This was a fit booty for their mind, as being good part of what they came to seek for with so much care and toil.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Pirates Go A-Foragiag,

43

The next morning about break of day they cuine with their ships toward the Bhore, and landed their men, although the Spaniards niude huge resistance from a battery which they had r-iised on that side, where of noceswity thoy bad to land; but notwithstindinR what defence they could inake, thpywere fnrcpd to retire towards a village, to which the Pirates followed them. Here the Spaniards, mtlyiug again, fell upon them with great fury, and tnaiutainegl ;i htron^ combat, which lasted till night was couie; but then, peiv ceiving they had lost a. great number of men, which was no smaller on the Pirates, side, they retired to places mora occult in the woods.

The next day when the Pirates saw they were all fled, and the town left totally emp^ of people, they pur- sued them as far as they could possibly. In this pursuit they overtook a party of Spaniards, whom they made all prisoners and esercised the most cruel torments, to dis- cover where they had hidden their goods; some were found who by the force of intolerable tortures confessed; but others who would not do the same wero used more bar- barously than the former. Thus, in tha space of fifteen Jays that they remained theie, they took many prisouers, much plate and movable goods, with all other things they could rob, with which booty they resolved to return to Hispaniola. Yet not content with what they had already got, they dispatched some prisoners into the woods to seek for the rest of the inhabitants, and to demand of them a ransom for not burning the town. To this they auawnred, they had no money or plate, but in case they would be satisfied with a certain quantity of maize, they would give as much as they could afford. The Pirates accepted this proffer, as being more useful to them at that occasion than ready money, and agreed they should pay four thousand hanegs, or bushels, of maize. These were brought in three days after, the Spaniards being desirous to rid themselves as soon as possible of that in- human sort of people. Having laded them on board their

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Pilot ami Gallic.

Comisariatoifoi Pueblo li ComisariatOiiBi Pueblo

oe or

RAMON ARIAS F., Jr. RAMON ARtAS R. Jr,

EsqelnD de loscoilesiiEslfl t Mm M. H Gffoer ol loitlPeifflSMonl roilli mm.

Almaofin de 6(eroanclas en i Groceries and General

general. \ Mersliandise.

Perreteria y Herramlentas All classes of Hardware

para artesanos. i and Tools for artisans.

ships, together with all the rest of tlieir l»(i(ily, tlipy returned to tho Island nf Hispaniola, to give account to Uieir leader, Capt Morgaii, of all tliey had performed.

Preparations for Departure.

They had now been absent five entire weeka, about the commission aforementioned, which long delay occasioned Capt, Morgan almost to despair of their return, fearing lest'they had fallen into the hands of the Spaniards, es- pecially considering that the place whereto they went .could easily ho relieved fmni Cartagena and Santa Marta, if the inhabitants were at ail caivful to alarm the country; on the other side he feared lest tlioy should have made some great fortune in that voyage, and with it escaped to some otlier place. But at last seeing his ships return, and in greater number than they had departed, he resumed new courage, this sight causing both in him -tnd his com- panions intinito joy. This was much increased when, being arrived, they found them full laden with maize, whereof they stood in great need for tlie maintenance of so many people, by whose help they expected great mattei-s through the conduct of their commander.

After Capt. Morgan had divided tho said maize, as also the Hesh which the hunters brought in, among all the . ships, according to t!ie number of men that were in every

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Freparations for DeparUirr. 45

vessel, he concluded ujioii the departure, having viewed beforehand every ship, and observed their being well equipped and clean. Thus he set sail, and directed his course towards Cape Tiburdn, where he determined to take his measures and resolution, of what enterprise he should take in hand. No sooner were they arrived there than they met with some other ships that came newly to join them from Jamaica. 80 that now the whole fleet consisted of thirty-seven ships, wherein were two thousand lighting men, besides mariners and boys; the Admiral hereof was mounted with twenty-two great guns, and six small ones, of bfasa; the rest carried some twenty, some sixteen, some eighteen, .and the smallest vessel at least fonr, bf sides which they had great quantity of ammunition and fire- balls, with other inventions of powder.

Proposed Division of Spoils.

Capt Morgan finding himself with such a great num- ber of ships, divided the whole fleet into two squadrons, constituting a Vice- Admiral, and other officers anti com- manders of the second squadron, distinct from the former. To every one of these he gave letters patent, or commis- sions, to act all manner of hostility against tho Spanish 'ation, and t-ake of them what ships they could, either abroad at aea, or in the harbours, in like manner as if they wei-e open and declared enemies (as he termed it) of the King of England, his pretended master. This being 'Jone, he called all his captains and other officers togotlicr, a.iid caused thom to sign some articles of common agree- ment between them, and in the name of all. Herein it was stipulated that he should have the hundredth part of all that was gotten, to himself alone. Thiit every captain should draw the shares of eight men, for the expenses of his ship, besides his own: That the surgeon, besides his ordinary pay, should have two hundred pieces of eight, for ,

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

it^© Pilot and Gvitie.

his chest of medicaments: And every carpenter, above hia common salarj", should draw oiio hundred pieces of eight. As to recompeiiceSjthey were regulated ia this voyage much more than usual. Thus, for the loss of both legs, tliey assigned one thousand five hundred pieces of eight or fifteen slaves; for oiie leg. whether the right or left, six hundred pieces of eight or six slaves; for a hand, as much as for a leg, and for the loss of an eye, one hundred pieces of eight or one slave. Lastly, unto him tiiat in any battle should signalize himself, either by entering the first any castle, or taking down the Spanish colours and settjng up tlie English, they constituted fifty pieces of eight for a reward. In the head of those articles it was stipulated that all tliese extraordinary salaries, recompences and re- wards should be paid out of the first spoil or purchase they should take, according as every one should then occur to be either rewarded or paid.

This contract being sigued. Capt Morgan commanded his Vice-Admirals and Captains to put all things in order, to go and attempt one of three places, eitlier Cartagena, Panama or Vera Cruz; but the lot fell upon Panama as being beljevetl to be the richeal of all three; notwithstand- ing this city being situated at such distance from the Northern sea, as they knew not well the avenues and entries necessarj- to approach it, they judged it necessary to go beforehand to the isle of St. Catharine, there to find and providfi themselves with some persons who might serve tliem for guides in this enterprize; for in the garrison of ithat island are commonly employed many banditti and outlaws belonging to Panama and the neighboring places, who are very expert in the knowledge of ail that country. But before they proceeded any farther, they caused an act tfl be published through the whole fleet, containing that in case they met with any Spanish vessel, the first captain who with his men should enter and take the said ship, should have for his reward the tenth part of whatso- ever should be found within her.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Pilot and Gvidc.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glc

4S -P''o( <"«* Guide,

Attack Isle of St. Catharine.

Capt. Morgan and his companiona weighed anchor from the Cape of Tiburi5n, tlie 16th day of December in the year 1670. Four days after they arrived within sight of the Isle of St, Catharine, (1) which was now in pos- session of the Spaniards again, and to which they commonly banished the malefactors of the Spanish dominions in the West Indies. Tu this island are found huge quantities of pigeons at certain seasons of the year, it is watered con- tinually by four rivulets or brooks, whereof two are always dry in the summer season. Here is no manner of trade nor commerce exercised by the inhabitants, neither do they give themselves the trouble to plant more fruits than what is necessaiy for the sustentation of human life; howbeit, tho country would be sufficient to make very good planta- tions of tobacco, which might render considerable proKt were it cultivated for tliat use.

As soon as Capt. Morgan came near the island with his fleet, he sent before one of his best sailing vessels to view the entry of the river and sec if any other ships were there who might hinder him from landing; as also fearing lest they should give intelligence of his arrival to the in- habitants of the islimd, and they by this means prevent his designs.

The next day before sunrise, all the fleet came to anchor near the island, in a certain bay called Aguada Grande; upon this bay the Spaniards had lately built a battery, mounted with four pieces of cannon. Captain Morgan landed with a thousand men, more or less, and disposed them into squadrons, beginning his march through the woods, although they had no other guides than some few of his own men who had been there before when

(1) Also known as Banta Kataliiia or Old Providence, f a the Caribbean Sea, 100 milea from the Mosquito Coast, now ng to Venezuela.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Allack Isle of St. Cnlhariuf.

4-Q

Mansvelt took and ransacked the island. The ssme day they came to a certain placo where the Governor at other times kept his ordinary residence: here they found a bat- tery called The Platform, but nobody in it; the Spaniards having retired to the lesser island, which, as was said before, is so near the great one that a short bridge only may conjoin them.

Pirates in Serious Straits.

This lesser island aforesaid was so well fortified with forts and batteries around it as might seem impregnable. Hereupon, as soon as the 'Spaniards porceiTcd the pirates to approach, they began to fire upon them so furiously that tiiey could advance nothing tliat day, but were con- tented to retreat a little, and take up theif rest upon the grass in the open tields, which afforded no strange bods to these people, as being sufficiently used to such kind of

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We manufacture all classes of Soda waters and Syrups.

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Soderia Francesa.

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Se fabricau toda cImso de Aguas GHHeosas y Siropes,

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t'AI,LE 18 OESTE, HUHEBO 64.

Di„i„«b,Googlc

50 PiJol and Guide.

repose; what moat afflieted them was hunger, having not eaten the least thing that whole day. About midnight it began to rain so hard that those miserable people had much ado to resist so much hardship, the greatest part o£ them having no otiier clothes than a pair of seaman's trousers or breeches, and a shirt, without either shoes or stockings. Thus finding themselves in great extremity, they began to pull down a few thatched houses to make fires withal; in a word, they were in such condition that one huudred men, indifferently well armed, might easily that night have torn them all to pieces. The next morning about break of day the rain ceased, at which time they began to dry their arms, which were entirely wet, and pro- ceed on their march. But not long after, tlie rain com- menced anew, rather harder than before, as if the skies were melted into waters, which caused them to cease from advancing towards the foi-ts, whence the Spaniards con- tinually fired at the Pirates, seeing them to approach.

The Pirates were now reduced to great affliction and danger of their lives through the hardness of the weather, their own nakedness and the great hunger they sustained. For a small relief hereof, they happened to find in the fields an old horse, which was both lean and full of scabs and blotches, with galled back and sides. This horrid animal they instantly killed and flayed, and divided into small pieces among themselves as far as it would reach, for many could not obtain one morsel, which they roasted and devoured without either salt or bread, more like raven- ous wolves than men.

A Threat and the Answer.

The rain as yet ceased not to fall, and Capt, Morgan perceived their minds to relent, hearing many of them say they would return on boaid the ships. Amongst these fatigues both of mind and body, he thought it convenient to use some sudden 'and almost unexpected remedy; to this

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

A Tknai amA tk» Anueer.

51

effect he conimanded s canoe to be rifled in all haite, and the colours of trace to be banged out of it This canoe he sent to the Spanish gorernor of the island with this message: Tkal if aithin a few kourt ke delivered not himself and all iis mtn into his kandu, ie did bg tkat mea. tenger twear to \im, and all ikoie that icere in kis eotttpanif, ke would atmoat eertainly'put then all to ike aword, Kitkout granting quarter to any.

After noon the canoe retirned with this answer: That the Qovemor desired two koura time to deliberate tci/k kia offieera inafuU eouneil about that affair; vkick being past, he KOuld give kis poaitive anairer to tke meaaage.

The time now being elapsed, the said Governor sent two canoes with white colours, and two persons, to treat with Capt Morgan, but before tbey landed, they demanded of the Pirates two persons as hostages of their security. These were readily granted by Capt. Morgan, who de- livered to tbem two c^ bis captains, for a mutual pledge of the security required. With this the Spaniards pro- pounded to Capt Morgan, that their Goremor in a till assembly had resolved to deliver up the island, not being provided with sufficient forces to defend it against such an armada or fleet But withal he desired that Captain Mor^n would he pleased to use a certain stratagem of war, for the better saving of his own credit, and the repu- tation of his officers both abroad and at home, which should be as follows: That Capt. Morgan would come with his troops by night, near the bridge tliat joined the lesser island to the great one, and there attack the fort of St Jerome; that at the same time all the ships of his fleet would draw near the castle of Santa Teresa, and attack it by sea, landing in the meanwhile some more troops, near the battery called St Matthew; th.it these troops which were newly landed should by this means intercept the Governor by the way, as he endeavoured to pass to Si Jerome's fort, and then take him prisoner, using the formality, as if they forced him to deliver the said castle;

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

52

Pilot an>! Guide.

and that he would lead the English intu it, under the fraud of being bis own troops; that on one side and the other there should be continual firing at one another, but without bnllets, or at least into the air, so that do side might receive any harm by this device; that thus having obtained two such considerable forts, the chief of the isle, he need not care for the rest, which of necessity must fall by course into his hands.

A Hock Surrender.

These propositions, every one, were granted by Capt Morgan, upon condition they should see them faithfully observed, for otherwise they should be used with all rigour imaginable: this they promised to do, and hereupon took their leave, and returned to give account of their negotiation to the Grovemor. Presently after, Capt Morgan commanded the whole fleet to enter the port, and his men to be in readiness to assault that night the castle of St, Terome. Thus the false alarm or batt'e began with in- cessant firing of great guns from both the castles against the ships, but without bullets, as was said before. Then the Pirates landed, and assaulted by night the lesser island, which they took, as also possession of both the fortresses, forcing all the Spaniards, in appearance, to fly to tho church. Before this assault, Cat)t. Morgan had sent

Tienda de "San Jose"

Al naliilii St la liktl* del njamo Doubrc

flvenida A, Nos. 133 i MI. lose e4nge} l^era. Prop.

if nforuiailo lnji> i-l iiu[I<t <IpI Dn prnpii'tsrlo. piicintrpri f1 jpiilillco rodipli'tu y wlMtmnirlido dn Vivr Tlnoa y ficnres, rnngervas. Gallo D.-fc,.... Loth, CHetnltals, etc, i

"San Jose" Store,

Ckink «t Uc uae

Tlaviiiff r^wntly r(

HHAortinent of Prftx

.,1,1,

Win™ nnd Llqunn

iniiiilB. Biscuita. G1»sivaiT. CnKkery.

Prrfuinvii, vtc. etc., it nioilerBle prices.

/os4 Anffet Rfbere, Prop. Nos. 133-Hi AVENUE fl.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

A Moek Surrender,

53

word to the Governor he should keep all his men together in a body, otherwise if the Pimtes met any stiag^ling Spaniards in the streets, they should certainly shoot them. The island being taken by this unusual stratagem, and all things put in due order, the Firatas hegaii to make a new war against the poultiy, cattle and all sort of victuals they could find. This was their whole employ for some days, scarce thinking of anything else than to kill those animals, roast and eat, and mtike good cheer, as much as they could possibly attain unto. If wood was wanting, they presently fell upon tho houses, and pulling them down, made fires with the timber, as had been done before in the field. The next day they numbered all the prisoners they had taken upon the wliole island, which wero found to he in all four hundred and fifty jiersons, between men, women and childi'en, viz., one hundred and ninety soldiers belonging to tho garrison; forty inhabitants who were married; forty-three children; thirty-four slaves belonging to the King, with eight children; eight banditti; thirty-nine negroes belonging to private jwrsons. with twen- ty-seven female blacks, and thirty -four children. The Pirates disarmed all tho Spaniards, and sent them out im- mediately to the plantations, to seek for provisions, leaving the women in the church, there to exereiso their devotions.

Fortifications of St. Catherine.

Soon after tliey took a review of the whole island. and all the fortresses belonging thei-ennto, which tlu'y found to be nine in all, as follows: the fort of St. .lerome, neni'est to the bridge, had eight great guns of 12, 0 and tl pound carriage, together with six pipes of nmskets, every pipe containing ten muskets. Here they found still sixty muskets, with sufficient quantity of powder and all other sorts of ammnnition. The second fortress, called St. Miitthew, had three guns, of 8 pound carriage each. The third and chief among all the rest, named SanUi Toresa, had twenty

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

54

POot and (Titule.

great guiis, of 18, 12, 8 tuid 6 pound carriage, with ten pipes of muskets, like those we said before, and ninety muHkets remaining, besides all other warlike ammunitiOD. This castle was built witb stone and mortar, with very thick walls on .all sides, aud a large ditch around about it of twenty foot depth, which al^ough it was dry was yery hard to get over. Here was no entry hut through one door, which corresponded to the middle of the castle. Within it was a mount or hill, almost inaccessible, with four pieces of cannon at the top, whence they could shoot directly into the port. On the sea side this castle was ««- pregnable, by reason of the rocks which surrounded it and the sea beating furiously upon them. In like maimer, on the side of the land, it was so commodiously seated on a mountain that there was no access U> it, but by a path of three or four foot broad. The fourth fortress was named St. Augustine, having three ^us, of 8 and 6 pound car- riage. The fifth, named La Flattaforma de la Concepcion, had only two guns, of eight pound carriage. The sixth, by name San Salvador, had likewise no more than two guDs. The seventh, being called Flattaforma de los Ar- tilleros, had also two guns. The eighth, called Sauta Cruz, had three guns. The ninth, which was called St Joseph's Fort, had six guns, of 12 and 8 pound carriage, besides two pipes of muskets and sufficient ammunition.

Ill the storehouse were found above thirty thousand pounds of powder, witb all other sorU of ammuiiitjuu, which were transported by the Pirates on hoard the ships. All the guns were stopped and nailed, and the fortresses demolished, excepting that of St Jerome, where the Pirates kept their guard and residence.

Pirates Start for San Lorenzo.

Capt Morgan enquired if any banditti were there from Panama or Porto Bello, and hereupon three were brought before him, who pretended to be very expert in

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

PiraUe Start for San Loremo.

55

all the avEWDesof those parts. He asked them if they ' would be 1^s guides,* and show him the securest nays and passages tb Panama; which, if they performed, he promised them equal shares in all they should pillage and rob in that expedition, and that afterwards he would set them at liberty, by , transporting them to Jamaica. These proposi- tions pleased the banditti very well, and they readily ac- cepted his ; proffers, promising to serve him very faittifully in all he GJiould desire, especially one of these three, who was the greatest rogue, Uiief and assassin among them, and who had desened for his crimes rather to be broken alive upon the wheel than punished with sening in a gar- rison. This wicked fellow had a great ascendancy over . the other two banditti, and could domineer and command over them as he pleased, they not daring to refuse obedience to his orders.

Hereupon Capt. Morgan commanded four ships and one boat to be equipped and provided with all things necessary, to go and take the castle of Chagre, seated upon -,a river of that name. Neither would ho go himself with his wholo fleet, fearing less the Spaniards should be jealous, of his farther designs upon Panama. In these vessels he caused to embark four hundred men, who went to put in execution the orders of their chief commander Capt Morgan, while he himself remained behind in the Islaod of St. Catharine, with the rest of the fleet, expecting to hear the success of their arms.

The Castle of Chagre (San Lorenzo).

Capt. Morgan sending these four ships and a boat to the river of Cliagre, chose for Vice-Admiral thereof a certain person named Capt Brodely. . This man had been & long time in those quarters, and committed many rob- teries upon the Spaniards when Mansvelt took the Isle of 8t Catharine. He, being therefore well acquainted with *iiose coasts, was thought a fit person for this exploit, his

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Di„i„«b,Googlc

CattU of Cbagre. (8<m Loreoio).

57

actioDS likewise having rendered him famous among the Pirate?, nud their euemies the Spaniards. Capt Brodeljr being chosen chief commander of these forces, in throe days after he departed from the presence of Captain Morgan, arrived within sight of the said castle of Chagre, which by the English is called St Lawrence. (1) This castle is bailt upon a high mountain, at the entry of the liver, and surrounded on all sides with strong patisades or wooden walls, being very well terrepleined, and tilled with earth, which renders them as secure as the best walla made of stone or brick. The top uf this mountain is in a manner divided into two parts, between which lies a ditch, of the depth of thirty foot. The castle itself has but one entry, and that by a drawbridge which passes over the diteh aforementioned. On the land side it has four bas- tions, that on the sea containing only two more. That part thereof that looks towards the south is totally inaccessible and impossible to be climbed, through the inAnite asperity of the mountain. The north side is surrounded by the river, which hereabouts runs very broad. At the foot of the said castle, or rather mountain, is seated a strong fort^ with eight great guns, which commands and impedes the entry of the river. Not much lower are to be seen two other batteries, whereof each hath six pieces of cannon, to defend likewise the mouth of the said river. At one side / of the castle are built two great store-houses, in which are I deposited all sorts of warlike ammunition, and merchandize, which are brought thither from the inner parts of the country. Near these houses is a high pair of stairs, hewn Out of the rock, wliich serves to mount to the top of the Castle. On the west side of the said fortress lies a small port, which is not above seven or eight fathoms deep, being Very fit for small vessels and of very good anchorage. Besides this, there lies before the castle, at the entry of

(1) EDgliafa rendition of the SpBDisb, "Saa Lorenzo."

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

5S ^'o' <"^ Giiuu.

the river, a great rock, scarce to be perceived above water, unless at low tide. *

Attack on the Castle.

No sooner had the Spaniards perceived the Pirates to come than they began to tire incessantly at them with the biggest of their guns. They came to an anchor in a Hmall port, at the distance of a league more or less from the castle. The next morning very early they went on shore and marched through the woods to attacic the castle on that side. This march continued until two o'clock in the afternoon, before they could reach the castle, by reason of the difficulties of the way, and its mire and dirt. And although their guides served them exactly, notwithstanding they came so near the castle at first that they lost many of their men with the shot from the guns, they being in an open place where nothing could cover nor defend them. This much perplexed the Pirates in their minds, they not knowing what to do, nor what course to take, for on that side, of necessity they must make the assault^ and being uncovered from head to foot, they could not advance one step without great danger. Besides that, the castle, both for its situation and strength, caused them much to fear the success of their enterprize. But to give it over they dared not, lest they should be reproached and scorned by their companions.

Boomed by a Burning Arrow.

At last, after many doubts and disputes among themselves, they resolved to hazard the assault and their lives after a most desperate manner. Thus they advanced towards the castle, with their swords in one hand and fire- balls in the other. The Spaniards defended themselves very briskly, ceasing not to fire at them with their great guns and muskets continually crying withal: Come on, ye

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Pilot and (hade.

Fabrica de Baules

A VAPOR

GmllermoLeblancdNJo)

eatt^16©Bst», 9lo. 55.

IHspone de maquinarias para toda close de trabajos m madera.

8e fabrican catres. me- ««», lavados, atlloi, etc, etc.

hum Trunk Maniifactonr.

We tura ont »t our f»otory all claises of work in wood, trunks, eotB, tables, wastut«ndi, ohur«, etc., etc. Wo hare a complete equipment of moebiaes for this pnrpoHe, openit«d by STEAM l-OWEB.

It will pay jron to get prices

GoiUerao Ltblanc. (WH.)

91.,. 55 W.16tfi SttMt. PANAMA.

ll lltllll

AGEHCIiiUHEilJilllil.

Eoln las Talles B j 14 Oeste.

PANAMA.

QUILLEflMOLEBLANC,(liijo.>

SlUTIEHROS COMPLETOS 1 PRE-

cios M:5i)icos. *3i,K0iNTBa Carrozas de Pri-

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Between B St. and V. Hth.

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Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

©o

Pilot and Guide.

English dogn, enemies to Ood and ovr King; let your com- paniong that are behind eoine on too; ye shall not go to Panama this bout. After the Pirates had made some trial to climb up the walls, they were forced to retreat, which they accordingly did, resting themselves until night. This being come, they returned to the assault, to try if by the help of their fire-balls they could overcome and pull down the pales before the wall. This they attempted to do, and while they were about it there happened a very remarkable accident, which gave them the opportunity of the victory. One of the Pirates was wounded with an arrow in his back, which pierced his body to the other side. This in- stantly he pulled out with great valour at the side of his breast, then taking a little cotton that he had about him, he wound it about the said arrow, and putting it into his musket, shot it back into the castle. But the cotton being kindled by the powder, occasioned two or three houses that were within the castle, being thatched with palm leaves, to take fire, which the Spaniards perceived not so soon as was necessary. For this fire meeting with a parcel of powder, blew it up, and thereby caused great ruin, and no less consternation to the Spaniai^ds, who were not able to account for this accident, not having seen the beginning thereof.

Brave BeBlstance by Defenders.

Thus the Pirates, perceiving the good effect of the arrow and the begituiing of the misfortune of the Spaniards were infinitely gladdened thereat. And while they were busied in extinguishing the lire, which caused groat con- fusion ill the whole castle, having not sufficient water wherewithal to do it, the Pirates made use of this oppor- tunity, setting fire likewise to the palisades. Thus the fire was seen at the same time in several parts about the castle, which gave them huge advantage against the Spaniards. For many breaches were made at once by the

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Srave BenKlance By Defenders. Q |

fire among the pales, great heaps of earth falliag .down into the ditch. Upon these the Pirates climbed up, and got over into the cattle, notwithstanding that some Spaniards who were not busied about the fire, cast down upon them many flaming pots, full of combustible matter and odious smeUs, which occasioned the loss of many of the English. The Spaniards, notwithstanding the great resistance they made, could not hinder the palisades from being en- tirely burnt before midnight. Meanwhile the Pirates ceased not to persist in their intention of laking the castle. To "Which effect, although the fire was great, they would creep Upon the ground, as nigh unto it as they could, and shoot amidst the flames against the Spaniards they could per- ceive on the other side, and thus caused many to fall dead from the walls. When day was come, they observed all the movable earth that lay between the pales to be fallen i nto the ditch in huge quantity. So that now those within t-be castle did in a manner lie equally exposed to them "Without, as had been on the contrary before. Whereupon the Pirates continued shooting very furiously against them, and killed great numbo-s of Spaniards. For the Governor bad given tfiem orders not to retire from tliose posts "which corresponded to the heaps of earth fallen into the <3itch, and caused the artillery to he transported to the breaches.

Castle Surrenders - Heavy Losses.

Notwithstindiug, the fire within the castle still con- tinued, and now the Pirates from without used what means they could to hinder its progress, by shooting incessantly against it. One party of the Pirates was employed only "to this purpose, and another to watch all tlie motions of the Spaniards, and take all opportunities against them. -About noon the English happened to gain a breach, which the Governor himself defended with twenty-five soldiers, ^ere was performed a very courageous and warlike re-

,l,z.cbyGOOglC

@2 P*^Ot t"^ Guide.

sistance by the Spaniards, both with muskets, pikes, stones and swords. Yet notwithstanding, through all these arms the Pirates forced and fought their way, till at last they gained the castle. The Spaniards who remained alive cast themselves down from the castle into the sea, choosing rather to die precipitated by their own selves (few or none surviving the fall) than ask any quarter for their lives. The Governor himself retreated to the corps du jrarcfe, before which were placed two pieces of cannon. Here he intended still to defend himself, neither would he deniand any quarter. But at last he was killed with a musket shot, which pierced his skull into the brain.

