New Paris directory, 1838

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GALIGNANI S

PARIS GUIDE.

PRINTED BY A. BELIN AND CO., 55, RUE STE. ANNE.

3ALI91T.A.1TX>3

NEW PARIS GUIDE,

CONTAINING

AN ACCURATE STATISTICAL AND HISTORICAL DESCRIPTION OF ALL THE INSTITUTIONS, PUBLIC EDIFICES, CURIOSITIES, ETC., OF THE CAPI- TAL ; AN ABSTRACT OF THE LAWS AFFECTING FOREIGNERS ; A COM- PARATIVE SCALE OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES J VALUE OF COINS ; A TABLE OF FRENCH AND ENGLISH CUSTOMS' DUTIES; WITH IN- FORMATION FOR TRAVELLERS; AND A DIRECTORY OF PARISIAN BANKERS, TRADESMEN, ETC.

TO WHICH IS ADDED

A DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONS.

THE WHOLE COMPILED FROM THE BEST AUTHORITIES, CAREFULLY VERIFIED BY PERSONAL INSPECTION,

AND

ARRANGED ON AN ENTIRELY NEW PLAN.

Price

WITH A MAP, 6 FRANCS. WITH A MAP AND 59 PLATES, 9 FRANCS. '

PARIS,

PUBLISHED BY A. AND W. G ALIGN ANI AND Co.

RUE VIVIENNE, NO. 18.

AUGUST, 1838,

in in r\

PREFACE.

In the composition of the following work great care has been taken to derive all the facts and circumstances slated in it, not only from the books of greatest authority, (1) and from long personal experience of Paris, but also to verify the whole by the latest possible inspection of all the buildings, monu- ments, institutions, etc., contained in the capital. To persons acquainted with the nature of the subject, it will not appear undue arrogance to assert, that the Guides hitherto composed in the French language are entirely unworthy of the matter they profess to treat of; and it may also be confidently said, that in this present work will be found an immense quantity of valuable and interesting information, condensed into a smaller compass than has hitherto been attempted, in effecting which neither time nor expense have been spared. In describing Paris, its institutions, and its buildings, a plan has been adopted, which has been deemed best calculated not

(i) The principal works of authority on the History and Antiqui- ties of Paris are the following: - Felib ien et Lobineauy Hist, de Paris, 5 vols, folio; Sauval, Antiquite's de Parish vols, folio; St. Victor, Hist, de Paris, 8 vols. 8vo ; Dulaure, Hist, de Paris, io vols. 8vo; Gilbert, Hist, de VEglise Metrop< de IV. Dame, i vol. 4to ; Bouillard, Hist, de V Abbaye de St. Germain des Pres, i vol. folio; Felibien, Hist, de V Abb aye de St. Denis, i vol. 4to. But a most excellent compendium of the essence of the above-mentioned works, embodied in a form that is peculiarly suited to the English reader, and at much greater length than is compatible with the limits of a portable Guide, is to be found in the History of Paris9 3 vols. 8vo, price 24fr., published by Messrs. A. and W. Galignani and Co., and to this book all, who may be induced by a perusal of the following work to study the antiquities of Paris at greater length, are referred.

PREFACE.

only to increase the simplicity and perspicuity of the account,

but also to save the visitor much useless expenditure of time and exertion. Whatever relates to the institutions and ge- neral statistics of Paris has been put into the Introduction of this "book ; while each building is described in the arrondissc- ment in which it occurs, and the , arrondissement itself is placed in its regular order among the rest of the same divi- sions of the capital. The visitor is supposed to start from the central point of the Place Yendome, to study his map of Paris with care, and then to go through the arrondissements, inspecting their contents in the order in which they are ar- ranged in this work, or omitting some according to his taste and inclination. By so doing he will see everything in a comparatively short space of time, and will pass over nothing that is really worthy of being examined by the tourist. By a reference to the index, where all the objects described in the body of the work are carefully classified, the reader may easily see, at one glance, the whole of any particular class of things of which he may be in search. There are, however, many persons who visit Paris for only a few days, and who therefore have not time to inspect all the arrondissements of the town in the detailed manner wherein they are here treated. To such persons a list of places that are absolutely indis- pensable to be seen, by any one who would at all wish to know Paris, will not be unacceptable; and it is therefore here subjoined, with a general reference at the same time to the article headed 6i Stranger's Diary/1 in the English news- paper, Galignani's Messenger, which is taken in at all the principal cafes, restaurants, etc., or may be subscribed for by the day or month, and where whatever is to be seen on the

PREFACE.

V

day of publication, and the following one, is always men- tioned, with all necessary information concerning it,

LIST OF PLACES THAT MUST BE SEEN BY A STRANGER,

Palace of the Tuileries, and Triumphal Arch.

Louvre, Pictures, Statues, etc.

Palace and Galleries off the Palais Royal.

Triumphal Arch de l'Etoile.

Church of the Madeleine.

Chapelle Expiatoire.

Column of Place Venddme.

Bibliotheque du Roi.

Bourse.

Church of Notre Dame de Loreltc. Abattoir de Popincourt. Pere La Chaise. - Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers. Cathedral Church of Notre Dame. La Morgue. Pantheon.

Church of St. Etienne du Mont. Jardin desPlantes. Halle aux Vins. The Mint,

Ecole des Beaux Arts.

Church of St. Germain des Pres. v Palace of Luxembourg, Picture Gallery, and Chamber of Peers, xf Church of St . Sulpice.

Musee d'Artillerie.

Palais du Quai d'Orsay.

Obelisk of Luxor.

Chamber of Deputies.

Invalides.

Halle auBle.

Church of St. Eustache.

St. Cloud. Versailles.

Sevres Porcelain Manufactory. Abbey of St. Denis. v

The stranger in Paris is also strongly advised to attend high mass at the churches of Notre Dame or St. Roch, at 11 any Sunday morning, if he would witness an imposing spectacle, or be gratified with some excellent music.

vi

PREFACE*

As much time may be saved by knowing the days and hours when the various public institutions, museums, libra- ries, etc., can be visited, the reader is particularly recom- mended to consult the chapter on Public Institutions, p. 79. The liberality of the French nation and government in giving every facility to foreigners, desirous of visiting the public institutions of the capital and the country, is too well known to need any praise. The right way to proceed, for a stranger desirous of obtaining permission to visit any place for which a special ticket is necessary, is to address a letter to the pro- per person, who is indicated in each case throughout the work, in the following terms ; taking care at the same time either to leave it at his residence, or to send it, free of any expense, by post. He will then receive in a day or two the special permission desired.

M. [ giving his title, etc.]

Tai Vhonneur de vous prier & avoir la bonte" de me faire adresser un billet pour [name number of persons], pour visiter [insert name of place]. Mon sejour a Paris etant tres-court, je vous serai fort oblige de vouloir bien m'envoyer ce billet le plus tot possible.

Je vous prie, M. ~ - [repeat title, etc.] d'agreer d'avance mes remercimenls en meme temps que mes salutations les plus empresses.

[Sign name, with address very clearly written.]

To this it may be added, that while a due degree of caution is observed in granting leave to visit the interior of the pri- sons, the hospitals and other charitable institutions are thrown ©pen, not only to the curious, but also to the necessitous stranger, with a liberality tbatcannot be loo highly commended.

PREFACE.

Yll

It has been often remarked, that the English stranger, on arriving in Paris, is at a loss to choose among the multiplicity of good things presented to his taste by the cartes of the restau- rants at which he dines, some of which contain three or four hundred dishes. The following brief list, therefore, of some of the better - and including several of the more decidedly national - of the French dishes, will be well received, it is hoped, by the gastronomic traveller.

Soups (Potage).

A la Julienne. Au macaroni.

Au riz et a la pure'e. Puree aux croutons.

Meats (Yiande).

Beefsteak, au beurre d'anchois. Filet de bceuf, au vin de Madere. Fricandeau, sauce tomate. Riz, pique a la financiere. Ditto, a la poulette. Tete de veau, en matelotte.

Tete de veau, en tortue. Cotelettes de mouton, a la Sou- bise.

Ditto, sautees aux truffes. Rognons, au vin de Champagne.

Poultry (Volatile).

Ciiapon, au grossel.

Poulet, a la Marengo.

Ditto, en fricassee.

Ditto, a la Tartare.

Ditto, en Mayonnaise.

Ditto, saute aux champignons.

Supreme de volaille.

Goquille a la financiere. Croquettes de volaille. Salade de volaille. Ditto a la Mayonnaise. Ragout a la financiere. Canneton de Rouen roti. Foie gras, en caisse.

Game (Gibier).

Perdreau, en salmi aux truffes. 1 Caille, a la financiere aux truffes. Ditto, roti, I Ditto, roti.

Pastry (Patisserie).

Vol-au-vent a la financiere. Ditto, de saumon. Ditto, de ris de veau aux truffes. Ditto* deturbot a la beehameHe.

Vol-au-vent, de filet de volaille

aux truffes. Pates de foie gras.

viii

PREFACE.

Fish (Poisson).

Turbot, sauce aux huitres. Ditto, sauce aux capres. Saumon, sauce aux capres. Ditto, a la Genevoise. Truite, en Mayonnaise. Eperlan, au gratin. Ditto, frit.

Sole, au gratin.

Ditto, a la Normande.

Filet de sole, a la maitre d'hotel.

Matelotte de carpe et d'anguille.

Anguiile, a la Tartare.

Bechamelle de poisson.

Coquille aux huitres.

Side Dishes (Entremets).

Coquille aux champignons. Macaroni, augratin. Choux-fleurs, au Parmesan.

Ditto.

Beignets, de pomme. Ditto, d'abricots. Omelette soufflee. Ditto, aux confitures. Charlotte de pomme,

Omelette, aux fines herbes. Artichauts, a la barigoule. Ditto, frits.

'(Entremets au Sucre).

Charlotte, aux confitures. Ditto, russe aux fraises. Croquets de riz. Meringue, aux confitures. Ditto, glacee.

Wines (Vins).

Red.

Beaune.

Pomard.

Nuits.

Volnay.

Chambertin.

Romance.

Hermitage.

Cote-Rotie.

Medoc.

Chateau Margaux. Pichon.

Mouton. Laffitte.

White. Chablis. Meursalt. 4 Saint Perray. Hermitage. Sauterne. Champagne.

Sweet Wines. Lunel. Frontignan.

Liquors.

Eau de vie ; Kirclvwasser ; Anisette ; Cura$oa ; Marasquin ; Ab- s inthe ; Creme de Mofca ; Creme de Noyaux ; Creme de Cafe ; Huile de Yanille; Huile de Rose ; Liqueur des lies.

The engravings that embellish this work have been executed by Mr* Le Petit, an English artist now residing in Paris, and do infinite credit to him.

NEW PARIS GUIDE,

MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION.

Passports. - Before leaving England it is indispensably necessary to be furnished with a passport, which is to be pro- cured from the French ambassador* at the office, 4, Poland- street, from 12 to 4 o'clock daily. The name of the appli- cant, his address, and the road he intends to lake, must be stated, and on the following day the passport will be delivered, gratis. The hours of application are from 1 to 3 o'clock. Passports may also be procured from the French consuls at Dover, Brighton, Portsmouth, Southampton, and other British sea-ports; but at these places there will be a charge of 5s. On arriving at a French port, the passports are de- manded by the police-officers, and immediately sent on to Paris ; a temporary passport, for which 2 fr. are charg- ed, is then given to the tourist, and will serve him till he reaches the capital. It will sometimes be demanded and examined, as he travels, at some of the principal towns. A few days after reaching Paris, the temporary passport must be presented at the prefecture of police, Quai des Orfevres, where the original one will be returned. If only a short slay is to be made in Paris, the passport should be countersigned immediately, and the next place intended to be visited should be specified in it ; if a long one, the original passport can be left at the prefecture till within a few days of xleparture, or a permis de sejour may be obtained. In his excursions through Paris, however, the tourist will do well to carry his passport about him, as it will obtain him admission to several museums, and may be very useful as. a measure of precaution on scyeral

s

muoiHjCTio.v.

occasions. Previous to leaving Paris the passport must be sent to the British ambassador, 39, rue du Faubourg St. Honore, to be countersigned, from 11 to 1. It is then to be taken to the prefecture of police, open from 10 till 4, where it is again countersigned; and where the traveller will be recommended to take it to the office of the minister for foreign affairs, Boulevard des Capucines, open from 3 to 5, where a fee of 10 fr. is demanded. We cannot avoid recommending the traveller not to comply w ith this injunction, (1) as it^is a regulation that is not enforced, and of which the government ought to be ashamed. Persons travelling to Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and particularly Italy, must have their passports countersigned by the Ambassadors or Charges d'Affaires of all the states through which they intend to pass. This is important. For their residences see Directory.

Conveyances. - Correct information respecting convey- ances to France may be obtained at the following places in London : - Cross Keys, Wood-street, Cheapside ; Spread Eagle, Gracechurch- street ; White Bear, Picadilly ; Bell and Crown, Holborn ; Blossom's Inn, Lawrence-lane ; Golden Cross, Charing-cross ; Green Man and Still, Oxford-street - Bolt-in-Tun, Fleet-street; Begent-circus, Piccadilly ; 69, Lombard-street ; 56, Haymarket ; and at the packet-offices in the neighbourhood of the Tower. Here places may be secured to Dover, Calais, Boulogne, Dunkirk, Ostend, Paris, Brussels, etc. The coaches leave London, every morning and evening, for Dover, Margate, Bamsgate, Brighton, and Southampton. From Calais the mail starts every night from Mem ice's Hotel - Laffitte and Co.'s diligence from 9, rue Neuve ; messagerics royalSs start from 14, rue de la Mer, for Paris twice a-day. Steam-packets are always ready for the conveyance of pas- sengers who are booked throughout, but persons desirous of stopping on the road are allowed to do so, and resume their journey at pleasure, without additional expense, provided it ie mentioned when the place is taken and if there is room in the diligence; but there are many inconveniences attending this advantage, such as the being detained several days. Persons "Who have a dislike to travelling in the night can start by the

(i) Unless in the instance where the traveller may have lost his original passport, and obtained another in Paris in order to return borne ; in this case it is essential that the passport be carried to the foreign-office, otherwise the bearer will run the risk of being detained on the frontier, and prevented from embarking.

CONVEYANCES.

coaches which leave London in the morning; they then sleep at Dover; cross the water in the middle of the day; sleep also at Calais or Boulogne ; and depart by the coaches on the following morning. Those who wish to save time should travel hy the evening coaches to Dover, where they will arrive three or four hours before the packet sails.

The price of places varies according to the season of the year and the opposition on the road.

Steam-packets leave the Tower-stairs for Calais and Bou- logne two or three times a- week ; for Dover, Rainsgate, and Margate daily, corresponding with packets leaving those ports for the coast of France. From Dover steam-packets cross the channel daily to Calais and Boulogne. During the sum- mer, steam-packets sail twice or thrice a-week from London to Havre, from Brighton to Dieppe and Havre, and from Southampton to Havre and the Channel islands, St. Malo, etc.

The most direct and commodious way of proceeding to Paris is by the steam-packet from London to Calais or Bou- logne, and thence by diligence to Paris; the most beautiful and the most agreeable is by Southampton and H&vre, thence by a steam-packet up the Seine to Rouen, and from that city by a diligence to the capital along the lower road. There are steam-packets that sail between Rouen and Maisons-sur-Seine, about 4 leagues from Paris, where they stop on account of the windings of the river. From hence passengers are con- veyed by diligence to Paris ; but this line of communication is open only during part of the year.

All parcels sent to the Continent must have annexed to them a written declaration of their contents and value, with the name and address of the person sending them.

The diligences in general carry 15 passengers ; there are some of them, however, that carry fifteen inside and 3 outside passengers, besides the conducteur, who corresponds to an English guard. The conductor pays for the passenger the perquisite to the postilions at each stage, and receives, at the end of the journey, the whole amount, which is charged at the rate of 2 sous per 6 or 8 miles, exclusive of his own fee, which is about double that sum. Each passenger is allowed from 40 to 50 lbs. of luggage ; above that amount is charged by weight. It is customary, on being booked, to pay one half of the fare, and a receipt is given indicating the day and hour of departure. The places are all numbered, and when the traveller takes a place, the number of the seat he is t j

4

INTRODUCTION.

occupy is mentioned on the receipt. The conductor always takes care that every traveller shall occupy his place, by call- ing each in his turn.

Malles-postes leave the post-office in Paris every evening at 6 o'clock for the following places : - Besancon, Bordeaux, Brest, Caen, Calais, Clermont-Ferrand, H^vre, Lille, Lyon, Marseille, Mezieres, Nantes, Rouen, Strasbourg and Toulouse. Each malle-poste, except the light ones for Calais and H&vre, carries 3 passengers besides the conducteur ; the charge is 1 fr. 50 c. for each poste ; and 50 lbs. of luggage is allowed to each passenger.

A complete list of conveyances from Paris to the principal places in France is too long for insertion in this work. Dili- gences to all parts of France and foreign countries may be found, and all necessary information obtained, at the office of the messageries royales, 22, rue Notre Dame des Victoires, near the Exchange ; at the messageries generates of Messrs. Laffitte, Caillard, and Co., 18, rue de Grenelle St. Honore, and 130, rue St. Honore, and at the various coach-offices in the rue du Bouloy, rue and faubourg St. Denis, etc.

Posting. - The carriages which are hired for travelling post, and which will not contain more than two persons, are generally called cabriolets. They have only two wheels, and are drawn by two horses. As a carriage cannot, in France, be changed at every stage, the traveller must hire a cabriolet, or any other conveyance, for the whole journey. The charge varies ; but one from Calais to Paris may generally be had for about 100 fr. Other carriages, called caliches or berlines, on four wheels, which will carry three, four, or six persons, may be had for 120 or 130 fr. Carriages for long journeys are much more reasonable, and should be hired at so much per day, generally about 7 to 10 fr. In hiring a carriage, it is important to have written on the receipt, that all repairs which may be required on the road shall be paid for by the person who lets it, and to get receipts for all such disburse- ments. On arriving at Paris or elsewhere, a hired carriage should be immediately sent according to the direction received on engaging it, in order to avoid disputes.

Posting in France being under the direction of the govern- ment, there is only one place at each stage or in each town, for changing horses. This place is seldom an inn ; but the pos- tilion will conduct the traveller to any place he is ordered. The business of posting is well managed, The postilions do

POSTING REGULATIONS. 5

not drive so fast as in England ; but there is no danger what- ever of their being drunk, or racing against each other. There are no turnpike-gates in the kingdom ; and the charge of post- ing and paying the postilion is fixed. They seldom put more than three horses to a carriage, and generally all abreast, with one postilion, except when the carriage has a pole ; it then has 5pur horses and two postilions, it is therefore advisable for travellers who take their own carriage to have shafts instead of a pole, as this makes a considerable difference in the expense of posting. In some places where the roads are bad, or the distances great, an extra horse is obligatory, except for certain carriages to which the extra horse could not be yoked without danger ; the traveller may then agree with the post-master to have stronger horses instead of an extra one, the charge for which he nevertheless pays.

The post-houses being under the control of the government, a stranger can seldom be imposed upon, as a book is published every year by authority called the Livre des Pastes, which has an alphabetical list of all the post-roads in France, with their principal communications, and the number of posts on each road. Affixed to it is a map of France, on which the posts and half posts are likewise all carefully marked. The Livre, des Posies also contains the rules and regulations for posting, some of which we shall here insert, together with tables of the rate of posting, for the information of travellers. This book, nevertheless, will be found of the greatest utility, and will prevent imposition. It can be procured at Messrs. A. and W. Galignani and Co.'s; price 5 fr.