The Governor being dead, and the corps du garde surrendered, they found still remaining in it alive to the number of thirty men, whereof scarce ten were not wound- ed. These informed the Pirates that eight or nine of their soldiers had deserted their colours, and were gone to Panama to carrj' news of their arrival and invasion. These thirty men alone were reuiaining of three hundred and fourteen, wherewith the castle was garrisoned, among which number not one officer was found alive. They were all made prisoners, and compelled to tell whatever they knew of their designs and enterprises. Among other things they declared that the Governor of Panama had notice sent him three weeks ago from Cartagena, how that the English were equipping a fleet at Hispaniola, with design to come and take the said city of Panama. Moreover, that this their intention had been known by a person, who had run away from the Pirates at the river De la Hacha, where they provided their fleet with corn. That, upon this news, the said Governor had sent one hundred and sixty-four men to strengthen the garrison of that castle, together with much provisions and warlike ammunition; the ordinary garrison whereof did only consist of one hundred and fifty men. So that in all they made the number aforementioned of three hundred and fourteen men being all very well armed. Besides this they had declared that the Governor

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Cattle Surrenders. - Heaty Los»ea.

Pablo P^eivotti

SnxstrftiQiiiiilllucoiaHeinitHiie.

Pluade Santa Ana, PANAMA

H COUKTEtlCI*.

Pablo TQenotH

SUCCESSOR TO lEROni BROTiaS.

Ho. 178 Centiml Atc, Puumb PLAZA SKUTK ANA.

\0 one CAH COMPETt wi

of Panama had placed several ambuscades all along the river of Cbagre, and that he waited for their coming, in the open fields of Panama, with three thousand six han- dled men.

The taking of this castle of Chagre cost the Pirates Bicessively dear, in comparisori to the small numbers they nsed to lose at others time and places. Yea, their toil and labour here far exceeded what they sustained at the conquest of the Isle of St Catharine and its adjaceni Por coming to number their men, they found that they had lost above one hundred, besides those that were tvounded. whose number exceeded seventy. They com- manded the Spaniards that were prisoners to cast all the dead bodies of their own men down from the top of the mountain to the seaside, and afterwards to bury them. Such as were wounded were carried to the church belong- ing to the castle, of which they made a hospital, and Where also they shut up the women.

Horgran Starts for San Lorenzo.

Capt Morgan remained not long time l)ehind at the tsle of St Catharine, after taking the castle of Chagre of "Which he had notice presently sent liim. Yet notwith- standing, before he departed thence, be caused to be era- l>arked all the provisions that could be found, together "With great quantities of maize or Indian wheat, and

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

34 Pilot on^ Guide

caBsara, whereof in like manner is made bread in those parts. He commanded likewise great store of provisions should bo transported to the garrison of the aforesaid castle of Chagre, from what parts soever they could be got At a certain place on Uie island they cast into the sea all the guns belonging thereto, with a design to return and leave that island well garrisoned, for the perpetual possession of Pirates. Notwithstanding, he ordered all the houses and forts to be set on fire, excepting only the castle of St Teresa, which he judged to be the strongest and securest wherein to secure himself at his return from Par)ama. He carried with him alt the prisoners of the island, and thus set sail for the river of Chagre, where he arrived in the space of eight days. Here the joy of the whole fleet was so great when they spied the English colours upon the castle that they minded not their way into the river, which occasioned them to lose four of their ships at the entry thereof, that, wherein Capt. Morgan went being one of the four. Yet their fortune was so good as to be able to save all the men and goods that were in the said vessels. Yea, the ships likewise had been preserved, if a strong northerly wiud had not risen on that occasion, which cast the ships upon the rock above mentioned, that lies at the entry of the said river.

Capt Morgan was brought into -the castle with great acclamations of triumph and joy of all the Pirates, both of those that were within, and also them that were newly come. Having understood the whole tiansactiona of the conquest he commanded all the prisoners to begin to work and repair what was v.e essary, especially in setting up new palisades, or pales, round about the forls depend- ing on the castle. There were stil! in the river some Spanish vessels, called by them chatten, which serve for the transportation of merchandize up and down the said river, as also for going to Porto Bello and Nicaragua. These are commonly mounted with two great guns of iron and four other small ones of brass. All these vessels they

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Morgan Start* for Sa» Lormuso.

65

seized on. together with four little BhipH they fouud there, aud all the en noes. In the custle they Iflft a garrisoi) of tivD huiidied men, and in the ships within the river one hundred and fifty more. These things being done, OHptitin Morgan departed toward Panama, at the head of one thouNund two hundred men. He carried T«ry small pro- visions with him, being in good hopes he should provide himself sufficiently among the SpauiAidB, whom he knew to lie in ambusvade at several places by the way.

Pirates Set Forth for Old Panama.

Capt. Morgan aet forth from the castle of Chagre, towards Panama, the 18th day of January iu the year 1671. He had under his conduct one thousand two hun- dred men, five boats with artillery, and thirty-two canoes, all of which were tilled with the sard people. Thus he steered his coarse up the river towards Panama. That dsy they sailed only six leagues, and came to a place called De loB Bracos. Here a party of his men went on shore. only to sleep some few hours and stretch tlieir limbs, they being almost crippled with lying too inucli crowded in the boats, After they had rested awhile, they wont abroad, to see if any victuals could be found iu the neighbouring plantations. But they could find none, the Spaniards being iled and carrying with them all the provisions they had. This day, being the fixst of their journey, there was amongst them such scarcity of victuals that the greatest part were forced to pass with only a pipe of tobacco, without any other refreshment.

The next day, very early iu the morning, they con- tinued their journey, and came about evening to a place Called Cruz de Juan Gallego. Here they were compelled to leave their boats and canoes, by reason the river was Very dry for want of rain, and the many obstacles of trees that were fallen into it

The guides told them that about two leagues farther on the country would be very good to continue the journey

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Q@. , Pilot and Ouitle.

by laud. Hereupou they left some companies, being iii all one hundred and sixty men, on board the boats to defend thpm, with intent they might serve for a place of i-efuge,: in case of necessity.

The next morning, being the third day of their journey, they all went ashore, excepting those abovemen- tioned who were to keep the boats. To these Capt Morgan gave very strict oi-ders, under great penaltiesi-that no. tnaii^ upon any pretext whatsoever, should date > to leaye ^r.tbe boats and go ashore. This be did, fearing lest they should be surprised and cut off by an ambuscade of Spaniards, that might chance to lie thereabouts in the neighbouring woods, which appeared so thick as to seem almost im- penetrable. -.

Having this morning begun their march they foiind. the ways so dirty and irksome, that Capt Morgan thought it naore' convenient tO| transport some of the men in canoes (tliough it could not bo done witliont great labour) to a place fartbcf up the river called Cedro iiueno. Thus they i-e-'^iihyaked, and the cauoes returned for the rest that were left behind. So that" about niglit they found them- selves altogether at the said place. Tlie Pirates wore ex- tremely, desirous to ^leet any Spaniards, or liidians, hopmg. to till their bellies with what provisions they should, iake, froui them. For. now they were reduced almost to, the "very extiiemity of liungcr. . ."'

On the fourth day, the greatest part of the Pirates marched by landj being led by one of the guides. The rest went by water, farther up witli the canoes, being coii-- ducted by another guide, who always went before them with two of the said canoes, to discover on both sides of the river the ambuscades of tlie Spaniards. These had also spiesj who were .very dextrous, and could at any time give iiotice of alt accidents oi of tho arrival of the Pirates, six hours' at least before they came to any place. _ ."- This. day. about, noon thay found" themselves near a post,- called Tonia: Cavallos. .Here the guide of the canoes

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

I I?

Filol and Cniiif.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glc

63 P^' -"-<< t'*'^*-

bpgaii to cry aloud he perceived an ambitscade. His voice cause infinite joy to all the Pirates, .is persuading them- selves they should find soiue provisions wherewith to satiate their hunger, which was very great.

Pirates Feast on Leather Bags

Being come to the place, they found nobody in it, the Spaniards who were there not long before being every one ded, and leaving nothing behind unless it were a small number of leather bags, all empty, and a few cmmbs of bread scattered upon the ground where they had eaten. Being angry at this misfortune, they pulled down a few little huts which Gie Spaniards had made, and afterwards fell to eating the leather bags, as being desirous to afford something to the ferment of their stomachs, which now was grown so sharp that it did gnaw their very bowels, having nothing else to prey upon. Thus they made a huge banquet upon diose bags of leather, which doubtless had been more grateful uuto them, if divers quarrels had not risen con- cerning who should have the greatest share.

By the circumference of the place, they conjectured live hundred Spaniards, more or less, had been there. And these, finding no victuals, they were now infinitely desirous to meet, intending to devour some of them raUier than perish. Whom they would certainly on that occasion have roasted or boiled, to satisfy their famine, had they been able to take them.

After they had feasted themselves with those pieces of leather they quitted the place, and marched farther on, till they came about night to another post called Toma Munni. Here they found another ambuscade but as barren and desert as the former. They searched the neighbouring woods, but could not find the least thing to eat, the Spaniards having been so provident as not to leave behind them anywhere the least crumb of sustenance, whereby the Pirates were now brought to the extremity aforementioned

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Piralet Feait oa LeatiuT Bagt. g©

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Here again he was happy, that had reserved since noon any small piece of leaUier whereof to make his sup- per, drinking after it a good draught of water for his great- est comfort Some persons, who were never out of their Utotbers' kitchens may ask how these Pirates could eat, ^vaUow and digest those pieces of leather, so hard and dry. To whom I only answer: That could they ouce ex- {>erlment what hunger, or'raUier famine, is, ihey would <:ertainly find the manner, by their own necessity, as the l*irate8 did. For these first took the leather, and sliced it in pieces. Then did they beat it between two stones, and inib it, often dipping it in the water of the river, to render it by this means supplo and tender. Lastly, they scraped off the hwr, and roasted or broiled it upon the fire. And lieing thus cooked they cut it into small morsels, and ate it, helping it down with frequent gulps of water, which by good fortune they had near at hsnd.

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70 ^^'o' ""^ Gvidc.

Food Continues Scarce.

They continued their march the fifth day, and about noon came to a place called Barbacoa (1), Hero likewise they found traces of another ambuscade, but the place totally as unprovided as the two preceding were. At a small distance were to be seen several plantations, which they searched very narrowly, but could not find any person, animal or other thing that was capable of relieving their extreme and ravenous hunger. Finally, having ranged up and down and searched a long time, they found a certain grotto which seemed to be but lately hewn out of a rock, in which they found two sacks of meal, wheat and like things, with two great jars of wine, and cei-tain fruits called Platanos (2). Capt. Morgan knowing that some of his men were now, through hunger, reduced almost to the extremity of their lives, and fearing lest the major part should be brought into the same condition, caused all that was found to be distributed amongst thera who were in greatest necessity.

Having refreshed themselves with these victuals, they began to march anew with greater courage than ever. Such as could not go well for weakness were put in the canoes, and those commanded to land that were in them before. Thus they prosecuted their jouniey till late at night, at which time they came to a plantation where they took up their rest. But without eating anything at all for the Spaniards as before, had swept away all manner of provisions, not leaving behind them the least sign of victuals.

On the aixtli day they continued their march, part of them by land through the woods and part by water in tlie canoes. Howbeit they were constrained to rest themselves

(1). To-day known as Barbftcoas, near where the P. R. R. eroBses the ChagreB.

(2). Plantains, one of the chief products of the lathnms to-day.

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Food Coatimiet Searee.

71

Tei7 frequently by the way, both fov the ruggedness thereof and the extreme weakness they were under. To this they endeavoured to occur, by eating some leaves of trees and green herbs, or grass, such ns they could pick, for such was the miserable condition they were in. This day, at noon, they arrived at a plantation, where they found a barn full of maize. Immediately they beat down the doom, nud fell to eating of it dry aa much as they could devour. Afterwards they distributed gi-eat quantity, giving to every man a good allowance thereof.

Traces of Indian Ambuscades.

Being thus pmvided, they prosccutetl their journey, which having contiimcd for the space of an hour, or there- abouts, they met with an ambiisciule of Indians. This they no sooner had iliRcovcrod, than they threw away their irtaize, with the sudden hopes they conceived of tinding all things in ahnudance. But after all this haste, they found themselves much deceived, they moffing neither IndianH, nor victuals, nor anything else of what they had imagined. They saw notwithstanding on the other side of the river a troop of a hundred Indians, more or les.s, who all escaped away through tlie agility of their feet. Some few Pirates there were who lea|)t into the river, the sooner to reach the shoi-e to see if they could take any of tlie said In- dians prisoners. But all was in vaiu for being much

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72 -P**' ""^ Guide.

more nimble od iheir feet than the Pirates, tbey easily baffled their endeavours. Neither did tbey only baffle them, but killed also two or three of the Piratea with their arrows, shoiiting at tbem at a distance and crying: Ma; perros, a la mvana^ a la aavana. Ha; ye ^ogn, go to theplam, go to the plain.

This day they could advance no farther, by reason they were necessitated to pass the river hereabouts to con- tinue tbeir march on tbe other side. Hereupon they took up their repose for that night. Howbeit their sleep was not heavy nor profound, for great murmuriiigs were heard that night in the camp, many complaining of Capt Morgan and his conduct in that enterprize, and being desirous to return home. On tbe contrary, others would rather die there than go back one step from what tbey had under- taken. But others who had greater courage than any of these two parties did laugh and joke at all their discourses. In the meanwhile tbey bad a guide who much comforted them, saying: It would not be long be/ore 'hey met with people, from whom they should reap considerable ad- vantage.

Arrive at Cruces.

The seventh day, in the morning, they all made clean their arms, and every cue discharged liis pistol or musket, without bullet, to examine tbe security of their firelocks. This being done, they passed to the other side of the river in the canoes, leaving tho post wbero they had rested the night before, called Santa Cruz. Thus they proceeded on their journey till noon, at which time they arrived at a village called Cruz (1). Being at a great distance as yet from the place, they perceived much smoke to arise out of the chimneys.

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Pilot and Giil'lf.

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74 P*'<" <"« Omde.

The sight hereof afforded them great joy and hopes of finding people in the town, and afterwards what they most desired, which was plenty of good cheer. Thus they went on with as much haste as they could, making xeTeral ailments to one another upon those external signs, though all like castles built in the air. For, said they, there is smoke coming out of every house, therefore they are making good fires, to roast and boil what we are to eat. With other things to this purpose.

At length they arrived there in great baste, all sweating and panting, but found no person in the town, nor anything Uiat was eatable wherewith to refresh them- selves, unless it were good fires to warm themselves, which they wanted not Tor the Spaniards before their depar- ture, had eveiy one set fire to his own bouse, excepting only the storehouses and stables belonging to the King.

They had not left behind them any beast whatsoever, either alive or dead. This occasioned much confusion in their minds, they not finding, the least thing to lay hold on, unless it were some few cats and dogs, which they immediately killed and d'evoured with great appetite.

At last in the King's stables they found by good fortune fifteen or sixteen jars of Peru wine, and a leather sack full of bread. But no sooner had they begun to drink of the said vfiiie when they fell sick, almost every man. This sudden disaster made thero think that the wine was poisoned, which caused a new consternation in the whole camp, as' judging themselves now to bo irrecov- erably lost But the true reason was, their huge want of Rustf nance in that whole voyage, and the manifold sorts of trash which they had eaten upon that occasion. Their sickness was so great that day aa to cause them to remain there till the next moiniug. without being able to prosecute their journey as they used to do, in the afternoon.

This village is seated/iri- the. latitude- of ,9. degrees ^ and 2 minutes, nortJi, 4)eing distant from th6 river of

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Chagre twentj-six Spanish leagues, (I), and eight from Panama. Moreover, this is the last place to which boats or canoes can come; for which reason tbef built here store- houses, wherein to keep all sorts of merchandize, which hence to and from Panama are transported upon the backs of mules.

Here, Uierefore, Capt. Morgan was constrained to leave his canoes and land all his men, though never so weak in their bodies. But lest the canoes should be sur- piized, or take up too many men for their defence, he resolved to seod them all back to the place where the boats were, excepting one, which he caused to be hidden, to the intent it might serve to carry intelligence according to the exigence of affairs. Many of the Spaniards and Indians belonging to this villnge were fled to the planta- tions thereabouts.

Hereupon Capt. Morgan gave express orders that none should dare to go out of the village, except in whole companies of a hundred together. The occasion hereof was his fear lest the enemies should take an advantage upon his men, by any sudden assault. Notwithstanding, one party of English soldiers, stickled not to contravene these commands, being tempted witli the desire of finding victuals. But these were soon glad to fly into the town

, (1) Evidently refers to distttnoe from month of river.

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"7© Pilot and Guidei

ngaiii being assaulted with gi"eat fury by some Spaniards and liuliaiis, who snatched up one of the Pirates, and carried him away prisoner. Tims the vigilance aud care of Capt. Moigan Was not sufficient to prevent every acci- dent that might happen;

Resistance Offered by Indians.

On the eighth daj in the mom ng Capt Morgin sent t\\o bundled mm befoie the body of his inny, to discoy I the wiy to Panama, md see if they had laid any ambuscides theiein eipeciilly ronsidei i g thit the [laces by \vh ch they ttctc to piss were \ery fit for that purpose tiie piths l«iiig so iiaitow that only ten or t\\elve persons could mirch in a file and oftentimes not so many

Having miichcd ibout the spite of ten hours they cimo to a phcc ciiled Qiiebrada ObscuiA Heie all on the sudden thiee oi f(ur thousand airows were shot at them without being able to perceno whence they came or who sbjt then The place whence it wis piesumed they were shot wa'; a high rocky mouiitiin excavated from one side to the other wherein was A grotto that went through it, only capable of admitting ono hoi'se or Other beast jxded Tb s inultitude of airows c-used a huge alarm among the Pnates especially because they could not dis co>er tlie phce whence they weia d scharged

At list seeing no more arrows to appear they niai^hed 1 little firther md enteied into a wood Here thty pei<?eived some Ii dnns i> fly as fast as they could pa<^slbly b( for the i to tike tho id\ tillage ot another I '^t a id thti ce ohsene the n luh fil the Pnates There lonniiicd not\ itbstandn g one tioop tf Indians upon the jlice w tb full design to hght and defend themselves This combit they peiformed with huge counge till euch time as their captain fell to tho groimd wounded, who although he wa aov m despair of life yet his valour being greiter than hia strength, would demand no quarter.

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Setistanee offered hg-Iadiant. 7~Z

but, endeavouriug to raise himself, nith uiulauiitcd iniiid laid hold of bis azagaya, or javelin, and struck at one of the Pirates. But before lie could second the blow, lie was shot to death with a pistol. This was alan the fate of many of his companions, who like good and coumgeous soldiers iost tlieir hves witli their saptaiu, fur the dct'euco of their countrj.

"A la Say*uA, Perros Ingleses,"

The Pirates endeavoured, as much as possible, to lay hold on some of" the Indians and take them prisoners. But they being infinitely swjlter than the Pirates, every one escaped, leaving eight Pirates dead upon the place, and ten wounded. Yea, had the Indians been more dex- trous in military affairs, they might have defended that passage and not let one sole man to pass. Within a little while after they came to a large campaign (champaign) field open, and full of variegated meadows. J^'i-oin here tl,ey could perceive at a distance before tlicm a parcel of Indians, who stood on top of a mountain, very near the iVay by which the Pirates were to pas9_. They sent % troop of fifty men, the nimblest they could pick out, to see i( they could catch any of them, and afterwards force tbem to declare whereabouts their companious had their Hiaiisions. But all their industry was in vain, for they escaped through then: uimbleness, and presently afterwards showed themselves in another place, hallooing to the English, and crying: A la savana, A let »<tmiia, conimlos, ^erros IngUsea; that is, To tlie plain, to the pJahi, pc cuck^ oldg, ye English dogs. While tliese things passed, the ten i*irates that were wounded a little before were dressed' XLud plastered up.

At this place there was a wood, ajid on each side thereof a mountain. The Indians had immediately possessed tliemselves of one, and the Pirates took possession of tlie odier that was opposite to it Capt Morgan was persuaded

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that in the wood the Spaniards bad placed an amhuscade, at lying so conveuiently for that purpose. Hereupon he sent before two hundred men to search it The Spaniards and Indians perceiring the Pirates to descend the moun- tain, did so too, as if Ihey designed to attack them. But being got into the wood, out ol sight of the Pirates, they disappeared, and were seen no more, leaving the passage open to them.

About night there fell a great rain, which caused the Pirates to march the faster and seek everywhere for houses wherein to preserve their arms from being wet. But the Tndiaiis had set fire to eveiy one thereabouts, and tiaiispoi-t«d all their cattle to remote places, to the end that the pirates, finding neither houses nor victuals, might be constrained to return homewards. Notwithstanding, after diligent search, they found a few little huts belong- ing to shepherds, but in them nothing to eat. These not being capable of holding many men, they placed in them

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A la Saemui, Perrot Iitgletet.

79

out of every company a small aamber; vbo kept the arms of ail the rest of the army. Those who remained in the open field eudured much hardship that night, the rain not ceasing to fall until the morning.

The End of the March.

The next morning^ about break of day being the ninth of this tedious jcrurnoy, CapL Morgan continued his march while the fresh air of the morning lasted. For the clouds then hanging aa yet over their heads were much more favourable to them than the scorching rays of the sun, by reason the way was now more difficult and labor- ious than all the preceding. After two hours' march they discovered a troop of about twenty Spaniards, who ob- served the motions of the Pirates. They endeavoured to catch some of them, but could lay hold on none, thoy suddenly disappearing, and absconding themselves in caves among the rocks .totally unknown to the Pirates.

At last they came to a high mountain, which, when tbey ascended, they discovered from the top thereof the South Sea. This happy sight, as if it were the end of their laboiu^ caused infinite joy among all the Pirates. Hence they could descry also oue ship and six boats, which were set forth from Panama and sailed towards the islands of Tovago and Tovagilla, (Taboga and Taboguilla). Having descended this mountain, they came to a vale (the Sabanas of the present day), in which tbey found great quantity of cattle, whereof they killed good store. Here while some were employed in killing and Haying of cows, horses, bulls and chiefly asses, of which there was a, very lai^e number, others busied tiiemselves in kindling of fires and getting wood wherewith to roast them. Thus cutting the flesh of tiiese animals into convenient pieces, or gobbets, they threw them into the fire, and half carbonadoed or roasted, they devoured them with incredible baste and appetite. For such was their hunger that they more resembled cannibals

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Dia.|i7ecb.G(X>'^le

The Eitd of tlie llartii. Q\

th&n Enropeans at this hauquet, tlie blood many times mniiing down from their beiirda to the middle of their Indies.

Having satisfied their hanger with these delicious zneatd, Cap! Morgan ordered them to continue the march. Jlere again he sent bsfore the main body fifty men, iritb intent to take some prisoners, if possiUy they could, for be seemed uow to be much concenied Uiat in nine days' li.ne be could not meet one person who might inform liim of the condition and forces of the Spaniards.

About eveniug Ibey discovered a troop of two hundred Spaniards, more or less, who hallooed to the Pirates, hut ^ese could not understand what tbey said. A little while after they came the first time within sight of the highest steeple of Fannma. This steeple they no sooner bad dis- covered than they began to show signs of extreme joy, casting up their hats into the air, leaping for mirth, and shouting, even just as if they haJd already obtamed the ~\ictory and entire accomplishment of their designs. All the trumpets were sounded aud every drum beaten, in 'tnken pf this universal acclamation and huge alacrity of their minds.

Thus tbey pitched their camp for that night with general coutent of the whole army, waiting with impatience for the morning, at which time they intended to attack the city. This evening there aj^teared fifty horses, who caoie out of the city, hearing the noise of the drums and trumpets of the Pirates, to observe, as it was thought, their motions. They came almost within musket-shot of the army, being preceded by a trumpet that sounded mar- vellously well. Those on horseback hallooed aloud to the Pirates, and threatened them, saying: Perroa! not veremoa, that is, Ye dogs! we akall meet ye. Having made this menace, they returned into the city, excepting only seven ot eight horsemen who remained hovering ttiereabouts to watch what motions the Pirates made.

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S2

Pilot and Guide.

Immecliately after, the city begau to fire and ceased not to piny with their biggest guns all night long against Uie camp, but with little or no harm to Uie Pirates, whom thej could not conveniuntiy reach. About this time also the two hundred Spaniards whom the Pirates had seen in the afternoon appeared ugain within sight, making re- semblance as if they would block up the passages, to the intent no Pirates might escape the hands of their forces. But the Pirates, who were now in a manner besieged, instead of conceiving any fear of their blockades, as soon as they had placed sentries about their camp, began erery one to open their satchels, and without any preparation of napkins or plates, fell to eating very lieartily the remain- ing pieces of bulls' and horses' flesh which they had resened since noon. This being done they laid themselves down to sleep upon the grass with great repose and huge satisfac- tion, expecting only with impatience the dawning of the next day.

Preparations for Attack.

On the tenth day betimes in the morning, they put all .their men in convenient order, and with drums and trumpets sounding, continued their march directly towards the city. But one of the guides desired Capt Morgan not to take the common highway that led thitlier, fearing lest they should find in it much resistance and many ambus-

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Pr^pwratimu J^ At tad:.

S3

Cades. He preseuti/ took hia advice, and chose auotber vaj that went through the wood, althoagh very irksome and difficult Thus the Spaniards, perceiviiig the Pirates liad taken another way, which they scarce had thought on «r believed, were compelled to leave their stops and bat- teries, and come out to meet them. The (jovemor of f anama put his forces in order, consisting of two squad- mns, four regiments of foot, and a huge number of wild Itulls, which were diiven by a great number of Indians, ~with some negroes and others, to help them.

The Pirates, being now upon their march, came to the top of a little hill, whence they had a large prospect %it the city and campaign (champaign) country uudetnoath. iere they discovered the forces of the people of Panama, Extended in battle array and when they perceived them to be so numerous, they were suddenly surprized with great fear, much doubting the fortune of the day. Yea, few or none there were but wished themselves at home, or at least ftee from the obligation of ttiat engagement, wherein they per- ceived their lives must be so narrowly ccncemed.

Having been some time at a stand, in a wavering condition of mind, they at last reflected upon the straits they had brought themselves into, and that uow they ought of necessity eiUier to fight resolutely or die, for iio quarter could be expected from an enemy aguinst whom they had committed so many cruelties on all occasions. Hereupon they encouraged one another, and resolved either to con- quer, or spend the very last drop of blood tn their bodies. Afterwards they divided themselves into three battalions, or troops, seoding before them one or two hundred buc- caneers, which soit of people are iufiuitely dextrous at shooting with guns. Thus the Pirates left the hill aud descended marching directly towards the Spaniards, who were posted iu a spacious field, waiting for their coming.

As soon as they drew , near them, the Spaniards began to shout, and cry. Viva el Rey ! God sate the Kug! and inunediately Uieir horse began to move against

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@4 Pilot and Guide.

the Pirates. But the field being full of quags and very soft under fpot, they could not ply to aud fro and wheel about, as they desired. The two hundred buccaneers who went before, every one putting one knee to the ground, gave them a full volley of shot, wherewith the battle was instantly kindled very hot

wild Bulls Uud in Battle.