Regulations relative to posting. - Post-masters appointed by government are alone permitted to furnish horses to travellers. - The post-master must constantly reside at or near the post- house. - A postilion under 1(5 years of age cannot be hired. - Travellers are requested to enter every complaint they may have against the postilion or master, in a book which is kept at each post-house, and is regularly examined by the kr tors. - The post-master is answerable for any accident that may occur from the carelessness of the postilion, or restiveness of the horses. - Travellers are supplied in the exact order in which they, or their couriers, arrive: no exception being made, except in favour of mails or couriers with government dispatches. - A carriage drawn by 3 horses can carry only 140 lbs. of luggage - 100 lbs. behind, and 40 lbs. before. - The charge for the distance from one post-house to another

1.

6 INTRODUCTION, must always be paid beforehand. - -No post-carriage may pasS another on the road, unless some accident happens to that which goes before. - Each post shall be run in an hour.

The rate of posting, as fixed by the government, is 1 fr. 50 c. per post for each horse : and as many horses are paid for as there are persons in the carriage, except in certain^5 cases specified in the following table. On arriving at certain privi- leged places called " posies royales," and on departing from them the first post is paid double. Supplementary charges for J£ , % or whole posts are made at certain towns, in consequence of the road being very hilly, or for other causes ; and sometimes an extra horse called a cheval de renfort is put on, on account of the nature of the country. The remuneration of the pos- tilions, as fixed by the legal tariff, is 15 sous per post: butA40 sous are generally given, unless there is reason to be dissa- tisfied with the postilion. The post, being calculated at 2 leagues, is generally equal to 5 English miles.

The following table shows the number of horses required for cabriolets and four-wheel carriages with shafts, called limonieres, and for four-wheel carriages with poles ; and the charge per post.

No. of I Postilions

Charge | Charge | for | for | Horses. | Postilions |

Sum Total.

or 2 3

or 2

3

4

1 1 1

Cabriolet or Chaise, i | 3fr. oe. | i | 4fr. 5oc. |

Calasli with one seat and pole.

2fr.

2IT»

i

2fr. 2fr. 4fr.

ith two seats and shafts. I | 4fr. 5oc. J 2fr.

3fr. 4fr. 6fr.

Carriage i?2,or3 | 3 i

V* One franc extra paid for each person exceeding

Berline, or carriage with two seats and pole.

1,2,3,0141 4 I 2 I *- I it- !

5 | 4 | 2 | 7fr. 4fr- I

6 | 6 | 2 | gfr. I 4&. I

One franc per post extra must be paid for each person ex- ceeding six ; more than six horses cannot be put to a berline. One child under 10 years old is not reckoned. Two children of 10 years and under reckon for one person, except when

5fr.

| 6fr.5oc*

5fr. 6fr. iofr.

6fr.5oc. 3.

iofr. 1 1 fr. i3fr.

Carriages, hackney coaches, etc* 1

one oi* both are under 3 years. Ten sous is paid for each child of 10 and under, above 2, except under 3 years old.

A slow but pleasant mode of travelling for some persons, is to make a bargain with a man called a voiturier, who keeps carriages and horses, and will convey travellers with the same carriage and horses to any place, and defray all their expenses on the road, for a fixed sum. The inconve- nience of this mode of conveyance is, that the traveller must set off every morning very early, and stop, in the middle of the day, for at least two hours, to refresh the horses. The distance performed daily is from 35 to 45 miles. Such car- riages will carry a great deal of luggage, and are very conve- nient for a family. The expense is generally a guinea a-day for the journey, and as much for the voiturier to return; so that, if the journey lasts five days, the expense will be about 10 guineas; but different bargains may be made in different places. Return carriages of this description may sometimes be met with on reasonable terms. The driver always expects one or two francs a-day.

Another way of travelling in France is to ride on horseback, which is called d franc etrier. The rider must then have a postilion to attend him. The luggage is carried in saddle- bags, by the traveller's horse, and the postilion will also carry a portmanteau behind him, if it does not weigh more than 30 pounds. The postilion always rides before the traveller, who is not allowed on any account to pass him. If the party con- sists of more than three persons, there must be two postilions to conduct them. We would not, however, recommend this way of travelling to any one not fond of rough riding.

Carriages, Hackney Coaches, Cabriolets. - Voitures de remise (glass coaches) may be hired by the day or month, at from 20 to 30 fr. a-day, or from 400 to 500 fr. a-month. They will go a certain distance out of Paris, but must be back again before midnight, unless a particular agreement be made.

In the hackney coaches, called fiacres, a drive from any part of Paris to another without stopping is 30 sous, from six in the morning to midnight ; but they may be taken by the hour, and then the first hour is 45 sous, and each fol- lowing hour 35. It is customary to give the coachman a few sous above his fare. From midnight to six in the morn- ing the fares are 2 fr. a-drive, and 3fr. an -hour. All ve- hicles are numbered both within and without; and it is advi- sable to take notice of the number, in case of any acci-

9 INTRODUCTION.

dent or insolence of the driver. Immediate redress, and with little trouble, can always be had at the Bureau de la Police pour les voitures publiques, 31, rue Gucnegaud. It is unnecessary to make a personal application, as a complaint by letter is promptly attended to.

Citaclines, Lutcciennes , etc, as they are sometimes called, are small chariots with one horse, and hold two persons, and sometimes three. Their charges are for a drive 25 sous, first hour 34 sous, each following 27 sous.

Cabriolets hold two persons besides the driver. They ge- nerally go faster than the fiacres, but their cover is not al- ways a shelter against rain. The charge for a drive is 20 sous, from six in the morning to midnight; the first hour 35, and each following hour 30 sous ; but 30, 40, and 45, are generally given, if they drive quick. From midnight to six in the morning, the drive is 35 sous and the hour 2 fr. 10 sous. There are also cabriolets de la regie or de remise, for which 30 sous are paid for the drive ; but by the hour the charge is 40 sous. After midnight the fares are 35 sous a drive, and 50 sous an hour. By a recent regulation of the prefect of police, cabriolets are to be hired for fractions of an hour ; but in that case they must have a plate with a notice to this effect affixed in a conspicuous place. As a measure of precaution, on hiring these vehicles, it is necessary to men- tion either a la course or a Vheure; otherwise the driver can demand the price of a course for each stoppage. In the latter instance, the vehicle is at the disposal of the person hiring it. To avoid disputes, the traveller should show the driver the time by his watch. After the first hour, the charge is made for the fractions of time, and not for full hours.

Besides those for the interior service of Paris, there are cabriolets on a different construction for the environs. These will commonly hold nine persons, and the driver sits on a kind of box outside. They have no fixed charge, which how- ever is very moderate, except on particular occasions, when they increase their demand. The cabriolets for Versailles, in which a place costs 25 or 30 sous, for St. Germain, St. Cloud, and all the spots situated to the west of Paris, are stationed at the extremity of the quay of the Tuileries, near the Pont Louis XVI. Those for St. Denis, at 12 or 15 sous, for the valley of Montmorency, and for all places to the north of Paris, are in the rue d'Enghienor St. Denis, near the Porte St. Denis. Those for Vincennes, 10 sous, and ail the east, Place de la

OMNIBUSES. STEA3MT BOATS, POST OFFICE. 0

Bastille. Those for Arcueil, Sceaux, and all the south, are in the rue d'Enfer. There are vehicles moreover that set out at fixed hours for Versailles, St. Germain, and other towns near Paris. (1) They are very convenient. It is best to take a place in them beforehand.

Omnibus. - There are numerous sets of omnibuses estab- lished in Paris, which go to all parts of the town, and at all hours between 8 in the morning and 11 at night. They are called by different names according to the different com- panies or proprietors to whom they belong. Their price is fixed at 6 sous, for all distances ; and all of them correspond with si- milar vehicles crossing their own lines, by means of which per- sons wishing to deviate from the direct line of communica- tion may do so, without any additional charge being made. The fullest details of all these vehicles, and their lines of route and correspondances , which are frequently changing, will be found in a small publication sold for 3 sous at all their offices.

Goches de Haute-Seine. - Passage-boats, called coches d'eau, are established on the upper part of the river, to con- vey travellers or goods to any village or town on the banks of the Seine or Marne, and into Champagne or Burgundy. Their offices are at No. 1, rue Bretonvilliers, Isle Saint Louis. They set out from the Port St. Bernard at 7 in the morning in summer, and at 8 in winter. They travel however very slowly, and never have good company on board.

Steam-Boats. - Several steamers leave the Port de la Greve for Montereau, everyday during summer and vice versa by Choisy, Villeneuve,Chatillon, Soisy-sous-fitiolles, Corbeil, St. Port, Melun, and Valvin. They carry only passengers. The charge is moderate. A steam-boat leaves for Rouen every day in summer. The office is at 4, rue de Rivoli.

Post-Office. - The administration of the postage of letters is conducted at the General Post-office in the rues Jean Jacques Rousseau and Coq Heron ; at 9 auxiliary bureaux, called bu- reaux d'arrondissement, situated as follows : - 1, rue Lenoir St. Honore ; 13, rue St. Louis, an Marais ; 4, rue des Vieilles Audriettes; 23, rue de l'Echiquier ; 24, rue Deseze ; 2, rue de Beaune ; rue St. Andre des Arts; 35, rue des Fosses St. Victor ; and 4, Place de la Bourse : at 225 smaller offices dependent on the preceding, called Boites aux lettres; and

(i) The places from which they start may be found by referring to Enyirojss or Paris*

i 0

INTRODUCTION.

at 4 privileged bureaux: the bureau de la Maison du Roi, 243, Place du Palais Royal; the bureau pres la Ghambre des Pairs, 19, rue de Vaugirard; the bureau pres la Chambre des Deputes, Palais Bourbon; and the letter- box at the Exchange. The Petite Poste was established in 1760. The number of boxes is 225. The letters for Paris and the immediate neighbourhood are collected and distributed every two hours, from seven in the morning to seven in the evening inclusive. The charge for a letter by the Petite Poste, not exceeding the weight allowed, is three sous. The last collection of letters for the day is made, at the bureaux, at seven o'clock; at the bureaux d'arrondissemeiit, at half-past eight ; these are dis- tributed the next morning at about 7 o'clock. Letters are sent off two or three times a-day to the communes of the department of the Seine, and others within 10 or 12 leagues of Paris. This service is called the service de la Banlieue. The towns which receive two mails a-day, dispatch two, which reach Paris at 11, and 4 in the afternoon. The places which receive only one extra mail, send off one posted at their re- spective towns at 11 a.m., and which arrives at four in the afternoon.

Paid letters, for foreign countries, and for the departments, are received at the bureaux d'arrondissementiilllhvee o'clock, and at the general post-office till four o'clock. Unpaid letters, for the departments and for those foreign countries to which the payment of postage is not obligatory, are received at the Boites mix lettres till three ; at the bureaux d'arron- dissement till half-past three, and at the Exchange and General post-office till five. Letters, called Lettres de Bourse, destined for the departments or foreign countries, are received (whether paid or unpaid) at the general post-office till five o'clock. These letters must be lithographed and be folded in a par- ticular manner.

On Sundays and holidays, when the exchange is shut, the general post-office is closed at two o'clock instead of five ; letters for foreign countries and the departments are received till two o'clock at the general post-office and 4, Place de la Bourse, and till half-past one at all the bureaux.

The following is a list of the foreign countries for which letters must be paid as far as the French frontier : - the French colonies; the United States; Spain and Portugal with their colonies; Bohemia; Gallicia ; Moldavia; Upper and Lower Austria, with the dependent countries ; Turkey and its

HOST OFFICE. 11

European possessions ; the islands of the Archipelago ; and the Levant.

Letters for England are sent from Paris daily by Estafette, and arrive in London the next day but one. Letters from England are sent to Paris by the same means, and in the same time ; and are received every day except Tuesday, in consequence of the London post-office being closed on Sun- day. The treaty made between the governments of France and England, in 1836, has fixed the following regulations for the conveyance of letters between the two countries: -

Letters may be sent from France to England without pay- ing any postage in advance, or it may be paid either partially or entirely. The postage from Paris to the frontier of Eng- land is 1 franc, and from the frontier to London, lOd. ; so that persons in Paris may, on putting letters into the post at Paris, pay either Ifr., leaving their correspondents in London to pay the lOd. ; or may pay 2 fr., in which case their letters will be delivered in London without any charge; or they may put them into the post-office in Paris without any pay- ment at all, in which case those to whom they are ad- dressed in London will be charged Is. 8d. Persons living at a distance from the capitals of each country have to pay, in addition, either on sending or receiving letters, the usual inland postage. Letters intended to be franked, partially or entirely, must be delivered at the general post-office, or at the post-office, 4, Place de la Bourse, by 4 or at any of the bureaux d'arrondissement till 3; those not franked are re- ceived in the bureaux d'arrondissement till half-past 3, or at the general post-office, or 4, Place de la Bourse, till 5.(1)

The inhabitants of the two countries may send from one country to the other letters termed registered or recom- mended letters (money letters); the postage on which is dou- ble and must always be paid in advance. This may also be done for France and some parts of the continent. Letters and packets containing patterns of merchandize are also ad- mitted to this privilege, and are conveyed at reduced rates of postage.

Local correspondence can be transmitted between Brighton and Dieppe, Southampton and Havre, in addition to Dover and Calais.

(i) The thick letter paper generally used in England is liable to an additional postage in France, according to its excess above the limited weight in tlais country.

12

INTRODUCTION.

Letters for Paris, for France, or for foreign countries, can be paid for at any offices except those of the petite poste, and the Exchange.

It is not permitted to enclose coin in letters ; but at the general post-office and the bureaux d'arrondissement money for any part of France is received, on paying five per cent., and seven sous for a draft on a stamp, when the sum exceeds 10 fr.

A foreigner may have his letters directed to him poste res- tante, Paris, or at any other town where he intends to go. On applying at the post-office, and showing his passport or card, the letter will be delivered, but the best way is to have them addressed to the care of a friend, or some established house.

There is at the post-office the Bureau de Rebut, where let- ters misaddressed or unclaimed remain a year and a day; after which they are opened, and, according to their contents, destroyed or returned to the address of the writer.

Journals, periodical publications, and other works, are sent under a band by post, at the rate of one sous per sheet for France, and two sous for foreign countries, where a similar arrangement exists. The bureau, which is a special one at the general post-office, is open from 9 to 1 ; on Sundays and holidays till noon.

The mails leave Paris daily at six o'clock in the evening.

Information concerning hotels, etc. - Travellers will find, in every part of Paris, comfortable lodgings, which may be had by the night, week, or month ; but in the great hotels apartments are seldom let for less than a week. In the spa- cious and elegant hotels in the fashionable quarters of Paris, the charge for apartments is high, but in the faubourgs, and the interior of the city, it is moderate. An agreement should always be made (even for a single night) previous to taking apartments in any hotel; the price of a bed-room for one night varies from 2 to 5 francs. Furnished apartments may also be had in private houses, and there are several boarding- houses upon different scales of charge, both French and Eng- lish. Unfurnished apartments may also be easily obtained, but not for less than three months. Furniture may be pro- cured from upholsterers, or purchased cheap at second hand shops. To furnish is perhaps the most economical pin a for those who intend to make a long stay in Paris. (1) In whatever

(i) For laws and regulations concerning the letting and hiring of apartments, etc., as far as they affect foreigners, see Laws of

Frame Arr ecxjjsg British Resipejsxs Qkey's * < Digest," 8yo. tfu

HOTELS. CAFES. RESTAURATEURS. 13

hotel the traveller may fix himself, it is not necessary that he should take his meals there ; if he pays for his apartment, it is all that is required. He may either breakfast and dine at a cafe or restaurant, or order what he pleases to be sent to his own room. There are generally coffee-houses, and restau- rateurs and traiteurs, in the hotel itself or in the neighbour- hood, from which a stranger may be supplied with every thing he needs. But it is more advantageous for a single person to resort to the restaurateur' s for dinner, though a family or a party are often well served at home. The restaurateurs and traiteurs charge rather more for the dinners they send out than for those served at home. To an English traveller no hotel in Paris offers so many advantages as Meurice's 42, rue de Rivoli. It is situated in a fine and agreeable spot, facing the palace and garden of the Tuileries. Apartments may be had by the day, week, or month ; breakfasts are served in the coffee-room or in private apartments, and visitors may dine at the table-d'hote or in their own rooms. A list is pre- sented which contains the charge for every article, servants, etc. The bill is sent in every week ; the linen is washed three miles from Paris with soap, and not beaten or brushed, as is the custom generally in France. The greatest regularity prevails in forwarding and delivering letters, and informa- tion of every kind is furnished. In this hotel there is an office for changing money; and confidential couriers, interpreters, return carriages for Calais, Boulogne, and all parts of the Continent, etc. may be obtained.

For other hotels and boarding-houses, see Directory.

Cafes. - At these places of public resort, coffee, chocolate, tea, ices, liqueurs, etc., are to be obtained; as well as de- jeuners a la fourchette, either hot or cold, with all sorts of substantial food and wines ; but dinners and suppers are generally to be had only at the restaurateurs'. They are frequented by ladies as well as gentlemen, except those where estaminet is written up, and where smoking is allowed. The charges are nearly the same in all, and every thing relating to them is generally conducted with cleanliness, order, and ele- gance. For a list of the principal cafes, see Directory.

Restaurateurs and Traiteurs. - Formerly, privileged persons alone could keep eating-houses in Paris. In 1765 a cook freed the public from this restraint, and having prepared a room for refreshments, placed over the door the following parody of a passage in Scripture " Yenite ad me omaes

2

14

ixxaoDucTKm.

qui slomacho laboratis, et ego restaurabo vos." This attempt was successful ; and afterwards, when the Revolution brought many strangers to Paris, and the domestic habits of the Pa- risians were altered, these establishments increased every year, and are now to be found in all parts of Paris. In the restaurants there is generally presented a bill of fare called la carte, with the price of every article, and some of these bills contain upwards of 300 dishes. Ladies frequent the restau- rants, as well as the cafes. In these houses there are gene- rally private rooms called cabinets particuliers, in which two friends or a party may dine in private. Besides the principal and second-rate restaurateurs, where the dinner is a la carle, there are other houses where dinners are served for a fixed sum per head. At the best of these houses a plentiful dinner, including wine, may be had for two francs. In the vicinity of the Palais Royal, however, and indeed in most parts of Paris, a dinner may be had for 30, 25, and even 22 sous. To give an idea how luxury and economy may be combined, it is only necessary to observe, that soup, 3 dishes at choice, a des- sert, bread, and a portion of wine, may be had for 22 sous. There is also another class of cooks in Paris, called traiteurs, or petty restaurateurs, whose principal business is to send out dishes, or dinners ready dressed to order. A family residing in lodgings, or at an hotel, will find it the cheapest mode to make a bargain with the traiteur, to be supplied for a fixed period, with a certain number of dishes daily, at any hour agreed upon. A person may also dine at some of these places, but it is not considered comme il fant. The restaurants are nearly as numerous and as splendidly adorned as the cafes. To the latter it is customary to retire immediately after din- ner, to take a demi-tasse of coffee, and a petit verre de liqueur, instead of sitting over the bottle as in England. Coffee may, however, be had at the restaurants.

For lists of restaurateurs, see Directory.

Reading-Rooms and Circulating Libraries. - There are many establishments of this kind in Paris ; but the most distinguished and most frequented by Frenchmen and foreign- ers, particularly Englishmen and Americans, is that of Messrs. A. and W. Gaiignani and Co., No. 18, rue Vivienne (bottom of the court-yard), which is conducted on a most extensive scale. The reading-rooms are spacious and handsome, fur- nished with maps, and are well lighted and aired. The tables are covered with all the periodical publications worthy

SERVANTS. MONETARY SYSTEM. 15

of notice, the newspapers of America, and every European nation, pamphlets, monthly and quarterly magazines, army and navy lists, etc., with use of upwards of 30,000 volumes in the English, French, Italian, German, and Spanish languages. Contiguous to the rooms is a garden, for the use of the sub- scribers. The philosopher, the politician, and the student, may here enjoy their favourite pursuits, whilst the victims of ennui may pass their hours with pleasure and advantage. The terms of subscription are per day, 10 sons ; a fortnight, 4 francs ; a month, 6 francs. The Circulating Library of Messrs. Galignani is conspicuous among several in Paris for the best selection and greatest number of volumes. The sub- scription is by the fortnight or month.