The Spaniards defended themselves very courageously, acting all they could possibly perform, to disorder the Pirates. Their foot, in like manner, endeavoured to second the horse, but were constrained by the Pirates to separate from them. Thus finding themselves frustrated of their designs, they attempted to drive the bulls against them at their backs, and by this means put them into disorder, but the greatest part of the wild cattle ran away, being frightened with the noise of the battle, and some few that broke through the English companies did no other harm than to tear the colours in pieces, whereas the buc- caneers shooting them dead, left not one to trouble them thereabouts.

The battle having now continued for the space of two hours, at the end thereof the greatest part of the Spanish horse was ruined and almost all killed. Tho rest fled away, which being perceived by the foot, and that they could not possibly prevail, they discharged tho shot they had in their muskets, and throwing them on the ground, betook themselves to flight, every one which way- he could run. The Pirates could not possibly follow them, as being too much harassed aud wearied with the long journey they had lately made. Many of them, not being able to fly whither they desired, hid tliemselves for that present among tlie shrubs of the sea-side. But very un- fortunately, for most of them being found out by the Pirates, were instantly killed, without giving ciuart«r to any. Some religious men were brought prisoners before Captain

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Morgan, but he being' deaf to tbeir ciies atu) lamentations, coDimanded them all to be inimcdtRtely pintolcd, which was immediately done.

Soon after they brought a ctipttiii to his presence, whom' he examined very strictly about several thirips, par- ticularly wherein consisted the forces of those of Panamii. To whfch he answered: Their whole strength did consist iu four hundred horse, twenty-four companies of foot, each l>eing of one hundred men complete, sixty Indians and some negroes, who were to drive two thousand wild bulls and cause them to nm over the English camp, and thus by breaking their files put tboin into a total disorder and ctinfusion. Hfl discovered more, that in the city they had . ^ade trenches, and raised batteries in several places, in *hich they had placed many guns, and that at the entry o£ the highway which led to the city they had bftilt a fort, which was mounted with eight great gutia of bVass, *ild defended by fifty men.

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36 P^t *'*^ Gut<t«.

Captain Moigaii, having heard this iitfonnation, gar« orders instantly they should march another way. But before setting forth, he made a review of all hie men, wheroof he found both killed and wounded a considerable number, and mudi greater tlutn had been believed. Of the Spaniards were found six hundred dead upon the place, besides the woun-Jed and prisoners. The Pirates were nothing discouraged, seeing their number so much diminished, but rather filled with greater pride than before, perceiving what huge advantage they bad obtained against their enemietL Thus having rested themselves some while, they prepared to march courageously towards the city, plighting their oaths to one another in general they would fight till never a man was left alivo. With this courage they recommenced their march, either to conquer or be conquered, carrying with them all the prisoners.

They found much difficulty in their approach to the city. For within the town the Spaniards had placed many great guns, at several quarters thereof, some of which were charged with small pieces of iron, and others with musket-bullets. With all these they saluted the Pirates at their drawing nigh to the place, and gave them full and frequent broadsides, firing at them incessnntly. Whence it came to pass that unavoidably they lost, at every step they advanced, great numbers <.f men. But rether these manifest dangers to their lives, nor the sight of so many of Iheir own men dropping down continually at their aides, could deter them from advancing farther and gaining ground every moment upon the enemy. Thus, although the Spaniards never ceased to fire and act the best they could for their defence, yet notwithstanding they were forced to deliver the city after the space of three hours' combat

The Pirates having now possessed themselves thereof, killed and destroyed as many as attempted to make the least oppOEition against them. The inhabitants had caused the best of their goods to be transported to more r«mote

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Wild Bulla Used in Battiet. 37

and occult places. Howbeit they found within the city as yet several warehonses, very well stocked with all sorts of tnerchandize, as well as silks, cloths, linen, and other things of considerable valne.

As soon as the first fuiy of their entrance into the city was over, Capt. Morgan assembled all his men at a certain place which he assigned, and there cotnmnnded them under very great penalties that none of them should dare to drink or taste any wine. The reason bo gave for this injunction was, because he had received private intelli- c^enee that it had been all poisoned by the Spaniards. -Uowbeit it was the opini'tn of many that he gave these ;|>rudeDt onlers to prevent the debauchery of his people, which he foresaw would be very great at the beginning, after so much hunger sustained by the way, fearing withal lest the Spaniards seeing them in wine, should rally their forces and fall upon the city, and use them as inhumanly as they had used the inhabitants before.

Morgan Sets Fire to the City.

Capt. Morgan, as soon as lie had placed guards at several quarters where he thought necessary, both witliin and without the city of Panama, immediately commanded twenty-five men to seize a great boat, which had stuck in the port for want of water at a low tide, so that she could not put out to son. The same day, about noon, he caused certain men privately to set fire to several great edifices of the city, nobody knowing whence the fire pro- ceeded nor who were the authors thereof, much less what motives persuaded Capt. Morgan thereto, which are as yet unknown to this day. The fire increased so fast that before night the greatest part of the city was in flame.

Capt Morgan endeavoured to make the public believe the Spaniards had been the cause thereof, which suspicions he surmised among hia own people, perceiving they reflected npon him for that action. Many of the Spaniards, as also

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

38 ^fo' t""^ GnUJe.

Bome of the Rratcs, used all the means possible either to extinguish the flame, or by blowing up houses with gun- powder, and pulling down others, to stop its progress. But all was in vain for in lose than half an hour it consumed a whole street

The Wealth of Old Panama.

All the houses of this city woi-e built with cedar, being of very curious and magnificent stnicture, and richly adorned witliin, especially with hangings and paintings whereof part was already transpoHel out of the Pirates' way, and auotber great part was consumed by thevoiacity of the fire. There belonged to this city (which is also the head of a b sbopnc), eight monasteiies, whereof seveu were ' for men and one for women, two stat'ly churches and ono hospital. The churches and monasteries were all richly adorned with altar-pieces and paintings, and huge qnantity of gold and silver, with other precious things all of which the ecclesiastics had hidden and concealed.

Besides the above ornaments, here were to bo seen two thousand houses of mngnificent and prodigious build- ing, being all or the greatest part inhabited by merchants of that country who are vastly rich. For the rest of the inhabitants of lesser quality and tradesmen, this city con- tained five thousand houses more. Hera were also a great number of stables which served for the horses and mules that carry all the plate, Leionging as well to the King of Spain as to private men, towards the coast of the North Sea, The neighbouring fields belonging to tliis city arc all cultivated with fertile plantations and pleasant gardens, which afford delicious prospects to the inhabitants the whole year long.

The Genoese had in this city of Panama a stately and magnificent house belonging to their trade and coni- mercs of negroes. This building likewise was cojnmanded by Capt, Moi^D to be set on fire whereby it was burnt^ '

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

The WaalA of Old

eQ

to the ver; gronnd. Besides which pile of buiidingB, there Were consained to the uamber of two bandred warehouses, &ud a great namber of slaves who had bid themaelres tliereit), together with an infinite multitude of sacks of mea].

Tbe fire of all the houses and buildings was seen

to continue four weeks after the day it began. The Pirates

in the meanwhile, at least the greatest part of them,

CMmped some time without the city, fearing and expecting

that tbe Spaniards would come aiid fight them anew. For

it was known that they had an incomparable number of

xuen more than tbe Pirates bad. Tias occasioned them

tx) keep the field thereby to preserve their forces united,

'Vrhich now were very much diminished by tbe losses of

the preceding battles, as also because they had a great

Inauy wounded, all of which they had put into one of tbe

cborches which alone remained standing, the rest being

consumed W tbe fire. Moreover, besides these decreases of

their men, Capt. Morgan had sent a convoy of one hundred

and fifty men to the Castle of Chagre, to caiTy the news

of his victory obtained against Panam.i.

They saw many times whole troops of Spaniards cruize to and fro in the campaign (champaign) fields which gave them occasion to suspect their rallying anew. Yet thpy never had the courage to attempt anything against thu Pirates. Iti the afternoon of this fatal day Captain

Eran Hotel Milan.

avcnida Cealral Nos. ZIfi-Z&O PANAMA.

„ OepartamentiM AmneUadoa v Ken ^eautado* utni Fanlllui i:tpUndidot flnnor, AatsUnda Ennendi; Gna Sa- ^n p*n CMuedoT; L> Unics cuu en l^iuiiuA one luce la verdadeni CocLnn 'llBDa, FiBDOeM J BtpailDlB.

PRKCIOB M0DIC03. GIUSEPPE CAPOZUCCHI, Pnf .

Gian Hotel Milan,

Nos. 2rS-260, Ceqtral avenue. PANAMA.

FaralilMd Roonia Well VeatillWd tor Famlllea Fini Batlir. Special S«r- lics! Spuloiu LUdIiik Rooia.

GIUSEPPE CAPOZUCCHI, Prop.

Digiliz^cbyGoOgiC

Morgan re-entered aj^ain the eity with bin troops, to tho intent that every one might take up his lodgings, which now they coutd hardly find, very few houiee having es- caped the desolation of the fire. Soon a(t«r they fell to seeking very carefully among the ruins and ashes for utensils of pUito or gold which peradventure were not quite wasted by the flames. And of such things they found no small number in several places, especially in wells and cisterns where the Spaniards had hid them from the covetous search of the Pirates.

The next diiy Capt Morgan desiiatched away two troops of Pirates^ of one hundred and fifty men each, being all very stout soldiers and well armed, with orders to seek for the inhabitants of Panama who were escaped from the hands of their enemies. These men, having made several excursions up and down the campaign (champaign) fields, woods and mountains, adjoining to Panama, returned after two days' time, bringing with them above two hun- dred prisoners, between men, women and slaves,

Escape of the Treasure Galleon.

The same day returned also the boat above mentioned, which Capt Morgan had sent into the South Sea, bring- ing with it three other Iwats which they had taken in a little white. But all these prizes they could willingly have given, yea. although they had employed greater labour into the bargain for one certain galleon which miraculously escaped their iiMlustry, being veiy richly laden with all the King's plnte and .1 great quantity of riches of gold, pearls, jewels and other most precious goods of all the best and richest mercbnnts of Panama. On board of this galleon were also the religious women, belonging to the imnnery of the said city, who had embarked with them all the ornaments of the church consisting of a lai^ quantity of gold, plate and other thin^ of great value.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Pilot and Guide.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Pilot and 6ude.

m ON TSEONC CHim.

laaapoxtex of ,

Goloq, I^epliblic of Par^ama.

The strength of this galleon was nothing considerable an having only seven guns and ten or twelve muskets for its vrhole defence, being on the other side very ill-provided of victuals and other necessaries, with great want of fresh water, and having no more sails than the uppermost sails of the main mast This description of tlie said ship, the Pirates received from certain persons who had spoken with seven mariners belot)ging to the galleon, at such time as they came ashore in the cock-boat to take in fresh water. Hence they concluded for certain they might easily have taken the said vessel had they given her chase and pursued her, as they ought to have done, especially con- sidering the said galleon could not long subsist at soa.

But they wei-e impeded from following this vastly rich prize by gluttony and drunkenness, having plentifully debauched themselves with several sortii of rich wines they found there ready to their hands. So that they chose rather to satiate their appetite with the things ahove-

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Eaeape of Ui« Trtamrt GaUroK.

93

meiitioiied. ^hnii to lay hold on the oooaMon oCneh a huge .idvantnga, although thia sole prize would certainly have been of iax greater value and consequence to them than all they secun<d at Panamn, aud other places tbereahuut

Tho next day. repenting o( their negligence, and being totally wearied of the vices and debaucheries afore- said, thoy set forth to sea another boat well armed, to ]>ursue with all speed imaginable the said galleon. But their present care and diligence was in vain, the Spaniards who were on board the said ship having received intelli- gence of the danger they were in one or two days before, while the Pirates were cruizing so near them, whereupon they fled to places more remote and unknown to their

Take Frizes at Taboga.

Notwithstanding, the Pimtes found in the ports of the islands of Tavoga and Tavogilla (Taboga and Tabo- guilla), several boats that were laden with many sorts of very good merchandize all of which they took and brought to Panama* where, being arrived, they made an exact re- lation of all that had passed while tiiey were abroad to Capt Morgan. The prisoners confirmed what the Pirates had said, adding thereto, that they undoubtedly knew whereabouts tho said galleon might be at that present, but that it was veiy probable they had been relieved before now from other places.

These relations stiiTod up Capt Morgan anew to send forth all the boats that were in the port of Panama, with design to seek and pursue the said galleon till they could find her. The boats aforesaid, being in all four, set sail from Panama and having spent eight days rn cruizing to and fro and searching several ports and creeks, they lost all their hopes of finding what they so earnestly sought for.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Di„i„«b,Googlc

role iVi»* al Taboga. Q5

HeFPupon tlie^ rpsolved to return to the isles of TaTOga and Tavogilla. Here they found a reasonably good ship that was newly come from Fayta, (Pern), being Jaden with cloth, soap, sugar and biscuit, and with twenty thousand pieces of eight in ready money. This vessel they instantly seized, not finding the lenst resistance from any person within her. Near to the said ship was also a boat, whereof in like manner they possessed them- selves. Tlpon the boat they laded great part of the mer- chandize they had found in the ship, together witit some slaves they had taken in the said islands. With this pur- chase they returned to Panama, something better satisfied of their voyage, yet withal much discontented they could not meet with the galleon.

The convoy which Capt, Morgan had sent to the castle of Chagre returned much about the same timo, bringing witJi them very good news. For while Captain Morgan was upon his journey to Panama, those he had left in the castle of Chagre had sent forth to sea two boats to exercise piracy. These happened to meet with a Spanish ship, which they begitn to chase witliin sight of the castle. This being perceived by the Pirates that were in the castle, they put forth Spanish colours, thereby to allure and deceive the ship that fled before tlie boats. Thus the poor Spaniards thinking to find r.-fuge for them- selves under the castle and the guns thereof, by flying into the port, weiB caught in a snare and made prisoners where they thought to find defence. The cargo which was found on board the said vessel consisted of victuals and provisions that were all eatable things. Nothing could be more opportune than this prize for the castle, where they had begun already to experience great scarcity of things of this kind.

Torture of Prisoners.

This good fortune of the garrison of Chagre gave occasion to Capt Morgan to remain longer time than he

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

9© Pilot nmJ Oniih

had determined at Panamn. And hereupon ho ordei-ed several new excursions to l>e made into the whole country i-onnd about tho city. So that wliile the Pirates at Pauama were employed in these expeilitions, those at Chagrc were busied in exercising piracy upon the North Sea.

Capt Morgan used to send forth daily parties of two hundred men to make inroads into all the fields and coun- tiy thereabouts, and when one party came back, another consisting of two hundred more was ready to go forth. By this means they gathered in a short time a huge quan- tity of riches, nnd ano Icssei num)ier of prisoners. These, being brought into the city, were presently put to the most exquisite tortures imaginable to make them confess both other jM-flple's goods and their own.

Here it happened that one poor and miserable wretch was found in the house of a gentleman of great qnality, who had put on, amidst the confusion of things, a pair of taffety breeches belonging to his master with a little silver key hanging at tho stiiiigs tliereof. This being perceived by Uic Pirates they immediately asketl him where was the cabinet of the said key. His auswer was: He knew not what was become of it, but only that finding those breeches in his master's house, he had made bold to wear tliem. Xot being able to extoi-t any other confession out of him they first put him upon the rack, wherewith they inhumanly disjointed his arms. After this they twisted a cord about his forehead, which they wrung so hard that his eyes appeared as big as eggs, and wei-e ready to fall out of his skull. But neither with these torments could they obtain any positive answer to their demands. Whereupon they soon after hung him up, giving him infinite blows and stripes while he was under that in- tolerable piiin and posture of body. Afterwards they cut off his nose and cars and singed'his face with burning straw, till he could speak nor lament his misery no longer. Then losing all hopes of heaviiig any confession ft-om his mouth, they commanded a negro to ruu him through with

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC i

TortHre of PiUoHfm. 97

TH^ FS->^^l-H|C^rvl

TfllLOIUKa ESTABLISnnENT OF

B. ^.A.SQTJBZ,

T9lej:hcr.= Mo. KC. Ho. 30 Ei;hth Strsst, PAMAMA.

The Oil} Hone ii Puua tktt Gmuitek Sirictly Ai^tu S^n.

?Voff¥rf Attention- Comet Fit. Prices Moderate.

a lance, which put an end to bis life, and a period to their cruel and inhuman toi-tui'es. After this execrable maimer did many otiiers of tlionc miserable prisonei-8 finish their days, the common sport and reci'eation of those Pirates being these and otlier tragedies not iiiferior.

They spared in these their cruelties, no sex or con- dition vhataoever. For as to religious persons and priests, they granted them less quarter than to others, unless they could pi-oduce a cousiderable sum of money, capable of being a sufficient ransom. Women themselves were no better used, and Capt Morgan, their leader and com- mander, gave them no good example on this point For as soon as any beautiful woman was brought as a piisoner to his presence, he used aW the menus he could, both of rigour and mildness, to bend her to his pleasure, for a confirmation of which assertion I shall hero give my reader a short history of a latly, whose virtue and con- stancy ought tx> be transmitted to |>osterity as a memorable example of her sex.

Morgan and the Constant Lady.

Among the prisoners that were brought by the Pirates ^m the islands of Tavoga and Tavogilla, theix; was found a gentlewoman of good ({uality, as also no less virtue and chastity, who was wife to one of the richest merchants in all of those countries. Her years were but few, and her

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

93 P*^' "^ OMide.

beauty so great as peradveiiture I muy doubt wbether iu all Europe one could be found to surpass her perfections either of comeliness «v honesty. Her huBband at that present was absent hum home, being gone as far as the kingdom of Peru, about grt>at concerns of commerce and trade, wherein his employments did lie.

l^is virtuous lady, likewise, hearing that Pirates were coming to assault Putiama, had absented herself thence in the company of other friends and relations, thereby to presen'e her life amidst the dangers which the cruelties and tyi-aimies of those hard-hearted enemies did seem to menuco to every citizen. But no sooner had she appeared in the presence of Capt, Morgan than he commanded they should lodge her in a certiiin apailment by herself giving - her a negress, or black noman, to wait upon her, and that she should bo treated with all the respect :ind regale due to her (jnality. The poor afflicted lady did lieg with multitude of sobs and tcurs she might be suffered to lodge among the other prisoners, her relations, fearing less the unexpected kindness of the commander might prove to be a design upon her chastity. But Cnpt Morgan would by no means heuvknu to her petition, and all he cominandedj in alls^vcr thereto, was she should he treated with moi-e particiilar care than before and have her vic- tuals ciiiTied from his own table.

This lady bad formeiiy lieard very strange reports concerning the Pirates, before their arrival at Panama, in- timating to her, as if they were uot men, but, as they said, heretics, who did neither invoke the Blessed Trinity, nor believe in Jesus Christ But now she began to have better thoughts of them than ever before having ex- perienced Oio manifold civilities of Capt Morgan, especially hearing him many times to swear by tlie name of God, and of Jesus Christ in whom, she was persuaded they did not believe. Neither did she now think them to be so bad, or to have the shapes of beasts, as from the re- lations of several people she had oftentimes heard. For

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Morgan ami the Constant Ladti. 9€ '

as to the naixio of robben or thiereg, which was coiiimoiily given them by others, she wondered not much at it seeing,.. as she said, th;it among all iiatiniis of tlw universe there were to bo found aoine wicked men, who nuturatiy coveted to iwsscss the goods of others.

ConformaMc to the persuasion of -this hidv was the o|)iriion of another woman of weak- Understindin{t, at Panama who used to say, l«'fore the Pirates came thither, she desired very much and had a great curiosity"- to' sec one of thos;^ men called Pirates for as much as licr '"hus- band had often told her that they were not men; like others, but ralliei' irrational beasts. This silly woman at last happened to see the tirst of them, and cried out aloud" iitihig: Jiituit bltus mel these tbieren me like ni ifiimniai^H.

This false civility of Capt. Morgan wherewith he used this lady was soon after changed into barbarous cruelty. For three or four days being past, he came to see her and the virtuous hidy reptdsed him with all the civility imaginable and many humble and modest expressions of her mind, liut Capt, Morgan still pei-sisted in bis disordeily reipiest, presenting her withal with mneh pe.irl, gold ami all that ho had got that was precious and valu- able in that voyage. But the lady l)eing iu no manner willing to consent thereto nor accept his presents, and showing hei-self in all I'espects like Susannah for constancy, he presently changed note and began to speak to her ii> .inotber tone, threatening her with a thousand cruelties and hard usiigcs at his hands.

To all these things she gave this resolute and posi- tive answer, than which no other could he extorted from her: Sir. my life is t'H your hands; but as to my body, in relation to that ickich yon tcould persuade me to, my soul shall sooner be separated from it through the violence of your anus than I shall condescend to your request No sooner had Captain Morgan understood this heroic resolution of her mind than he commanded her to be stripjM'd of the best of her ap- parel and imprisoned in a daiksome and stinking cellar.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

lOO

rOol and OttiOe.

' Here the h:i(] allowed bn- sn extremely small qaantity of meat and diink, therewith she bad much ado to sustQiii life for a few dia;<i.

UndeT this hnrdship tho constant atid virtuous lady ceased not to prtiy daily to God Almighty for constancy and patienco against the cmeltirs of Capt Morgan. But he being uow ^oroughly convinced of hnr chaste rosohi- tions, as alKi desirous to conceal the causo of her con- finement and hard usage, since many of the Pirates, his companions, did compassionatH her condition, laid many false aocuBations to her charge giving to understand she held intelligence with the Spaniards and corresponded with them by lettei'S abusing thereby his foi-iner lenity and kindness.

1 myself wan an eye witness to these things here related, and could never have judprcd such consl^ncy of mind and virtuous chastity to bo found in the world, if my own eyes ami ears had not informed mo thereof. But of Ibis incomparable lady I sh-'itl say something more here- after in its proper place, whereupon I shall leave her at pi*esent to continue my history.

Preparations for Departure.

Capt. Morgan having now been at Pannnni tlie full space of three weeks commnnded all things to he ))Ut in order for his departure. To this effect, he gave orders to every company of his men to seek out fur so many beasts of carriage as might suffice to convey the whole spoil of the city to the river where his canoes lay.

About this time a great nimour waH spivad in the city of a considerable number of Pirates who intended to leave Capt Moi^au and that, by taking a ship which was in the port, they determined to go and rob upon tho South Sea till they had got as much as they thought fit, and then return homewards by the way of the East Indies into Europe. For which purpr.se, they had already

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Preparaliota for Dtpartmrt.

to I

gfttbered great qoantity of proTisJotit, iriiidi thc^ hid

hidden in private pinces, with sufficient store of powder, bullets, aud all other Korts of ammunition, likewise some great guns, belonging Xa the town, muskets and other things where with they designed not only to equip the said vessel but also to fortify themselves aud raise batteries .in some island or other, which might serve them for a place of refuge.

This design had certainly taken effect as they in- tended, )iad not Capt Morgan had timely advice thereof given him by one of their comrades. Hereupon he instantly commanded the mainmast of the said ship shouM be cut down and burnt, together with all the other boats that were in the port Hereby, the intentions of all or most of his companions were totally fi'ustratrd. After this Captain Morgan sent forth many of the Spaniards into the adjoiih- ing fields and country, to seek for money wherewitli to

m\

«»

flvciiiba Ssiittaf, gio. 254, SaMoind. DOLORES S. de GUTIEDREZ, PropiHlrii.

&t

©iMiiM % i'i^W

Ibe largest Cake ani CoDfectionerj Store in tie (itf.

Fm«Ii Stock of Tootbwmc Swcel* dzjUiMj on Hand.

VVEDDINQ CAKES A SPECIALTY.

«U ORDERS GIVEri No. 354 Central Avenue,

PROMPT ATTENTION. PANAMA.

DOLORES S. de GUTIBRBBZ. f>K>p.

V

Di„i„«b,Googlc

Pilot and OuUU.

14_

i j

Di„i„«b,Googlc

li Frtparqtioiu for Departure. I03

I- r^som not only themselves but also all the rest of the - pfisou^rs^ as likewise the ecclesiastics, twth secular and regular. Moreover he comiiianded all the artillery of the to)tiij,to be spoiled, that i» to say, nailed and stopped up. .. ; At the same time be sent out a strong company of men to seek foe the Goveriiov of Panama, of whom in- telligence was brought that he had laid several i:m'iuscades . iitthe way by which be had to pass ou his return. But those who were sent upon this design returned soon after, saying thpy had not found any sign or appearance of such ambii^cndes for, a conlii-mation whereof they bi-ouglit with thfiip some prisoners they had taken, who declared that the said Governor bad had an intention of milking some opposition by the way, but that the men whom he designed to effect it wei-e unwilling to undertake any such enter- prise so that for want of means he could not put his design in execution.

. ^ trisonera. Held for Ransom.

On the 24th of Febninry of the year ](i(I, Captain Morgan departed from the city of Panama, or rather fi-om tU*' place where the said city of Panama did stand; of the sptiils whereof he carried with bim one hundred and seventy-five beasts of carriage laden with silver, gold and ' other precious things, besides six hundred prisonei-s, more or less; between men, women, rbikli-en and slaves. That ; diiy- they came to a river lli;.t passes through a delicious campaign (champaign) fielil, at the distance of a league from Panama.

Here Capt Morgan put all his forces into good order of martial array in surli manner that the prisoners . Were in the middle of the camp, surrounded on all sides Wrth. -Pirates. At which present conjuncture nothing else Wa8;ta be heard but lamentations, erics, shrieks and dole- '^Ul :aighB, of the many women and children, who wei-e per- suaded Capt. Morgan designed to transport them all and *^fiUTy tbem into his own country for slaves. Besides that.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

]04 ™»' <""' Gtiide.

among all those miRerable prisoners there was extreme hnnger and thirst endured at that time, which hardship and misery ('apt Morgan designedly caused them to bus- tain, with intent to excite them more earnestly to seek for money wherewith to ransom themselves acconling to the tax he had set upon every one.

Many of the women begged of Capt. Morgan upon their knees, witli infinite sighs aiid tears be would permit them to return to Panama, there to live in company with their dear husbands and children, in their little huts of straw which they would erect, seeing they had no houses until the I'ebuilding of the city. But his answer was: Be came not hither to hear lamentations and cries, but rather to seek money. Therefore they ought to seek out for tliut in the first place, whewver it were to be had and bring it to him, otherwise he would assuredly transport them all to such places whither tliey cared not to go.

The next day when the march began, those lament- able cries and shrieks were renewed in so much as it would havo caused compassion in the hardest heart to hear them. But Capt. Morgan, a man little given to mercy, was not moved therewith in the least They marched in the same oi'der as was said before; one party of the Pirates proceeding in the van, the prisoners in uie middle, and the rest of the Pirates in tlie rear-guard, by whom the miserable Spaniards were at every step, punched and thrust in their backs and sides with the blunt end of their arms to make them march the faster.

Morgan Punishes Treachery.

That beautiful and virtuous lady of whom we made mention heretofore for her unparalleled constancy and chastity, was led prisoner by herself between two Pirates who guarded her. Her lamentations now did pierce the skies, seeing herself carried away into foreign captivity, often crying to the Pirates, and telling them: Tkat the had

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

itorgau PuniAe* Trtathtrif.