Servants. - In almost every furnished hotel there are ser- vants who may be hired for a month, fortnight, week, or day. The charge is generally 4 or 5 francs a-day, as they find themselves with every thing. They are called laquais de place, and we strongly advise travellers to take one, as they will be found to save a great deal of time and trouble.

Commissionnaires. - Porters, under this name, are found at the corners of all the principal streets. Letters or parcels may be entrusted to them, and their charges are moderate, va- rying according to the weight or the distance, from 10 to 30 sous.

Interpreters. - There are in Paris interpreters of every language in Europe and the East, and offices kept by sworn translators.

Monetary System. - Accounts are kept in France in francs, of 10 decimes or 100 centimes. Before 1795, they were kept in livres, of 20 sous or 240 deniers. The livre and franc were formerly of the same value, but the franc is nowl l-4th per cent, better; thus 80 francs equal 81 livres; and, by this proportion, the ancient moneys have been generally converted into modern. But by a decree of 1810, the following pro- portion was established : - pieces of 48 livres, at 47 fr. 20 c. ; of 24, at 23 fr. 55 c. ; of 6, at 5 fr. 80 c. ; of 3, at 2 fr. 75 c. Pieces of 30 and 15 s. pass for 1 fr. 50 c. and 75 c. ; but they are not considered a legal tender for more than 5 fr.

The coins may be considered under two heads; namely, an- cient and modern; the ancient gold coins are louis, of 24 livres, and double louis, of the value of 48 livres ; the silver coins called ecus of 6 livres, with halves, quarters, etc. ; butt

10

INTRODUCTION.

they have ceased to be a legal tender, and have entirely dis- appeared from circulation. The modern gold coins are pieces of 40 fr. and 20 fr. The silver coins are pieces of 5 fr., 2, 1> K> a°d M fr* The coins of billon (a mixed metal) and copper are pieces of 1 decime or 2 sous, pieces of 6 liards or 1J£ sous, of 5 centimes or 1 sous, and of 1 centime. There are also liards and double liards, which are J£ and % of a sou.

In the monetary system of France, the coins, if accurately minted, may serve also as weights. Thus 5 francs in copper, 50 in billon, 200 in standard silver, or 3,100 in standard gold, should weigh 1 kilogramme. Hence the piece of 1 fr. weighs 5 grammes, and any other piece in the above proportion.

The gold coins of 20 fr. and 40 fr., struck under the go- vernment of Bonaparte, were called napoleons and double- napoleons; and such is the force of habit that these, as well as pieces of the same value struck since 1814, continue to be so called. They are also designated pieces de vingt francs and pieces de 40 francs. The silver coins of 5 francs each are fre- quently called pieces de cent sous ; a piece of 2 francs is called piece de quarante sous, and so on.

The only notes issued by the Bank of France are of 500 fr. and 1,000 fr. These are changeable into silver at the Bank, during the hours of business, without discount, except the charge of 3 sous for the bag which contains the change ; or, at a premium, into silver or gold, at the different money-changers.

The French money, being divided into decimal parts, in reckoning, instead of 25 sous, it is said 1 fr. 25 centimes; in- stead of 30 sous, 1 fr. 50 centimes; and so on. When the course of exchange is at par between France and England, 25 francs are considered equal to the pound sterling. The gold as well as silver coins of France contain l-10th alloy to 9-10ths of pure metal.

Since the English sovereign contains of pure gold 7.318444035 grammes, and the gold coin of 20 francs con- tains of pure gold 5.806449 grammes, therefore the intrinsic value of the sovereign, in French money, is 25.2079 francs, or 25 fr. 20 centimes. Hence the intrinsic value of the fol- lowing English coins in French money will be : -

Guinea . . 36 fr. 47 cent.

Crown . 5 80

Shilling - - 1 iG

and the intrinsic value of French coins in English money will be

MONETARY SYSTEM. WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 17

Napoleon . . i5s. Jo^cL.g Franc ... o 9^ ,o5 The rale of exchange, at Paris and the principal towns of France, is commonly 25 fr. 50 c. for £1 sterling : but it varies, and especially in the smaller towns, from 25 fr. to 25 fr. 75 c. If we assume it to be 25 fr. to £1, we have an easy proportion, by which we may find the value of the money of either country in the money of the other. Thus, since 25 fr. are equal to 20 shillings, 5 francs are equal to 4 shillings; and, therefore, any number of francs are equal to 4-5ths of the same number of shillings ; and any number of shillings are equal to 5-4ths of the same number of francs. Thus 100 francs will equal 80 shillings, or £4 ; and £5, or 100 shillings, will equal 125 francs. Hence

Sovereign . - s5 fr. Napoleon . . i6s. od.

Crown . . 6 25c. Franc . . . (^nearly.

Shilling . . i 2D Son . . . ^nearly.

Penny . . io nearly. ovj^.g

This rule will be found very useful for all small sums and the common purposes of life; it may also be applied when the rate of exchange is above 25 fr. , by multiplying the addi- tional centimes by the number of pounds sterling, and then subtracting their value from the result, when French money is turned into English, or adding it when English is turned into French. Thus, when the exchange is at 25 fr. 50 c, 100 francs are equal to £3 18s. 5d. very nearly ; and £5, or 100 shillings, are equal to 127 fr. 50 c. exactly.

Weights and Measures. - We have here three systems of weights and measures to explain ; namely, the ancient sys- tem, used before the French Revolution ; the metrical or deci- mal system, established in 1795 ; and the systeme usuel, made legal for retail business in 1812. The system of 1795 is the metrical system, with decimal divisions, and a new vocabu- lary ; and that of 1812 is also the metrical system, but with binary divisions, and the ancient vocabulary. The decimal system is used in all wholesale and government concerns, and is well calculated to facilitate the operations of commerce ; but the binary system (that is, dividing standards into halves, quarters, eighths, etc.) is found more convenient in the in- ferior departments of trade, and particularly in retail busi- ness. The former system is, both by its divisions and voca- bulary, admirably adapted for universal communication among the learned ; but it is perhaps too scientific for the

2.

18 INTRODUCTION.

common people, to whom the business of Weighing and mea- suring the necessaries of life is chiefly committed in every country.

Ancient System.{±) - The ancient weight of France, called the poids de marc, was the same for the precious metals as for all merchandize. The livre or pound was divided into 2 marcs, 16 ounces, 128 gros, or 9,216 grains. Diamonds were weigh- ed by the ounce of 144 carats, each carat being 4 grains. Apothecaries' weight was the poids de marc of 16 ounces, 256 drachms, 768 scruples, or 9,216 grains. The pound, poids de marc, answers to 0.4895 kilogramme of the new weight, or 7.555 English grains. The corn measure of Paris was the muid> which was divided into 12 setiers, or 144 bois- seaux, and the boisseau into 16 litrons. The setier equals 1 .56 hectolitre, or 4.427 English bushels. The principal measure for wine was also the muid, which was divided into 36 setiers, 144 quarts, or 288 pintes. The muid answered to 2.68 hec- tolitres, or 70.80 English gallons. The pinte answered to to 0.931 litre, or 0.2459 English gallon, being very nearly an English quart. The old French foot (pied de roi) was divided into twelve inches, 144 lines, or 1828 points ; and equalled 0.32484 metre, or 12.7893 English inches. The aune of Paris was 1.1888 metre, or 46.85 English inches. The toise or fathom, also called the toise d'ordonnance, was 6 feet, pied do roi=1.949 metre, or 6.395 English feet. The mile was 1,000 toises=zl949.036 metres, or 1 English mile, 1 furlong, 28 poles. The lieue or league, legal road measure, is 2,000 toises. The arpent, or acre, was mostly 100 square perches, but the perch varied in different provinces. The following were the principal land measures, computed from the length of the perch : - Arpent d'ordonnance, 22 feet to the perchzz: 51.07 ares - l acre, 1 rod, 2 perches, English. Arpent com- mun, 20 feet to the perch=42.21 aresz=l acre, 7 perches, English. Arpent de Paris, 18 feet to the perch=34.19 ares z=z3 rods, 15 perches, English.

Metrical and Decimal System. - The fundamental standard adopted in France for the metrical system of weights and measures is called the metre, and is the ten-millionth part of the distance from the pole to the equator. This is adopted as the unit of length, and from which, by decimal multipli-

(i) A knowledge of the old system as well as the new is indis* pensable, as the ancient system is still partially retained, particu- larly in road measures, and in valuing the work of labourers and mechanics. In land-surveying, too, it is constantly referred to.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 19

Cation and division, all other measures are derived. The length of the quadrant of the terrestrial meridian was ascer- tained by Messrs. Delambre and Mechain, by measuring an arc of the meridian between the parallels of Dunkirk and Barcelona. The metre is equal to 39.371 English inches.

The following tables, from the Annuaire du Bureau dcs Longitudes for 1836, give the comparative values of the French and English weights and measures, in the decimal system: -

Systematic Names.

French Value.

Measures of Length. Myriametre Kilometre . Decametre Metre . .

Decimetre. . Centimetre . Millimetre. .

Superficial Measures. Hectare. . , Are . . . , Centiare . ,

Measures of Capacity. Kilolitre .

Hectolitre . Decalitre .

Litre . .

Decilitre .

Measures of Solidity. Stere . . Decistere .

Weights. Millier . . Quintal. . Kilogramme

Hectogramme Decagramme

Gramme . .

Decigramme

10,000 metres ..... 1,000 metres .

10 metres .....

Fundamental unit of weights and measures. It is the M0,000,000th part of the arc of the meridian from the pole to the equator.

l-10ch of a metre .

1 -100th of a metre .

l-1000th of a metre .

10,000 square metres 100 square metres . 1 square metre

1 cubic metre, or 1000 cubic deci- metres. 100 cubic decimetres 10 cubic decimetres .

1.2138 miles. 1093.633 yards. 10.93633 yards. 3.2808992 feet, or 1.093633 yard.

1 cubic decimetre . l-10th cubic decimetre

1 cubic metre. l-10th cubic metre.

1000 kilogrammes or 1 French ton 100 kilogrammes .... Weight of 1 cubic decimetre of water at the temperature of 4° (Centigrade), or 39° 12' (Faht.)

l-10th of kilogramme . *

l-100th of kilogramme ,

i-lOOOth of kilogramme .

1-lO.OOOth of kilogramme

English Value.

3.937079 inches, .393708 inch. .03937 inch.

2.471143 acres» .093845 rood. 1.196033 square yard.

220.09668 gallon?.

22.00967 gallons. 2.20097 gallons. i .22009 gallon, or ( 1.760773 pint. 17608 pint.

35.31658 cubic feet. 3.53166 cubic feet.

19.7 cwts.

1.97 cwts.

2.6803 lbs. troy, or

2.2055 lbs. avoirdupoi*.

i3.2 ounces troy. * 3.52 ounces avoirdup. 6.43 penny weight troy. ( 15.433 grains troy. < 0.643 pennyweight. ( .032 ounce troy . 1.5438 grain troy.

It may assist the memory to observe that the terms for mul- tiplying are Greek, and those for dividing, Latin. 2

20

INTRODUCTION.

English Measures and Weights compared with French.

Inch ( i -36th of yard) . Foot (i-3d of yard) Imperial yard Fathom (2 yards) Pole or perch (5^[ yards') Furlong (220 yards) Mile (1760 yards)

Long Measure*

2.53g954 centimetres 3. 04 79449 decimetres

o. 01438348 1.82876696 6.0291 1 201 .16437 1609.3149

metre metre metres metres metres

Square yard . Rod (square perch) Hood (1210 square yards) Acre (4840 square yards)

Square Measure.

0.836097 25.291939 10. 1 16775 0.404671

Pint (i-8th of gallon) Quart (i-4th of gallon) Imperial gallon . Peck (2 gallons) Bushel (8 gallons Sack (3 bushels) . Quarter (8 bushels) Chaldron (12 sacks)

Measures of Capacity.

0.567932 1. 1 35864 4.54345:97 9.086Q159

36.347664 1 . 09043 2.907813

i3.o85i6

sq. metre sq. metres ares hectare

litre litre litres litres litres hectolitres hectolitres hectolitres

Troy Weight^)

o.o65 gramme

1.555 gramme

31.091 grammes

0.373096 kilogramme

Grain (1-2/jth of pennyweight) Pennyweight (i-2oth of ounce) Ounce (1- 2th of pound troy) Imperial pound troy

Avoirdupois Weight

Dram (i-i6th of ounce) Ounce (i-]6th of pound) Imperial pound avoirdupois Quintal or hundred-weight (i?2 lbs.) Ton (20 quintals or hundred-weights)

Systeme usuel. - The systeme usuel has the metrical stan- dards for its basis, but their divisions are binary ; and instead of the new nomenclature, the names of the ancient weights and measures are used, annexing the term usuel to each. Thus

(1) The weights, though not perfectly exact, are sufficiently so for all but mathematical purposes.

T.771 28.338 0.4534 00.78 ioi5.65

gramme grammes kilogramme kilogrammes kilogrammes

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. 21

the half kilogramme is called the livre usuelle, and the douhle metre the toise usuelle, etc. This system was legalised by an imperial decree in 1812, for the use of retail traders, and the decimal system was continued for all other kinds of business and measurement; but as the law was left optional, it led to many difficulties, insomuch that, in 1816, the systeme usuel was enforced by a royal decree, in which the use of weights or measures decimally divided is absolutely prohibited in shops, or any departments of trade connected with retail busi- ness, while the decimal system is confirmed for all other pur- poses. As the systeme usuel has the metre and gramme for its basis, any of its divisions may be easily computed. The following, however, are the contents of its principal units in English measure : - The toise usuelle of 2 metres equals 6 feet 6 3-4ths inches English. The pied usuel equals l-6th of the toise, and the inch l-12th of the foot. The aune usuelle equals 3 feet 11 3-4ths inches English, with all its divisions in pro- portion. The long measures are also divided into l-5th, l-6th, and l-12th ; which are easily computed from the foregoing dimension of the toise and aune. The boisseau usuel is l-8th of the hectolitre, and equals 0.35474 English bushel, with halves, quarters, etc., in proportion. The litron usuel equals 1.074 Paris pints, or 2 l-9th English pints, with halves, quar- ters, etc., in proportion. Apothecaries have adopted the sys- teme usuel in compounding medicines, which weight, in small quantities, scarcely differs from the poids de marc. Diamonds are still weighed by carats of 4 grains each, but these grains differ from the foregoing. Thus, 1 carat equals 3.876 grains, poids de marc, or 3.798 grains usuel; and also answers to 2.01 decigrammes, or 3 l-10th English grains. The livre usuelle = 500 grammes = 9413.575 grains, poids de marc, or 7717 English grains, and all its divisions, and multiples in proportion. Hence the common pound of France = 1 lb. 1 oz. 10 l-6th drams avoirdupois; and therefore' the quintal metrique of 100 kilogrammes answers to 220.486 lbs. avoirdu- pois, or 1 cwt. 3 qrs. 24 J£ lbs.

To the above tables it may be useful to add that, in the comparison of the French and English barometrical scales, 26 French inches equal 27.7 English nearly

28 „ 39.8 „

29 if 00.7 „

!u the thermometrical scales?

22 ' INTRODUCTION.

Freezing point is marked o in the Centigrade, or French scale „ o in Reaumur's

3iQ in Fahrenheit's or the English scale Boiling heat is marked ioo° in the Centigrade 8o° in Reaumur's 212° in Fahrenheit's Hence 4° Reaumur = 90 Fahrenheit = 5° Centigrade. From these two equations all the other corresponding yalues of the scales may be deduced.

The circle is divided by the French into 400 degrees ; by the English into 360. Hence 10 French circular degrees equal 9 English.

Duties on Articles imported from the Continent into England. - The following is extracted from an excellent and most useful little work, published by Mr. R. Cox, of the London Custom-house : -

[Persons arriving in England, with goods in their baggage for private use, Kable to the payment of duties, are allowed to leave them at the Custom-house, under the care of the officers, for a period not exceeding six months, in order to give them an oppor- tunity of taking them hack to the Continent, without payment of duty ; hut on taking them out of the warehouse in which they have been deposited, they are charged with a rent of /jd. per week for each parcel or package. If at the end of six months the goods are not taken hack, or the duties paid, they are sold to defray rent, duties, and other charges. Articles found concealed in trunks, boxes, or any package, or in linen cloths, or other articles, or packed in any way so as to deceive the officers, are subject to seizure, together with all the goods (although not concealed) with which they are packed. And persons on board any vessel, on being questioned by an officer of the customs whether they have any foreign goods in their possession, and denying them, on such goods being discovered, are liable to forfeit them and to pay a fine of three times their amount. Goods for sale are not allowed to be brought over in any post-office packet, or other government vessel, under penalty of forfeiture.]

£. s. d.

Alabaster, the same duty as marble, per cwt. o 3 o

Baskets of all sorts, for every £100 value Beads, viz., amber, the lb.

Arango, for every €100

Coral, the lb.

Crystal, the £1000

Jet, the lb. .

Other beads, for every £100 .

The duties are not charged on trifling quantities, effects of passengers.

20 o o

0 12 O . 20 O O

* o i5 10

1 8 6 o 3 2

. 3o o o and actually personal

I

JO

o

16

o

I

6

0

a

18

o

o

o

20

o

o

I

o

o

CUSTOMS, DUTIES. 23

Books printed prior to 1801, whether bound ov un- bound, the cwt. . . . .loo or about 2d. per lb. - - - printed in or since i8oj, if in a foreign living

language, bound or unbound, the cwt. . 2 io o

in the English or dead languages, printed abroad,

the cwt. . . . . 5 o o

or about j id. per lb. Strictly speaking, pirated works are altogether prohibited to be im- ported, but a single copy of each work is passed by the officers on pay- ment of the high duty. - Foreign books and maps having once paid duty or purchased in England, are delivered free, on a declaration to that effect bsing made.

Boots, Shoes, and Calashes, viz , women's boots, shoes,

and calashes, the dozen pairs Boots, the dozen pairs

Shoes, with cork or double soles, quilted shoes and clogs, the dozen pairs

_ of silk, satin, jean, or other stuff, kid or other

leather, the dozen pairs Bottles of cut glass, for every £ioo value

This duty includes decanters, scent-bottles, etc. Boxes of all sorts, including ladies' work-boxes, mu- sical boxes, etc., for every £ioo value Bronze - All works of art made of bronze, the cwt.

This duty relates to all bronze strictly coming under the description of, and belonging to, the Fine Arts; but all modern works of bronze, which may be applied to domestic purposes, are charged for every £100 value, £30.

Brass manufactures, per cwt. . . a - 3o o o

Cambrics and lawns, not exceeding 8 yds. in length and 7/8 of a yard in breadth, the piece, and so on in proportion . . . . .060

Cambric bordered handkerchiefs, the piece . o 5 o

Cambric or lawns converted into handkerchiefs are liable to the pay- ment of duty, even though they may have been used, unless the quantity is trifling.

Cards, playing, per dozen packs . . . 4 0 0

This duty amounts to a prohibition. Carriages, foreign, for every £100 value . 3o o o

All foreign carriages are liable to this duty, whether in use or not. British built carriages are duty free, unless purchased abroad.

Cameos, for every €100 value . . . 20 o o

Casts of busts, statues, or figures, the cwt. . .026

China or porcelain ware, plain, without a gilt rim or

other ornament, for every £i 00 value . i5 o o

- painted, gilt, or ornamented, for every £100 value 3o o o

Cheese, the cwt. . . - - . .0106

Chocolate, the lb. . . . o 4 4

Cigars, per lb. . . . . .090

Duties on cigars are received upon less than 3 lbs., but any greater quantity requires a petition to the Board of Customs to be admitted, and a small fine is exacted in proportion to the quantity brought.

24 INTRODUCTION.

Clocks, for every £100 value . . . 25 o o

Clocks are prohibited to be imported unless they have the maker's name on the face, and on the frame of the works, and are complete in cases or stands.