I05

fi'wM ortkr to two reliffiom persons, »n m-Aom she Antf relied, fo fo to 8 wrtetM place an^/etch so mHeh montg as her ran. MM did mmouHt to. That they had promited /ailh/ullg to i« it, b%t having obtaiHed the said money, instead of bringing it i« ket, tkeg luid employed it another trag to ransom some of their VKH and particular friends.

This ill action of theirs was discovei-Kl by a slave, who brought a letter to the said lady. Her complaiuta. and the cause thereof being brougtit to the ears of Capt. Morgan, he tliOQght fit to enquire thereinto. Having found the thing to be true, especially hearing it conlirmed by (be confession of the 8aid reli^tnns men, though under some frivolous excuses of having diverted the money but for a dny or two, within which time tlicy expected mote sums to repay it, he gave lihcrty to tlie said lady, whom otherwise he deaigiied to transport to Jamaica. Hut in the mea'iiwhile he detiined the said religions men as prisoners in her place, using them accoixling to the deserts of their incompassionnte intrigues.

As soon as Capt. Morgan arrived upon his maix.'li at the town called Cruz, situated on the banks of the river Chagre as was mentioned bcfoi-e. be commanded an oi'der to be published among tlie prisonei-s. that within the space of three days every one of them should bring in his ran- som, under the penalty aforementioned of being trans- ported to Jamaica.

l$a Equi' : IL% %QWk9*

neod* 4e Licore* r Uercaurijn I'm- TUtoe* del PtiK Fnilu de Todu (.la- -n; Cal y Cvbdn de Cllldad Snpcrlar.

IE iBwa umuDt IE nuu.

M* 1 4 E*te, Ik*. 290-292-2M, Pantni4,

(lenrnl MrrcluiHilH' uid I.iqiion iiiutry i^roductH; HernHqumii-rK fn -ullH orallklndK W^ ImihIIi' h mi rhiriiualltyKC Lime and (linrroal. Pim»¥A NATS AT ALL PRIC£8.

, JOSE M. ESTEVES « Co., Prop.

M. ESTEVES & Co., Prop. «ce. 2©o.292-294 e. uth st

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

lOS ^''"' <""' Guide.

In the meanwhile he gave orders for so niuch crie and maize to be collected thereabouts as was neCessafy for the victualling of nil his ships. At this plaqe soqle of the prisoners were ransomed hut many otfiert coijld not hring in their moneys in so short a time. Hereupori-,ile

continued his voyage, leaving the village on the 5th day -

of March next following, and carrying with him _511 the :

spoil Ibat ever he could transport V ;

From this village he hkewise led away some laey/ ;

prisoners who were inhabitants of the said place. So. that :

these new prisoners were added to those of Pananl^ who

had not as yet paid their ransoms, and all transported. !

But the two religious men who had diverted the money |

belonging to the lady, were ransomed three days after their I

imprisonment by other persons who had more compassion \

for their condition than they had shown for hers. , , 1

Pirates Searched for Valuables. : I

About tlie middle of the way to the castle of-Chagre, i Capt. Morgan commanded them to be placed in due.ord^r j according to their custom, and caused every one , to ^te i sworn that they had reserved nor concealed nothing pu- j vately to themselves, even not so much as the value ei ..a ' sixpence. This being done, Capt. Morgan having Jiad j some experience that those luwd fellows would not much stickle to swear falsely in points of interest, he commanded i every one to be searched very strictly, both in their clothes and satchels and everywhere it might bo presumed they j had reserved anything. Yea, to the intent this order ; might not be ill taken by his companions, he permitted ! himself to be searhced, even to the very soles of his shoes. ! To this effect, by common consent, there was assigned one out of every company to he the searchers of all the rest.

The French Pirates that went on this expedition with Capt. Morgan were not well satisfied .with this new

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Pirate* Searched for rniraW™. '\07

cDstoin of searching. Yet Iheir number beinjt less thfin that of the English, they were foi-ced to submit to it as well as the others had done befoie tliem. The search being over, they re-embarked in their canoes and boats, which attended them on the river, and airivcd at the cDBtle of Oliagre on the 0th day of the said moiilh of March. Here they found all things in good order, eic^'pt- ing the wounded men, whom they had left tliere at the time of their departure. For of these the greatest number were dead, through the wounds they had receiTed.

Division of Spoils.

From Chat-re, Capt, Morgan sent presently after his arrival, a great boat to Poi-tn Bello, wherein were all the prisoners he had taken at the Isle of St Catharine, de- manding by theiu a considerable ransom for the castle of Chagre, where he then was, threatening otherwise to niin nnd demolish it even to the ground. To tliis message , those of Porto Bello made answer: They would not give one farthing towai-ds the ransom uf the said castle, and ' that the Eiiglish might do with it as they pleased. This answer being come, the dividend was made of all the spoil they had obtained in that voyage. Thus every company, ' and every particular person therein included, received their portion of what w.is got, or rather what part Capt Morgan was picasfd to give them. For so it was, tliat the rest of his companions, oven of liis own nation, complained of his proceedings in this particular, and feared not to tell him openly to his face that lie had reserved the best jewels for himself. For tiiey judged it impossible that no greater share should belong to them tlian two hundred pieces of eight per capita, of so many valuable Irootics and rob- beries as tliey had obtained. Which small suni they thought too little reward for so much labour and. such huge and manifest dangers as they had so often exposed their lives to. But Capt Morgan was deaf to all these

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Pilot and Giiiite.

and many other nouiplaiiits of tliis kind, having designed in his mind to cheat them of as much ns Ite could.

Morgan Takes French Leave.

At last Capt Moi^aii finding himself obnoxious by many obloquies nnd detractions among his people, began to fear the consequences thereof and hereupon thinking it unsafs to remain any longer time nt ChaRre, he command- ed the ordnance of the a>id cnstle to be carried on board his ship. Afterwards iie Civused the greatest part of Uie walls to be demolished, and the edifices to be burnt, and as many other things 8i>oiled and ruined as could cou- veniently be done in a tihort white.

These orders being performed, he went secretly on hoard his own ship, witliout giving any notice of his de- parture to \m com|>anions. nor calling any conned as he nsed ti do. Thus he set sail and put out to sea, not

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1 1 0 P^ot and GMide.

bidding anybody adieo, being only followed by three or four Tessels of the whole fleet These were such {as the French Pirates believed) as went shares with Capt Morgan towards the best and greatest part of the spoil which had been concealed from them in the dividend.

The Frenchmen could very willingly have revenged tbis affront upon Capt. Moi;gan and those that followed him, had they found thcmHelves with sufficient means to encounter hiin at sea. But tbey were destitute of most things necessary thereto. Yea, they had much ado to find sufficient victuals and provisions for their voyage to Jamaica, he having left them totally unprovided of alt things.

Sa/Z^Q/'^'

("HViften 6y the late Mr, James Stanley Gilbert of Ci^n, and iiubUalte/l

bgbimin " Fanama PatcltKork." Jle^rinted Ihrofigh Ike lUad

permiiaion given the publisher of this book, by the author,

prior to bis death.)

Hia Catholic MajSEtj, Philip of Spain,

Ruled o'er the West Coaat, the ladies and Main;

His shipB heavy ladea with pesos and plate,

Sailed o'er the South Sea with tribate of state.

From Lima sad Quito his gallej's pulled forth

For Paottma pearls and gold of the North;

And oargoea of treasure were sent overland

While his soldiers kept guard from the gtUf to the strand.

From Panama Bay to the port " Name of God"

Long freight trains of slaves thro' the dense forests trodj

Then, some through the straits and some from the mam,

King Philip's good ships sought their owner again.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Tte FOUofOld Panama.

On England'a gnutd throne grrat EJiiatKth reigned,

And on sea and od laud her power maiutaiiied;

0 er the hearts of her sabjeete, o'er the coni)iie«ts tliey made,

O'er their livea and their fortunes her sceptre ahe swoyed,

Bat her title of " Queen of the Seaa" to diapute

King Philip essayed from the land of the late;

And vetyet-elad Doub east their love-songs aside

To battle the English, and wind, wave and tide.

In many and mortal affray they engaged,

And bravely and fiercely the straggle the; waged.

But the men of old Devon - those stout hearts of oak -

As often sncc^ssfnlly parried each stroke.

The Drakes and the Gilberts, the Urenvila and Leigfas,

The Oienhams, Baleigbs - the propa and the stays

Of England's Bist grealness - were the heroes of old

Who helped Britain's queen with the Spanish king's gold .

They robbed the ar«h-robber of ill-gotten gain,

And brought England the glor; they wrested from Spain.

His galleons tbey captured, his treasure trains seized~-

Outfonght him abroad and with zeal nnappeased.

At home tbey defeated the Armada's great fleet.

And laid a world's spoil at Elizabeth's feet.

Alia, that such deeds should grow dim with the years! Alas, that sueh men should have trained buecaneera! That from such examples - so noble, so true - A race of marauders and ruffians grewl That friends aueh as Morgan should follow th*' wake Of men like John Ozman and Sir Francia Drake, Who swore by the oak, by the ash and the thorn, God helping them always, to sail round the Horn To fair Panama and the placid South Sea, Which they saw one day from the top of a tree ! For old England's glory their standard to raise, To cruise the Pacific and its isle-dotted bays.

Pour miles from where Ancon looks down on the New, Stood Old Panama, whence Pizarro once drew

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nint (lad CuiiJe.

The bravest ot (ollowera Peru to obtain And her Incas auliject to the power of Spain; There once stood cathedraU and palaces fair. Whoso altars aud vessels and tapcstrJeB rare Were the pride of the people wboae opulence Ihon Was the envy of kings, aud the longing of men; Where once stately stroels to the plaius stretched »way, Aud warehouses skirted the vessel-lined bay; Where plantations aud gardens and flowering trees Once perfumed the tropical evening breeze - Stands naught but a ruin half hidden from view, A pirate's first gift to. bis blood-thirsty crew '.

From sacked Porto Bello rodhanUed they came,

Ail bloodstaiued from conquest unworthy llie name.

To the mouth of the Cbagres, where, high on Iho hiil,

Sau Lorenzo kept guard, to iilunder and kill

Its devoted defenders, who courageously fought

For homes, wives and children, accounting as naught

Their lives held so precious, so cherished before.

Could tbey drive the fierce pii-ates away from their shore.

Three days tliey repulsed them, but to End every night

The foe still upon them in ne'er-ending light.

Their arms could not conquer the iH)wers of liell !

San Lorenzo surrendered - ingloriously felt !

Burned, famished uud bleeding from many n wound,

Tbey lay while Iheir stronghold was raxed to the grounil.

On, on, up to Cniees the buccaiieers sped,

But to find it in ashca, ils iuhabitaiits fled.

Yet on and still on, with Morgan ahead.

They pressed down Iho road that to Panama led.

Nine days through the forest unbroken they trumped,

And at last on a mount near the city encamped.

riefore them the ocean for leagues awiiy rolled:

Below Ihem the islands lay bathed in the gold

Of the sun that, just setting, looked mournfully down

Ou the last day of life of the ill-fated town;

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While arowid them the pUins with groves of bright tn Sheltered cattle a,ad founteinH their wants to appease. The famed "golden onp" lay ailed at their hand. And to drain it at enniise the buccaneers planned. "Oh ho, for the morrow ! " qnoth Morgan the bold, "Oh ho, for the day and the tale to be told ! "

The dawn's faint pnrple had scarce 'gan to light

The peak of Aneon, erst hid in the night,

When the blare of the trumpet and beat of the drum

Made known that the day of the stni^le had come.

In the camp of the pirates "To arma ! " is the cry;

"Press forward, my hearties, our treaaure is nigh !

Avoid the main road-.there are ambuscades there -

Push on through the forest, your firearms prepare ' "

Now out on the hUl, bUU called the "Advance, "

The buccaneers over their enemy glance.

Before them they see in the full light of day

The Bpaniards drawn up in battle array.

Two squadrons of horse, four thousand of line,

With bullocks and peons their forces combine

And then, were it safer (or them to retreat,

Would Morgan have ord eiwd the signal to beat!

Too late it is now - it is triumph or die !

Though desperate to battle, 'twere folly to fly '

Tis useless to fall*r 1 On, onward my men '

We have won against odds, we shall win once again 1

And "Onr- cry the Spaniards, shouting " Viva el Key '"

Our numbers are greater ! Ours, ours is the day 1

Our bmiooke will rout them 1 Huzza for old Spain '

The gore of the thieves shall enrich the plain ' "

Alas, for the hopes so sadly misplaced,

! or never before such a toe had they faced!

No Indians now, but trained men of might.

Who had learned in stem schools to die and to fight.

Two hours they fought -neath the tropical sun.

Then threw down their muskets and--Morgan had won '

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The PaB of Old PaiKiMa.

Th« verdant saT&uiift like a great river rane With the blood of six thonsaadB of Paoama'a Bona ! "Ou, on to the cit]' !' eriee Morgan the bold ! "Ob, ho 'tis the day, and the tale is sood told !

"Fire, pillage and slaughter ! " the order goes round Till palace and cottage are bnmed to the ground; Till eathedral and warehouse no treasures contain, Aiid in the whole city no gold doth remain; Till mother and daughter are captured and ehaineil With father and brother, or ransom obtained. Monasteries and hospitals - down with them all '. Leave not a stone standing on yon city wall ! "Ob, ho, 'tis the day !" qnoth Moi^n the bold f ''Oh, ho, 'tis the day, and the tale is now told ! "

O demon iusenaate ! O olTspring of hell !

What pen may thine awful enormities tell !

How picture the cruelties, useless and vain.

Upon the march back through the forest again !

Old men tottering feebly 'oeath Time's hoary crown,

Frail women in chains and with burdens borue down,

Fresh youth and grown man and the child but just bom,

Scon^l^ pitilessly on with the lash and the thoni.

While sobs, lamentations and shrieks of despair

Unceasingly freighted the soft summer sir !

The ink tnms to tears and corrodes the sad pen

O'er the torture at Cruces repeated again.

There, under the shade of the broad mango trees -

'Mid anguish that nothing may ever appease -

Are parents and children and hnsbauds and wives.

Condemned without mercy to horrible lives !

Then back down the Chagres the buooaneers hie To where ships near the easlie awaiting them lie; And embarked with his slaves, his Ireasure and gold, Onto again for Port Royal sails Morgan the boldf

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glc

Pilot and Guide

m FOIDM OF M PMAMi

When the news of the destruction of Old Panninit reached the earn of the Coiide de Lemos, then Viceroy of Peru, he was bo deeply chagrined over the nffair, that he i mined lately took steps resulting in the removal of the de- feated governor, Don Juan Perez de Guzmfiu. At the same time he represented to the Queen Regent of Spiiiii, Mnn'a Anne of Austria, the necessity of issuing a deci-ee provi- ding for the rebuilding of the city on a new site.

Between the burning of the old city and the build- ing of the now, nearly two years elapsed. During this tinio the survivors had erected temporary homes on and around the old site, which were thrice visited and destroyed by conflagrations before the removal to the new toivn took place.

Up to the year 190.'>, the exact date of the foniida- tion of the present city had been lost sightof, all the Span- ish histories l>eing at fault on this important point. On March 28, IflOo, the President of the Mnnicipal Council of Panama, Giro L. Urriola, acting under official instruc- tions of that body, addressed letters to the Director of the Archives of Simanras; to the Director of the Archives of the Iiidias at Seville, and to the Director of the National Library at Madrid requesting information as to the exact date the new city was commenced. After an exchange of communications covering some months, the certified copies of two documents were submitted by the Director of the Archives of the Iiidias, Pedro Torres Lanzas, together with plans of the old and new cities. Tho documeiits were;

1. Cedula providing for the fortifications of tiie new eity, dated October 31, 1672.

2, Letter treating of the ehanne of the city, and outlining same, nceompaiiied by the acts of the Council upon iiaid change and delineation , and allotting sites for public buildiUKS.

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Tkt Fouading of Set Patuima. \\~^

The signing by the Spanish Qaeen of the decree antli- orizing the changing of the site of Panama on October 31, 1672, bas been adopted and ia now observed aa the anniversary of the founding of the new city, although the document relating to the plan and lines of the town shows that the inauguration ceremonies in connection with the establishment of the new site were actually held on the 2l8t of January, 1673.

The important task of Buperrining the building and fortifying of the new town was confided to Hon Anto* nio Fernandez de Cordoba, a Spanish cavalier of high rank who reached the Isthmus in 1672, with the title of Oo- vemor of the Province of Tienu f^rme, and President of the Real Audiencia. Cdrdoba only saw thewoik of recon- struction commence, his death occurring the year following his arrival.

The Queen's cednla or decree on the fortifications of the new city refers to the site of Ancon, as "Lancoii", evidently an errcr or misprint, as the correct spelling ap- pears iu documents of a little later period.

In this cedula is set forth the necessity of first pro- viding the city with adequate defenses, making them as strong as possible, but not to start the general work until the plans had been submitted to the Crown for consideration and approval.

As to the question of means, the Queen wrote. "Ad- vise the Yicei-oy of Peru, with an estimate of the cost, that he may with this notice get>the means in conformity with this order". Continuing the document reads, "I charge you (Cordoba) with much care that I have sent you to this place to apply the means furnished for this work, with- out divMliiig it to other things. To this end form in the city a Council, in which you will be present, with two judges, a treasurer, two of the oldest secular representatives, and the attorney general of the city who with the help of the officials of the Royal Treasury, will allow the expense I ai>d employ the rents remitted you by the Viceroy of Peru,

,l,z.cbyGOOglC

Pilot and Giiiite.

wkk'-whom 'you -will coiiBnuii'-cate very frequently on these pCHHte;...^..'. I hnpo that, joui' experience, pracleiice, act- ivity and faithfulnpBs, which you have always shown, will con(1tM;e to the service of the king,. n>y son, and to these 8iibiect8,and that you work in everything as it ought to be done".

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Tke FotmOing of Sae PatiawM.

ktenMa C«ntr«l Mo*. (jS y 140.

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In a decree drawn up by tho attorney general of tliG cily and signed Man^ lOtb, lti73, it appears some ojipoEitioii had developed on the part of those who had nlready couimeuced to rebnild their nrined boniea at Old Piuiama, to the change .to the newsiteatAncoii. He wroto requesting that someone be sent to the Istbinus withoutdelay wiUi plenary powers to exoente the change, and to compel the inhabitants of Old Panama and riciiiity, "wilhout ex- ception", to move to t] 6 Dew site.

He suggested as an inducement to persons of Bta»d- ii)g an exemption from taxes, upon their agreement to coiumeuco building their houses and offices on the new site within two niontlis from the date of this decree, and lo occupy tbeui witliin Ihe year.

He -urged forced cfmipliaiice as to removal in order as the document reads, "That tlie point which is now [>op- uliited (Old Famtma) may be razed to the ground on ac- count of the risk of enemies coming in the meantime and taking possessirju, thei-eby putting n stop to commercial traffic. This demolition will . not only help in (he new foundations, but will furuish convenient material with which to Wild tlio new houses, and at the same time will put a iitop to all points of doubt tlmt might delay the execu- tion of the decree".

The decree nlso prohibited (he use of lamps, or rath- er, censerij, as they were then known, in the bouses at

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

I20 Pihl and Guide.

Old Panama, thereby avoiding danger of fntui'e conflagra- tions from which they had suffered frequently since Morgan's raid. It further provided that just rents should be paid up to the time of the change, and that the people could not be deprived of their homes until four niont}^ succeeding the announcement of the decree. The original of this rare document bears tlie signature of Cordoba, the att«niey general, Don Luis de Lossada Quiftones, Don Andrea Mar- tinez de Amileto, and the Secretary, Don Diego Juan A- raiida Giimaldo.

The signatures were attested by Augustin de Urrutia, with his rubica, and his sigiiatura and identity attested in turn by three oUiera, each with his rubica.

The ceremonies in connection with the inauguration of work on the new city, held .Tanuary 21, 1673, were participated in by Governor Cordoba, and all the iiotabled, civil, mihtary and secular. AVith the assistance of the mil- itary engineer, the Governor indicated the lines on which tlie principal plaza should be laid out, the location of the Oatliedral, and the cemetery alongside. The cemetery was abandoned many years ago, but the old Cathedral stiti rears its twin towers skyward, and is as solid an edifice today as when it was first built lu connection with the cemetery, it might be interesting to note that while the water works force was excavating on Sosa Street in 1905, they ran across and unearthed a great many bones of the early settlers.

The inaugural ceremonies were conducted with all the pomp and ritual common to the Catholic Church at that time. The Bishop and his assistants pronounced a ; blessing on the Cathedral and cemetery site, and put one large and two small crosses in the center of the plaza. The Governor likewise indicated the site for the convent, now occupied by the store of D. Cardoze and the government telegraph office on Avenue B. CapL Juan Hidalgo , BaJcera, Mayordomo of the convent, took occasion to call attention to the fact there was a quantity of building tim-

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

121

ber already available near the site, aiid that furthermore a ship had JDst entered the bay with a load of buildiiig ma- terials, urging that it woald be a good thtug to commence woric on Qie convent first, so that this conetitnted the first building of consequence to be erected in the new city.

The Queen's injunction to build the new city's forti- fications strong and well were heeded aa evidenced by the huge wail of masonry that today extends around a large section of the shore front of tlM city. These walls com- menced in Cordoba's time were hot completed until many years afterward under the government of Alonso Mercado de Villacorta. The fortifications are estimated to have cost upwards of ten million dollars in money, principally furnished from Pera. This does not take into account the. forced labor employed in their constmctioii. The story has been handed down how a sovereign of Spain was seen standing at a window of bis palace one day looking toward the west with a disturbed expression on liis fea- tures. A courtier made bold to inquire what he was look- ing at "I am looking", replied the King, his face relax- ing into a grim smile, "for those costJy walls of Panama. They ought to be visible even from here".

Tl ISTHIAN BUBBLE OF M

The Darien region was the scene of the first attempt by Europeans, other than subjects of Spain, to obtain a Commercial foothold on the Spanish Main. For some time prior to 1695, William Patterson, one of the founders of the Bank of England, had been nourishing a project *>f commercial expansion of considerable magnitude. It Was his idea to establish colonies in various parts of the

Dig,l,z.c^-yG00glC

122 '^Q' ""'I Guide.

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Orient, aa well as tho Occident, to build up a trade be- tween theso points and his country, Scotland. Under r03!il charter, a company was formed, and in the year 1G9B ^ve vessels with more than a thousand Scottish emigrants on board set sail for the IsthmuB, From returning buc- caneers Patterson learned what a key to the trade of the South Sea the Isthmus really was, and induced him to send bis first colony to that point.

The colonists landed at a place on tlio north coa^ of Darien, known to day as Puerto Escoces. Here on a small bay which they named Caledonia, the immigrants founded the settlement of New Edinburgh, located about 75 miles to the north-west from Cape Tiburon on the Gulf of Uralid. They built some fortitications, establish- ing two batteries of 52 cannons each, Only a few months elapsed however, before the effect of the tropical chmate and its fevers became apparent on the hardy men of the north, and before the end of the first year arrived only a remnant of the origmal colony remained. In the mean- time other emigrants had lioen sent out from Scotland, but they fared even worse than the first corners. About tikis time the Spaniards learned of the full scope of Pat- terson's designs toward the South Sea trade, and de- termined to frustrate it. An expedition was sent against the colony at New Edinburgh and met with but little re- sistance. The captured survivors were thereupon deported

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Di„i„«b,Googlc

124 Pffot and Guide.

Psttenon did uot give up his plan without a further ef- fort) and endeavored to plant another colony, this time on the Pacific Ocean and away from Panama, but anting niider orders from Spain, Lieut Gteneral D. Juan Diaz Fiioionto, Captain-Generai of the province, took the necess- ary ate;>s to prevent it

rniLE ra IlIASS. 1710-90.

The period from 1T10 to 1T90 was principally marked ^y ftequent buttles bet«'een the Spaniards and the In- dian tribes of the Darien. Early in the century. Catholic Sussioaaries from Spain founded several places in this re- gion, but in 1719 the savages rose and destroyed them all. |n 1740, Lieut General D. Dionisio Martinez de la Ve- ga entered into a treaty of peace with the Indians, and soon after the Viceroy of Santa Fe, Don Sebastian de Es- liava, and the Governor of Panama, acting ia conjunction sent out four Jesuit priests, two to the north, and two to t^ Boutb, in the Darien region, and these founded Yavi- ^, a town located on the ('hucunaque Eiver, the largest affluent of the Tuira, or Tuyra, the principal river in the Darien emptying iuto the Pacific Yaviza to-day is an outpost on the forbidden frontier of the Darien IndiaDS. To this point travelers can go with safety, but a further ijouruey inland would be exceedingly risky. Although Ya- viza is located fifty miles or so from the coast, tide water does not end for several miles past the town.

Notwithstanding the efforts of the Jesuit priests to obtein a foothold in this region, it was notlong after before 4)ie Indians planned an uprising and the missionaries had 1|0 flee fctf their lives. In ]784, foi'ts were established

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Trouble aitb Indiaiu, 17l'J-!>0. 125

on the Sabann, Chucunaque and Tnira Rivers; also on the coast of the Gulf of Sau Miguel, but six years later upon conclnston of another treaty with the Indian chiefs, these were abandoned. Since then the Indian tribes of that region have l>een mora or less independent, the Ijov- emment of Colombia having exercised only a nominal rule over them. The Republic of Faniima to date has also been content to leave Uiem to their own devices. On one occasion the Colombian Ciovernment sent a force of 500 men against them, but this expedition was defeated.

The only other incident in Isthmian history during the eighteenth century worth relating, was the landing of a band of desperadoes and cutthroats on the Caribbean coast, near Porto Bello, made up of the scum of eevoral nations. These at once commenced assaulting and robbing wherever possible, and finally crossed the Isthmus to the Pacific, where they were hunted down and scattered. Some wei-e taken to Cartagena and executed; others died at the hands of the Indians, and still others sought refuge in the caves of San Bias, where they subsisted by fishing. A few of these later started plantations, but they wera a restless lot ever keen for desperate deeds, and they soon got into trouble with the Indians who rose against them in 175B, and killed ninety of them. The rest left the country immediately after.

IIEPEIENGE FROM SPM, 1821.

The provinces of Panama and Veraguas that com- posed the Isthmus from 171S to 1821, and which formed a part of the Virreinate of Santa F^, were among the last to be emancipated from the power of Spain, despite

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Pilot and Guide.

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tlie fact that the decisive battle of Boyaca, which made an end forever to Spanish dominion in Colombia, had been fought and won by Simon Bolivar over two yeai-s before, namely, August 7, 1819. This was due to the large armed force maintained by Spain on tlie Isthmus. The forts of San Loi«nzo and Porto Bello were well garrisoned, while the city of Panama was at ail times kept in a state of perfect defence.

To tbe little town of Los Santos, cnpital of the province bearing the same name, belongs the honor of making the first open manifestation for liberty, and 'this was brought about in the following way: In 1819, a small club was formed in Panama, consisting of influential citi- zens, for the purpose of carrying on a secret revolutionary propagaiida. Agents wore sent to the interior towns to grg&uizo other societies for the fomenting of a i-evolution- ary sentiment among the population. The little society at Los. Santos became so enthusiastic that it boiled over, and

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Tiidei>endeiiee from Spain

127

one day the members turned out on maRse and made a public demonstration in favor of freedom.

Early in 1821, Gen. Juan de la Ciuz Murgeon ar- rived at Panama, having been appointed by llie Spanish Government to the post of Captain-General and President of Quito. He was further protoised the post of Viceroy of Santa Fe, it he could recover control of two-thirds «f the Tirreinate. This he very soon saw w-'is impbssible, and on October 22nd of the same year embarked for Quito to exercise his title of President, leaving in com- mand of the provinces on the Isthmus, Lieut-Gol. Jose de Fabrega, whom he then promoted to the grade, of Colonel,

Col. Fiibrega was Isthmian born, and when he saw that he was to be the arbiter of the fate r)f the Tsthmus, be resolved to throw in his lot with bis liberty -as pi ring countrymen. Thereupon, a general meeting of all the civic corporations, military and church organizations in Panama was called, and on November 28, 1821. before A large and enthusiastic crowd, the independence of the Isthnms from Spanish mis-rule became an accomplished fact Fabrega himself, was an interested spectator of this event.

Some of the Spanish troops still remaining loyal to the Crown, debated amongst tbcmselves tbeir future coursG| cf procedure, but realizing the belpiessness of tlieir posi- tion, without a commander, with enemies on every hand, and without hope of reinforcements,, they decided prudence the better part of valor, and laid dojvii their aruis. Thus was independence gained without th,e. shedding of a drop of blood. Isthmian history came near to repeating itself eighty-two years later when the independence of the Ee-(. public of Panama was attained, with the loss of but ona life, that of a Chinaman.

The same year that the Isthmus threw off the yoke' of Spain, Simon Bolivar termed "The Liberator" sent over a force under Gen. Mqiitilla from Cartiagena to assist the local patriots, but upou their afil'ival found that the

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Isthnuau people had already secured their independeDce through favoring circumstances.

THEISTpeSINTHEDAYSOFl

The discovery of gold in California, and the lack of a safe and rapid transcontinental means of getting to the desired goal,- induced many thousands of treasure hunters to seek the Isthmian transit During the seven or eight years succeeding the first find of gold on Sutter's Creek, it is estimated that not less than $40,000,000 in gold, $12,- 000,000 in silver, and 25,000 passengers were annually transported across the Isthmus on pack-mule trains. By 1853 the rush was on in earnest, and according to official figures the output of gold in California for that year reached the highest mark in its history, namely, $66,000,000.

The sudden development of the pack-mule train business on the Isthmus by reason of the discovery, attracted to the country a large number of Chileans, Peruvians, In- dians and mixed breeds, many of whom came not to engage in an honest business, but to plunder, rob and murder. A rich field was at once opened to them on account of the demand for pack-mule trains, a business in which the majority of them were expert The Panama newspapers of those days are filled with stirring accounts of assault and robbery, and many pathetic incidents of people who had reached Panama successful and happy only to be robbed and frequently murdered in making the transit to the other side.

Often ships wonld arrive from California with from one to two millions of dust and bullion on board, and with half as much again probably secreted about the person, or

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The Itlinuit i» Iht OOfg of '49.

129

n the baggage of passengw* wbo tnuted nobody b«t t^liemselves, not even the ship's strong box. On oae ooca* ^ion several boxes of gold arrived at New York, apparently imtact, but when opened it was discovered that from' forty t:« fifty per cent, had been stolen. The rifling was aceom- J^lished by the aid of a certain shaped boring apparatus t.liat would bring ont as much as desired of ttie contdnta of the boxes, and fill in again with sand, until the original M-eiglit was reached. The holes in the boxes were then plugged and sealed so neatly that they could not be de- tected, except upon close examination.

As a usual thing however, this method was too laborious, and bands of armed men made open attacks on pack trains, assisted by confederates acting as guards, or drivers. In January, 1851, the S. S. Mortbemer ar- rived from San Francisco with $2,600,000 in gold dost and treasure on board, and carrying 500 passengers. Many of the latter had their newly gained wealth concealed in their baggage. Immediately after the steamer's arrival, preparations began for the pack across. The start was made, and at a place called Cardenas, about one day's journey from Panama by inule buck, the passengers wero attacked in broad daylight by a large body of armed men. Ill the fight that followed some few of the passengers succeeded in withdrawing with their pack trains unobserved, but the robbers managed to capture two mule loads of treasure, amounting to about $120,000.

During the fight, the leader of the band, a Chilean, was shot and killed. The affair had hardly terminated when reinforcements arrived to the aid of the passengers. The robbers thereupon fled into the woods, but were promptly pursued. Some were killed, others taken prison- ers, while several boxes of gold were recovered in the nick of time, the thieves being come upon just as they were about to bury the treasure in the ground.

One of the pathetic incidents of the period was the case of seven men returning from Califomiai who atitrted

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Di„i„«b,Googlc

The Ittlimiit te (»# Day* of '49. I3[

PAMA. CULEBRA. EMPIRE. GORGONA. COtOS.

VlD6ri& Dixon.

Panama Newb Agancy.

Newspapers Cigrrs Souvenirs

Magazines Tobaccos Kodaks

Stationery Smokers' arfcles Kodak supplies

Powell's Candies The Waterman (deal Fountain Pen.

JVo. 32. :?ifth Street. Jtext to Qanal ^ulMing.

across the Istlimus in company, to take ship on tlie other ' Ride. They were not heanl of again until one day a man came across some bodies half-dovomed by the buzzards. An investigation was started, and it was conclusively proyen that the seven men had been waylaid and munlered. The men were ^isaiis on their way home, and had with them , a chest of tools. This chest from its weight and appear- ance led one of the numerous gangs of robbers lo believe that it contained treasure. They offered themselves as piU;k-train men, were accepted, and at a certain point ou the road tlie travelers were set u^Kin and killed. Among the effects of the dead men were found a master mason's apron, and other emlilenia of the order, which increased the desire to run the guilty parties to earth. . This was shortly acccmplished. The pack-train men were arrested; ' confronted with the evidence, and confessed. Subsequt^ntly" they were all taken to Panama and shot.:

These and similar occurrences aroused the autliorities-'- to take some decisive action toward putting down the oiiti >

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

132 P^' "»<* Guide,

rages. Atl that were caught in robberies were given short shrift. Usually, if found guilty, they were immediately shot Then too, the returning Califomiaus, being previously ad- vised of the insecurity of the transit, provided themselves against these emergencies, ns the robber bands found out to their cost In one case, a pack-train carrying British bullion from South America was attacked on the trail. The party put up so stiff a defense tliat several of the thieves were killed, and the remainder put to rent.

The record of those times go to show that many a returning treasure seeker never reached home and loved ones again, but left his bones to bleach on the Cruces trail. A couple of years ago, a native living near the trail ran across a quantity of coins, discolored with age. He brought them into Panama and showed them at a local bank. Many of the coins were gold, and all bore dates of the period when the Cruces trail was the main traveled road of the gold hunters of California. They had evidently formed a part of gome robber's hoard.

Lola Mofllez "of Paris iflPiama."

Among the many thousands of persons that passed over the Isthmus from all parts of the world in the mad rush for California, none attracted greater attention on the sti-eets of Panama than Lola Montez, in the zenith of her world-wide fame, and owning to the distinction of being the most wonderful dancer of her day,

TJie fair Lola, known m private life as the Countess Landsfield, left Paris in December, ISol, on an American tour. On the eve of her departure the Paris press said of her:

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Lola Moufei "n/ Paris and Panama".

"Lola Montez is bidding na farewell, and leaves ni for America. Whoever ye be, young or old, rich or poor, it is im- poBsible tor you not to have heard of Mme. Comtense Lani]HBeld, the butterfly known as Lola Montcx. The Uturels won hy FanDie El)«kr and Jenny Lind has driven sleep from her eyes. She too wishes to conquer. Farewi'U then, Hme. Comtesse, may America be propitious to you. If a handful of adventurers under Cortes effected the conquest of Mexico, why should not Lola Hontez triumph over the New World."

The writers in the Paris press in ackiionledging her peculiar and fascinating bcanty, saiil that dancing was not an art with her, bnt natural, like ;he singing of a bird.

In louring the United States, Loa caught the gold fever, and arrived on the Istlimus on her way to California in May, 185S. She appeared on the streets of Panama ill men's clothes, and armed witli a riding whip, presented a picturesque and striking figure. On one ocr^sioo, a young man of the town had the tfiiiierity' to pull the tail of her coat. She tuiTied upon him in terrible auger, and raising her whip struck the offender a sharp blow in the face which left its mark for many a day.

Love Me, Love My Dog:.

While at Gorgona on her way across the Isthmus, she ordered the hotel keeper to fit up a cot in tlie room she had engaged for the night, for her dog, which was her insepamhle companion. The host remonstrated stating that

' all of his cots were occupied and that many of his guests had to content themselves with sleeping on tlie floor. "I think Madame," he said, "that your dog cau sleep very well for one night on the floor." " Sir," replied the Countess, removing a Havaua from her pretty lips, "I do not care where or how your guests sleep, but I would have you to know that my dog has slept in palaces. Get me the cot immediately and say no more about it," The

now frightened hotel keeper obeyed, and the next morning

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

134 PiM and Guide.

diarged five dollars in tlie bill for the dog's bed. To this the Countess objected, aud on the laudlotd insisting that the bill should bo paid, she pulled out her pistol, and threatened to settle not only the bill, but the hotel keeper as well, for extortion. There was no further argument

A representative of the "Paunina Star"' interviewed the artiste on May 9, 1858, at the Cocoa Grove Hotel tind wrote an account of it as follows:

"lustead ut meeting s giKuteBS in appearanue, and a person uf tnaeonline mannerti as was expected, we were moEt agreeably surprised wheu on preeeutation to the Couutess, to find her a )*dy ot ordinary stature, aud of wther delicate frame, possessing the most regular and handsome features, with a pair of Itrilliant and expressive eyes, and withal an exceedingly winning address. We were sUll more surprised when on extending her hand, to flud it so diihjnutive. "

"During an hour's conversation wlt.li the Countess, we could observe no peculiarity about her, beyond what we would desire i to see in any well educated woman, possessiug a degree of as-

Hurance peculiar to people who have traveled muuh, thus en- ; abling her to give enpressinu to her thoughts without any of

that simpering mocli modesty which makes many people appear ridiuolons. "

"It was not until after dark, and as we were about to take our leave, tJiat we had a fair opportunity to judge of the couri^eouB daring of this remarkable woman. One of the guestn of the hotel who had been taking a walk about the grounds was attacked aud an attempt made to shoot him. Lola Montez immediately

went to where it was going on and rendered what aid possible, returning with the guest to the house. In all the excitement, there was itu desire to faint, or expression of fear on hei' part. She cross-questioneil the guest llioroughly, but the affair re- mained a mystery. "

The stay of Lola Montez on the Isthmus was not uf long duration, but she expressed great pleasure over lier visit, and it was many a day before the memory of her and her queer attire was forgotten.

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Oeeatig Litiktd by Sttet Bil>boM, 18SS.

m

The possibilities incident to the construction of a railroad across the Isthmus early attracted the attention of capitalists and others. The fii^t move in this direction was made in 1835 when, pursuant to a resolution offered ill the United States Senate by Henry Clay, President Andrew Jackson appointed Charles Biddle a commissioiter to visit the different routes ou the continent of AmericA best adapted for interoceanic communication, and to re- port thereon with reference to their value to the com- mercial interests of the United States. Mr. Biddlo came to the Isthmus and accompanied by Don Job6 Obaldia at tliat time a member of the Colombian Congress, la'ter visited Bogota where, after repeated delays, he secured from the government a decree giving him the right to build a railroad across the Isthmus. He returned to the United States iu 1837, but died before ho was able to make a report

In 1847, a French syndicate headed by Mateo Kliue ohtniued an option on the proposed undertaking frura the Government of New Granada which, however, was permitted to lapse the following year. The rush of the goldseekers

Santiago Eozo

LAWYER.

once. Ifo. 36, nttll SlTMt. I

Santiago Rozo

ABOGADO.

la --rvlolos ProtMlo-

ftumt Buk'i. C* , IM. Bm

Ofldu, OUle I<k No. M, Fu

3vGooglc

13© J"''"' '""f G«iiU.

to California in '4^ and tlie hick of > safe and rapid means of transit across the Istlmtiis, about which much complaint was made at tho time, induced a group of American capitiilists tn interest themsolvea iu the project. In this year a company was formed by William H, As- pinivall, John li, Stephens and Henry Chauncy of New York City under the name of the Panama Baihoad Com- pany. Tliis company secured a concession from the Re- public of New <Jranada giving it the exclusive privilege of constructing a railroad on the Isthmus in which was in- coiporatcd a provision (hat no negotiations looking to tho. building and operation of a sliip canal could be concluded without tlio consent of the railroad. The concession was made for a period of foi-ty-nine years dating from the completion of the road. The time given for completion was six years from the date of signing the contract In 18(i7 when the name of the Ifopublic of New Granada was changed to that of Colombia the concession was ex- tended for a period of ninefy-uine years, thus making the entire term of the gntnt 1 1 S years from the. date of com- pletion. At the expiration of this time, the concession pro- vided that the railraad and appurtenances should be turned over to the Colonibiau fi ovcrnoient in fee simple, with no rights for ceding or selling to anyforeigu govern- ment.

When the French canal company sought from the Colombian Government a concession to construct a canal across the Isthmus, it found that tlio consent _ of the Panama Eailroad was nocessar}', andafter some negotia- tions concluded to buy the railraad, and in that way to secure the advantage of its concession, ratlier than to un- dertake to jnirchase its consent, which would have to be' approved by the Colombian authorities. After repeated efforts they finally, in August JS^l, secured^'posaessron of sixty-eight seventieths of the stock, [Kiying $250 per share, and in addition permitted the ^-Wer'can stpckhpjder? to strip the company of all Uie cash arid accumulated. sur-

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I

Pilot n-nil GiiUk.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

138 P'fo' ""^ Guide.

plus, 80 that the actual amouut received by the American shareholders was about $291 per share for stock the com- merciai value of which at that time was only a little above par. When the Uuited States bought the property of the French canal company, among its assets were the sixty- eight seventieths of the ^tock of the. Panama Haitroad.

Road Fays $260,000 Indemnity Yearly.

The railroad has been bonded for various amounts since 1851. In 1897 however, all bonds were retired and a new issue of 4,000 tint mortgage 4 1/2 per cent twenty year gold bonds of $1,000 each was made. Of these bonds 3,H74 were sold and 626 were retained in the treasury of the company. At the time the property was acquired by tiie United States Government 1,002 of the outstanding bonds had been redeemed.

Under the terms of the concession the railroad was compelled to pay to the Colombian Government an animal indemnity of $250,000. The railroad therefore, has not only been ivquii-ed to pay from its earnings interest on its bonded indebtedness, and its operating expenses, but also the annual indemnity of more than $5,000 per mile. In 1880 the railroad company at the request ot the Colom- bian Government converted this indemnity into bonds for a period of twenty-seven and one-half years. These bonds were afteiwards sold by the Colombian Gktvemment to private capitalists, so that this indemnity is now being, and will continue to be until 1908, paid to the pur- chasers of these bonds. After that, or in 1913 as the treaty under which the canal is being constructed stipulates, that amount will be paid by the United States Goveni- roeiit to tlie Republic of Panama.

In preparing for the work, the company engaged the services of two eminent American engineers, Geoi^ge H. Totten and John C. Trautwine, both of whom liad been previously employed on important engineering undertakings

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Road Pa^i ftaOfiOO iKdcmnilg Trarlg.

139

both at home and abroad. One of these was the con- struction of ft canal from Cartagena to the Magdalcna River in C'olombia by which they acquire*] some knowledge of the Spaninh language, and an insight into the manner of worting the native laborers.

Active work on the road began in the fall of 1S49. The first three months were devoted to establishing a depot at Gorgoua for material and sujiplies, it having been the oiiginal intention to build the section of the road from Got^oiia to Panama first. This plan necessitated the transfer of all material from ocean steamers to smaller crafts and the voyaging of the latter around Point Toro to the mouth of the Chagres and up this stream to Gor- goua. Ho many difficulties at once developed to this method that it was shortly abandoned and A^pinwall (t) made the northern terminus of the line.

One Way of Getting: a Job.

The laborers employed in the construction of the road came from every part of the world. There were natives, East Indians, West Indians, Chinese, Europeanii and Ameiicans, as motley a crowd as ever assembled under the sun. The trial given the Chinese |)roved a dismal failure.

One of tlie leading spirits of the time was James L. Baldwin^ * ^^^^ engineer to whom, by common consent, the early completion of the read was largely due. Baldwin was a good judge of men, and be knew as if by intuition just what he could do with the worse than Falstaffian mob with which he was surrounded. His tact was seconded by an off-hand manner of utter fearlessness and personal daring.

One day he had a difficulty at Pi-ijoles with an im- mense Irishman whom he had previously placed in charge

Nnmed nfter W. H, Aspinwall,

3vCooglc

I40 FUot and Guide.

PAN A MA . EMPIRE. COLON.

zyisliitulina. cJiqiia. Cacfiina.

Commercial Sign 'Painting.

m. 61, FIFTH STREET, VA^AllA.

of that Btation in wliicli langtinge frequently and p.iiiifiilly free was used. Tlie sulKiniinate was well skillcil in thu art of SBlf-defoncc and was always ready to como to Ifie scmlcli. The irate cliiof though he!uisti-oiig had reached the years of discrelitm, and tiio matter passed up for tho time being.

Baldwin went to Colon the inorning following to in- spect a, detadimei.t of einployt-s iiuwly arrived. His quick eye picked outn man of a t!iick-set stattiic, dark com- plexion aiid bull-dog loiii., aud cttliiig Llat before Iiim thiti dialogue ensued: -

Can you read and write?

I can.

Do you want a good easy job witli good payV

I do.

Have you ever been in a piize fight?

One, or two.

Wem you whipped?

Not much.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

One Way of GeUiag a J<-b. |4(

Do you think there is any one in tlicsc parts tlmt can do it?

Let tliem "try it .. "Then," Baldwin said, -T waiit yon t<> gn to Fvijnios Station, get in a row witli llio track iiiuslcr, fjivo Iiiin ;i rou^li beating and kick liiiii out. You can thfii liiivc bis job." The offer was at once accpiitrd.

. On the following niiniiing tho now imival found himself at Frijcles, and met llic liy-nn-mcans oinirtooiis and refined charge d'affaii-cs. Tiie liiltcr was ready to pick a quan-el with the newcomer, and siion holh {jot warm and agreed to fight it init in acenrdance with the rules of the ring. They stilvcil off thi- ring, and disiM-nsing with the seconds went at it. After seveial lonnds in whicli both showed signs of heavy pnnisliment. the stranger gained the victory and expelled his nntagonist fiom the iil.ice.

This occurrence is perfectly tine and illiisliiitess^nie of the rough and ready events of those tin'es on the Panama R^iilroad As an afterword we might add that the hero of this affair was Tom Sliaip whi> hiter fonght his way to success in the raih'oad worlil.

From start to iinish the company was hcset with labor troubles. The laborei-s tlmt were biought to tlio Ihthnnis under contract would melt away iJi the stream of people bound for the California gold-tields. In Febniary lS.of, the work was brought to a stop hy a wholcsid'o desertion of. these men, but with the assistance of tlie Colombian anthorities a large number were apprehended and kept in jail until tliey signified their ix'adiness to return to work. Another factor in the labor ipiestion was the Isthmian fevers which at times made severe inroads on the men and gave rise to tlie report that ''The Panama Kailroad cost a man for every tie."

: WIXHOUT "F=A-NOR-MA."

Why are all that live outside the city like o'phans? Because they are without Pa-nor-ma.

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The Black Swamp.

Probably the largest obstacle met. with in the con- !itructioii worif of the road was tho stretch tiirougb the swamps between Colon and GiituD, and particularly over the famous "Black Swamp". This swamp is located between Lion Hill and Aborca Tjagarto and has been giving trouble at intervals ever since the opening of the road. The constructors dinnped thousands of tons of rock, wood and other material into the swamp before a foundation was se- cured firm enough to be used for the passage of trains. During the period of the French canal companies train service was frequently interrupted at this point and on each occasion tons of machinery and scrap were dumped into the place. Tho Isthmian Canal Commission has twice experienced trouble during the past year from the "bottom falling out" in this locality. The last occurrence was in September, 1907, when sixty feet of track sank out of sight noon after a passenger train had passed. The Com- mission has adopted the method of dn'ving piles as a sup- port to tho track and where this has been done no further trouble has i-esulted. It is the intention however, to build a "gauntlet" track around the spot to avoid a recurrence of tliis nature.

First Train Into Panama.

The company had trains running from Aspinwall to Gatun in 18.i2, and to Barbacoas bridge in 1853, On January 28, 1855 the first train reached Panama and the Hiar A: Herald two days later writes of the event as fol- lows:

"The whistle of the railroad engine has at length woke up the slumbering echoes of Panama, away through the hills and dales, over the quiet bay and amidst the ruins of tlie ancient city, the first wild shriek has gone forth proclaiming the advance of commerce and civilization on the Pacific coast of South America, The great connecting

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

f^nt Train Into Panama.

©aliltSllll lEll itfSf

ARTURO KOHPCKE.

Ko. 73 Central Avenue, T*a,

Tan Oldsst Dbug Stobb is this Cxtt.

Impcrler of Drags, Chemicals, Patent fledltlncs ai|d Pcrluincn'.

Prescriptions GirefuIIy Prepared by Skilled

and Competent German Pharmacists.

Ei]glish, French, (sernjar] and Spaiiiglj SpoUen.

link of the Atlantic and Pacific is completed, the Pana- ma Railroad is finished, and the first train has made its appearance amongst us, opening up a new era of prosper- ity for the people of tlie Isthmus of Panama".

"On Sunday afteinoon about half past three o'clock thousands of people gathered along the line to witness for the first time the appearance of the iron horse as it rattled over the tracks to the station, and many were the expressions of surprise and wonder at its appearance, and the facility with which the wild creature was managed. Mules and pack saddles are now forever supplanted by the steam engine, and the mud of the Graces trail is ex- changed for a comfortable seat in a railroad coach. The twenty-five cents per pound charged for ti'ansporting freight across the Isthmus is now reduced to a mere uomiitiil cost, and the long tedious journey over the Isthmus has been transformed into a pleasure trip of a couple of hours".

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

,Googlc

Firft TiviH Into Panama. 145

"What will foUonr the opening of the railroad it is hard to foretell, but we can see great things looming up in the distjiiife for Paiiiniia. Doubtless there are those that will suffer a temporary loss in tlieir business by the open- ing of the railroad, but this must be expected as a uatu- ral consequence and iviil ho of short duration. Far away to the confines of the Pacific thfi oi>eniiig of the Panama Railroad will be hailed with delight. From north to south; from east to west of this uiighty ocean will its beneficent influences be felt. From Cape Horn to Oregon, from Kamschatka to Japan, the Panama liailroad will tend to- arl commercial development. Australia and all tlie isles of the sea are brought by it into immediate contact witli the old world, and the colonies will now look upon Panama as a bridge over which the traffic with their mother country must pass".

"But what British money and French ingenuity could not accomplish in n])wnrds of a quarter of a century, Yankee enterprise has undertiikcn aiid carried through in five yeai-s, and has giveji to the world an enduring monu- ment of what a few detoriniiied spirits of the United States can do".

"The names of William H. Aspinwall and his associ- ates who headed this great schonio of Col. Totten, and those who with him can-ied out the work, are worthy to be immortalized, and it is to lie hoped that such men may long be spared to witness the benefits which they have conferred on tlie world by their indefatigable zest and unfliuching detemiiuatiun in building the Panama Kail* road".

In November, ISCO the Ix'gislativo Assembly of Pa- nama adopted a resohitin'u honoring the builders of the railraad, and authorized the placing of a portrait of each in the reception room of the government palace in Pana- ma, the expense tlicreof to be paid out of the public treas- ury.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

14-6 filot OHil Guide,

With the Ojieiniig of the road, a heavy traffic soon developed, which with the extremely high rates charged for passeiigfr and fi-eight hftuls, made large profits for the stockholdei-s. After a time these excessive charges hccame the subject of complatuts which came to tlie notice of the Colombiati Government. A head tax on each passenger carried over the road was thereupon ordered, and ill addition a large number of government employes, politicians and influential citizens were instructed to be placed on the free list. This resulted in an exchange of notes between the American Minister resident at Bogota, and the Colombian G-overnment, and a compromise was finally effected by which the head tax was to be removed upon the railroad company inaugurating a lower passenger tariff. The steamship combinations constituting in effect a monopoly were not changed until after the purchase of the road by the United States Government

Panama Not What it Used To Be.

That the railroad would benefit the Isthmus was not immediately apparent Six months after the opening of traffic the Star tt Herald prints the following article signed "Traveler":

"Panama is not what it used to be; it is not the Panama of 184Sl-r)4. Then the Cahfornia travel affonled a hrge business to the storekeepers, muleteers, transporta- tion agents, hotels, hnnkei-s, baggage smashers, gamblers and tliieves. The completion of the Panama Bailroad en- ables passengers and fi-eight to pass through from Califor- nia without delay. Now all is changed. The grass grows in tlie streets and on the Plaza, where once busy crowds thronged. A large number of business houses have bro- ken up or changed to a more prosperous location. It looks to me more like a deserted graveyanl than the Pana- ma of old. It is quite clear that the railroad has not ben- efited the Isthmus, but rather the reverse".

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

MIUINERY m DRESSMAKINC ESTABLISHMENT

C C S. Du Bois & G).

i Oentrckl A.vexiue.

Ladioe aho hauc sea-ing to lie donB, or Any u-ui in our line will do iroll to cnll on us.

ffon ntoiniT xid mwm mm m RtKsoiiiBiE idiges.

Railroad Concession Extended.

"With llie extension of time given by tlie Colombian Government ill 18(i7, an agreement was entered into where- by the railroiul company consented to extend its line to one of the islands in the harbor, or to a point where the wharves could be reached at all times by large sea-going vessels. Tlie company took no st^ps to ccjnmu'nce this work and in 1877 the matter was made the subject of considerable con-eapondence between it and the Colombian (iovemment The railroail company took the stand that the agreement conld be complied with at any time during the years of extension, while the Bogotii authorities main- tained that it meiint from tlic date of the extension. The point however was lost sight of, or allowed to pass in the more important canal negoliatioiis that came u]) about this time.

Jnvestlgating Traffic Complaints.