Cologne-water, each common flask . . .010

Confectionary of sugar, bonbons, etc., for every £100

value . . . . . . ao o o

Cotton manufactures, for every £100 value . . 10 o o

» - articles of manufactures of cotton, wholly or in

part made up, for every £100 value . 20 o o

This duty attaches on all articles of cotton, not being the wearing-ap- parel of passengers in use, and of trifling quantity.

Crayons, for every £100 value < . 4° 0 0

Diamonds, free. Drawings. See Prints.

Earthen-ware, for every £100 Value . . - i5 o o

Embroidery and needlework, for every £100 value . 3o o o Reasonable quantities of wearing-appaiel of this description are deli- vered duty free ; but any large quantity of needlework, whether worn or not, and all new worked caps, collars, tippets, pelerines, etc., are charged with this duty.

Feathers, ostrich, dressed, per lb. . .010

Flower-roots, for every £ioo value . . . 5 o o

Flowers, artificial, not silk, for every £100 value . 25 o o Flowers, artificial, silk, for every £100 value - 3o o o

Fossils, for every £100 value . . . . 20 o o

This does not apply to specimens of fossils: see Specimens.

Frames of pictures, drawings, etc., for every £100 value 20 o o Gauze, thread, for every £100 value . » 3o o o

Ginger, preserved, per lb. . . . .006

Glass, plate, not more than 9 square feet, per sq. ft. . 060

not more than 1 \ sq. ft., per sq. ft. . .080

not more than 36 sq. ft., per sq. ft. * .096

- - - more than 36 sq. ft., the sq. ft. * .0110

manufactures, for every £100 value % 20 o o

and further for every cwt. . , . 4 0 0

This applies to a variety of glass, such as tumblers, wine-glasses, etc. Gloves, habit-gloves, the dozen pairs - . 04°

men's ditto, ditto - . - o 5 o

women's long ditto, ditto - . .070

Gloves for sale can only be imported in packages of 100 dozen pair; any quantity found in baggage, exceeding 6 dozen, requires a petition to the Board of Customs to be admitted : but quantities under 6 dozen are re* ceived at once, on payment of duty.

Hair manufactures, for every £f 00 value , . 3o o o

Harp-strings, or lute-strings, silvered, for every £100

value . . . i . - 20 o o

Hats, straw, Leghorn, etc., being new ami not exceed- ing 22 inches diameter, each . . . o 5 8

ditto, exceeding 22 inches in diameter, each . o 11 4

Horses, mares, or geldings, each . f . 1 0 q

British horses purchased abroad are liable to this duty.

CUSTOMS, DUTIES. 25

Jewels, not diamonds, set, for every £ i oo value .20*00

- ~ - not set, ditto . . . . - i o o o

Jewellery, being trifling in quantity, old, and actually in wear, is passed free.

Lacquered ware, for every £ i oo value - . 3o o o

Lace of thread, for every £ioo value . » . 3o o o

Liqueurs are charged with duty as spirits

Leather manufactures, for every £ i oo value . . 3o o o

Linen - Articles of manufactures of linen, or of linen mixed with cotton, or with wool, wholly or in part made up, for every £ioo value . . , /jo o o

This duty applies to damask and other table-cloths, made up; sheets and household linen of every sort, made up, whether ivom or not, if of fo- reign manufacture.

Maps or Charts, or parts thereof, plain . o o i

coloured . . . . .002

This duty is entirely independent of the quality of the map.

Marble manufactures, per cwt. » - o 3 o

Medals of gold or silver, free

any other sorts of medals, for every £100 value 5 o o

Minerals, for every £100 value . - . 20 o o

specimen of minerals. See Specimens,

Mosaic work. See Stone.

Models of cork or wood, for every £100 value . 5 o o

Mules, each . . . - . o 10 o

Musical Instruments, whether old or new, for every

£roo value . . . . . 20 o o

Needlework. See Embroidery.

Paper-hangings, painted or stained paper, or flock- paper, per square yard . . . o 1 o Other Paper, per lb. . - .009 Pearls, for every £100 value . - - - 5 o o Pictures, each . . . - .010

and farther, the square foot . .010

Plate of gold, the ounce troy . . .3169

- - of silver gilt, ditto . » . .064

part gilt, ditto . . - o 6 o

- - of silver ungilt, ditto . . . o 4 6 old, having been in private use of importer, and

intended for service, silver, ditto . .026

- , gold, ditto . . . . .100

Pies, Perigord, game, and all sorts of French pies, for

every £100 value , . . . 20 o o

Plums, dried, per cwt. . - « .110

Prints and Drawings, plain, each . . .001

coloured, each . . . .002

Drawings executed by travellers, for private use, are delivered duty free, upon satisfactory proof. The above duties are independent of the quality of the print or drawing.

Seed, viz., garden, seed, the lb. v v i o o

3

26 INTRODUCTION.

Silk, viz., articles of manufactures of silk, wholly or in

part made up, for every £ ioo value . ' . 3o o o

The above duty applies only to all foreign silk articles brought by pas- sengers for their private use. Any article of dress, etc. of silk, although for private use, not accompanying the parties to whom they belong, are liable to the following duties ; -

Silk turbans, or caps, each .... - * - hats, or bonnets, each ....

dresses, each . . ...

or at the option of the officers of the customs, for

every £ ioo value .... Silk Crape, plain, the lb.

figured, the lb.

Silk Velvet, plain, the lb.

figured ; . . .

Skins and Furs, viz., any article manufactured of

Skins or Furs, for every £ioo. Snuff, per lb.

With same restriction as for cigars. Spa Ware, for every £ i oo value

This ware is the same as English Tunbridge ware. Specimens of Minerals, Fossils or Ores, each specimen

not exceeding i4 lbs.

exceeding such weight, for every £ioo value

of Natural History, stuffed birds and animals ;

shells ; and live animals Spirits, not sweetened, the gallon , sweetened, cordials or strong waters, and

liqueurs, the gallon

and is. /jd. per gallon, in addition for

glass bottles.

Spirits, remains of passengers' stores unexpended on the voyage, may be admitted ; but the duties are not to be charged on any quantity less than a pint of ordinary drinkable spirits; or half a pint of eau de Cologne, or other cordial water ; or any medicated or perfumed spirits or liqueurs, when imported in the baggage of passengers for private use. Steel manufactures, for every £ioo value Stone sculptured, or Mosaic work, per cwt.

Small mosaics are liable to a duty of L20 per cent. Succades, and all preserved sweetmeats, per lb. Sugar, refined, per cwt. ....

or is. 6d. per lb. Sulphur impressions, for every £ ioo value Telescopes, do. .....

Tobacco, per lb. .....

With same restrictions as cigars. Tobacco pipes, clay or porcelaine, for every £ioo value

, wood, meerchaum, etc. do. .

Toys, for every £foo value ....

This includes, besides childrens' toys, a variety of trifling ornaments. Truffles, the lb. . . . . o i o

But preserved truffles, imported in bottles, pay 20 per cent, in addition to the duties on the bottles, as common green glass.

o i5

0

i 5

o

2 10

o

4o 0

o

o 16

o

o 18

0

I 'A

1 7

6

o 6

o

3o o

o

free

5 o

o

free

I 2

6

I 10

o

20

O

o

O

2

%

O

O

6

8

8

o

5

o

0

3o

o

o

o

9

o

3o

o

o

20

o

o

20

0

0

CUSTOMS, DUTIES.

±1

Turnery, for every £100 value . . . 3o o o

Vases, ancient, not being stone or marble, tor every

£100 value . . . . . 5 o o

Wares, Goods, and Merchandise, wholly or in part manufactured, such as are usually imported by pas- sengers, and are not particularly mentioned in this table for every £ i oo value . . . . 20 o o

This includes a great variety of articles; among others, bracelets, buckles, combs, chains for the neck, ear-rings, brooches, and other articles of jewellery, being new ; articles of or-molu, household furniture, and other goods (not being wearing-apparel) whether old or new. Wares, Goods, and Merchandise, not being wholly or in part manufactured, usually imported by travellers, and not particularly mentioned in this table, for every £100 value. . . . . 5 o o

This applies to articles in the raw state, which have not undergone any process of manufacture. Under this head of duty, game, poultry, wild fowl, etc., are also charged.

Watches of all sorts, for every €100 value - . 25 o o

Watches and fowling-pieces, whether new or old, and although form- ing part of passengers' baggage, must be regularly entered, and charged with duty. But onb pair of pistols, if old and used, brought by passen- gers in their baggage, will be delivered duty free.

Water, mineral, the gallon . . , .001

Wine of all sorts, the gallon, . . . o 5 6

and is. 4d. per gallon in addition for glass bottles.

Woollens, viz. manufactures of wool, not being goat's wool, or of wool mixed with cotton, for every £100 value . . . . . . i5 o o

This includes ladies' merino and other sorts of cloth.

Woollen articles of manufacture, not being goat's wool, or of wool mixed with cotton, wholly or in part made up, for every £100 . . . 20 o o

New merino dresses, and new cloth coats, etc., are charged with this

duty ; but such articles as are bona fide wearing-apparel, old and worn, are

delivered duty free.

Worsted yarn of all sorts, the lb. - . . 006

Duties on Articles Imported from England into France.

[Ten per cent is to be added, and is claimed, in addition to the duties specified. Plate and jewellery for the use of travellers, free, if not exceeding the weight of 5 hectogrammes. Clothes and linen having been worn, free, if not considered more than needful for the passengers. Parties going to reside in France, and wish- ing to take their furniture, linen, plate, etc. must apply to the Director General, at Paris, sending a statement of the articles, and, if they can be admitted, generally pay i5 per cent, on the value ; if a piano forms part, the duty on it is considerably reduced. Various articles which were lately absolutely prohibited, even when they made a part of passengers' baggage, are now admitted, not in an obligatory but discretionary way, and are charged with

28

INTRODUCTION.

a duty of 3o or rather 33 per cent, the decime (the tenth) included. Those articles consist of all sorts of wearing-apparel. The same favour is extended to portions, and sometimes to whole pieces, which have not or have scarcely been made up. In those cases, the condition and the supposed intentions of such passengers as may happen to have brought with them great or small supplies of the same, are taken into consideration. According to the Customs regulations, every thing that is new, or has not been used, either made or not made up, must be declared before the examination of the baggage takes place, under penalties of seizure and fine. But the Custom House officers generally tax those things not duly de- clared, or give them back to the owners for re-exportation.] Boots and shoes, prohibited.

Boxes, Spa work, 200 fr. (£8) per 100 kils. (200 lbs.)

white wood, i5 per cent, on value.

Bronze, manufactured, prohibited. Calicoes, prohibited. Cards, prohibited.

Carpets, of woollen and linen thread, the chain of thread, 3oo fr.

(£12.) per 100 kils. (200 lb.) silk, and mixed with thread, 3o6 frs. (€12 4s- 5d.) per

ditto.

other sorts prohibited.

Carriages. One-third of the value of the carriage to be deposited on importation, and three-fourths of this sum returned if ex- ported within three years.

Cheese, i5 fr. (12s.) per 100 kils.

Clocks, prohibited.

Comfits, ditto.

Cotton manufactures, ditto.

Diamonds, rough, 5o c per hectogramme, (3J^ oz.)

, cut, 1 fr. (g%d.) per ditto.

Earthen-ware, common, 4q *r. per too kils.

, finer sort, as cups, dishes, etc. prohibited.

Embroidery and needlework, as modes, - on exportation, 12 per cent.

« , on importation , prohibited.

Frames (picture, etc.) and furniture of all sorts, i5 per cent. Gloves, prohibited. Horses, 5o fr. (£2) ditto

Colts, i5 fr. (12s ) ditto.

Hardware, generally prohibited.

Jewels, set in gold, 20 fr. (16s ) per hectogramme.

- ditto silver, 10 fr. (8s.) ditto.

Lace, cotton or linen, worked with the hand, 5 per cent .

Lace, silk, i5 per cent.

Lacquered ware, generally prohibited.

Leather manufactures, prohibited.

CUSTOMS, DUTIES. 29

Linen, less than 8 threads, per Unbleached. Coloured, ioo kils. (200 lb.) 3o fr. (£ 1 4S\) 60 fr. (£2 8s.)

8 and under 12 65 fr. (£2 12s.) 85 fr. (£3 8s.)

12 and under 16 io5 fr. (£4 4s ) 120 fr. £4 16s.

,6 and under 18 170 fr. (£6 16s.) 200 fr. (£8)

18 and under 20 240 fr. (£9 12s.) 280 fr. (£u 4s.)

20 and upwards 35o fr. (£i4) 420 16s.)

- bleached, half-bleached, or printed, double the duty of

unbleached. Maps, 3oo fr. (£12) per 100 kils. (200 lb.) Musical instruments, viz : -

Flutes, 75 c. (6d.)each.

Violins, guitars, etc., 3 fr. (2s. 4d.) ditto.

Harps, 36 fr. (£1 8s. lod.) ditto.

Piano-fortes, square, 3oo fr. (£12) ditto.

9 grand, 400 fr. (£16) ditto.

Paper, white or ruled for music, i5o fr. (£6) per 100 kils.

Pictures, 1 per cent, on value.

Plants, 5o c. (424d.) per 100 kils. (200 lbs.)

Porcelaine, common, of one colour and without gold or ornaments, 164 fr. (£6 1 is.) per ditto.

, fine, .827 fr. (£i3 is.) per ditto.

Prints, 3oo fr. (£12) per ditto. Drawings, 1 per cent, on value.

Silk goods, all silk-, plain, 16 fr. (12s. lod.) per kil. (about 2 lb.)

figured, 19 tr. (i5s. 2d.) per ditto.

brocaded, 19 fr. (10s. 2d ) per ditto.

with gold and silver" 3i fr. (£i 4s* iod.) per do.

false, prohibited.

mixed with thread, i3 fr. (10s. 5d.) per ditto.

mixed with gold and silver, 17 fr. (i3s. 7d.) per kil.

(about 2 lb.) Skins, prepared, generally prohibited.

Sticks and canes from India, 80 fr (£3 4s.) per 100 kils. (200 lb.)

from other places, 160 fr. (£6* 8s.) per ditto.

Tea, from India, 1 fr. 5<> c. (is. 3d.) per kil. (2 lb.)

from other places, 5 fr. (4s.) per ditto.

Telescopes, 3o per cent.

Toys, 80 fr. (£3 4s.) per 100 kils. (200 lb.)

Wine, ordinary, by sea ; including port, 35 fr. (£1 Ss.) per hecto- litre, (about 100 bottles.)

Sherry, xMalaga, etc., 100 fr, per ditto.

Woollens, prohibited.

S

3.

30

INTRODUCTION.

Chapter 1.

GEOGRAPHICAL SITUATION AND CLIMATE OF PARIS.

POPULATION.

Paris is situated in 48° 50' 14" north latitude, and 2° 2Qf 15w east longitude from Greenwich, or 20o 11' from the me- ridian of Ferro. The longest day in this capital is therefore 16 hours 6 minutes, and the shortest 8 hours 10 minutes. The distance of Paris from the principal towns of Europe and France is as follows : -

FROM

Amsterdam , Berlin . . Bordeaux . , Brussels . . , Calais

Constantinople Copenhagen Dresden . . , Dunkirk . , Hamburgh . Lisbon . .

leagues.

i5o

247

i47

V 67

600

282

24° bS 166 43o

FROM

London . fc

Lyons . . .

Madrid . , Marseilles

Milan . , .

Naples . i

Rome . . -

Stockholm . St. Petersburg Strasburg

Vienna . .

leagues. io5

"9

020 2©S

214

382 45o 58o 121 290

Its circumference is about 13,900 toises, or 6 1-10 leagues, of 25 to the degree ; and its surface is about 8,525 acres. Its longer diameter is about 2 leagues. The greatest mean heat is 27o Reaumur, though in 1802 it rose to 29J^«. The mean degree of cold is 7° below zero ; but in 1788 the thermometer fell to below freezing point or zero. The mean tempe- rature is 10° above zero. The greatest height of the barometer is 28^ inches, the least 27 J| inches ; and the mean 28 inches. The average quantity of rain per annum is 20 cubic inches per square inch. The prevailing winds are S.W. and N.E. The climate is, however, variable, and the winters are gene- rally severe. Snow lies here a long time, and fogs are common ; hut the general tendency of the climate is not unfavourable to health. The city lies in the midst of a vast plain, through which the Seine winds, and which comprises that series of geolo- gical formations to which the capital has given its name. The Paris basin consists of coarse limestone beds lying on the or- dinary white chalk formations, and of alternating strala of

GEOGRAPHICAL STATISTICS.

31

sandy, compact limestone, marly, and diluvial beds. The marine and fresh water formations alternate with each other, and two of the strata of the general series are famous in com- merce - one for furnishing the limestone of which Paris is built, the other for the fine gypsum, from which the Plaister of Paris is made. (1) The surface of this plain is any thing but barren, though not remarkable for an exuberant fertility; the manure, however, furnished by the capital supplies any natural deficiency of the soil, and the lighter species of grain, vegetables, fruit trees, and vines, flourish here in great per- fection. (2)

Rivers. - The Seine, which traverses the capital from south-east to north-west, rises in the forest of Ghanceaux, two leagues from St. Seine, in the department of the Cote-d'Or. It receives the Yonne, the Aube, and the Marne, before it enters Paris; and beyond it, after collecting the tributary streams of the Oise, the Eure, and other smaller rivers, falls into the ocean between Havre and Honfleur. The shortest distance from its source to its mouth is 70 leagues ; and the length of its course, in the interior of Paris, is about 2 leagues. Its breadth at the Pont d' Austerlitz is about 166 metres ; at the Pont Neuf 233 metres, and at the Pont d'lena 136 metres. The mean velocity of the water is 20 inches in a second. There is a great difference in the level of the water in summer and winter: in the former season it is very low, the bottom appears in many places, and in some it is often fordable; during the latter it rises high, and flows with much impe- tuosity. When the river rises more than 6 metres, about 18 feet, above its bed, the lower parts of the town and of the ad- jacent country are liable to be inundated.

The following table of the greatest heights attained by the

(1) It is unnecessary to go into any details of the geological structure of that part of France in which Paris is situated. It has been fully described, first by the late illustrious Professor Cuvier, and next by Messrs G. Cuvier and Brongniart, in an elaborate work lately published.

(2) The last official returns of the area, cultivation, population, etc., of the department of the Seine are as follows: - Area, 24 square leagues. Inhabitants, g35,io8. Arable land, 29,295 hec- tares, or 72,558 acres ; meadow land, i543 hect., or 38n*acres ; vineyards, 2784 beet., or 4876 acres ; woods, i354 hect., or 3344 acres; waste lands, 249 hect., or 6i5 acres 5 roads and public ways, 264ghect., or 6543 acres ; forest land, 2293 hect , or 5663 acres; houses, 47>8°4 ; mills: 77} manufactories, 45o 5 proprietors 67,913.- Cadastre de la France, par M* DucMteU

32

INTRODUCTION,

waters of the Seine is extracted from a memoir by M. Dausse on the variations of the level of the river : -

Height of water above Dates zero on the scale at

the, Pont de laTournelle

July it, 1645 . . 9.04 Metres

Mar. 1, i658 . . 8.80

Dec, 25, 1 740 , . 7.90

Jan. i65i . . 7.80

Jan. 1649 . . 7.6|>

Mar. T711 . . 7.55

Mar. i6go » . 7.50

Jan. 3, 1802 . . 7.32

Height of water above Dates zero on the scale at

the Pont de laTournellc

Nov. 14, 1764 . . 7 Metres

Feb. 4, 1799 . . 6.97

Jan. 1751 . . 6.70

Mar. 3, 1807 . . 6.70

Mar. 4, 1784 . . 6.66

May 8, 1 836 . . 6.4

Mar. 1817 . . 6.3o

It is remarkable that the greatest inundation, which rose more than 9 metres, took place in summer.

The Seine communicates with the Loire by the canals of Briare and Orleans; with the Saone by the canal de Bour- gogne, and with the Somme and the Scheldt by the canal of St. Quentin. The Seine, which receives a considerable acces- sion to its waters by the junction of the Marne at Charenton, is navigable for barges of large burthen as far as Paris, and even above ; but they are obliged to be built with flat bottoms, and of a peculiar form, to suit the nature of the stream. The navigation is open at all times except when the waters are unusually low, or when the thermometer falls to 10° below zero, at which temperature the river is frozen. In its course through Paris the Seine forms 3 islands : the most eastern, called the lie Louviers, about 1,200 feet in length, is uninhabited, and serves as a depot for fire-wood. The next is the lie St. Louis, about 1,800 feet long, and which has been built on since the time of Louis XIII. The most western of the three islands was the ancient scat of Paris, and is still called the lie de la Cite ; it formerly terminated at the rue de Harlay, but its prolongation was effected in the reign of Henry IV. by annexing to it two small islands.

The little stream of the Bievre, or the Gobelins, as it is some- times called, rises between Bouriers and Guyencourt, near Versailles, and after a course of about 8 leagues falls into the Seine, above the Jardin des Plantes : it is not navigable, nor is its water potable; but it is useful by setting in motion se- veral mills, and is excellent for dyeing and tanning. (1)

(1) A project has been submitted to government for lining the bed of this river, within the town, with masonry, and for regu- lating the quantity of water.

POPULATION RETtRNS.

33

POPULATION OF PARIS. In 1788, according to the official returns, the population amounted to 599,569 individuals; in 1816 to 662,000; in 1819 to 715,000; and in 1831, according to the last census, to 774,338, exclusive of strangers and troops, who are never comprised in these returns. According to arrondissements the population is: 1st arr. 67,013; 2d, 74,995; 3d, 50,167; 4th, 45,358; 5th, 67,951 ; 6th, 81,180 ; 7th, 59,608; 8th, 73,493; 9th, 42,718 ; 10th, 83,422; lllh, 50,572; 12th, 77,866. In 1834 the total number of births was 29,104 ; deaths 23,015 ; marriages, 8,091. Of the 29,104 births, 9,985 were illegitimate, and of these 4,523 took place in hos- pitals and public institutions, and 3,649 were recognised by the fathers. The number of still-born children was 1,748. Of the number of deaths, 14,023 persons died at their own homes, 7,759 in civil hospitals, 895 in military hospitals, 50 in prisons, and 288 were deposited at the Morgue. The total number of deaths by the small-pox was 618. The movement of the population of Paris for 1835 is stated to be as follows : Births - legitimate, boys 12,725, girls 12,056; illegitimate recognised by the parents, boys 1,475, girls 1,315 ; illegitimate not recognised by the parents, boys 4,001, girls 3,982 - total 35,554. Marriages, 9,581. Deaths, males 15,519, females 14,587. Deposited at the Morgue, males 226, females 42 - total 30,374. (1)

(i) The total population of France in 3820 was 3o, 45 1,1 87 ; in 1 83 1 it was 32,560,93/j. The total number of births in France, during i833 was 969,983 ; deaths 812,548 ; marriages 264, 06 To this we may add, that it appears from the official accounts for the last 17 years, that the proportion of births of boys to those of girls, for the whole country, is as 16 to i5, in the case of legiti- mate children, and as 23 to 22 for illegitimate children. For every natural child born there are i3.i legitimate children. The deaths of males surpass those of females in the proportion of 55 to 54« One marriage is reckoned annually for every iot.i inhabitants, and for every 4 births - 3.76 or nearly 4- legitimate children are born to every marriage. One death takes place for every 3q,5 in- habitants, and every 1 .22 births. One birth occurs for every 32.5 inhabitants and for every 0.82 deaths, giving the proportion of nearly 10 births to 8 deaths. The total increase of the population is by 1-182$ part of the whole annually; hence it increases by i-ioth every 17 years, and in 126 years would become the double of what it is now. If the relations of births and deaths to the whole popu- lation be considered as nearly stationary, then the number 32.5

INTRODUCTION.

Of the population of Paris it has been calculated that nearly one-half are working and labouring people, the rest being occupied in some trade or profession, or living upon their income. There are about 80,000 servants, and nearly the same number of paupers. Nearly 15,000 patients are always in the hospitals, and about 4 times that number pass through the hospitals in the course of the year. The num- bers of foundling children supported by the state, and of old and infirm persons incapable of work, are equal, being in each case about 20,000. The population of the prisons is gene- rally nearly 4,000. (1)

It has been remarked that families constantly residing in Paris soon become extinct, and that out of the whole popula- tion of the town there are perhaps not more than 1,000 indi- viduals, who can reckon their ancestors, as inhabitants of Paris from father to son, as far back as the reign of Louis XIII. The effects of this mortality are observed to be more active

will give the number of years which form the mean duration of life. Before the great Revolution in France, the statistical tables then published assigned only 28.76 years as the average duration of life; and this increase of 3 years is to be attributed to the in- troduction of vaccination, and to greater comforts being dissemi- nated among the lower classes. Much more curious information upon this subject is to be found in the Annuaire du Bureau des Longitudes, from whence the above is extracted.

(ij The accurate enumeration and classification of the popu- lation of a large capital is always a work of the greatest difficulty, and perhaps cannot be performed. Still in a city like Paris, sur- rounded by walls, where a strict system of police is maintained, and where the name as well as occupation of any individual citizen can be immediately ascertained, it is certainly a subject of sur- prise that there are no published returns either of the population or of the classification of the inhabitants, which come at all near the truth. The last returns of the population were made in i83i, and a considerable increase must have taken place since then. As to the average numbers of the floating population of foreigners and visitors, they have never been calculated at different seasons of the year. All the published accounts of the classification of inhabitants are grossly incorrect, and have no sufficient data to go upon. It has therefore been judged better, in the absence of all public and authentic information on this subject, to give the reader only approximate results in some of the leading cases, in- stead of attempting to present a table, the authority of which would necessarily be very doubtful. A new census is likely to be made shortly*

GOVERNMENT. COUNCIL OF STATE. 35

upon males than females. A Parisian youth of the second or third generation has almost the form and manners of a woman; he has seldom any children that live ; and from hence it may be inferred that all families, which, whether from taste or necessity, pass their lives in a town residence or a shop, are irrevocably doomed to extinction. Those that pass the sum- mer in the country last longer than the others, as may be seen in the case of some ancient noble families that have not been established in the capital more than a century. The class of the nobles has however become much weakened since they have given up inhabiting their castles and manors: and the massive architecture of the hotels of the Faubourg St. Germain no longer corresponds to the diminished stature of their inhabitants.

GOVERNMENT. CIVIL, MILITARY, AND JUDICIAL.

According to the Charter, as fixed in 1830, the government of France is conducted by three powers : 1. The King, go- verning by his ministers, and in whose name all justice is ad- ministered ; 2. The Chamber of Peers, the number of whom, at present, 270, is unlimited; they are nominated for life by the King, can enter the Chamber at 25, and vote at 30 years of age; 3. The Chamber of Deputies, the number of whom is 459, chosen by the electoral colleges of each department, for 5 years. To be eligible as a deputy a person must be a native of France, 30 years of age, and must pay 500 francs annually in direct taxes. The electors must be 25 years of age, and pay 200 francs in direct taxes. The President is named by the Chamber. The two Chambers must be convoked once a- year at ieast, and at the same time : they can be prorogued, and the Chamber of Deputies dissolved at the pleasure of the King. In case of dissolution, a new Chamber must be el ected and eonvoked within three months.

Council of State. - The number of Councillors, Masters of Requests, and Auditors, composing this cauncil, is inde- finite; they are all nominated by the King, and are divided into four committees - of legislative administration ; interior and

INTRODUCTION.

commerce ; finances ; war, marine, and colonies. The council is presided by the King, or the President of the Coun- cil of Ministers, or the Keeper of the Seals. The Minis- ters and the Directors of Administrations have a deliberative voice in it. All projects of law and ordonnances intended to be submitted by government to the legislation are discussed in this council, and its deliberations are public. The Secretary's office is at No. 58, rue St. Dominique St. Germain. The Com- mittee of Legislative Administration assembles at No. 58, rue St. Dominique St. Germain ; of Interior and Commerce, at No. 103, rue de Grenelle St. Germain ; of War, Marine, and Colonies, at No. 61, rue de l'Universite; and of Finances, at No. 48, rue de Rivoli.

Council of Ministers. - This council is composed of the Secretaries of State, who assemble under the presidency of the King, the President of the Council, or one of their own number. They deliberate on administrative legislation, on ail that concerns the general police, the safety of the throne and kingdom, and the maintenance of the royal authority. All royal ordonnances must be countersigned by one or more of the Ministers : they are responsible for all acts of the King, and may be impeached by the Chamber of Deputies, but must be tried by the Chamber of Peers.

Minister for Foreign Affairs. - His department em- braces correspondence with foreign powers, all political and commercial treaties, conventions, etc. The office for pass- ports and certificates, 16, rue Neuve des Capucines, is open daily from 11 to 4 o'clock. His residence is on the Boulevard des Capucines.

Minister of War. - The duties of this Minister compre- hend the correspondence with the civil and military authori- ties upon all that relates to the movements, discipline, and maintenance of the army, and all military manufactories and establishments. The government of Algiers is also under his jurisdiction. Residence and office, 82, rue St. Domi- nique.

Minister of the Marine and the Colonies. - This Mi- nister is charged with the superintendence of the navy, the dock-yards, ports, and generally all that relates to the naval service of the country and its colonial government. Residence and office, 2, rue Royale.

Minister of Finance. - Under the direction of this Mi- nister are placed the tos, national debt* the sinking fund,

GOVERNMENT - -MINISTRIES.

37

the customs, the post-office, mint, forests, extraordinary do- mains, and all establishments which yield a product to the royal treasury. Offices, 48, rue de Rivoli.

Minister of Commerce and Public Works. - This Mi- nister takes cognizance of all laws and regulations affecting the customs and commerce in general; the formation of com- panies, the delivery of patents, weights and measures, agri- culture, fairs, markets, and all public works. Offices, 103 and 122, rue de Grenelle.

Minister of the Interior. - The office of this Minister is to correspond with the Prefects, and all officers attached to the internal government of the kingdom; to execute the laws of elections, to superintend the police, to attend to the organization of the national and municipal guards, to watch over the offences of the press, the theatres, etc. He has also the direction of all institutions relating to the fine arts, of all public buildings, monuments, etc. His residence is at 101, rue de Grenelle, St. Germain. The offices are at 101, 103, and 122, in the same street.

Minister of Justice and Public Worship. - To this Minister all judges and law officers, crown lawyers, notaries, etc. are subordinate: letters of pardon, of naturalization, etc. are also granted by him. He likewise regulates every thing concerning public worship, the expences of the clergy, the repairs of ecclesiastical edifices, etc. ; the direction of the royal printing-office also falls within his jurisdiction. His residence is at 11, Place Vendome; the offices are at 22, rue Neuve de Luxembourg.

Minister of Public Instruction. - This Minister super- intends the University of France, colleges, schools, etc. The Institute, all scientific and literary societies, all public libra- ries and museums, all medical establishments, etc. are also under his administration. His residence is at 116, bis, rue de Grenelle St. Germain.

All the ministers have stated hours for public business, official receptions, etc., which may be known at their bureaux.

To this account of the f unctions of the different ministers may be added the amount of the budget for 1835.

Public debt Pensions

FRANCS.

264,889,000 53,847,000

Carryover . . 3 18,736,000

4

3B iHTKODUCIION,

Brought forward Dotations .... Department of the minister of justice and public worship

- foreign affairs public instruction .

- interior

- commerce and works - , war . .

- marine and colonies i - finance

Expenses of collection, etc. Reserve for war .

3i8, 786,000 i6,86r,ooo

18,793,870 7,421,700 1 2,46 ,600

12,009,000

106,000,000 246,863,000 65,5oo,2oo 23,622,700 i6r,23o,ooo io;586,g3o

Total (1) . . . fr. t, 080,090, 200

Civil List. - Independent of the Ministers, there are the different administrations of the civil list and of the estates of the royal family. - Intendance Generate de la liste civile, 9, Place Vendome. - Administration Generate du domaine prive du Roi9 21t>, rue St. Honore. - Administration des Biens du Due d'Aumale, Palais Bourbon.

Royal Households. - Their disposition is as follows: - The King has 14 aides-de-camp and 2 honorary aides-de- camp, 12 officiers d'ordonnance, 1 secretary, 1 ecuyer com- mandant, and 2 eeuyers. The first aide-de-camp resides at the Tuileries. - The Queen has 1 almoner, 1 lady of honour, 6 ladies, 1 chevalier d'honneur, 1 secretary. - The Princesses have 1 Jady of honour, and 3 ladies. - The Duke of Orleans has 3 aides-de-camp, 4 officiers d'ordonnance, 1 secretary, 1 ecuyer. - The Duke de Nemours has 2 aides-de-camp, and 1 secretary. - The three younger princes have each a tutor. - The Princess Adelaide d' Orleans has 1 lady of honour, 2 ladies, 1 chevalier d'honneur, 1 secretary. - Besides the above functionaries there is a numerous list of medical officers, military com- mandants of palaces, and other personages, attached to the service of the court.

Ordre SIoyal de la Legion d'Honnettr. - The Legion of Honour was instituted by a law of 29 Floreal, an 10, 1802, for the recompense of civil and military merit, as well as length of public service. The King is chief and grand master of the order, the administration of which is entrusted to a grand chancellor. The order is composed of chevaliers, officers, commanders, grand officers, and grand crosses. The

(1) This sum is equivalent to £4i,2o3?6o8 sterling.

LEGION OF HONOUR - DHL WARY GOVERNMENT. 39

members are nominated for life, but lose tbeir privileges by any act that causes the suspension or abolition of their rights a6 French citizens. The number of chevaliers is unlimited, and is about 50,000 at the present time ; that of officers is fixed at 2,000, of commanders at 400, of grand officers at 160, of grand crosses at 80. The princes of the royal family, or ot the blood, and all foreigners upon whom the king bestows the order, are not included in these numbers. Foreigners are only admitted, not received, into the order, and do not take the oaths. The decorations, which are commonly worn at the button-hole of the left breast, vary according to the different ranks. Every member of the Legion of honour created before 1814, or who is a sub-officer or soldier, is en- titled to a pension of 250 francs per ann : but not the others. Among the foreign members of the order are 11 crowned heads and sovereign princes. Attached to the legion of honour are the establishments for the education of the daughters, nieces, and sisters of the members, an account of which will be found under the head of Public Institutions. The Grand Chancellor resides in the hotel of the -order, in the rue de Li lie, where also the offices belonging to his administration are situated.

MILITARY GOVERNMENT*

The regular army of France is composed as follows

General staff „ , , 6g3

Local staff «, Staff of the artillery

Staff of the engineers Infantry . Cavalry # Artillery # Engineers Train $ Veterans Gendarmerie

699

960

'9.8

204,291 5o,397 22,768 7,000 3,024 10,000

i4,347

Ditto (Africa) . . « 168

Total + $ 3 1 5,266

The garrison of Paris is generally composed of about 30,000 men,

General Staff of the first military division, 1, rue de Lille. - Staff of the Garrison of Paris, 7, Place Yenddme. - Court Martial, 39, rue du Cherche-Midi.

National Guard, - T.hv national guard of the department

40

INTRODUCTION.

of the Seine consists of 12 legions of infantry for the 12 ar- rondissements of Paris, 4 legions for the hanlieue; 1 legion of cavalry for Paris, and 2 squadrons for the 1st and 2nd legions of the banlieue. The total force, though variable, is about 76,000 men. The corps of artillery, disbanded in 1832, has not since been reorganised. Each legion of infantry of Paris is composed of 4 battalions ; those of the banlieue of 9, 8, 6, and 4 battalions ; the legion of cavalry, called the 13th consists of 6 squadrons. The Etat Major General is on the Place du Carrousel.

Municipal Guards. - The municipal guards consist of 2 nattalions of infantry of 4 companies each, the company con- taining 128 men, and 2 squadrons of cavalry each of 98 men, amounting altogether to 1,443 men and officers. Their bar- racks are in the rue Mouffetard, the Place Royale, faubourg St. Martin, and rue de Tournon. This corps is under the orders of the Prefect of police.

Sapeurs Pompiers. - The battalion of sapeurs pompiers, or firemen, contains 636 men and officers, and is divided into 4 companies : 134 are on duty every day at the theatres, etc. and 162 are always in the guard-houses of the different arron- dissements. Their barracks are at 20, Quai des Orfevres ; 126, faubourg St. Martin; 4, rue de la Paix ; 9, rue Culture Sle. Catherine, and 15, rue du Vieux Colombier. They are also under the orders of the Prefect of police, and a great number of engines and other means for extinguishing fire are at the disposal of this most efficient corps.

COURTS, TRIBUNALS, ETC.

The Minister of Justice is the supreme head of all the judi- cial courts in the kingdom, and keeper of the seals. To him belongs the organization and superintendence of the entire judicial system, and of the body of notaries.

Court of Cassation, Palais de Justice. - This is the su- preme court of appeal from all the tribunals of France. When presided by the minister of justice, it can censure the Cours Roy ales, or inferior courts of appeal, and can, for grave rea- sons, suspend the judges from their functions, or summon them to render an account *of their* conduct. It does not take cog- nizance of affairs themselves, but only sets aside sentences, in cases of informality, or misapplication of the law; after which it refers the affair itself to a competent tribunal. Generally speaking, there is no appeal to this court from the sentences of justices of the peace, or from those of military and naval courts. The time allowed for making an appeal, in civil

COURTS, TRIBUNALS, ETC. H

matters, is three months ; in criminal matters, misdemean- ours, and breaches of police regulations, only three days.

The court of cassation is composed of a president, 3 vice- presidents, and 45 counsellors, nominated for life by the king'. It is divided into 3 sections, called sections of requests, of civil and of criminal cassation. With the court of cassation is a procureur-general of the king, six avocats-generaux, a chief registrar, and 4 under-registrars. A college of 60 advocates has the exclusive right of pleading in this court, and in the king's councils. The two civil sections have a vacation, but the criminal section always continues sitting.

Cour des Comptes, Cour de la Sainte Chapelle. - This court is the next in rank to that of Cassation, and enjoys the same prerogatives. It examines all the principal accounts of the kingdom, and consists of a chief president, 3 presidents, 18 masters of accounts, 80 referendaires, a procureur-general of the king, and a registrar. It is divided into three sect;cns or chambers. The first decides matters relating to the public receipts ; the second, such as relate to the public expenditure ; and the third, the receipts and expenses of the communes. Vacation from September 1 to November 1.

C4OUR Royale, Palais de Justice. - This court is composed of a chief president, 5 presidents, 54 counsellors, 7 auditor- counsellors, a procureur-general of the king, 4 avocats-gene- raux, 11 deputy-advocates, and a registrar. It is divided into 5 chambers; 3 civil, one of appeal from sentences for misde- meanours, and one for indictments, exclusive of the court of Assizes, which holds two sessions monthly, and consists of one section or two, according to the number of prisoners for trial. For the assizes, the keeper of the seals, or the first president* appoints a certain number of counsellors as judges. Audi- ences are given every day, except Sundays and holidays, from nine till twelve. The advocates who attend this court are very numerous. An office for gratuitous counsel to the indigent is open every Tuesday from one to four, in the library of the order of advocates, at the Palais de Justice. The solicitors or attorneys attached to this court, called avoucs, are licentiates in law. They have a chambre for maintaining their own discipline and regulations. Vacation from Septem- ber 1 to November 1.

Tribunal de Premiere Instance, Palais de Justice. - This court consists of 1 president, 7 vice-presidents, 34 judges, among whom are 10 judges of instruction, 14 supplementary

42

INTRODUCTION

judges, a procuieur-du-roi, 15 deputy procureurs, 1 chief registrar, and 22 sworn registrars. It is divided into 8 cham- bers. The Court sits every day except Sundays and Mondays. Vacation from September 1 to November 1.