The traffic arrangement fomerly in vogue between the Panama Railroad Steamship Company, and the Paci- fic Mail Steamship Company whereby the latter had the exclusive privilege of issuing through bills of lading on freight from San Francisco to New York became tlie

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

143 Pilot nnit Gtiliif.

subject of official action in lfl05, and on June 12th of that year the contract with P.M.S,S.Co. was abolialied. Previous to this it was tlic practice of the Panama Rail- road Company to recognize no through bills of lading except those issued from its own oftice in New York. Thus goods brought to the Isthmus by competing steamship lines were subjected to the current local freight rates in shipping across. Complaints regarding this situa- tion became so numerous that in 190.^ Joseph W. Bristow was commissioned to investigate the entire niattw, which ho did by visit" ng the Islhinns and going over the route to San Francisco. His report which followed con- tained many important recommendations among them beingi-

Canoellation of thti existiiiK exclueive contracts wiCli the Focifio Mail 8. S. Co., aaU the Pa?ilio Steam Navigation Com-'

Continued mftinteuanco of tha Panama Raiiroad Steam- ship liue by the United States GoTemment.

Establishment hy the Government of a line between ports on the Gulf and Colon in case private capital refused to take it up.

Establiubment by the Government of a line between Panama and San Franeiseo, in ease the Pacific Mail Steam- ship Co. decided to discontinue its servico, and no other com- pany entered the field.

Double-tracking tlie Panama Railroad.

The contracts with the other steamship companies were cancelled June 12, 1905.

The Panama Railroad Steamship Company 'is still being maintained by the Governuieiit as a pait o£ the oper- ations of the Panama Railroad Company. It possesses five steamers, \\z., the Panama, Colon, Advance, Finance and Allianca. The last named was iu dry dock during the last half of 1907, and has been enlarged to a boat of the Panama class.

The maintenance of weekly sailings "by the United Fruit Company from New Orleans to . Colon furnishes a better service than formerly, and covers in part'the third

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Im)e*tigaling IVaJIc CnmpiainU.

149

recommendation mentioned above. The boats cover the distance of 1400 miles in five days, but the passenger ac- commodations are limited.

The Pacific Mail Steamship Company at the present time is again the subject of official investigation. Charges are reported to have been made by the Panama Railroad Company and the Isthmian Canal Commission that the Pa- dlic Mail S.S.Co. has been rendering inadequate and uiisatisfactory service between Panama and San Frnncisco, thus proving an injury to business. Mr. Bristow has once tiiore been selected to investigate the situation and make a report, which will be ready early in 190H.

The double- tracking of the Panama Railroad is prac- tically an accomplishes fact. At the Panama end (he double track begins at the Li Boca "Y", about one-balf mile from the city passenger station and continues to Pedro Miguel. From here to Culebra but one track is used. From Culebra to Gatun there is an uninterrupted stretch of double-track. From Gatun to Mount Hope but one track will be used, and from Mount Hope to Cristobal there is a network of tracks, comprising the Cristobal yards.

The New Main Line.

Work on the new main line of the Panama Railroad, as it will be when the canal is completed was begun in June, 1907. The new line was made necessary on account of the low level of the old track, a great part of which will bo submerged when the Gatun lake is filled. By the end of October, li)07, over three and one-half miles of this new track had been laid. One of the largest railroad embankments in the world, and probably the largest in point of average height to length, will be located at Gatun on the new line. It ciosses the valley of the Gatuncillo river at an average height of about eighty-two feet, is one and a quarter miles Ijng, and will contain over 2,600,000

Dig,l,z.cb;G00glC

Pilot and Oaide.

CENTf^AL. AVENUE^ FRONTING ANCON BOULEVAF^D.

aXKICTLT FIRST CLASS AMERICAN RESTAUEAST

FOR LADIES AND GBNTLEUEIf.

MEALS, TABLK D'HOTE; «1.50 SILVER.

A la Carte Service at All Hours of the Day or Night.

$t«ak«. Chap*, Oy«t«ra, Chlckan, Squaba, Lobktcrv, Game, and EVERYTHING IN SEASON.

C. S. BUTTRICK, Proprietor.

cubic yards of material. Owing to the great height and length of this fill it will be necessary to build it in three sections. A trestle, thirty feet high and running the entire length of the fill, will first be built, from which material will be dumped by the construction trains. When the dirt reaches the top of the trestle another 30-foot trestle will be built on the dump thus formed, and the operation will be repeated until the final grade of the railroad is reached. The fill crosses an arm of the lake that will be formed by the Gatun dam and an opeutng will be left at the bottom of the fill in case it ever becomes necessary to drain the lake. In order to allow passage for boats a drawbridge of the Bascule type, about 100 feet long, is being considered.

The new bridge over the Chagres river near Gamboa, will be 1,320 feet long, consisting of fourteen 80-foot through-girder spans and one 200-foot through-truss span. The contract for the steel work has been let to the Penn

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

The Xe» Main Line. |5|

Bridge Company and wil] cost $60,000. The fifteen spans will rest on fourteen piers and two abutments all of wbich will be built of concrete on pile foundations. It is] esti- mated that the masonry work will be finished about July, 1908.

There will be a tunnel at Miraflores, tho first on the Isthmus, about 600 foet long. [t will be a single track tunnel and will be lined its entire length with con- crete.

It is estimated that before the new line is completed 10,000,000 cubic yards of fill must be made. All these fills are being made with excav.ited material from tho canal cuttings.

Plans have been prepared for a modem terminal yard at Panama of nine tracks. The terminal at Colon has already been brought up to date. A new $50,000 modem passenger station is all that Panama now lacks in the matter of railroad facilities.

Some Comparisons as to Bates.

It is interesting to note the difference between the first passenger and freight tariff of the Panama Railroad which went into effect February 15th, 1855, and that of the present day. The following table will give some idea of the changes ihat have taken place: -

1855. IMS. 1307.

Fare Puuuoa to CdImi. Ist, claea, tSa 00 »:>.00

Tare Panuna to tiokm, 2d. cIhhh, Kotqiiutca. 2.2S

CbBige for baggugi!, .lOperlb. .(Qpsrlki.

Trelgfat Bate. laL cteoa, S.CO per cut. .40 per cu.

FrelKbt Bate. JiL claaa. S.OO per cwt. 1.20 per cwi

Fielgbt Rate, 3d. doiin. 1.00 per i:wt. .EOpcrcwt .32 percwt.

All the rates mentioned in the above table were payable in gold. While the fare from Colon to Panama was at the rate of over 50 cents gold per mile, in those days it was not considered excessive, in fact, travelers

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

152 PHat and Guide.

congratulated themselves upon getting over the lathmus 80 easily and cheaply. Children under twelve years of age vpere charged half fare, or $12-50, wliilo the rate to residents on the Isthmus was commuted to the flat amount of $50.00 per mouth. A large number of articles at that time did not come under the general classification, and carried special rates. One quarter of one per cent of its value was charged for the transportation of gold across the Isthmus. Silver was charged one-half of one per cent; jewelry and precious stones one- quarter of one per cent; indigo and cochineal, 2 cents per pound; coffee and cocoa 1 cent per pound; coal in bulk $9-00 per ton of 2240 pounds; coal in b.igs $7.00 per ton of 2240 pounds, iron in pigs $7..'J0 per ton; rolled iron $10.00 per ton; white pine lumber $18.00 per thousand feet; yellow pine lumber $20.00 per thousand feet, and oak at $22.00 per thousand feet. Horses, mules and cattle were transported at owners' risk. The rate on horses was $40.00 each, mules $20.00, and cattle $7.00. All bills for freight had to be paid in advance, but the maniigeaiont in its first schedule made tho consoling aiuiouncement that as soon as the business of the road would warrant, some of the above rates might be materially icducod.

The baggage charge was a feature the traveling public did not like, especially inasmuch as the management rated overcoats, umbrelUs and the like under this head. So much "kicking" resulted that about three months after the first rates were put into effect, the company permitted passen- gers fifty pounds of baggage free.

The first-class passenger rate between Colon niid Panama at the time the United States took the railroad over was $.i.00 gold. On the first of August. 1904, the rate was reduced to $4.00. I^tcr it came down to $2-80, and again to $2.40 where it stvnds at the present time.

Passenger traffic over the railroad during the past year r-r so has shown an enormous increase. Tliis is in part due to the constuit accessions in the ranks of the

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

\i

Pilot tii-l Ihii,!--.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

POoltmd Qtiide.

Cardoze Herrqarjoa.

Comer of iieiim I ud 8th Street. '.^

PANAMA.

A Varied Assortment of

Always on Hand- Sdi Aimi for thi SIIGER SEWIIB UCHIIES. 1

Commisiiioii employes on the Isthmus, and in part, to the great liberality with which ttiese were formerly treated in ttie matter of passes. Inasmuch as the Isthmian Canal Commission pays to the Panama Raili'oad Company a cer- tain sum montldy (said to be $5,000 at the present time) for passenger transportation, the increase or decrease of such sum being dependent upon the amount of travel, it be- hooved the former to curtail these privileges to some extent Notwithstanding, gold employes ai's allowed a courtesy pass once a month, while the privilege of half rates is extended to a)) classes of employes and their families at any time. Most of the freight is bow hauled across the Isthmus at night The completion of the Tehuantepec Bailway does not appear to have had any appreciable effect on the trans-Isthmian business to date, while the local business is constantly increasing iii volume. The freight traffic is generally heaviest during the months of January and

,l,z.cbyGOOglC

Somt CoMpariaont at to Bait. 155

Febniaiy when the coffee crops of Ecaadot and Central Amflrica are moving.

Some Railroad JBiai'nings.

Tbe railroad paid dividends on its capital stock everjr year from 1853 to 1892. The smallpitt dividend '[daring this entiro period was two per cent, in 1885, nnd the largest 44 per cent, in 18G8. In 1865 the capital stock was increased from $5,000,000 to 97.000,000. Tii 1881,

TOWER AT DAVID. PROVINCE OF CHIRIQUI.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

156 '''o' «"<' Guifte. .

the last year that the railroad was owned hy American capitalists, a dividend ot 52 1/2 per cent was declared. This however, not only repi^esented the earnings of that year, but included the assets on hand at the time the road was sold to the French canal company. The average annual dividend paid from earnings of the company from 1853 to 1881, was a fraction leas than five per cent. The road had always been a financial success, and while under the control of the American stockholders, excooding- ly profitable.

The original cost of the Panama Railroad; was a little o«er $8,000,000. Dnring.the. first ten^years of its operation it transported over §700,000,000 worth of specie and 300,000 hags of mail, aiid it is said that -not a dollar of tho" specie nor a. bag of mail was ever lost;during this period?'

! Future of ' the Railroad.

In the investigation :of the Panama Railroad Com- pany made by a committee of the United States House of Representatives in.l905, the- following question, was asked by Mr.John J, Esch,- Representative from -Wisconsin: -

Mr. William -Nelson Cromwell, the railroad's counsel, then ulider examination, replied: -

r '.''Tfiat' is a very iutti'esUng question Mr. Eseb|,aiiii one

upt)tf-n'Iti<!li truffle men differ . I do not share.the opinion

that tins --Panama Itjiil road will boc-omeivnlueli'urt. nt :t!iat tiiiie, Ndlnaii«an JMdge what will be the cQivjliSoiia tenyoars hence, witb'the new traffle element (the eauscJ)'. as a-prw^tjcul thing before it - not a theory as to-day. .The raili'oad-wil.l probiilily

then be operated by eleefrio -power geuerated ".

at one of thi' great. water-power points.

Electrii-ity will be inexpensively produced oil the line ot the canal hy water-power, and the railroad itny

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Future of (Ac Rnihmiil. 15'

be operated in thnt ivaj', thus gn-iitly rciliicing th'.' rost «t operatioD. At lli^it litui- ton, we will huvi' paid off tbe firat mortgage out of i'aniiii(pi and our dxi'd i-liurKe will I Iiuh be re- duced; the local biixini'Mi will bt' active, and I'miuma and Colon will be far more iiii|nirt;i[it thau tliey iiri' lo-«biy. Ni-iirly every pa!<seDger spproai-liiii;; the euual by stfaiiicr will diM'mbarlL at one or theother ti.riiiiiii, aud lakittK tlie <iiiiel railroiul transit across the Isthmus, will visit Ibc i^ilii-i mid ubst-rve l!ie inter- esting siglits during the day, wbilu the Hlt-nmer is paHHing through the cauhI. The stcBiiiier will vntcr the canal at sunriEe at Colon, say, and will make its i>xit at Panama at sua- Ect, and the passenger in the meantime will have pai<sed over the electric railroad and be amusing liimselC in eillier city while the steamer is moving tlivoutch the caual. Tlie local traffic will have grown to imporlatx'e; the country will have developed, and buHiness will have sprung up along liid line <tl road, thereby furnishing loeal traffic. "

Dock Facilities.

At Colon, the Piiiuiinn KfiiliYiiid Ooin|>;iiiy has three wooden wliarvea, and one fine new dock completed in 1006 (Dock 11), at which all of it« steamers now land. There are two other whaivcs at this jmint, ono owned I)y the Royal Mail Steamshi]> Co., and the other, r)Ow out of re- pair, by the Pacific Mail S. S. Co. The port aiid terminal at Jja Boca was completed and opened t« ctnnmei-ce on

^aj^IG ©.N -Till 3c Ge.

9to. 23 S-.mt Si..

I.pu

of -J.,,,,

SPLENDID LINE OF CHINESE AND JAPANESE SILKS.

iHbli flM mill t n iiiiiis n Mtiir iniiitd ii iiiptii n w.

WE ALSO INVITE ATTENTION TO

Our oomplete stools of Fine JJlquors.

Di„i„«b,Googlc

t5S '*''"' «'"' """'<'

Jftiiiiaiy 1, 1901, Jtt a tost of Si,14S tO ( Tina included the steel pier whicli cost the nm|f'i poitioii ot this, sum The ])ier is t)60 feet long, and the deptli of ttdtci along- side is 26 foet at low tide. In I'lOi tt «is found necessary to make a cousideralile extension for the unloadnig of lumber and heavy materials destined fot the Isthiniin Canal Commission. T\ie jiier is etjuipped with elcctiii, cranes and other apparatus for ripid unloiding iihde the wooden hiiiiher dock was so hmit thit it en ihlts the un loading of as unich as 200,000 feet of lumhcr m i single day.

MET OF i?M IN APRIL 1.

When the Panama Kailroad was opened in 1855, it tlirew the men engaged in the pack-train husiness out of a job. At that time the criminal element formed a con- siderable constituent of the population, their number being augmented by the idle pack-train men, who finding nothing i profitable to do turned to ways dark and devious. In addition, many were openly antigonistic to the i^ailroad which had taken fi-om them their means of livelihood. All of Uiis led up to the occurrences hereiTi related. It should be iiudei-stood that the better class of private citizens had no part in the affair, although tlie authorities were charged : with woful laxity. Afterwaitls, the best people of the town took the iuitiative and helped rid it of the lawless element - Editor.

A fearful night in Panama was that of the 15th of April, 1856. The vesper bells had just sou|ided from the towers of the Cathedral, but instead of the usual Ave

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Xiffkl x>f Honor in Ajnil, tSS6. 159

Maria, the calm of that moonlight evening was biiikon by distiint cries and the noise of ui^ny feet rushing through the streets. The church bells oiitsid? the walls tolled the signal of lire, but unconsciously they rang an alarm of a more temble nature than that an alarm that spelled rob- bery and murder und sent more than a dozen to an un- known grave.

Shouts of '"To the Cienaga," were heard on every hand, and the rush concentrated itself in that direction. : The Cienaga w;is a district of the town, then outside the , city proper, wheio were located the passenger station, of- fices, and wharf of the Panama Riiilroad Company. The same buildings are standing to-day, practically intact, and are now known as the old passenger station, and the American Wharf, In 18-''C> there was a cluster of cheap hotels and eating houses in the vicinity of this station. These have since disappeared.

On the afteinoon of April Iritli, 970 passengers ar- rived at Panama from New York, bound for the Califoniia gold tields. They bad expected to embark immediately on tlie steamer John L. Stepheiin^ but the tide being out, they were detained on shore. Some of the passengers were gathered about the stition waiting to get their tickets registered, while others went to the hotels and eating houses. Shortly after six o'clock one of the passengei's said to have been under the influence of liquor, became involved in an altercation with a negro fruit vendor over the settlement for a piece of watermelon. The negro made a hostile demonstration with a knife, whereupon the pas- senger drew his revolver and tired. A commotion imme- diately en!>ned. The passenger sought refuge in the Ocean Hotel, along with some of his companions.

Here the crowd assembled, and inside of fifteen minutes an attack was made on the Ocean Hotel, McAl- lister's store, and the Pacific House, the latter situated to the left of the railroad depot. Capt. McLane, agent of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, and Mr. William

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Di„i„«b,Googlc

Xiglil of Horror m April, 1856.

Sombrerep a de

M. ENDARA.

l!aM9o.K)Kii68,F[(iiileaiailiin>Lii|ilCa,

PANAMA.

prNTUAI-lDAU EN EL TRABAJO, ERpFcidisIa HI vpiitn --'

Sombraraa 4* Panami.

ENDABA, The Hatter.

i.ii9,lliiinsi.,Fnii(gtMm«l!i.

PANAMA. MI WIIRK IS HTKIITLY PIEBT CUBS.

ALL aSMS DIVER FBOIPt imiTIOI.

it VdU am Tliinklng o( Buying

PANAMA HAT

SEF. MEFIIiST, lAM A SPECIA- LIST IN THIS LINE.

Nelson of the railroad company ni'ie not far away when the outbreak occurred, t\iA quickly sent for Col. Garrido, and the police. Meanwhile some of the passengers had started down to the wharf to embark, while others clamored for guns and ammunition to go to the rescue of the women and children in the hott^ls. All the anns in the railroad office at ihe time contjtsted of a double-barreled gun, brace of pistols, a salire and fourteen old flintlock muskets. After some delay these guns were given out and loaded for defence, but a sentry was stationed at the door to prevent any from going out and joining in the fight. While this was going on, Mr. Centei, another of* ficial of the railroad, succeeded in getting the women and children removed from the Ocean Hotel.

Col. Ward, the American consul, aiid Mr. Sabla, his secretary, arrived on the scene at this juncture, and endeavoured with other cooler heads to restrain the male passengers from mixing in the frny. An old cannon be- longing to the railroad company was dug out of the sand and loaded with rivets, but Col. Waid and Mr, Center gave positive orders that it was not to be fired unless an advance was made by the mob. The consul then sent his secretary to see if the police were coming, but as he did not return, (having been shot in the leg), the consul and Mr. Nelson went forward to see how matters stood. They had not advanced beyond the Pacific House when a crowd of natives came from among the cane huts. Mr,

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

162 ^fiot "'"' 0"'*-

Nelson cjJIed to thi'iii not to fire, but they ilisregiinled tlie order and let off ii tioniltor of shots some of wlii<li liit Col. W.ii-d's hoi-sr. Mr NrlKon ex|Ki8tii luted with tl:e people, liiit they toM him to keep ont of the way iind not to go hack to tin; stiition, nnltss ho wanted to be killed. Mr. Nelson [Mrsisted in his eoinae townrd tlio st-itioii nnd finidly -ached thei-e in safetj'.

Ill the mentitime most of tlie passengei-s and persons at tiie statimi had got it'side tho n)nij)any's fiiicc and sheltered themselves as well as possible iiom the bullets that now flew thick and fast. The mob had maintained a regular tint on tlic building, ktlhng several and wounding others A report was then spread that the natives were changing their positions and everyon" felt a little easier, believing that when Cd, Garrido anived with the police, the affair would ho speedily ttnninate'l. Soon after the bugle of the [mliee was heard, but instead of charging on the rioteis, tln-y joined issue with them, nnd commenced firing on the depot By this lime the natives hail reached the freight bouse and were busy pdhigiiig it.

Col. Ward, with 8om:> of the others then returned to town for the purpose of inducing the (Tovernor to come and stop the massacre. On Iheir way up they were baited by a pai-ty of armed natives, but were finally ponnitted to proceed, Anivijig at the tiovernor's house, they found him away, but there was a ci-owd of men abimt the place car- rying guns and demanding |>owJfr ar:d hall. After some further seaic'i, the Governor was located in Jinother street. He agreed to aci^oinpany the Americnu party haek to the station, hut stiled he had already be:'n theie, and got a bullet Uirough his hat.

Rejichiiig the Kceno of the trouble onre more, they found the natives still plun leiing the Ocean Hotel, and McAllister's stoic, while a man on the beach had a can- non loade^l and pointed at the steamer Tabtuja lying near by. It was with some difticulty that he was induced not to fire. Here too they learned that Col. Gari-ido of the

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

"Th* Beat Bread (n Psnama"

PAXAUKRIA

Verdict of the American Colony. KAICEIIY

J:pSE; Glj^EPiT

EiilFe Ids cones BjflHfSKje. SI.

JPSE, GliaEHT

i!s.g|)i.i;iiiSl.,i)iRiiioGiii(nsiD.ilinPin

HANAL5EHIA liE

HAKEHY OP

Jos^ Giber! & Co, ; Jos^ Gibert & Co.

BALBIKA CASIS, Gerente.

aO)-a05 Callc 13 Estc, Panama. SVCURSAI. Avtild* Cealnl, No. 200.

uri dc JoMt Gbtrt.

BlLBINAClSIS,HaDa;er.

-El Mejor Pan en Panami."

La Decision de TodD el Pueblo.

police had gone on board tlio Tiiboga, disarmoil the pass- engei's and removed the sliip's gun.

While the otlier ofticiuls were iibsent on the above ennnd, Mr. Center who had remained beliind started to tike a look about the depoL He found the freight room Klled with men, women and chihlren, all trying to sn-een tlieniselves from the tiriMg, then very brisk, and in a state of the wildest excitemont^ From liero he entered tho offiee where he found a group of men trying to keep tho outer door closed. He pmceeded to assist them, and while doing so saw a man killed before his ejos. On the floor of the office lay four or five of t!ie dead and wounded.

Leaving the scene of the slaughter be next managed to got a plank over the beams of the freight door, and looking out upon the Oienaga, he distinctly saw the pojieo outside the depot firing deliberately into it, Col. Garrido with his swoni drawn chceriiio; and urging them on. Pro- ceeding from bore to one of the rooms in the upper story

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

|@^ Pilot and GuUle.

of the station, Mr, Center discovered two of Hie passengers trying to hold a door shut. Even as he approached them, they were both slint, one dying instantly and the otlier in a few hours. Tho natives finally forced a jiassjige into the freight mom, find cfMiiinenced to rifle Jind plunder carpet bags, niid trunks, while the fiightenod passengers congregated here, cried for morcy.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Xighl of Horror in April, ISoG.

m mth" "#i mth"

ie 9lowe\ibes »

fo> 'Vc,

jpoj

;o&o=

rephesehiicioiies k coiisigiiicioiies.

Avenida Norte Mo. 129

fiajada del ficrcado, Faqaiq^,

IGNACiQ RUIZ GARCIA.

W. 129 Mil iienie, neat me ninei. IQNACIO RUIZ GARCIA.

When Ml ^elsrn and Capt MtLinp icichcd the statoii nfter lpa\nig the (TO\(riior thcj fom d th* pol co outside II a \ory excited statt The; tkinicd tlioj had been fiied iipfn fioin tlio uppci stoiy of tho depot mid weie desiious of letdiitiiig in the siiiie inannoi I p n Capt McLaiie piomising nnest gatioii trl (jimdo ordind fuithor demoiistntioi s upon the pnit of the point t) cease ai d together they went to the loom npstans ni the depot f om whch the ihots weie iHegid to hue come This loom they foui d filled w th women and chddiei the ftw men there decliring the; lud neier fired a shot

About this time the authditct. had obtanicd the as cendiiMy over the moh and as soon as lossilla thp le naming women and children were con\ojed on hoaid tlie steamer Some cf the passengers had tiken to tlie lushes in the outsliiits of town and a search patty w is sent iiut t) round them up 0 lo was met who said he had lit, n robbed by men caHing themselves policemen.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

le© Pilot and Gvtde.

All oxnminatioii of Ihc rnilrond office (rfter the liot, lini'aled a irn'ilAc sight. The dead aiid voiiiided l«y about the Hoor, soiuo of the foruicv honihly mutiktcd. All the h(><iks.|)iiiK<i-» iuid furniture of the coi»iMiiiy wci-e destroyed. All iittciii|)t h;id Iwt'ii made to hi-cjik oi>en the large iron siifc, II iuilc liaviiift ftctunlly Ix-eii made through the oxtfrior phiti'. (Julside, Koiiie of the rars had heen damaged, rails tiikeii ii|i, aiul the telegraph wires cui The attempt to fire tiie depot providentially failed. The streets approaoli- ing till' Ktjitioti were sti'ewn with cut ojieii trunks, and dis- ended material from the sacked huildiii^.

The lives of sixteen Americans are known to have hecn lost in the riot, all but two, paasengei-s of the steamer IlliuoiH fi-oni Xew York. Of tliese, only four or five were identified. The wounded iiumberetl about fifty. Among llie victims of the tragedy was Nathan Preble, a descend- ant of ConiHiodoi-e Preble, the noted Amerioan naval of- ficer. (1)

The V. S. Shi]), St. Mary, aiTived in Panama B»y on the '2:J(i, following the occuirenee, and the "Panama Star & Her, 1 1" ..f April 2»th, 1S'>«, contains Ihi following cor- reRjHindenee between its commander, Capt T. Bailey, and the Governor of Panama, with reference to the affair: -

"U.S. Ship, St. Mary, Harbiir of PaDamn,

April TJiA, 1X36. Hi:. ExecllMicy, Don F. ile Fabregu,

(iin'fvuoi' of Panainn.

Sir:-

II flip l.^>thiDHl., se !, ami Orent Briini

. . x liprein rpltitoil are bati^d upon ilppoaitions

laaAi- by Mr. Oiiter aiiJ Mr. Wm. Nf-lBon o! the Pananft Railroad Com- pany, aiiil Btjifcrnent made bv Capt. Mt^l^ni* of P. M. S, S. Co., pub- lished iu the SUir 4- HrruUt of April IWh, 1S56. - Editor.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Pilot ami Cuhle.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

33 ^°' <"«' Guide.

ly tvouiiilfd and outraged, aud ft lftrg« amount of AmeiicMt property was plundered by the poliee and inhabitanta of Pftua- ma and vicinity.

Thewe outrages, rohberies and mnrdem were for the most part (ommitted upon innocent and unarmecl men, women anil children, who were peaeefuHy endeavoring to pass this grett highway n( nalionti. It ia my chief duty to employ force under my command for the prompt protection of the Uvea and prop- erty of American citizens. An early explanation therefore, of the cause of this catastrophe, aa well att Home evidence of your Kxcellency'Rinciinationandability to prevent such oocurreneeB, Ih dcHired by me in determining the neceseity of my immediate interference for the protection of the personsi and property of the citizens of the United States, until specific orders from my Government aliall be received.

I am Sir,

Yonr Obedient Servant,

The Governor replied in a lengthy statement reciting the origin of the affair, setting forth that ho had sufficient force at his disposal to prevent a repetition of such oc- currences, and enclosing depositions from Jose Manuel Ijuna who was concerned in the row witli the American, and two from natives of the United States, one T. B. Williams, HH years old, a native of Georgia and an em- ploye of tlie raih-oad company, who gave testimony against the passengers.