TxiiBUNAL de Gommerce, at the Exchange. - The judges of this court are respectable merchants, principally heads of ancient houses, who are nominated in a general assembly of merchants, and confirmed by the king. The tribunal is com- posed of a president, 8 judges, 15 deputy -judges, and has a registrar, under-regislrars, and huissiers. Attached to this court are ten officers, called gardes du commerce, who ap- prehend such persons as the tribunal decides shall be arrested.

Tribunal of Municipal Police, Palais de Justice. - The justices of the peace sit here alternately, and decide upon the breach of police regulations where the penalty does not exceed Jive days' imprisonment, or a fine of 15 fr. A commissary of police acts as counsel for the prosecution.

Tribunaux de Paix. - In each municipal arrondissement ihere is a tribunal de paix, principally for the adjustment of disputes relative to money matters, which holds its sittings as follows: - 1st Arrondissement, 9, rue d'Anjou; 2d, 2, rue Pinon; 3d, 10, rue Hauteville; 4th, 4, Place du Chevalier <hi Guet ; 5lh, 20, rue de Bondy ; 6th, 9, rue du Puit Ven- iome; 7th, 32, rue du Roi de Sicile; 8th, 14, Place Royale; Dth, 88, rue St. Antoine ; 10th, 7, rue de Grenelle; 11th, 10, me Garanciere; 12th, 161, rue St. Jacques.

Advocates. - The order of advocates is very numerous, and justly celebrated for their talent and learning. They have a bureau for gratuitous advice to the poor, at their library, in the Palais de Justice.

Avoues. - The avoues act in courts of law as solicitors and attorneys ; in certain cases they have the right of pleading : and they are subject to a chamber of discipline formed for each court. They must be licentiates in civil law, and must take the oath of an advocate.

Notaries. - The number of Paris notaries, and who exer- cise their profession within the jurisdiction of the royal court, is 114: they make wills, leases, mortgages, title-deeds of estates, and* other deeds; they give security to the govern- ment, and, on retirement or death, their places are sold. Their chamber of discipline holds a meeting in the Place du Cha- (elet every Thursday evening. Hujssikrs. - These officers fulfil the duties of bailiffs, mes«

CIVIL AND COMMUNAL ADMINISTRATIONS.

4|

senders, etc., and are 172 in number, attached to the dif- ferent tribunals.

Commissures Priseurs (appraisers and auctioneers). - The number of these in Paris is fixed at 80. They have the ex- clusive privilege of appraising and selling goods by auction. The chamber of discipline of the commissaires-priseurs meets at their hotel, Place de la Bourse. - This body is subject to the jurisdiction of the procureur du roi, at the tribunal de pre- miere instance.

CIVIL ADMINISTRATION OF PARIS.

The Prefect of the Department of the Seine is the chief municipal authority in the capital. Besides the duties com- mon to the other prefects of the kingdom, he exercises nearly all the functions of a mayor. He superintends all public buildings and establishments, edifices devoted to divine wor- ship, public works, streets and public ways, military insti- tutions, excise duties, markets, hospitals, benevolent insti- tutions, direct taxes, public fetes, Chamber of Commerce, and domains of the state. Under him is a Council of Pre- fecture, composed of 5 members, and also a secretary-general. - The Council-General of the Department consists of 36 mem- bers, elected 3 by each arrondissement of Paris, and of 8 members, elected 4 by each rural arrondissement. The mem- bers of each arrondissement form its municipal council, and as such are subject to the controul of the council-general. There are also attached to the prefecture 6 auditors of the council of state ; and a comile consultatif, composed of the prefect and 10 members. - The bureaux of the prefecture are at the Hotel de Ville, and are open to the public every day, except Sundays and festivals, from 2 to 4.

Communal and Departmental Administration. - The First Bureau of this branch comprises the convocation of municipal councils of the rural districts, the administration of the rural property of the town, and the inspection of all mar- kets, etc. - The Caisse de Poissy, 1, rue du Grand Chantier. This fund pays ready money to graziers for all the cattle sold at the markets of Poissy, andSceaux, and the Halle-aux-Veaux, for the consumption of Paris ; and reimburses itself from the butchers at the rale of 5 per cent, per annum interest. - inspec- tion Generale du Pesage, Mesurage, et Jaugeage, 21, rue Bour- tibourg. The officers of this bureau regulate all sales by large weights, measures, etc. in the markets, wood-yards, Haile-aux-

44 INTRODUCTION.

Tins, etc. within the jurisdiction of the prefect of police. - Th£ Second Bureau regulates the registration of public acts and documents ; keeps account of the movement of the population, etc. ; and inspects the abattoirs, funereal ceremonies, and cemeteries. - The Third Bureau is charged with the legal pro- cesses relative to the property of the town, etc. - The Fourth Bureau superintends all jury lists, elections of municipal councillors, etc.

Administration of Roads and Public Works. - This branch comprises 3 Bureaux, which are charged with the formation and repair of roads, paving, canals, bridges, quays, etc., as well as with the construction of public buildings, for which a committee of architects is appointed. - A Fourth Bureau superintends the commission of the Grande Voirie, and regulates the building and alteration of houses, the di- rection of new streets, etc. There are 3 commissioners of divisions, and 12 commissioners of arrondissemenls, with the same number of inspectors, appointed for this service. The general surveillance of the quarries, etc. also comes under the same superintendence.

Administration of Public Instruction, Charitable Institutions, and National Guards. - This branch in- cludes a Committee of central primary instruction, and has the regulation of schools, colleges, and some of the expenses of public worship. It superintends hospitals, the administration of charities, the Mont de Piete, tontines, etc. ; and directs the affairs of the gendarmerie, the sapeurs pompiers, etc., the recruiting for the regular army, and the regulation of the national guards.

Administration of the Departmental Taxes. - This branch manages the assessment, collection, and recovery of direct taxes for the department, and is aided by a committee of 6 members for the distribution of the assessments.

The Treasurer of the City of Paris holds his office at the Hotel de Ville.

The financial service of the Department of the Seine is conducted by the following administrations.- - Direction de V Enregistrement et des Domaines ; the bureaux of this branch pre at the residence of the Minister of Finance. - Direction des Contributions Direcles, 55, rue de la Verrerie, which includes especial offices for the receipt and control of the taxes.

The Administration of the Customs lies in the department of the Minister of Finance ; but the office of the general di-

ADMINISTRATIONS - MAIRIES.

45

rection of the customs is at 26, rue du Faubourg Poissonniere, and rue d'Enghien. - The Administration of Indirect Taxes of the department of the Seine is placed under the care of a director and other officers, at 10, rue Duphot. - The Admini- stration of the Octroi Duties is managed by a council of 4 directors, at 2, rue Pinon.

The Administration of the Post-0 f pee is merged in that of the General Post-office, rue Jean- Jacques-Rousseau, of which it forms a special division.

To the above may be added: - The Direction of the Poste aux Chevaux, 2, rue de la Tour des Dames, and rue Pigalle.

To each of the arrondissements of St. Denis and Sceaux there is a sub-prefect, with a council of arrondissement of 6 members attached.

Mairies. - Paris is divided into 12 municipal arrondisse- ments, each headed by a mayor and two deputy-mayors, whose principal functions relate to the civil state. The pre- fect of the department, however, fills the office of central mayor. Each arrondissement comprehends 4 quartiers. The following list will show the situation of each mairie, and the quarliers which come within its jurisdiction : -

1st Mairie, 9, rue d'Anjou St. Honore. Quartiers : Tuile- ries, Champs Elysees, Roule, Place Vendome.

2d Mairie, 2, rue Pinon. Quartiers : Palais Royal, Feydeau, Chaussee d'Antin, faubourg Montmartre.

3d Mairie, at the Petits Peres, near the Place des Victoires. Quartiers: faubourg Poissonniere, Montmartre, Mail, St. Eus- tache.

4th Mairie, 4, Place du Chevalier du Guet. Quartiers : Banque de France, St. Honore, Louvre, des Marches.

5th Mairie, 20, rue de Bondy. Quartiers : Montorgueil, Bonne Nouvelle, faubourg St. Denis, Porte St. Martin.

6th Mairie, 208 and 210, rue St. Martin. Quartiers : des Lombards, St. Martin des Champs, Porte St. Denis, Temple.

7th Mairie, 21, rue des Francs Bourgeois. Quartiers : Ste. Avoie, des Arcis, Mont de Piete, Marche St. Jean.

8th Mairie, 14, Place Royale. Quartiers : Marais, Quinze Vingts, faubourg St. Antoine, Popincourt.

9th Mairie, 25, rue Geoffrey l'Asnier. Quartiers : Hotel de Vilie, Arsenal, He St. Louis, la Cite.

10th Mairie, 7, rue de Grenelle. Quarliers : la Monnaie, St. Thomas d'Aquin, faubourg St. Germain, Invalides.

46

INTRODUCTION.

11th Maine, 10, rne Garanciere. Quartiers : Ecole de Medecine, Palais de Justice, Sorbcnne, Luxembourg;

12th Mairie, 262, rue St. Jacques. Quartiers : St. Jacques, Jardin du Roi, St. Marcel, Observatoirc.

The offices of the mairies are open daily from 9 till 4 ; but on Sundays and holidays from 9 till 12 only. The mayors and deputy mayors sit every day from 11 till 2.

The arrondissement of St. Denis has 37 mayors and com- munes, that of Sceaux has 43 mayors and communes.

Timbre Royal. - 49 Bureaux for the distribution of stamped paper are established in the different quarters of Paris, besides the central office in the rue de la Paix.

Electors and Jurors. - -The number of persons qualified to vote at the elections of deputies, members of the council- general of the department of the Seine, and councillors of ar- rondissements in the sub-prefectures of Sceaux and St. Denis, amounts to 16,017. Those who are qualified to vote at the two elections last named, but not at that for deputies, are 2,483 in number; and, besides the above clauses, there are 11,351 communal electors admitted to elect the members of municipal councils of the extra-mural communes. To the 16,017 political electors, and to the 2,483, who are almost all jurors, there are to he added 845 jurors, who are not electors, sthus forming a general total of 19,345 citizens, liable to be called on to serve as jurors. The number of electors is kept up with great difficulty, and official researches for persons qualified are obliged to be made every year. About 1,500 or 1,600 electors are struck off the list annually from various causes, and only 600 demands to be placed on it are annu- ally made. 1,500 jurors are chosen out of the total number for the service of the assizes of the year.

ADMINISTRATION OF THE POLICE.

Prefecture de Police, 1, Quai des Orfevres. - The pre- fect gives audiences at 2 o'clock on Tuesdays, and on other days from 11 to 12. His authority extends over the whole of the department of the Seine, the parishes of St. Cloud, Sevres, and Meudon, in the department of the Seine and Oise, and the market of Poissy, in the same department. He exercises his functions under the immediate authority of the ministers. The bureaux for general affairs are open daily, from 9 till 4. The bureau de surete is opened constantly by day and night. The prefect delivers passports and permissions to sojourn; he represses vagrancy, mendicity, tumultuous assemblies, and

prostitution ; he exercises control over the furnished hotels, and the distribution of gunpowder and saltpetre ; takes cogni- zance of the occupation of workmen, etc., and causes succour to be afforded in case of fire, inundations, etc. He seizes pro- hibited goods, and unwholesome provisions offered for sale ; verifies weights and measures, and confiscates such as are be- low the standard ; fixes the price of bread ; suppresses in the capital all establishments injurious to health; and superin- tends the supply of Paris with meat, corn, and other provisions. He exercises vigilance over hawkers; the safety, lighting, and cleaning of the public ways ; the unlading of boats upon the Seine ; the baths, brokers, porters, hackney-coaches and their drivers. It likewise belongs to him to apprehend and bring to justice all persons accused of misdemeanors or crimes. A permanentcommission of 7 members is attached to the 'Pre- fect of police, besides lawyers and other public officers.

Conseil de Salubrite. - This council is held at the prefecture every other Friday. It is composed of physicians, surgeons, etc. who consider upon the means of preserving the public health of the capital, the draining and cleaning of sewers, etc.

Passport Office. - At the prefecture. Here passports for the departments of France and foreign countries are delivered and vises from 10 to 2.

Bureau de 1' Inscription des Ouvriers, 13, Cour du Harlay, at the prefecture. - At this office certificates, called Uvrets, are delivered to workmen, without which they cannot obtain work in any shop or of any master. Their entrance into em- ployment is certified by the commissary of police of their master's residence; and their quitting it, by the commissary of the bureau de 1' inscription.

Bureau de Verification des Poids et Mesures, 9, rue Gha- noinesse. - New weights and measures are stamped at this office before they can be used in commerce ; and inspectors verify every year those in use by tradesmen.

Commissaires de Police. - In each of the forty-eight quar- tiers of Paris resides a commissary of police, who superin- tends its cleanliness and lighting; takes cognizance of mis- demeanors ; makes the first examination of crimes and of- fences ; delivers passports upon the attestation of two house- holders, and the certificates necessary for strangers to obtain cartes de surete\ or to have them renewed. The commissaries are in continual communication with the people, and attend to ths complaints they may have to make. Their residence is

48

INTRODUCTION.

known at night by a square lantern hung' at the street en- trance.

Secours aux Noycs et Asphixies. - Witnesses of accidents on the Seine and elsewhere are bound to afford the first aid, and to call the nearest physician or surgeon ; or to make it known to the nearest military post or commissary of police. A reward of 25 fr. is given to any one that picks up a drowning person if restored ; and 15 fr. if the efforts of art are fruitless. 49 sets of apparatus are deposited upon the banks of the Seine.

La Morgue, Marche Neuf. - This is a place in which are de- posited for three days the bodies of unknown persons who are drowned, or meet with accidental death. They are laid upon tables, open to the inspection of the public, in order that they may be recognised by those interested in their fate. Their clothes are hung up near them, as an additional means of recognition. If not claimed, they are buried at the public expense. - The number of persons deposited at the Morgue in 1834 was 288, of whom 231 were men, and 57 women.

Under the authority of the prefect of police are the muni- cipal guards, and the corps of sapeurs pompiers, as before mentioned. The officiers de paix and the sergents de ville are also subject to his controul as well as the following functionaries. A commissary-general for the supply of fuel to the capital ; an inspector-general of lighting and cleansing the streets; an inspector- general of the river and wharfs; a comptroller-general of the sale of firewood and charcoal ; an inspector-general of the markets; a comptroller-general of the Hallc-aux-Bles ; an inspector-general of mineral waters; an inspector-general of steam-engines; a commissioner for visiting steam-vessels, etc. Under the direction of the prefect of police, sergents de ville parade the streets during the dsty- time, and are stationed in all public places and places of amusement, to prevent disturbances, and to apprehend of- fenders. During the night patrols of sergents de ville, aided by agents de surete, and a brigade of municipal guards, pass through all the streets of Paris every half hour. Municipal guards arc stationed every night in all theatres, concert-rooms, etc. and, besides this, secret agents of police, chosen from among all classes of society, and paid accordingly, are to be found in every public assembly.

PRISONS.

During the middle ages the prisons of Paris were equally bad and equally unhealthy with those of any city in Europe.

PRISONS. 49 The first amelioration took place in 1670 ; and in 1675, Louis XIV. reduced the number of those of Paris, retaining only nine. Notwithstanding these salutary arrangements, the prison system experienced but little improvement. At the accession of Louis XVI. to the throne, the prisons of Paris were in a very bad state ; labour was interdicted, and the inmates were without classification. Upon the entrance of M. de Males- herbes into the administration, he ordered the lunatics, and those confined for political offences, to be separated from the criminals. The striking picture of abuses drawn by his pen attracted the attention of his successors, and upon M. Necker's coming into office, the amelioration of prisons was one of the first objects of his attention. The improvement begun was making considerable progress when it was arrested by the Revolution. The Constituent Assembly determined to reform the prison system, but the execution of the project was left to the succeeding legislative body. On the 29th of September, 1791, a law was passed which established houses d arret, of justice, and detention. All other prisons were prohibited, and mildness towards the prisoners was enjoined. The execution of the measure was scarcely begun, when the system of terror and arbitrary imprisonment filled the prisons with those who ought to have been for ever strangers to them. The 9th Thermidor put an end to that state of things; but the victims of persecution lifted up their voice against the administration of the prisons, and public opinion united with them in de- manding a change of the system. In 1795, in pursuance of a decree of the National Convention, separate prisons Were ap- pointed for the divers classes of offenders, and the criminal and penal code was formed, which fixed with greater pre- cision the competency of the different tribunals. The changes effected in the criminal legislation since the Revolution have necessarily produced a sensible effect in the prison regulations ; and the labours of the Socictc royal pour V Amelioration des Prisons have produced incalculable advantages. The im- provement of the prisons has occupied a large portion of the attention of the municipality of Paris, and of the government; and the new buildings lately erected for such purposes promise to produce the most happy results, not only for the prisoners, but also for the whole community.

The prisons of Paris are now 8 in number, for the follow- ing divisions of offences liable to imprisonment: - Persons

5

50

INTRODUCTION

under accusation; debt; political offences and offences liable to only 1 year's imprisonment; persons under trial; persons condemned to forced labour; juvenile criminals ; and females; all of which are under the jurisdiction of the prefect of police. Besides these there is a military prison, under the jurisdiction of the minister of war. For permission to vi>it any of these establishments, application must be made by letter to M. Le Prefet de police, Quai des Orfeyres.

La- Forge, rue du Roi de Sicile. - This prison is composed of buildings, which formerly were the hotel of the Duke de la Force, hut were converted to their present destination in 1780'. A new prison for prostitutes, called La Petite Force, in contradistinction to the other, or La Grande Force, was erect- ed about the same period. Since the beginning of 1830 these two prisons have been united, and the whole appropriated to the confinement of male persons committed for trial. Being- situated in a low and crowded part of the town, and the buildings being both old and inconvenient, it has been de- cided that the whole establishment shall be removed to a new prison to be built near the Jardin des Plantes. The descrip- tion of the buildings of this prison would therefore be super- fluous. The prisoners are divided into separate classes ; the hardened thieves, who are old offenders, form one; men committed for acts of violence, another; old men above 60 years of age are placed by themselves; and so are boys under 18 years of age ; the other prisoners form two classes, those supposed to be the best disposed being kept by themselves. The prisoners sleep in large dormitories, which are compara- tively clean and weli ventilated ; the dormitory of the boys is divided by strong partitions into small chambers, each cou- laining a single bed, and in their ward a workshop is esta- blished. The other prisoners may work if they please; but as they are not condemned, their labour is quite voluntary. An infirmary, bathing-room, parloir, and cantine are attached to the prison, as w ell as an advocate's room, in which prisoners can confer with their legal defenders. Each class has a yard for exercise. The sanitary regulations of this prison are very excellent, and are attended with the best results. The average number of prisoners is from 700 to 800> and the annual move- ment of the population of the prison from 10,000 to 12,000. On account of the increased number of prisoners, the cJnpc-i has been forced to be converted into dormitories. The new

PRISONS. 51

prison will be situated on the Boulevard de l'Hopital; and a sum of 2,200,000 fr. has been voted for its erection, which will be finished, it is supposed, in 1838.

Prison for Debtors, rue de Clichy. - This is a small prison, of plain construction, airy and well situated ; it holds from 150 to 200 persons, and will, it is expected, receive further augmentations.

Ste. Pelagie, rue de la Clef. - This prison was formerly a convent of nuns, which was suppressed at the Revolution. After that period it was converted into a prison for debtors* and became one of the most celebrated in Europe, ii has very lately been appropriated to persons condemned to im- prisonment for not more than a year, audio political offenders, either committed for trial or sentenced to short terras of con- finement. The internal aspect of the prison has therefore be- come entirely changed, and much improved. Political of- fenders are kept apart from the rest, and are at liberty to occupy themselves as they please. The following is an official account of the number of persons confined here in July, 1836 : - Condemnations for 1 year and under, different of- fences, 73; ditto for more than 1 year (wailing for removal to a Maison Cent rale), 9; solitary confinement, 1 ; breach of discipline, 5 ; condemnations for political offences, 18 ; com- mittals for do. 29; committals, various offences, 15; debtors, 5; total 155. The buildings are large and airy; and on ac- count of the confinement of political prisoners, the military discipline observed within, and in the immediate neighbour- hood of, this prison is exceedingly severe. The Maison Centrah is at Poissy; but persons condemned to forced labour are re- moved first to the Nouveau Bicetre, rue de la Roquette, and thence to the various Bagnes at the sea-ports. Political of- fenders condemned to long periods are confined at Doulens, Clairvaux, and other places.