The statement evidently did not afford satisfaction to the American officer for two days later, on the 2-">th of April, a second representation was made to the Governor, as follows: -

" Sir; - I have the honor to aclcnowledge receipt of your re- plies to my communications of the 23d. and 24tli inst. Apart from the announcement of the restoration to the owners, of the cannon and arms illegally taken from the steamer Tabotia, I must confess they afford me Uttle wttiBfaction. 1 had expected

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Nifflil of Horror in April, 1SS6.

mm mkm.

lo. 260, Central Ate, hnama.

WA^UXBAM WATCB.

CAU and INSPECT gni GOODS.

SUKIIDtll tLAmiMgiii.

iiEiM iBTMi, mtm m. nnu.

Sarlklo auMpUto <le ReUijcn, Ar- tiealos lie Jogeria y .Vvrcrfoiffn.

ELIIEI.OJ 'WAJ.T«Ar

when asking for inforiuation as to the caiisen of the frightful occurrencea of the 15lh inst., that apart from the immeiliate origin of the tumult, you would have Jeemed itUue to yourself as the Chief Magistrate of this community to stale why anil wherefore you undertook the fearful responsibility of ordering your police to fire upon my eountrymen, women aJid childreu, and lo state what steps you have taken to puuitth the guilty and reBtore the plunder. "

" Ten days have elapsed since the catastrophe, and I have yet to learn that a single criminal has been arrested, or that any portion of the immense amount of valuables take u from the passengers and railroad company has been restored. I have yet lo learn that your " Coucieneia de mia deberes y la inteligencia de los graudes intereses que se ligan & la conservaciAn de estu llnea tr4nsito nniveraat." extends any farther than to order an indiscriminate massacre of the passengers over this transit. I have yet to learn that when a riot or a collision shall take place here between foreigners on one side, and natives on the other, that you recognize any higher obligation on your part than to protect and assist the latter, and disarm, maltreat and plunder the former."

" The deduction, I rcgi'et to state, aflords me little assur- ance of the safety of the transit for the future, unless your Ex- cellency shall devise Home most speedy and efficacious method for rendering these unfortunate elements leas ' horaogenons' hereafter." The letter concludes with the information that the whole matter had been referred to Washington.

The affair brought the goTernments of the United States and Colombia, at one time, to the vei^e of open

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wo

niiitiiip. !nit wrsor IicjhIh (iieviiiled, ainl scttloinRnt brought (iliriiit llu'oufih )li(.i jiavnu'iit liy Oilimihiii of the sum of $100,0110 gihid indeiniiity for iirnpciiy destroyed, and tlio jisstiriiiice (111 ]h'1' pai't tli.-it no ftirtlser occurrences of the kind would talio |.!aco.

ATTEMPTS TO PIERCE ISTHMDS

Tlio fivat recorded rociignitioii giseii tlie possilidity of a. canal ihruu^h (lie Jstliuius iippcars ou an old map lu the lil>r;iiy at Xurt'iiilicru, (ioniiiiny. drawn by Johannes Schoner. This in;ii> is dated liilo and on it is a rough outline of the Auitricaii continent with a clear lino marked through tho Jsithnms of Piinania. This might bo taken as a pniijiiecy.

The tirst actual survey was made in the year 1581 hy Antonio Pcreira. but nothing cjimo of it. In 1620 Diego de I\Ici('ado siLlimittcd a lengthy report on tho sub- ject to I'hilip H, hut that nioniii'ch silenced further dls- cnssioii, saying that Ihc will of God was made manifest liy the fact that He had created an isthmus instead of a strait, and that it wc.iild he impiety for man to attempt to unite the waters of the two oceans that God hjul separ- ated. Thi-ongh Pere A<r{)sti, a religious decree was prom- ulgated declaring the proieet sacrilegious, and this was followed hy au edict forbidding any one under pfiiatty of death from considering such an enterprise.

[n 1S-2T, ^. A. lAoyd acting under the authority of Simon Bolivar, President uf the Granadtue Confederatiou,

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9lo^. 199-201 ecMfiaf Suentic, iJaMa.im.

HuMU Well TenlJli

made a study of the Isthmus route with a view to estab- lishing a combined rail and water route. His report favored a canal from a point on Iiimoii Bay to the ChagrcsBivor, and the use of the latter stream to a point where niili-ond communicatioD could be effected the most easily from the Pacific coast He suggested either Panama or Cliorrcia as the southeni terminus,

In 1S38, a French company headed by "Baron Thierry obtained a concession from the (iovernment of New Granada, and endeavored to enlist the aid of the Fi-cnch Government in the enterprise. The company's re|»ort was so favorable that the Government was induced to stind Napoleon Garella to the Isthmus as its special representa- tive to ascertain the truth of the company's claims. Tlio promoters reported that a sea-level canal could be ccn- Rtructed without going to a greater depth than .'(7 feet; Garella's findings failed to corroborate the company's claim ill this particular, and the enterprise fell through.

In the year 18f>() the United Stiites Senate requesttsd from Secretary Welles of the JJavy Department for in- formation bearing upon the topography of the Darien region of the Isthmus, with a view of establishing tJio fact whether or not this part of the country would be suitable for canal exploitation. In a report on the subject made

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

\'72 fifo' n>"l Guiile.

by Adniii'iil Olias. H. Davis the following year, the latter dt'Ct'k'il the idea of coiistructiiiR a canal iit this point owing to iiivturiil (ihstiicles. By using the Atrato River, the arti- fidjil |iart of the route would be materially shortened, but it would be necessary to tunnel through the Cordillera.

In 1H75, the Isthmian route was agfiin surveyed. Oi is time iiy ( 'omnia iider Edward P. Lull and A. G. Menocal. Their line ran from IJmon Bay to the ('hagres River, and along its v.-iiicy to high land, and from thpnce follow- ing the valley of the Rio Grande to tho Pacific, practically the same route as subsequently adopted by the French company. About this time Commander Sclfridgo was also making additional explorations in tho Darieu region.

While the various Isthmian routes were being con- sideied from different points of view, the scheme for con- structing a canal across Nicaragua was also commanding a good deal of attention, and a number of surveys were made. These have however but little hearing on the main point at issue - the Panama Canal.

BE LESSEPS-HIS GMT Ml.

Two powerful intluences worked to interest the people of Franco in the idea of cutting through the Isth- mus. One was the suceessful completion of the Suez Canal, and the other was the personal popularity and magnetism of its promoter, Count Ferdinand de Lesseps. The Suez Canal was begun in 1850, and completed without encountering any serious ('bstacles, ten years later. This achievement gave De Ijesseps a reputation as a canal builder, and made it easy for him a few years afterward

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De Ltmepg and Hii Oreat Scheme.

I7"3

to step int9 the new field of canal operations and tbe con- fidence of the French nation. He was not an engineering expert of the present daj definition, but he had a vast in- tellect at bis command, and an unuBual facility for or- ganization. That he was over-sanguine cannot be doabted, and that this fault led to his making serioue mistakes none deny. On the other hand he was in earnest iu his enthusiasm for the success of the project, and fundatnentally honest in his purpose. This cannot be said of all those be had under him. As one of his countrymen once re- niarked, "Of all the men high in authority engaged with De Lesseps on the enterprise, he was about tbe only one whose chief endeavor was not to feather his nest." Can it be wondered that a fabric built upon a foundation so faulty should be doomed to failure ? At the inception of canal operations and for several years afterwards De Lesseps was practically idolized both in France and on the Isthmus. His advent at Panama was heralded as a greater event tht^n that of a conquering general reluming home.

Agitation iu France in favor of constructing the Isthmian waterway was begun in 1875, and resulted in the formation of a company under the direction of Cren. Turr for the purpose of entering upon negotiations with Colombia to obtain the necessary concession. In May, 1876, Lucien N. B. Wyse, a lieutenant of engineers in tbe French army, and a brother-in-law of Gen. Turr whs delegated to visit tbe Isthmus, conclude negotiations and map out a feasible route. The right of way was secured, with the proviso that nothing in the contract should be construed to interfere in any way with the grants given the Panama Railroad under a concession to an association of American capitalists entered into in 184!). The con- cession with " a string tied to it" like this was not entirely satisfactory to the company Wyse represented, which was organized for promotion purposes only, so an enlargement

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Di„i„«b,Googlc

lie Lemeits-His Great Scheii

Fabrira de ladrillos.

ESPECIALIKAU EN BALDOZAS PARA BOVEDAS Y SOLERAS. UMCO n « CLASe n PANAMA.

E»[i™Liiliiil» p.i™ rabricar Homos 6

liii)laJ»cHmmdi)iii»qnln»rlMenegiieral,

Oe&rratt & la XoHea At BomBaBo,

Amiiiito dnlrni, Sn. 116.

FrBiciEcaEscasiiii, iimitecio-Conttnici'r.

B49t Brick Tard lii Psnama tnA the Only One of IIh C'lnwi:

StbIiH)' Mile al Tiki u< Milcrltl Iw CMcntoKHl C*utndi«.

I have EiCHptJouil Facililiw for ilan- a'actar'n; Uvciis bdiI Innlidllni; All &iBAa o( MsvhiDua.

FKAKCI8CO BUSCAMlIiIiA,

o'b Drue Slore, No. lU

Cenlial Arenue.

of privilegeB was sought, and on March 20th, 1878, a new contract was entered into with the Colombian GrOTenuuent which gave the association of promoters the right to cross the territory occupied by the Panama Railroad Company, providing an amicable agreement could be arrived at wiUi the latter corporation. Under the terms of this agreement the promoters were given the exclusive right to construct and operate a maritime canal across the territory of Colombia, between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans; for a period of 99 years from the day it was wholly, or in part opened to public service, or when they should commence to collect tolls on transit and navigation.

It was agreed that the general route of the canal should be determined by an international commission of individuals and competent engineers, and upon settling on a route, the promoters were to be allowed two years to form a joint stock company, which company was required to fiiiiab the canal and put it into service in twelve years. All public lands necessary for the route of the canal, and stations, wharves, moorings and warehouses incident to its construction were ceded gratis. This provision also contained the grant of a zone of land about 1,400 feet wide the entire length of the waterway.

It was further stipulated that the caTi:il should re- main neutral for all time to the end that in case of war uierchaiit vessels and individuals might enjoy its use and advantages unmolested. For these rights and pi-ivilcgos

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

the GrOTermnent of Colombia was to be entitled to a share in the gross income of the canal from all sources on an increasing scale of from five to eight per cent, dating from the seveoty'Sixth year after its opening, to the termination of the concession, four-fifths of which was to go to the Republic of Colombia, and one-fifth to the State of Panama, the company controlling the enterprise to guarantee how- ever, that the Goremment's ^are should not be less than 1250,000 each year.

The right to transfer these privileges to other capi- tahsts or companies was conceded, but an absolute pro- hibition was made against cession or mortgaging to any foreign government

The international commission of individuals and en- gineers, known as the International Scientific Congress met in Paris on May 15, 1879. There were present 135 delegates, most of whom were French. Nearly all European countries were represented however, the contingent from the United States numbering eleven. The conference was presided over by Count De Lesseps, and continued in session for two weeks. The net result was the reaching of a decision that a sea-level canal should be constructed from Limon Bay to the Bay of Panama.

This important point settled, the canal concession was transferred to La Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interoceaniqe de Panama, commoidy known as the Panama Canal Company, an organization chartered under the laws of France. De Lesseps was given control and one of his first steps taken was to purchase a controlling interest in the Panama Railroad Company which involved the changing hands of about $18,000,000.

Arrival of De Lesseps.

The 30th day of December, 1879, will be forever memorable in the history of the Isthmus, says the Starl ife Herald in its issue of January 1, 1880. At 3 o'clock in

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Arrirnl nf Pe Le^tiiK.

177

the afternoon of that day tlie Froiich steamer Jjo/aj/etie with Count Ferdinand de LeRRep** vnn signalled at Colon, aiKl soon afterwards entered the liarbor. The steamer came immediately alongside the wharf where the reception committee appointed i>y the Government, the delegation from the Stnte Assembly, and a large nnmber of invited citizens were collected to welcome the illustrious engineer and the other members of his party.

A liltle past 4 p. m., the landing stage was put on board and all repaired to the spacious satoon of the Lafayette wliero a formal addresft of welcoilio was made by 0. A. Cespedes, Chairman of the reception committee, which was responded to in a brief hut hearty manner by M. de Lesseps. Then followed short and appropriate ad- dresses by Messi-s. Aiidreve and Prestan of the State As- sembly, Mr, Pike, consul for Denmark, and Mr. S. W. D. Jackson on behalf of the English-speaking residents of the Istbmu!'. To all of these the distinguished guest leplied with great urbanity ami cordiality, and in all his utterances conveyed the unmistakable impression of his earneslness in regard to the projected canal. An hour or more was spent in convivialities appropriate to the occasion, after which the crawd dispersed. During the reception the fine band from Panama played several soul-atirring airs. In the evening many houses in town were illuminated, and there was a fine display of fireworks at the ice house, the usual headquarters for such festivities. Later, M. de Lesseps came on shore and took a walk in the beautiful moonlight, attended by a few friends and surrounded by an enthusiastic crowd of people. ,'

On tlie inoniing of the .list., M do Iitsseps and the distinguished engineers of his patty made an examination of the harbor front, and inquired into the dii'ection and force of the northern. By the aid of a carefully prepared chart he marked the location of the necessary breakwater, as well as the probable entrance to the great Isthmian Canal. In all and on every point M. de Lesseps declared

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AFTER THE OPERA, GO TO THE

ittERHiE mm. n. is cEntnL kenue, neur iei iHTiomii iheiihe.

Stylish Place in a Stylibh Location. Odi" of IIik Ii«iten(. Couli-9t and mimt Al- IncUvH Brdrsliinoiil Plweii in All PuiHiua. Fint-Vlai* Wi«a, Ligtmri and foda, Ditpmtta. LigSt Lunctri Sertrd. Llglil wii) Fresh Ptuitry Uadti by au Elxpvriuiiix'ct Baker Alnuys nn BuKl.

A ConlUl lUTUatlon U GWcn the Public To Visit Us.

his great satisfaction nt the appareut pi-acticability of the great undertaking, and more than once became enthusiastic in speaking of the' prospect. "Thei-e are/' he said, "only- two great difficulties to be overcome, the Chagres Kiver, and the deep cutting at the summit. The first can be sur- mounted by turning the headwaters of the river into another channel, and the second will disappear before the wells which will be sunk and charged with explosives of sufficient force to remove vast quantities at each discharge. The existence of the railroad will greatly facilitate the work on .the canal, and unless closer examination, for which the present visit has been made, should prove un- favorable, a result that is in nowise anticipated, there is no doubt but the work will be begun in earnest and without material delay.''

The utmost good order was maintained, and fho most profound' respect was shown to M. de Lesseps bv all classes, while the enthusiasm knew no bounds. The flags of all nations were displayed, with the notable exception of that of the United States, and the reception may bo said to have been a decided r ~

On the 31st, at II a. ni., the party left Colon for Panama. The train was met at Barbacoas bridge by tho President of the State, and the party was safely transferred to another train by which it aiTived in this city at 5:;!0 p. m. A fine lunch was provided on the train, with wines, whicli -gave entire satisfaction. . , : ;

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Jriirat of T>c Lti^ps.

179

In Panama considerable preparation had been made to do fitting honor to the great impressario. At the station an open tent was placed in which the representatiye of the State, Mr. Manuel .1. Diez, accompanied by Lieut- Col. Montufar, fien. Gonzalez, the secretaries of the ' Government, and other prominent military and civil officials extended him a hearty greeting in the name of the bot- crtiign State of Panama. The party was conveyed in car- riages to the (jtrand Hotel, the battalions of the 3d. and Ilth Colombian Guard forming a guard of honor the en- tire distance. The houses in the Calle Seal (the former name of Central Avenue), and other leading streets were profusely decorated with flags in which the French and Colombian colors predominated.

Flag staffs had been erected at couvenieut intervals along the line displaying the flags of the two Republics. Each staff bore a shield with the name of one or the other of the promoters and engineers of the different ex- plorations and projects for the canalization of the Isthmus. They were of every country and every walk of life; the bold discoverer, the hardy buccaneer, naval officers of various nations, and civil engineers following the peaceful routine of ordinary duty. There were the names of Balboa,-!. ^13; Dampier-1549; Pattei-son-169S; l)onozo-J761, Ariza-1783; M. Wagner, date not shown; Lloyd-1829; N. Garella and Courtines-1843; Totten-1849; Trautwine and Hughe8-1853; Hani8on-1867; Lull and Selfridge-1870; and the Wyse- Iteclus-Sosa-Verl)ruggbe-Bixiu-Lacliarme-Musso aud Brooks expeditious of lSi7-8. These names were principally dis- played iu tlie Plaza, a notable group to whom the world is largely indebted. Among the several arches was one at Plaza Santa Ana reading Colombia salutes Ferdinand de fjesseps," and on one other, "Panama congratulates her illustrious guest, Ferdinand de Lesseps." A banquet ter- minated the day's doings, which passed off pleasatiUy.

Among the Del^sseps party was his wife and three of is children. "M. De Lesseps is now 77 years of age", says

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

lao _^__ i; _ ^_ ,_-__

a current; iicwsiKipLT iiiti I 11 d t I it 'il

when ho inaii'iiHl her. Tl j 1 111 Tho

I^radaiuc is of creitlo oi f, 1 I t) I tl tjpe of

tliat class, ciihaiiopd lt> | i ti t 1 1 k eyes.

Her fonu is the aJm t f t) d k f the

French capital, and a ti;,'t t f tt g I set ff 1 h re to perfection. There Ik a t t d tl | t f tlio

distinguished nngiiicci- to I h 1 ftl Th y aro

|*eniiitted to do pretty i I tl j I tl i the

saloon, or out of it. It ti t t [ t I hood

that prompted l)e Jx!!>»e] t t tl L | L ^cnie

and her ili-fate4l son f tl h tl t tl t d the

Tuilcriea close on to twt t) y

Others in tlie (V t j ty n I t "Wj e, J. Dirke, Enginepr-in-Chief t th c. I f H II I M. Boutan, mining engineo ft M 1) t I M.

Albei-t, engineers of H 11 1 t k I inaK

Messrs. Verbrugghe, Coiivioux, Blanchet and Pontaii, civil fngineers. and Jteasi's, Bionne, C. Wiener, Galhiy and Dauprat, secretaries.

The Canal Inaugurated.

M. De Lesseps has kept his iiromise. and the 1st of January, IJiSO has wilnessed the fonnal inauguration of the work of completing and perfecting the surveys for the Panama Canal, says the 'Sfar d: Herald in its issue of January ,'!, ISSO. The exhaustive documents fiirnislied to the Paris Opngi-ess wpi'e amply sufficient to prove the superiority of the Panama route over all others.

On the 1st. inst., a large party of ladies and gontlc- mt'n went on the steamer "Talioguilhi" to tlie iniiuth of the llio Grande ahout three miles west of Panama. Here it was intended to land and witness the turning of the first sod, a tjisk which was assigned to Miss. Fernanda de Lesseps, which was to mark the beginning of the w<irk that was to end iu the union of the AUantic and the

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Di„i„«b,Googlc

182 Piht and Guide.

Pacific Oceans. On account of the lateness of the hour at which the stoaiiiei' left the wbai'f, it was impossihie to carry out the program in lis e])tirety without delaying the return to the city. With tlie entrance of the " Taboguilla'' into the mouth of the river (the first occasion in which a steamer had ever bt^en seen in that place), it was consid- ered as a beginning of the surveys (mark the failure at the start), and the t-emaindei' of the program was then proceeded witli.

An address was made by M. de Lesseps in which he announced the fulfillment of his promise to begin practical wofk on the great canal enterprise on .lanuary 1. 1880. He further remarked that his labors had now begun un- dei^ the authority of the United States of Colombia, with the benediction of Monseignor, the Bishop of Panama, and with the assistance of the members of the Technical Com- mission charged with tlie definite studies for the Universal Interoceanic Maritime Canal.

He expressed his entire confidence in the eutoq)nse and its success, to which, ho said, he consecrated the clos- ing yeai-s of his life, and had no hesitation in counting upon the assistance of the financial world for means to open another highway to the commerce of the world. His Grace, the Bishop then formally bestowed his benediction upctn the enterprise, and the blessings of the Universal Church upon the labors of science for the benefit of com- merce, cither addresses were delivered after which the steamer proceeded to the islands and then returned to the wharf, landing its distinguished p-issengers who were unani- mous in their delight over the trip.

Qrand Banquet to De Lesseps.

The public demonstrations in honor of De Les- sepsl-arrival came to a close on Sunday, .January 4, 1880 witt an elaborate banquet tendered him by Dr. Antonio FeiTo, the representative of tlio Colombian Govennnent.

Dig,l,z.cbyG00glC

Orottd Banquet to De Leg»ep».

% 4 1

PHARMACEUTICAL SUPPLIES.

Ko, it, Mfi\ ksmt, Opsilc HulH Onlnl aid nMr C>itllieilnl Plazs.

_fi_PANAMA. _£u.

"We Carry- a KuH Asaortmentj^of Drugs. Paints. ' Postal Card»t

Cham lea Is. Varnlshss. Bvnbens.

Patent M*d4e1nss. Artlsta' Matsrials. .ChaeolatM. -

Psrfwmsry. English Novals. Caramols.

Mr *te«lt ft Ike CclcbraM CEVIM HU mt UlfllGW TVPEWlnERS,

STA,TIOIT E ES.'Y.

BEXEDEni HEHIINOS, i

Our R-ancb Store is I-ocated at No. 326 "Central Avenue.

One hundi'ed and forty invitations were issued, and among those present were notable men from the United States and every part of Europe. M; de Lesseps proposed- a toast to "The Press", stating, "That it was the representa- tive of public opinion, and the greatest forcfe of the epoch. With ita assistance the greatest commercial interoceaiiic- highway of the world would be made on Colombian terri- tory, under the protection of the Colombian' Government and the great powers of the world."

Later he again took the floor and anuounced that the International Commission had been completely oi'gan- hed, and that it would he divided into five sections. Lieut. Wyse afterwards proposed a toast to the health of the humble laborers," Without distinction of race or nation- ality who, in the future may be tlie useful and modest in- strumenbi to carry to completion the greatest work of the age".

First Blast at Culebra.

A numerous party accompanied M. de Ijesseps on the morning train of Satuiiiiiy, -' Januiu-y 10, -^ISSO, to

3yGOClglC

134 Pi'o* <n>^ Guide.

witaess the discharge of the first hla^t on the Ccrro Cu- lebra. M. de Lesist-ps was accnnipaiiied by a iiiiml»er of piigineers of the wirveying party: Dr. Ferro, Colomhi.iii Delegate; His GrHco, Bishop Paiil; Don Danmso Cervera, President of Pniiania; M. Ijo Brnti, the Froiich Coiisnl, and TRrious I'psidcnts of the city. With l.im nlso wiis Iiis fieven-year old daiishter. Miss Foninmlii d« Ijesapjis who was tn apply the fl.'ctrie 8|mrk Ml)ich w;ts to dischjtrge the first hlast in tho mighty t>|ieration of rai>:il eonstinctioii.

The mine hiid Ixwn carefully laid in an excfcdingly har<l and compact fnrmalion ofba8alt,at a few foot helow thr* summit, and charged with Ihirty kilograms of power-ful explosive. The operation was performed with complete success, an immense mass of solid rock being hurled fmni its original fonndntion.

The party returned to Panama on the 11 ii. m. train exceedingly pleased and enthusiastic over the first practical experiment in canal building on the Isthmus.

American Press on De Lesseps.

" The arrival of Y)f Lesseps and his party at Colon." said the A^ew Yorte JTer/iMof January 9,18S0, gives assurance that this able engineer is quite in earnest in his desire to add to his great fame as the constructor of the Suez Canal, the greater fame of opening a navigable way be- tween the two principal oceans. He wishes to sntsfy liiui- self as to the practicability of his pi-oposed i-oute by personal inspection. It is not likely that any of the ob- stacles will escnjte the observation of so trjiineil and com- petent a judge. If he concludes that none of them are iinsurmountable, the world will naturally put faith in his opinion. He has with him H. Dirke, the famous Dutch engineer whose practical achievement in canal making ripiks next to the Suez. If the two most celebrated engineer;) of the age concur in tho belief that a ship canal at Panama is practicable at the sea level, capitalists will be

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I PrrsH iiH lie Lcssi-ps.

IS5

likely to have confidence enough to fnniisli the ine;iiis for the iiiiderUtkiiig. If the l)eii''f of I)e Lrsscps in the fensibility of this vouto shniitd not he shsiken, his energy ;in(I alertness will liav« fiivcn liiin a cleciilcd iidvaiitngc ni iidvance of ilie ndvoeiiteH of (lie Niciirogiia niiite."

Organization of Finances.

The first canal rompnnv Viis ca|)italimb;it RHO.OOO.OOO divided into shares of SH)6 each, and S-JO.i 11)11,00(1 w,nih of stock was <lisposed of witlmnt ell'nrt. l)e lips-iejis went to the LTnited States immediately after his first, vi>iit t^) the Isthmus, and made a tour of all the jn-incijial e:tins in the intei-est of tlic nndertakiiiK- He was given an ovation cveryw here and sneceeded in ar nsinp a great denl of enthusiasm. Ho Ihon mad- a. similar t.'inr <if Kornpe. At a bniMiiiet in Aiitwoi|i, a ei in|K)s!tifni was iin|mivised for the occnsioii i-eading-

D.' Lr8H>|iH lip KA inniii r. itc A Hiir-K niivril la porti' I)' rOwidpii- vern I'Oilei.t: , Par an force el mm i-oiinicf

The immediate result of his missionary wivAi was the pronijit tjiking of tlie remaining stdck offering of S lll.O(»),00[l with as mneh again hid for. The pi'dimiMiirj hmlget of expenses, iiieliiditig the cost of the nineession fuoti'd nji to ii-'arij Sill.OOO.OUO, anil w,,s paid nnt ..f the earlier, subscriptions. One of the must iinpnrtant items of this budget was the pi'olit-taking on preliminary- expenses by thfi organizers of the eom]iarij-. Under the arriiles of incorporation, the organizei's were entitled to certain <'ash payments, ftud fifb-en per cent, of the net jirdHts. The latter airangement consisted in the setting aside for the

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FiU>t aitd OMide.

! 1^

-.J.,i

Br

[INCORPORA

Eighth BtrBBt and Nnrth Averub,

T*l«phon.«a IToa, 7B cLna. 78.

i

benefit of the organizers of some 1300 blocks, or "founders parts", amounting to 5,000 francs each, and constituted a speculation pure and simple. These blocks later sold all the way from 80,000 to 300,000 francs, the profits there- on accruing to the original holders.

Cost of Canal.

The Scientific Congress estimated the coat of the canal at $214,000,000, while the Technical Commiasion, on which were two American membera. G. M. Totten and W. W, Wright, after personally going over the route, formulated a report on February 14, 1880, estimating the total cubic meterage to be excavated at 75,000,000 and the cost of doing it |168,600,000. On February 20, of the same year, De Lesseps in a letter on the subject lowered the estimate t» $131,000,000, on the ground that he believed certain figures named by the Commission were

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ley

too high. He cut down the items of Hie dirersion-of the Chagres, and the Chagrea dam by $19,000,000, in which judgment he erred as shown by later developments.

Speaking before a meeting of the Society of Amer- ican Eiigineerfl at New York on March ], 1880, De Lesseps stated that vessels would be able to go from ocean to ocean after the expenditure of 8120,000,000. Referring to the type of canal at the same meeting he said: -

" If the eommittoe had decided foT a lo«k caoal, I should have put on my hat eud gone home. Locks are very p>od for small vobsels, but they would not do for large nhips. There is a ship now on the stocks ri20 feet in len^h, and it would take a very long time to take a ship through a cnnal of this length with a single lock, and with a system of double locks, it would be much more expensive than any deep putting on the

It is interesting to note in this connection that the ship De Lesseps spoke of is something of a pigmy com- pared with the floating palaces Lunilania and Mauretania of the present day, whose length exceeds tlie 18sO vessel by more than 200 feet

The Era of Activity,

During the firat three years the company devoted its energies principally to the work of preparation and getting material to the Isthmus, although by the end of February, 1883, 500,962 cubic meters of earth had been excavated, and a working force of about 3,000 men established. At the very beginning the laborers struck for higher wages. They went to work for 90 cents silver per day, but made a demand for |1.20 per day, claiming that Uie cost .of living had increased, and that the day laborer in Panama was getting §11.00 per day (1). The demand was granted,

(1). Wages of laborers in 1S83 were finriired in Colombian piastres, worth 84 cents gold eaeli. Thei'eforo the laborer was aeliiaHv getting 84 cents gold for the day's liire, .'. . ..

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Di„i„«b,Googlc

Tin- Kra of Jetiriln.

ISQ

and later the rate of wage rose to $1.50 biIvci jxt day. The imrclmsi! of ntateriul was not confined to France, Imt came fnim every indnxtrial nation. Ju IHS2 tliree di-edgcs were piirchaswl (,f a Philadfli>hia tirni for ?400,000.

In Feljriiaryj ISS;!, M. Dingier assumed control of tliu works as Director General. From this on an impetus was given to openttions. and the work proceeded along more system;itic lines. Closely following him came Ch. Aimts do Lesscps, son of the elder De I^sseps who latpr became interested as a silent partner in nearly all the large canal cojiti-acU, and derived conaiderahle protit tlieivby. The original plan iinilcr which the work was let to eontrnetoi-s failed to meft the tympany's expectations. The contracts were too small mid the work did not go on quick enough. Ijater on the woik was let out in large conti-acts, most of the smaller contiiiLtors prior to this time becoming 8ul>- contractors under tlie new system.

The route of the canal began at Folks River, CristolMil- Colon, followed approximately the valley of the Chagi-es to Has Obispo, then crossed the ConlillerAS through Culebra ^[ountain, and descended through the valley of tlie Rio Urandc to its moutli.. the tine ending two miles out in IVnama Bav. Tlie water depth of the canal was to !« ;(0 feet, mid" tiio lioltom width aliout 72 feet. The problem of crossing tlic Ohiigifs was to be silved by the constriic- . lion of a great dam at or near Camboa, from which the surplus water would escape in another direction by means of diversion chaniK'Is.

With tlie inception of canal operations, an era of vast expenditure iN'giin. Contracts were placed without due rogai-d to economy, and liy 1HS5 it was ajipaivnt that all the estimates made tiuth as to cost and length of time in building would be exceeded. Al)0ut this time too the invest'ii's tiocmiift alarmed at the ruinous manner in which the vast establishment was being run. The press also took it up and soon a strong iiiidereurrent of adverse public opinion became maiiilest. De Ijesseps essayed to stem the

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I90 Pilot and Gwulc.

"L.A RRENSA"

6RIN OIIRiO DE IIFORMICKi mm POT 10 IIPOGBIFIII MODfRNI. lieiMa GOiOl, H 3T.

CN INGLES Y ESPaNoL. EL MEJOR PARA AVISO*.

Extensa Circulacidn en la Zona del Canal.

Vara iit/oiraf y coadicieati. dfideetv: dt Knen di VMS, diri-jirirA

cbk "MooERNA". h fiBIllERMO IKDREyE, 11 Ap-^-do a.

Teltfow No. 17B. li dibbctob pbopiktario- II Carre* M*. M.

"the: p=,p=^^^^-P

HMEIDIDUILTOFIIFORHIITKi PDlHlSlieil Dl TIPOGMFIII MODBIIII, Kl.iT, CGIttallim

Large circulation in the Canal Zone- cbtei'MODEm". I GDILLEfiMO iHDfiEVE, 11 po.toni«Bo«

tide of opposition sentiment and in 1885 applied to the French Government for permission to establish a lottery branch by which he lioped through the issuance of bonds, to provide funds for carrying ou the work. The Chamber of Deputies voted the desired permission, but the proposi- tion was later held up pending a report on actual condi- tions. To this end tlie French Government despatched Armand Kosseau, an eminent engineer to the Isthmus to go over the situation in detail.

Rosse<iu's report was discouraging. He declared that a sea level canal could not be carried through to comple- tion with the means in sight, and recommended the chang- ing of the plans from a sea level canal to a canal with locks as an immediate expedient Others connected with the enterprise coincided with this view, and De Lesseps in the end reluctantly gave his consent to the change. This plan made no change in the liiie of the canal, but the surface of the canal at its summit was to lie fortj-nine meters, or about ItiO feet above sea level.

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The Era of Aetnity.

191

Tbeiiew line of action decided upon, the tottery bonds were issiicd, the limit being put at $160,000,000. Bacli liond represented a value ol $80, .but were put on the market at ¥^2.00. They were to bear 4 per cent, iuter- est, and be redeemed by amortization. The investing public, although the bait was attractive, refused to do more than nibble, and a second attempt hkewise proved abortive.

All the Good Things of Life.

Economy was an unknown factor iu the administra- tion of affairs of the tirst company, and extreme generosity characterized its treatment of its white employes who in tlie main were from Prance. The average pay of a clerk was $125 per month, and of a chief of division from $200 to $300 per month. Two years' service entitled the em- ploye to 5 months' leave of absence, and travelling ex- penses both ways. Quarters were furnished free as well as everything necessary to fit them up, furniture, bedding, lamps, kitchen utensils, etc. All the bead offices were in Panama, and the officials all resided there. The section of the city surrounding Sail Francisco Paric was the head- quarters of tlie French colony in those days. There was no system of accounting in vogue, and employes were per- mitted to draw household articles upon requisition about whenever they liked. In a multitude of cases this laxity was taken advantage of and quite a business in the buying and selling of company's furniture, etc., was secretly car- ried on. After pay days money flowed like wine, and it was nut an uncommon occurrence to see the street around Cathedral Park tilled with seats for the accommodation of officials'and employes bent upon having a good time. In the offices a day's work consisted of seven hours, from 7 a. m. to ]1 a. m. and from 2 p. m. to 5 p. m.

Convalescents at Uie Taboga Sauitaiium were cheered back to Jiealth with truMea, mushrooms, spinach, wines

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Di„i„«b,Googlc

Di„i„«b,Googlc

IQ^ POot and Owtb.

and all the delicacies of (he French markets. In four years the items of pillows, bolsters, and otiier bed linen pur- chased from one Paris firm aggregated 4^30,000, and this was ODiy one of sereral firms furnishing this class of material. The purchases of stationery in six months from one firm alone amounted to flS.OOO per montlL In 1904, the writer saw more than a ton of pen points that had become rusted and useless, thrown away. Verily the ma- terial contracts were a good thing for the dealers, but what of the poor peasant who invested his savings in canal shares on a nsing market?

"Dingler's Folly" (Folie Dingier.'*)

Standing on a handsome terrace ou the western slope of Ancon Hill is a building that readily commands at- tention from passersby via. either the old or new La Boca roads. It was the prospective home of M. Dingter, one of the foremost Director Qenerala of the French company, but he never occupied it. Work on the mansion was started shortly after he came to the Isthmus in February, 1883, and the cost including the grounds is estimated to have been nearly (50,000. For many years it has been known among the French people of Panama, as " Folie Dingier," or " Diugler's Folly." At the time the American Government took possession the place had fallen greatly into decay, but needed repairs were made, and for thepaat three years it has been used by the Department of Sanitation as a quarantine detention station.

The e^>enence of M. Dingier on the Isthmus is, periiaps, the most pathetic in canal history. Stories of the fatal effect the climate of the Isthmus was said to have on foreigners reached France, but Dingier scoffed at these reports. " I am going to show them," he is reported to have said, " that only drunkards and the dissipated take the yellow fever and die there." He brought with him his wife, son and a daughter. His son who was made

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"Drngler"! FoUg' ("Fotie Dingier")

"ailMKIUIUi''

Dan 8«&anB. Un completo jmrtido d« mcajea ; LeClnea Smia; Pkuinuiierlu; LIdim anrtldo de PeinetAfl t Adomoa puselpelOi autanmesde Todmi CU- H« y CuoT««. Sfl pre»tA KftpecLal Al«n- id«n al BeOa Seio.

ALBiAaDso mhit.

"TIEIEITIMItlE"

TheoDly KtareiuPHi

ALWAKOaO Mimii.

Na. M Nwlk AnMt, NMrNa*w»4jVl C*. (- PABAHA. -1

Chief of Posts, shortly coutracted yellow fever and died. Dingier subsequently returned to France on leave of ab- sence and upon the reappearance of himself and family on the IsthiDUS, bis daughter fell victim to Yellow Jack. On the return from a second vacation his wife also sick- ened and died from the same fatal disease. Dingier after- wards went back to France a broken-hearted man. Later be became insane and died in a mad house.

The Collapse and its Results.

Tbe closing days of 1888 marked the end of the De Lesseps regime. In December of that year the company went into liquidation, and ou February 4, 1889, a receiver of its affairs was appointed by the Civil Tribune of the Seine, with autbority to transfer all, or any portion of its assets, to a new corporation. On the Isthmus the wot^^ was not definitely suspended until March 15, 1889, although but little woric had been accomplished for three mentis prior to this event

The suspension of operations threw a small iu:my of laborers out of a job, and an immense amount of suffer- ing resulted. Nine-tenths of the men employed on the canal works were from the West Indian islands. Living only r.pon what they earned day by day the stoppage of work brought them at once to the verge of destitution. The Jamaican Gkivemment however took cognizance of

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|Q@ Pilot and Guide.

their condition, and Uirough their Minister Resident i^- pointed thirteen agencies at different points on the line to carry on the work of repatriation. These agencies had up to May 7th, 1889 sent back over 6,000, while 4,000 more went back on their own account Of tho balance of the 20,000 laborers at work on the canal when Uie crash came, - some remained on the Isthmus and the rest migrated to the other West India islands. The work of repatriation cost the Jamaican Government $.o.00 per head, or a total of about $30,000, The Chilean Goverimieiit seeing an op- portunity at this time to secure immigrants granted 40,000 free passages from Panama to Valparaiso to all classes except colored people and Chinese, and for several months every mail steamer south took away from 400 to 600.

The report of the receiver showed that the total ex- penditures m.odc by tlie canal company on the Isthmus amouuted to $156,654,687, and the total expenditures in Paris, $78,140,330, a grand total of ?234,7!)o,017. Of the items of disbursements at Panama, salaries and expenses of management footed up $16,540,88iJ; rents and mainte- nance of leased property, $3,301,070; material and supplies, $29,722,856; buildings, $15,307,282; construction and en- gineering expenses, $89,434,225; land purchases, $050,6^9, and laodical and religious attendance, $1,836,768.

'^Coming: Events Cast Shadows Before."

i-i i^ylt is time that we of the southern nations" suys M^^t^enir of Cartagena in an article published in' April, 1889, commenting on the canal collapse, '-should rely on no other assistance for the spread of our industries and to restrain the tendencies of European governments, save that which can be given by our brothers of tlie North who are interested with us in seeing that only Amei'icin interests should 'prevail throughout the length and breadth of tho

land. : Let us undeceive ourselves. If

the nations of South America yet require a tutor to free

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"C'lmiHi/ EveiiU fiift fhaifoies Before'". \',

Sombrtrtrta tJt €. %mi\iita ^npl

Avenida Central, No. 143, Panama.

Importaclon Dlrecta dr laa MrJorcB FdibriM* dc Ennps.

UNICA CASA ?UE 3S OCUPA COH ESPECIALIDAD de ESTE RAKO-

n. 143 GEITRIllVEKyE. han am a . G. UIDEO LDPI. PlUltlell.

MOKE THAK OSE ILUXOKKD DIFKE F>lt Hull, Straw Hals, aud Wool

LES T(J SELKCT FltOM. r Hen and Ciilldnu,

SJAKING A SPEaALT)r OF 7

Uiem from deceit and to promote tlieir well-being, that tutor should not be ami cannot bo other tliaii the Govern- ment of the United Stites, wbicli is directly interested in seeing that tlie map of America should register no other nationalities. It is our npinion that the Panama Canal will be opened owing to the necessity felt by the commer- cial world for that cheap and commodious route, but in tiTith we must say thj-.t no other country save tliat of North America can carry to a happy conclusion that gre.it work, since only that connti^y possesses tiie requisites which are necessary to fihish it, and which !ire: An abundance of money, titting machinery which caunot be found in other countries, and habits of work uiiiti'd to reasonable economy in expeuditures."

The Htar tt- Herald in an cditoiial in its issue of May nth, 1880, under the caption of "Future of Panama," takes a philosophic view of the situation and urges the Isthmian people to bestir themselves and develop tlie rich possibilities that lie between the two oceans.

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Pilot fliid Guide.

SOUVENIR BOOKS PICTURE POSTALS LATEST MAGAZINES LATEST PERrODlCALS CAIiKIES; NEWSPAPERS, LOCAL & FOREIGN CIGARS

TOURISTS' NOVELTIES.

Vifn, Jfiyi,.-!. CiJtbra, Empire, Oal-n and CUIobaL

BIENKOWSKI & SPERLING, Proprietors.

The Second, Or New Company.

The history of the new company does not iveord Jiiiy startling achievement in the nmeuiit of work jireomplishetl, in fnct, the rather desultory maiinor in whieh the work was carried on lends color to the helief that it was org- anized primarily at least, to protect the assets of the old cumpany, and to innke a sale when the opportune moment arrived. Compared with the amount of money exjiondcd however, it made a much lH;tter showing than the old com- pany. With a working capital of less than Sl-t,000,000 it excavated some 10,000,000 ciihic metei's of material, as compared with about .50,000,000 cubic meters excavated hy the old company at a cost of upwards of $ "2.") 0,0 00,0 00. In this connection consideration niiiat be given the fact that with the new company plant and material was ready at hand, so that the expense on tins account was comparatively small. It was also tlie expectjition that at tlic end of three or four years' work the investing public would have their coii- fideiice in the undertaking restoix-d, and provide more funds for the purpose, but this expectation did not mnteriali:fo.

In 1890, tlic services of l.ieut. Wyse were again brought into play and on December lOtli of that y(!ar he secured a new agreement with Colombift granting a ten year extension for the completion of the work. The delay

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Di„i„«b,Googlc

niiit atiii Guide.

Central Avenue, in rrnnt nf PasaenDer Station. -^S- IP 3S B^ 5S M'M« -e^

Good Restaurant. Ouick Meals. First Class Bar.

(I Jlosl (T^reeablc and Con^'enkn' Flacc To Vail for the Train-

Billard Parlor and Barber Shop in Connection.

OTTK, FX%.IOE]3 A.R.E1 -RmA.BOIiTA.'B'Lj'm.

^Vt,^„ -„^ 3.1.. .-lu..! eoHie d..& Caff o.. ««>.

LISARDOMENESM., Prop.,

ill organizing tlie new company nuido it iiiipntcticable to comply with the above time limit, and negotiations with Colombia were reopened. On April 4, 1893, another Ex- tension was granted which provided for llie resumption of work on a permanent basis b)' October Jtl, 1^94. and tlie completion of the canal within ten years from' that date. Toward the close of thft nineties it was manifest that the concession woidd expire Ix-fore the work couhl bo finished, so in April, 1!)00 a third eKt»insioii was ari'anged which stipulated that the canal sliould be completed by October 31, 1!)10. In passing it m just to observe that tlio Col- ombian Government exercised a remarkable degree of patience in this connection.

A Stupendous Undertaking.:

The organization of the new company was a :stui)en- dous undertaking in the face of the fact that the mwe men- tion of "Panama" to a French investor was like flaunting a red rag in front of a bull. Visions of graft and* extra r-

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A Stupemlnus rrnlerlakiag.

20 r

agance Boated ever before liis mind. However, in October, 1894, tiie "New Panama Ciliial ('flm))nny " nn-s finally launched npon the troublesome waters ot caiiiil endeavor, with a capital stock of ()5,0y0,000 francs (?13,00l),000), divided into shares of 100 francs each. Inder the agree- ment 50,000 shares fully paid up wore at once set aside for the Colombian Government The receiver of the old company became a party to the new ort;anization and trans- ferred all the property and assets of the old company, real and peisonal, whether in France or Panama, including the grante from the Colombian Government; also the righte of every uature in the Panama Railroad, which had liecii ob- tained through arrangements entered into Ixitwcon the com- pany and the Iioldei's of railroad stock, Tho receiver also subscribed in his ofiicial capacity fur about onc-fouilh of the stock of the new company.

Under the terms of the transfer the new company had a title to the whole property, but tlie rigtitji of those interested in the old company were not entirely e.\tingnished. The latter were under no further obligations to con- tribute toward the auxiliary works, but its successful com- pletion and operation would be »f advantage to them to some extent, inasuiucli as under the terms of the sale sixty \>er cent, of the surplus income after payment of expenses, charges and stipulated dividends was to be appropriated by the receiver for distribution among them. While there might be little or nothing left for the pr(iposed distribution, the existence of this right in favor of the shareholders in the old company made concurrence obligatory in case of a sale of the property.

Should the construction have gone by default on Oc- tober 31,1910, the concession would have Inpscd, but through its railroad contract the cenipany would liave exclusive control of the terrifjry through which the line extended un- til 1966, but being absolutely prohibited the while from selling to any foreign government, it was manifest tliat even if the privileges of the company could have been purchased,

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202 P>>ot and OKidt.

the coiidilioiis would not have permitted of any other government exercising its rights of ownership in connection witli tho construction of the cinal.

The receiver according to tho terms of transfor was clothed with authority to appoint a commission of engineers to rectify previous surreys, inspect pro{irc8S made and to supervise expenditures, and one of tho first steps taken was to oignnize the Oomite Technique, consisting of seven French engineers. This committ<'e made in all three dif- ferent reports. Th? firet pi-oposed a lock canal at an im- prnclicable height; thti second pi-ovided for a lock canal, the bottom of which should bo 20.75 metei-s, or about 08 feet abmc sea level. The locks aci^ordiiig to this plan would be five in number, ono each at Hohio and Has Obispo on the Atlantic side of the divide, and one each at Paraiso and Miraflores, with a tidal lock near Miraflorcs on the Pacific side. The thii-d plan comprehended a canal the bottom of which would be about 112 feet above sea level, and with hut tliree locks, one .it Bohio, another at or near Pedro Miguel, and Uie third at Mirallores.

Net Results.

The committee's plan lor legulnting the Chngres Riv- er, and to obtain tliercfrom th(» requisite amount of water to operate the canal at all tiines, consisted in the construc- tion of a dam at Bohio of !?r)0,000,000 cubic meter capa- city, and of another dam faiHier up the river at Albajuola, capable of storing 150,000,000 cubic meters of water. With the lake at Bohio, and tho reservoir at Alhajuela, it was estimated that there would be no difficulty as to a suffi- cient water supply at any period of tho year. The old company eiigineei-s pr<)posed the site of Oaniboa for a dam after it took up tlie lock canal proposition, but theComit« Technique considei-ed this site as entirely unsuitable. The Oratun site of the present day never entered into the cal- culations of tlie French engineers.

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Do You Want the Latest News from Home?

Tur niiiv 'Ttid d ucDiin"

MIL UniLI J I nil Ul HLIinLU

;sioHsra o>j the isthml-s the news

OLDEST, LABGEST nil BEST HEWSPAPEB FUBLISHEO m h ISTHIIIS.

Ths Bsct J&iium fcr Aivsrticsrc. PuWislcil Daily Escept Monilav, Rates: $ 2,0(1 P. C, per monlh.

ADnmCSK ALL CdilMrSHATlOSti TO

ihc Jtat k ^nM CJompaiig,

No. i6 South Ave., I=*anama.

The Comite Technique left asa heritiifjeaviist niiHtiiiit of valustblo papers boniiiig iipan siirvoys niid ohnvtinga which have been ussd to ROod purpose liy the Ti^thiuiau Canal Ooininissioii. Apiirt from these, the i-esults of tlio efforts of the new company were small. Tho actual con- stnictioii work was confined principally to excavating in Cu- lehra cut, and work at tho Pacific entrance to tho canal. Not to exceed :S,000 men wero on tho company's pay lulls at any one time, as compared with tlie maximum number of '2r>,00() in the best days of the old company.

Tho amount of excavation done hy the two French companies during the active period of their existence is Rliown by the following data;

Ilii;hi-st<-li>vBtimi nl (liilflirn hetia Ilig1ii4tt i-lKviilInn 0) Kan Obinni In

ij'llK'Kn'iu-liHt llnsi

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Pilot aiifl Guiite.

UTTEPMS OF MMTM

Talk of separation liiilil)c(l to thfi snrfaco ropo.ilcdly during tlie intervul nf cifjlity or iiions yciuti Iwtwepii Pii- iiamii's iiiilcpeiidein'o from Spain, and Ihfi spressioii inovo- mei)t of 1!)0H. Tlio tit; that \m\m\ lirr tn the Oraiiailino Confcdemtion, and later to Ooknnbia hud always Iwcn a galling one. It was rinitiniially a. gamo of give ami fcikp, with PaiianiH in the chaiity role.

The people of the Isthmus were not long in sizing up the situation, and as eaity as 182T started a separation movement, which had for its aim annexation with Great Britain. The prime movers of this, set forth the fact that tlie commercial relations of Panama with the interior de- partments of Colombia amounted to hui little; natural bar- riers preventing fiee intoroui-se, and complained that the inhabitants of the southern purl of the republic treated the people of the Isthmus as fmcif^urra and preyed on their commerce. Before the movement had gained much head- way however, the patriot, Bolivar stepped into the breach and pacified the secessionists.

The next attempt at separation occurred on Novem- ber IS, 1H40 when the peojilo of the city of Panama, under the leadership of Col. ToiUiis Horrera arose eu masse and proclaimed their independence, Tnasmuch as the civil head of the Isthmus, Dr. Carlos dc Icaza, was Jiimsolf in sympathy witli the movement, no opposition was offered by the autliorities.

Dr. Hufino Cuer\o t thit tnne Minister of Colom- bia at Quito, hearing of whit wjs going on in Panama sent Col. Anselnio Pn edi ind Dr. Ricardo do In Parra there with the object of distoungnig the movement, and to reincorporate the Isthmus into th< Granadine Confodcva- tion. The commissioners promised a much better ,admiiiis-

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tmlion of affaire in whicb Panama was coiicprnt'il, and full amnesty for those connoctcti ivitli tlio separation plot In view of the fact that these promises were backcif by nHar- aiitees from Dr. Cuervo, Geii. .Fuan Jose Klores. and the President of Ecuadcn, the people of the Isthmas entered into a new treaty on December iil, IS-tl, by whicli Pr.na- ma once more became a member of the New Granadian League.

In March 1842, D.inn'iigo Caicedo, then Vice-Presi- dent of New Granada. re|inOiated this treat)', claiiuinj; that Dr. Cueno and Dr. Pana had exceeded their powers, aiul in the same year the Granadian Oongress re])udir,te(I the law granting amnesty to the Pananienos. AFany of tlio latter to avoid persecution were forced to e\|)ntriato- fhem- seWes.

Another agitation for independence was started in 1860, fostered by Jose do Ohaidia, then iaovcrnor. At this period New Gnmada was badly diiwirganized, hnvinff just been racked by civil war, whicli resulted in the pro-

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claiming of Tonias CJpriano Jfosquera, dictator. ObiiMia thought the time piopitioHS and announced his intentions to the Bogota Government, advising that it was proposed to set up an cstabhshment undei' tlio protectorate of either the United States, France or England. At this junctuix', Obaldia wjis succeeded hy Santiago da laOnardia, as (Jov- enior, ai;d the latter ]ieglectod to follow up the advanfcige. Mosquera by tliia time had gotten his political affaii-s atn.ightened cut soinewliat, and' turned his iittention to the Istl.mus. In ISCl, he sont a deputy to Colon to nu-et the Islhiuiiins and arrange a new tivaty which i)rovided for nioro pr(;mise8 and guarantees, hnt in less than a year Mnsqnera siiw fit to repudiate tlie agreement.

On Feb. 27, IHTiii, the Government of New Granada conferr^Hl on the Isthmus, the title of "'State of Paninna," and the rights and privileges of a sovereign stat^', a distinc- tion nut sh;ired in by thn other i>rovineps of the Republic. It is doublful however, if this act ever resulted in any ben- elil, direct or indirect, to the people of Panama.

IN TBE TIOES OF PMUTM.

The political history of the Isthmus is marked by many a woind and many a sc;ir, hut its troubled waters has been stirred so oft«n in times past that the bi-caking out of a revidution ceased to excite more than |)assing comment abroad. Many of these internecine struggli-s were insi^uificiint in their nature and of short duration, but the war of 1900 to H)02 was of an entirely different character and cor.stituted the most sanguinary opocli in the annals of the Isthmus.

The trouble first started in the interior of Colombia, and before hostilities were finally suspendVl, the tiame of

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revolt had spread the length and breadth of the country. For more than fifteen years ihe ruling party hi Colombia bad lieeii the Oonseivative' or clerical party as it wassome- tinies railed. In IStIS this i>arty lo^t the roins of {overn- iiient tlii-ougli H dottectinn fi-om its ranks of a group of moil calling themselves Nationalists. The Nationalists fav- ored a niil(l4'r course toward the Lii>crals and elected Dr. Manuel Sancleniente, President. Meanwhile the Conserv- atives were not idle, and the following year succeeded in having Sanclementc deposed by "golpo de ostado " (!). This la-ought the Consenative party back into power with -Tose 1\T. Marro<|uin, Vice-President under Sanclemente, at its bead. The Liberal party at this period is said to have con- st.itut<>d about seventy per ceiit. of tlie entire po{inlation, exclusive of the uncivilized Indians. Many years before when in power, tliis party had incurred the enmity of the church by expelling tlie .Tcsuits and confiscating chureh property for the use of state and education. Since then, to check the i)arty's growth and to stamp out liberal ten- dencies, it is alleged that the offices of tlic church were frequently used. Many are said to have Ijcen excomuiu- uicated; the marriage senice and rites of burial refused, and their children denied admission