St. Lazare, rue du Faubourg St. Denis. - - This was the ancient convent of the Lazarisls; but is now converted into a general prison for females committed for trial, or con- demned to imprisonment for terms not exceeding 1 year. The Maison Cenlrale to which they are sent for longer periods is at Clermont. Here all prostitutes, condemned to short imprisonment for offences against the sanitary or civic regulations of the police, are confined either in the infirmary or the prison. Children under 16 years of age are kept by hemselves; and women condemned by the tribunals also

52

INTRODUCTION.

form a separate class. The persons committed for trial have a distinct part of the prison allotted to them. Each class has its own separate infirmary, and to all arc attached workshops, in which the prisoners labour at various trades. The distri- bution and internal regulation of this prison are very good, and every encouragement is given to the prisoners who show a disposition of amendment. To this end they are allowed out of their earnings two-thirds, and their daily gain may amount tol fr. or 1^. All sorts of manufactures are carried on here; the preparation of hooks and eyes, of cashmere yarn, and of phosphorus-boxes, being the chief. To this prison is also attached the general bakehouse of all the prisons, as well as the general laundry and linen depot. A separate ward of this prison is allotted to female debtors, who have single apartments at a very low rate. A large chapel stands in the middle of the prison, and the women confined here attend service in it every Sunday. The average number of persons of all descriptions confined here is from 800 to 1)00; and the annual movement of the population of the prison is about 10,000.

Prison de la Roquette, rue de la Roquellc. - The name of this prison is not yet fixed, and it is known by this appel- lation as well as by that of the Nouveau Bicetre. It is allotted to the reception of prisoners condemned either to forced la- bour in the Bagnes, or to death. It consists of a pile of building surrounding a large quadrangular court about 180 ft. by 150 ft., three storeys high; the lower of which is occu- pied by workshops, refectories, etc., the two upper by the prisoners' cells. The greater part of the western side is allotted to the lodgings of the director, and other officers, the general linen-store, etc. In this side, too, is the entrance, the porter's lodge, the corps de garde, etc. A small court, added to the eastern side, is surrounded by the chapel and in- firmary. At the same time that this prison is light, airy, and healthy, it is one of the strongest houses of confinement ever erected. A double court surrounds the whole, in which surveillans and sentinels constantly keep guard : the walls and iron fastenings are all of extraordinary solidity : each prisoner has a separate room, in which he is fastened at night ; and there are cachots, or dark chambers, for refractory prisoners, as well as three condemned cells for prisoners un- der sentence of death. The total number of prisoners that can be kept here is 280. A fountain in the middle of the

PRISONS.

53

great court gives a constant supply of water, and every pro- vision is adopted for the cleanliness and health of the pri- soners. The chapel is large and commodious, and service is performed in it every Sunday. This, house, both for the style of its architecture and the excellent taste and judgment that have dictated its distribution, may be looked upon as a model for all others of the kind : the gloomy air of a prison is almost entirely avoided both without and within; the in- spection of the prisoners is perfectly provided for ; and every improvement that humanity can suggest has been adopted. It was built by M. Gau, in the short space of 18 months, and cost only 1,245,000 fr.

Prison pour les Jeunes Detenus, rue de la Roquette. - This prison, which stands immediately opposite the last named one, has the air more of a feudal castle than of a house of de- tention, and in its internal arrangements is calculated for a hos- pital, or an immense college, equally as well as for a place of punishment. It was built by M. Dubas. it consists of a regularly hexagonal pile of building, with circular turrets at the angles, from each of which piles of building converge to a circular one in the centre. Six courts are thus inclosed, all of which are built on precisely the same model. The cen- tral building, which is perfectly isolated from all others, and is approached only by iron bridges, contains, below the level of the soil, in a large circular area, the kitchens: above these, on the ground floor, is the general parloir, so contrived that the prisoners of each section are kept by themselves, and that a guardian is always placed in a corridor between them and their friends. Above the parloir is the chapel, forming the whole of the upper part of the building ; this is so con- trived that the prisoners of each division enter it separately, and, when once in, can see nothing in it but the altar and themselves. Each court contains on the ground floor 2 workshops, and a spacious refectory : while the three upper storeys contain 95 separate chambers, each 7 ft. 8 in. square by ft. high, with a window looking into the court, and a door opening into a corridor. The court contains a fountain in the middle planted round with chestnut trees. The pri- soners are divided according to the length of their sentence of confinement, and live in separate courts according as they are confined for 0 months, 1 year, 2, 3, 4, and 5 years. Those of one court can never have any intercourse with those of another; and the strictest surveillance is maintained over

5.

54

INTRODUCTION.

the prisoners night and day. On the eastern side of the prison are the director s house and other apartments for officers con- nected with the house : on the western, is the infirmary, and a large well with a wheel attached to it, worked like a tread- mill by refractory prisoners. This supplies water to the whole of this as well as the opposite prison. A school of mu- tual instruction is established in one of the refectories, and another is used as a place of meeting for the council. The average number of prisoners is 390, and the annual move- ment of the population of the prison is about 825. The Maison Centrale is at Clermont.

Depot de la Prefecture be Police. - The prison ad- joining the Prefecture was built in 1828, at an expense of 300,000 fr. It is a place of temporary confinement, where persons arrested are detained till examination takes place. It is divided into two parts: the Salle St. Martin is for those who can afford to pay for lodgings and accommodations. A build- ing three storeys in height serves, on the first floor, for the detention of prostitutes ; on the second for tho?c accused of crime ; and on the third for those arrested for minor offences.

The Conctergerie, in the Palais de Justice, is used as a depot for prisoners during their trial, and is sometimes em- ployed as a receptacle for notorious prisoners before their committal. The buildings are badly suited for their purpose, and its proximity to the courts of justice is the only quality that recommends it. The population of this prison is of course very fluctuating and uncertain. For the remarkable historical associations connected with this prison, and for a description of the building itself, the reader is referred to the 9th Arron- dissement.(l)

Prison de l'Abbaye.- - This was formerly a house of de- tention within the jurisdiction of the Abbey of St. Germain des Pres, in the immediate neighbourhood of which it stands. It contains several dungeons below the ground, and is the most gloomy of any of the places of confinement in Paris. The horrors which took place here during the revolution are loo well known to need further allusion. This prison now serves as a house of arrest for military offences : the house of detention is fixed in the Chateau of St. Germain. - Another

(i) The prisons des Madelonnetles, dc *Blhfor% and if, rue Gres St, Jacques, are not taken notice ofhere, because they have been abolished, and replaced by those of the rue de la Roquetle.

LAWS AFFECTING BRITISH RESIDENTS*

55

military prison was formerly established in the College de Montaigu, Place du Pantheon ; this is now done away with. For permission to visit this prison special application must be made to the Minister of War, but on account of the strictness of military discipline the greatest difficulty may be expected in obtaining it.

Closely connected with the prisons are the following bene- volent institutions : -

SOCIETE TOUR LE SOUL AGEMENT ET LA DELIVRANCE DES

Prisonniers. - From 1597 to 1790, a benevolent society em- ployed funds in procuring the discharge of debtors ; another society afforded relief to them and their families. These in- stitutions now form one association, which is supported by public contributions. The archbishop of Paris is president, and the association consists principally of ladies. The trear surer lives at 29, rue du Vieux Colombier.

SOCIETE ROYALE POUR L' AMELIORATION DES PRISONS. -

The object of this society is to concur with the public ad- ministration by introducing into the prisons of the kingdom all the ameliorations required by religion, morality, justice, and humanity.

SOCIETE POUR LE PATRONAGE DES JeUNES LlBKRKS. -

This excellent institution, founded in 1833, is intended for the management of young prisoners while in confinement, and for their superintendence after the expiration of their punish- ment. Each member has a young prisoner under his own espe- cial care, and whose patron he is. The most gratifying effects have already resulted from the efforts of this society, which is authorized and assisted by government. The conduct of the prisoners is greatly improved, and the number of cases of recommittal diminished from 60 to 20 per cent. An annual meeting for the distribution of prizes for good conduct, etc., is held at the Hotel de Ville ; and a report of the proceedings of the society is published every year. The secretary's office is at 12, rue Chanoinesse.

LAWS OF FRANCE AFFECTING BRITISH RESIDENTS.

The substance of the following notice is entirely extracted from the valuable work of Mr. Okey on this subject - a book that ought to be in the library of every person domiciliated in France. We have merely abridged a few of the more im- portant subjects, altering their arrangement, and refer the reader for fuller information to the work itself.

Births. - The French law requires that every birth be de-

56

INTRODUCTION.

clared to the mayor of the commune, or arrondissement in Paris, within 3 days after it takes piace ; and that the child be produced to the officer who registers the acte de naissance, The father, or in his absence the midwife, or medical man who attended at the birth, must make the declaration. The acte must be drawn up immediately after the birth in the presence of 2 witnesses; and must state the day, hour, and place of birth; the sex, christian and surnames of the child, and the names of the parents and witnesses, with their profession and domicile. This acte is usually drawn up at the mairie. Parties not complying with these formalities are subject to fine and imprisonment. An authentic extract from the mayor' s regis- ter is valid as a proof of birth in England. Children born of foreigners are foreigners ; but, within one year after coming of age, they can claim the rights of French citizens.

Marriages. - A marriage between two British subjects in a foreign country is valid in England in the two following cases: either when the contracting parties have made affi- davits that they are of age and at liberty to contract, (which affidavits, being made before the proper officer appointed by the British ambassador in that country, must be presented to the chaplain of the embassy), and when the marriage has thereupon been solemnized in the ambassador's house according to the laws of England; or else when the parties have been married in strict conformity to the law of the country. If one of the parlies be a British subject and the other not, the marriage ought to be celebrated according to the forms of the country, before solemnization in the ambassador's house. The for- malities required by the French law consist of publication and registration by the mayor, accompanied by declaration of con- sent of natural guardians, proof of legal age, testimony of witnesses, etc., all of w hich may be learnt on application at the mairie, or from the Code Civile. Other modifications of the laws of marriage will be found in the work of Mr. Okey. According to the laws both of France and England, the wife, if previously belonging to another country, becomes on mar- riage a citizen of the same country as her husband; but an Englishwoman, married to a Frenchman, does not lose all her English rights. The law of settlements, in the case of a mar- riage between parties of different countries, is open to great difficulty ; and a lawyer's advice is absolutely necessary in such cases. Generally speaking, the settlement of English property should be effected in England, though it may be per-

LAWS AFFECTING BRITISH RESIDENTS.

formed with equal validity in France : and all settlements, to be binding by French law, must be executed before the act of marriage. The law of France does not take cognizance of the law of divorce.

Deaths. - In case of death, it is requisite that a declaration thereof should be made at the mairieby the relatives or friends of the deceased, or by the person at whose house the death took place. The body is then visited by a physician ap- pointed by the mayor to ascertain the causes of dissolution, and cannot be interred without authorisation from him, nor until 24 hours after the decease, except in cases otherwise provided for by the regulations of the police. In case a de- ceased person leaves personal property, seals are affixed there- on by the juge de paix, till the heirs or legatees can establish their claims, in order that the effects may not be exposed to depredation; and in the event of the absence of the parties in- terested, the seals remain unbroken till they can take possession in person or by proxy. The affixing of seals may be required by the heir or representatives of the deceased, by any person interested in the property, by creditors, servants, etc. With regard to foreigners, the juge de paix proceeds to this formality of his own accord, as soon as intelligence of a death reaches him. The seals cannot be removed under three days from the time of their being affixed, or from the day of the burial, and then only by order of the juge de paix formally de- manded.

Wills. - " A British subject, domiciled abroad, must con- form in his testamentary acts to the formalities required by the law of the land of domicile." A will made in France, and disposing of lands in England, must, according to the English law, be in writing, signed by the party devising, or by some other in his presence, and by his direction, and at- tested in his presence by 3 or 4 credible witnesses. A will made in a foreign Country, disposing of goods in England, must be proved in England ; but if the goods are all abroad, the will must be proved according to the custom of the country where the testator died. If the will is in a foreign language, the probate is granted of a translation by a notary public. Great inconvenience is experienced where an executor is not appointed to a foreign will. According to the laws of France, a will may be olographic, made by public act, or in the secret form: - An olographic will should be written throughout, dated, and signed by the testator. A single word in the hand

58

INTRODUCTION.

of another person would render it null and void. The will by public act is received by two notaries in the presence of two witnesses, or by one notary in the presence of four wit- nesses ; in both cases it must be read over to the testator in the presence of the witnesses ; and mention must be made in the will of all these circumstances. If the will be dictated in a particular or provincial idiom, the notary will write it in cor- rect language. The will must be signed by the testator, or, if he cannot write, express mention must be made. in the will of his declaration to that effect. The will must be signed by the witnesses. When a testator makes a mystic or secret will, he must sign it, whether he has written it himself or caused it to be written by another. The paper containing it must be scaled. The testator must present it thus sealed to the notary, and six witnesses, at least, or cause it to be closed and sealed in their presence, and must declare that the contents of such deed are his will, written and signed by himself, or written by another, and signed by himself. The notary thereon draws up the superscription, which must be written on the paper, or on the sheet w hich serves as a cover, and this must be signed, as well by the testator as by the notary, and the witnesses. Persons who cannot read are not allowed to dis- pose of their property by a mystic or secret will. In case a testator cannot speak, but is able to write, he may make a mystic will, provided it is throughout written, dated, and signed by himself; and at the time of delivering it to the notary in the presence of witnesses, he writes at the top of the superscription that the deed which he delivers is his will. An English subject dying in France may dispose of his pro- perty in England according to the English law: but all real property in France, though possessed by an English subject, follows the French law of succession. By the law of France, a testator, leaving at his decease one legitimate child, may dis- pose of not more than half of his property; if two children, of the third part ; if there are more than two children, a fourth part only will be at his disposal. Under the title of children are included their descendants, in whatever degree, claiming in right of the child from whom they descend. Upon the failure of legitimate heirs, the property passes to natural children, and then to the surviving parent.

Civil Rights. - All persons residing in France are subject to the police laws, and are bound to observe every regulation connected with the public safety. An important difference is

LAWS AFFECTING BRITISH RESIDENTS. 50

to be remarked between residence and domicile. A foreigner resident in France enjoys the same civil rights as are or may be granted to Frenchmen by the treaties with the nation to which such foreigner belongs; with this important addition in his favour, that by a liberal provision of the French law he enjoys the right of succession in France, although it may not be granted to French citizens in his own country . He cannot, however, establish his domicile in France without the King's express permission; this being obtained, he is then admitted to the participation and enjoyment of all the civil, though not of the political, rights of French subjects. A foreigner merely domiciled in France still continues subject to the laws of his own country, and his children are also foreigners, until they have complied with the law relative to the denization of children born of foreigners in France. A foreigner, after 10 years' domiciliation in France, may, on compliance with certain forms, become naturalized. But letters of naturalization may be granted to foreigners, who have rendered essential service to the state, at the end of one year.

Arrest. - ** By the French law, a foreigner not domiciled in France may, when a debt has become due, be arrested conditionally, and before payment of the debt has been ad- judged by the Tribunal de Premiere Instance ; but it is neces- sary that a Frenchman be, in such cases, the actual creditor, and not one who has become so by the assignment of a debt contracted by one foreigner with another." No foreigner in France, although admitted to the enjoyment of civil rights, can pursue another foreigner for debt. Arrest must not be for less than 200 fr. ; nor can it be made, unless by virtue of a judgment; and persons of 70 years of age, women, and minors, are not liable to be arrested. This privilege extends to foreigners as well as citizens. Arrest neither prevents nor suspends proceedings and execution against the goods of the debtor. In commercial matters, even against women and minors, arrest is much more generally allowed than in civil cases. Arrest must not take place before sunrise nor -after sunset ; nor on fete days ; nor in buildings dedicated to divine worship; nor at the seat of constituted authorities; nor in any house whatever, even in the domicile of the debtor, if entrance is refused, unless permitted by the Juge de Paix of the place, who must in such case accompany the officer. The prisoner may demand to be immediately taken to the President

60

INTRODUCTION.

of the Tribunal de Premiere Instance of the place where the arrest has been made, who will decide as an arbitrator.

Imprisonment for Debt. - The keeper of the prison, on receiving the prisoner, must enter in the prison-book, or re- gister, the judgment which authorises the arrest. This must be written in a certain prescribed form, and must also certify the deposit of at least one month's prison allowance by the creditor, who must always make this deposit beforehand. A debtor may obtain his liberation by the consent of the cre- ditor, and of all who have lodged detainers against him, given before a notary, or entered on the register of the prison; by the payment into the hands of a third person of the debts and costs of all detaining creditors, with interest, allowance-mo- ney, and other expenses incurred by the imprisonment ; by a discharge on ground of insolvency, giving up all he possesses, his future effects remaining liable to his creditors; by the de- fault of the creditor to assign in advance sufficient prison-al- lowance, fixed at 30 fr. a-month; and by the prisoner having entered his 70th year. Whether the principal debt be of a commercial or a civil nature, imprisonment, in all cases, ceases after 2 years, if it does not amount to 500 fr. ; after 4 years, when below 1,000 fr. ; after 6 years, when below 3,000 fr. ; after 8 years, when below 5,000 fr. ; after 10 years, when above 5,000 fr. and upwards. The liberation for default of prison-allowance is ordered by the president of the tribunal on petition, accompanied by certificate from the prison-keeper that no allowance has been afforded by the cre- ditor. The debtor so liberated cannot again be arrested by the creditor, except on payment of all costs incurred by the former in obtaining his liberation, with a deposit of 6 months* allowance in advance, in the hands of the prison-keeper.

Actes. - In drawing up civil documents, the French law requires that the year, day, and hour of the acte be men- tioned, together with the christian names, surnames, ages, professions, and domiciles of all persons concerned in them. No abbreviation may be used, nor any date inserted in figures.

Ambassadors, Consuls, etc. - By the law of nations, the hotel of an ambassador is considered as forming part of the territory of the nation which he represents. This privilege, however, does not invalidate the right of a child of a foreigner, born within the precincts of the hotel, to become a French subject on its coming of age. The person of the ambassador is free from arrest or any civil process, and so are his servants,

LAWS AFFECTING- BRITISH RESIDENTS. 61

secretaries, etc. ; but the same privilege does not apply to the person of a consul. The duties of a consul are very ex- tensive : he has to watch over the commercial interests of his nation ; to protect his countrymen who may be in distress, and in some cases to exercise judicial authority over them. He is also bound to register births, marriages, and deaths ; and, in case of his being at a port, to see that no vessel of his own country leaves it without all due claims upon the master and crew being previously settled. In Paris the consular department is added to that of the embassy, and the offlce is in the same hotel.

Bills of Exchange. - By the law of France all endorse- ments upon bills of exchange, etc. are required to be special. Unless a bill of exchange is payable to order it cannot be ne- gotiated. A French holder of a bill of exchange, drawn out of France by and on foreigners, may, if the acceptor comes to France, sue him before the French tribunals, provided such holder became possessed of the bill before its maturity. The holder of a bill of exchange protested for non-payment may, upon procuring the order of a judge, distrain the goods and chattels of the drawer, the acceptor, and the indorscrs ; which, when so taken, are deposited in the hands of justice to answer the amount of the debt. Actions upon bills of exchange are limited to 5 years from the date of the protest, or from the last legal proceedings upon it.

Witnesses, according to French law, must be men, fo- reigners or natives, 21 years of age; but in case of attestation to a will they must not be legatees, nor relatives or con- nexions, even to the fourth degree inclusively, nor even the clerks of the notaries by whom the acte is drawn up. A Quaker is allowed to make an affirmation instead of an oath.

Duels. - It has been decided by a French tribunal that, an individual having killed his adversary in a duel, an action may be maintained by the widow and orphans of the deceased for damages.

Copyright. - Since the French law gives to the authors of works of literature and the fine arts the sole property and dis- posal of them during their own lives, and to their heirs and successors for a certain period, the importation into France of works originating there, and pirated in a foreign country, is a misdemeanour. Authors, whether natives or foreigners, may dispose of their property to another person, who then becomes entitled to the same rights.

6

02 INTRODUCTION.

Port d'Armes. - Permission to carry arms may be obtained at any prefecture, but must receive a vise at each change of department. It is not transferable, it costs 15 fr. and is valid for only 1 year. The sportsman should always carry it about him, since a gendarme, or other authorised guard, may always demand to see it; and, if not produced, a summons before a tribunal may be made, which will be attended with expence. Sporting must not be on another's property without leave, and on no uninclosed property out of the proper season ; the duration of the season being annually regulated by public authority.

Fishing. - Every person is allowed to fish with the line only, the spawning-season excepted, in all rivers, canals, and navigable streams belonging to government, and in all de- pendencies of such streams, etc., where a fishing-boat can pass. Every person fishing in private waters, without per- mission from the owner of the right of the fishery, is liable to a fine of 20 to 100 fr., besides damages.

National Guard. - Although the decisions of thejuges de paix have not been quite uniform upon the subject, it appears that any foreigner, who has acquired civil rights, is liable to be called on to serve in the national guard ; but in that case only.

Carriers. - The proprietors of public carriages are liable in France for the full value of objects entrusted to their care and lost, although the value of them may not have been de- clared. This does not apply to the luggage of a passenger, if given to the conduct cut* of a vehicle, without having been previously entered on the way-bill.

Innkeepers and masters of hotels, in France, are respon- sible for the property brought info their house by a traveller, and for all robberies committed by servants or strangers, ex- cept in the case of an armed or superior force. This holds good even if the traveller leaves the key in the lock of his door during the night, because he may then count upon the same security as in his own house; but not so if he leaves the key in during the day, because this is held to be an act of imprudence. Innkeepers and persons letting furnished lodg- ings may detain the effects of a lodger in case of non-payment, except the clothes actually in use ; they cannot, however, touch the goods of a deceased or' departed guest, but must ob- tain the authority of the Tribunal de Premiere Instance to sell a portion of it, enough to satisfy (heir claim.

LAWS AFFECTING BRITISH RESIDENTS. 63

Servants, if hired by itae day, are paid accordingly, and dismissed at pleasure ; those hired hy the year are paid by the calendar month, and are entitled to eight days' warning or wages on being dismissed; but must, if required, serve the eight days. The servant is also obliged to give eight days' warning to the master. The contract for hiring is not binding upon the servant until money has been received as an earnest from the master. The master is in all cases believed on affir- mation as to the amount and payment of wages.

Apartment. - An apartment, hotel, house, or shop, may be rented in France either by paroie or by writing. Leases are either executed before notaries or privately ; they must be written on stamped paper, and care should be taken to observe all the formalities required by the law for actes. The rent is always payable at the end of each quarter, or terme; the quarter-days being in reality on the first day of January, April, July, and October ; but in all cases 14 days' grace are allowed, when the rent exceeds 400 fr. per annum, and 8 days when under that sum. Foreigners in France are sometimes required to pay the month, or terme, in advance. The lessee, on quilting the premises, should return all keys as a sign that tenancy is at an end before the pay-day of the terme ; the re- pairs requisite must have been completed, the rent paid, and proof of due payment of taxes having been made, must be given. Any opposition on either side is noticeable by a juge de paix. A lessee may underlet or assign his lease, if there is no provision in it to the contrary ; but he is responsible for the conduct of his tenant, and for his own rent as principal tenant to the proprietor. The assignee, or under-tenant, is not liable to the original lessor beyond the amount of rent due by the under-lease or assignment; but he cannot set up payment of rent made by anticipation to his own landlord as a bar to a legal claim by the original lessor. A lessee who does not put upon the premises sufficient furniture or moveables to answer the amount of the rent, may be ejected, unless he gives additional sufficient security. When a plan of the pre- mises, or an inventory of their fittings, has been made by the contracting parties, the lessee is bound to restore every thing as he found it; excepting what may have become damaged by time and fortuitous events. With this exception, the lessee .may alter the premises as much as he pleases. If no plan or inventory has been made, the tenant is bound to give up pos- session of them in good condition. All tenants of a house are

64 INTRODUCTION.

severally and jointly responsible for fire, unless it is proved that the fire began in the apartment of one of them, or was communicated from a neighbouring house. If during a lease repairs become absolutely necessary, the lessee is bound to suffer them ; but if they last more than 40 days, the rent is diminishable in consequence. The cleansing of wells and sewers is at the expense of the lessor, if there is no provision in the lease to the contrary. In taking an apartment, as soon as the bargain is made with the proprietor, it is usual to give a trifle as earnest-money to the porter. Notice of quittal must he given 6 weeks, at least, before-hand, when the annual rent is under 400 fr., and a quarter when it is above that sum. As soon as notice is given, the tenant cannot refuse to show the apartments to persons who come with a view to hire, pro- vided it is not at an unseasonable hour.

FORM OF A LEASE.

Je, - proprietaire (or) principal locataire de - maison,

la loue an sieur - - - - (or) a la dame (or) loue au sieur

(or) a la dame - , - boutique, apparte-

ment, cliambre, au etage, dans ladite maison (describing

them aceuratelij), pour - annees, qui commenceront h courir

ce jourd'hui (or the day), pour prix (the amount), payable a

(the time of payment), et sous toutes les obligations imposees aux loeataires et reglees par le code civil.

Et moi (the lessee) prends la presente location comme et ainsi

qu'elle est ci-dessus stipulee. Fait double entre nous, a

le mil huit cent trente -

( The signatures.)

RECEIPT FOU RENT.

Je soussigne, proprietaire de maison, sise rue - - ,

no. - (or) principal locataire, [or) fonde dc la procuration de

M.' - , proprietaire de - - - -maison situee, etc., la dite procu- ration en date du - , dument enregistree, reconnais avoir recu

de M. , locataire de appartement au - - - etage,

(or) d'une boutique, de ladite maison, la somme de - , pour

trois (or) pour six mois (or) pour tin an, des loyers du dit apparte- ment par lui occupe, echus le , et la somme de pour

sa contribution de portes et fenetres ; dont quittance, sans pre- judice du terme courant (or) de Pannee courante, (or) pour solde du dernier terme du loyer du dit sieur . - . A Paris, ce mil huit cent trente -

(The signature.)

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

m

(&ha$Uie 3.

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

vi\'r\c\*itii *»ri vlvnolJii i9*ixnofn wocnii '/iovSi -il 00g«1 io ^'iidr,*

SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY.

livsTiTtiT de France. - The National Convention, by a decree of 1793, abolished all the literary and scientific socie- ties, denominated academies, established during the reigns of Louis XOI. and Louis XIV.; and the arts and sciences seemed condemned to oblivion. After the fall of Robespierre, the Convention, upon the proposition of the Abbe Gregoire, in the name of the Committee of Public Instruction, appointed a committee for the preservation of the monuments of France ; ordained the creation of the Polytechnic school and the Normal school, the opening of the colleges and schools, and founded the Conservatoire de Musique, the Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, etc. By a decree of October 26th, 1795 (3 Bru- inaire. An IV.), the Convention founded the Instilut, to re- place the former academies. The Directory appointed a cer- tain number of members, who in their turn invited to join them such persons as they considered worthy. The Institute was originally divided into three classes : the first, physical and mathematical sciences; the second, moral and political sciences; and the third, literature and the fine arts. Bona- parte, who was elected a member of the mathematical section of the Institute, on the 2Glhof December, 1797, having be- come Consul, divided the Institute into four classes, in 1803 ; the first comprehended the physical and mathematical sciences ; the second had for its object the French language and litera- ture; the third, ancient history and literature ; and the fourth, the fine arls. Upon the restoration, Louis XVIII. issued an or- donnance, dated March 21, 1816, by which, for the four classes of the Institute, four academies were substituted; viz. 1, the Academic Fran$aisc ; 2. the Academic Royaledes Inscriptions et Belles -Lettres ; 3, the Academic Royale des Sciences ; 4, the Academic Royale des Beaux-Arts, and some of the most celebrated members being dismissed, others were substituted by royal nomination, and the academies were taken under the special protection of the king. In 1832 a fifth Academie9

0.

66

INTRODUCTION.

under the name of Academic cles Sciences Morales et Politiques, was founded. The funds common to all the academies are managed by a committee of 10 members, two from each aca- demy, presided over by the Minister of Public Instruction. The nominations to vacant places are balloted for in each academy, subject to the approval of the king. The members of one academy are eligible to all the others; and each receives a salary of 1,500 fr. Every time a member attends, he receives a counter to denote that he was present; and were he not to attend during the year, his salary would be but 1,200 fr., and the remaining 300 would be divided among those who were present at the meetings. Each academy has its special rules and funds at its own disposal. The library, collections, etc., of the Institute are common to the five academies. The Insti- tute comprises altogether 217 titular members, 45 free aca- demicians, who receive no salary, 31 associates, and 219 correspondents.

The Academic Francaise consists of 40 members, who are charged with the examination of important works in literature, with a view to the improvement of the language. This aca- demy adjudges alternately an annual prize of 1,500 fr. for poetry and eloquence. It also decrees two annual prizes founded by M. Montyon, one for the work most useful to public morals, and another for an act of virtue displayed in the lower classes of society.

The Academic des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres is also composed of 40 members and 10 free academicians. The learned languages, antiquities, and monuments, are the objects of their researches and labours. Their attention is particularly directed to the translation of Greek, Latin, and Oriental works into the French language, and to the formation of diplomatic collections. This academy adjudges an annual prize of l,500fr. for literary memoirs. Medals, also, are distributed to such persons as produce the best memoirs upon the antiquities of France.

The Academic des Sciences contains (53 members, 10 free* academicians, and 10 associates. It is divided into 11 sections, as follows : - Geometry, 6 members ; mechanics, 6 ; as- tronomy, 0 ; geography and navigation, 3 ; general philo- sophy, 6; chemistry, 6; mineralogy, 6; botany, 6; rural economy and the veterinary art, 6 ; anatomy and zoology, 6 ; medicine and surgery, 0. The annual prizes adjudged by this academy are 1 of 3,000 fr. for physical sciences ; 1 for statis-

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

67

tics; 1 for experimental physiology; and 1 for mechanics. It also adjudges prizes for improvements in medicine and sur- gery; for discoveries relative to the treatment of patients; for the means of rendering an art or trade less insalubrious ; for works or discoveries published in the course of the year upon objects of utility; and one by M. Lalandc, for the prin- cipal astronomical discovery or observation.

The Academie des Beaux Arts is composed of 40 members, 10 free academicians, and 10 associates. It is divided into sections, designated and composed as follows: - Painting, 14 members; sculpture, 8; architecture, 8; engraving, 4; musi- cal composition, 0. It also distributes annual prizes. Those who obtain the grand prizes of painting, sculpture, architec- ture, and musical composition, are sent to Rome, and sup- ported there by tSie French Academy, at the expense of the government.

The Academie des Sciences Morales el Politiqxies is formed by 30 members, 5 free academicians, and 5 associates; and occupies itself with history, and the moral and historical sciences.

A secretary is attached to each academy, and two to that of sciences. Each academy meets once a week, and the annual united meeting of the Ave academies takes place on the 1st of May. On public occasions the members of the Institute wear a costume of black, embroidered with olive leaves in green silk.

Bureau des Longitudes. - This society, formed in 1795, for the discovery of methods for the more accurate determina- tion of longitudes at sea, and for the improvement of naviga- tion by means of astronomical observations, holds its meetings at the Observatory. It is -composed of 3 mathematicians, 4 as- tronomers, 4 adjunct astronomers, 2 navigators, 1 geographer, and 2 instrument makers. It has at its disposal the Paris Ob- servatory and that of the Ecole Militaire, together with all the astronomical instruments belonging to government. It corre- sponds with the other observatories of France, and with those of foreign countries ; and suggests to the government where it is desirable to establish observatories. The bureau is charged to draw up the Connaissance des Temps, or Account of the motion of the celestial bodies, for the use of astronomers and navigators, and to publish it several years beforehand. 16 revises and corrects the astronomical tables and methods of longitudes, and devotes its attention to the publication of astronomical and meteorological observations. One of the

68 INTRODUCTION.

members delivers annually, at the Observatory, a public course of lectures on astronomy. The bureau publishes every year an Annuaire, which it presents to the king, with the Con- naissance des Temps.

Academse Royale de Mebkcine. - Previous to the Revo- lution, there was an Academy of Medicine and another of Sur- gery. The former was created in 1776, and the latter in 1731. Upon the formation of the Institute, the Medical Aca- demy was annexed to the class of the sciences. By an orclon- nance of December 20th, 1820, the Academy was restored. The object of its institution is to reply to inquiries of the go- vernment relative to everything that concerns the public health. It was definitively organized by royal ordonnanees in 1829 and 1835; and consists of 175 resident members, 19 free mem- bers, 25 country members, and 22 foreign associates. The number of its correspondents is unlimited. The academy meets once a-monlh at 8, rue de Poitiers.

UNIVERSITY OF FRANCE.

The large and flourishing University of Paris was founded, it is said, by Charlemagne; its early celebrity and the im- portant part which it bore not only in the history of Paris, but also of France, are well known. The number of Uni- versities in France at the commencement of the Revolution was 10 or 12, independent of the various colleges and schools founded by different religious orders; but at that period the whole were dissolved. After various attempts to supply their place by the establishment of primary, secondary, and cen- tral schools in the departments, government adopted a plan of public education entirely new. For the courts of Justice, which had succeeded to the ancient Parlements established in various parts of France, 25 courts of appeal were created in the principal towns, and the whole Ordre Judiciaire was made subordinate to a grand judge, Minister of Justice. In like manner, one imperial university, consisting of as many aca- demies as there were courts of appeal, was established for all France, under the direction of a council and a grand master. Upon the restoration in 1814, Louis XVIil. abolished the office of grand judge, but retained the courts of appeal, now called Cours Royales ; and, at the same time, did away with the council and grand master of the university, but kept up the academies. The council was afterwards re-established, under the liUe of Consort Royal de I1 Instruction Publique, and

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 69

placed under the authority of the Minister of the Interior ; and in 1822, the office of grand master, who is also Minister of Public Instruction, was restored. The council consists of 9 members, including the secretary. There are also 17 in- spectors-general of studies. An academy in France there- fore includes, in general, every establishment for education ; and none whatever can be created without the permission of the Royal Council of Public Instruction. The University is composed as follows : - 1, les Facultcs ; 2, les Colleges Royaux et Colleges Communaux : 3, les Institutions et Pensions ; 4, les Ecoles Primaires. The university possesses a library, which is placed at the Sorbonne, and special funds for grant- ing pensions to superannuated and infirm teachers.

The Academy of Paris consists of 5 faculties - Sciences, Letters, Theology, Law, and Medicine. The 3 first faculties are established at the Sorbonne, and comprise the following professors: - Sciences: physical astronomy, differential and integral calculus, algebra, mechanics, descriptive geometry, chemistry, mineralogy, botany, zoology, and comparative physiology, with 8 supplementary professors. - Letters : Greek literature, Latin eloquence, Latin poetry, French eloquence, French literature and poetry, philosophy, history of ancient philosophy, history of modern philosophy, ancient history, modern history, geography, foreign literature, besides 7 sup- plementary professors. - Theology: dogmatic theology, mo- rality, sacred scriptures, ecclesiastical history and government, sacred eloquence, Hebrew, with 5 supplementary professors.

The Faculty of Law is established at the Ecole de Droit, place du Pantheon. It has the following professors: - Civil code, 4 professors ; civil and criminal procedure and criminal legislation ; commercial code ; administrative law ; French constitutional law ; law of nations ; Roman law, 2 professors ; Pandects; history of law ; besides 9 supplementary professors. To be admitted to follow these courses, the student must bring a diploma of bachelicr~es-leltres .

The Faculty of Medicine is established at the Ecole de Medecine, 14, rue de V Ecole de Medecine. It comprises the following professors: - anatomy ; medical chemistry ; materia medica and therapeutics ; hygiene; pharmacy; internal pa- thology, 2 professors; external pathology, 2 professors; opera- tions; midwifery and diseases of children ; forensic, medicine ; internal clinics, 4 professors; external clinics, 4 professors;

70 INTRODUCTION.

pathology and general therapeutics; medical physics; medi- cal natural history ; physiology ; phrenology ; together with 2 honorary professors.

To all the above faculties a certain number of professeurs- agrcges, or assistant professors, are attached. From them the regular professors are chosen. The salaries of the professors vary from 2,000 fr. to 8,000 fr. All professors' lectures are public and gratuitous. To all these lectures, as well as to the privilege of graduation, foreigners are admitted under certain regulations, which may be known on application at the seats of the faculties. CI)

Degrees. - Faculty of Science. - To obtain the following degrees the candidates must be bachciicrs es-lelires , and must pass the following examinations: Bachelier-es-sciences ma- Ihcmat/iques : arithmetic, geometry and algebra, plane trigo- nometry, analytical geometry, and the elements of physics, as taught in the royal colleges. - -Bachelier-es-sciences physiques : elementary mathematics of 1st year of philosophy ; elements of physics, chemistry, and the three branches of natural his- tory, according to the programmes of the royal colleges. - Licencie-es- sciences mathematiques : differential and integral calculus, and mechanics. - lAcencie-es-scien ces physiques, chemistry and physics. - Licencie-es-sciences naturelles : mi- neralogy, botany, and zoology. - To become a licentiate, the degree of bachelor must have been taken, and two courses of the faculty in the same year must have been followed. - Docteur-es-sciences : candidates are required to sustain two theses on the subjects of one of the 3 licentiate's examina- tions.

Faculty of Letters. -~>Bachelier-es-letlres : the candidates must be 16 years of age at least, and produce a certificate of having attended a course of rhetoric, and one or two distinct annual courses of philosophy. (2) Licencie-es-lettres : the candidate must be a bachelor of one year's standing, and

(i) In France there are G faculties of catholic theology, esta- blished at Paris, Rouen, Bordeaux, Lyon, Aix, and Toulouse } and i of protestant theology, at Strasburg and Montpellier.

There are 9 faculties of law, at Paris, Gaen, Dijon, Grenoble, Toulouse, Aix, Poitiers, Rennes, and Strasburg.

Three faculties of medicine, at Paris, Montpellier, and Strasburg.

Five faculties of sciences and letters, at Paris, Caen, Dijon, Gre- noble, and Montpellier .

{2) See Manuel da JJa cca laurea L~eS"Lettres *

FUBLtC INSTITUTIONS. 71

have attended 4 courses of the faculty. The examination consists in compositions in French, Latin, and Greek, and in literary, philosophical, and historical questions. - Doctcur-es* lettres : he must be a licentiate, and sustain two theses ; one in Latin on a philosophical subject, the other in French on a subject of ancient or modern literature.

Faculty of Theology. - The degrees of bachelor, licen- tiate, and doctor, are also conferred in this faculty. By an ordonnance of Dec. 25, 1830, no one can be a professor of theology without having taken the degree of doctor in that faculty ; nor curate of a chief town of a department, or any higher functionary in the church, without being a licentiate; nor curate of a chief town of a canton without being bachelor, unless the functions of curate or officiating minister have been performed by him for 15 or 10 years.

Faculty of Law. - To graduate in this faculty students must be Bacheliers-es-leltres , and must fulfil certain conditions of entering their names, etc.. Bachelier-en-droit : two exa- minations are necessary for this degree, which is taken at the end of the 2nd year; the first in the civil code and the Insti- tutes of Justinian, the second in the civil code, and the codes of procedure, penal laws, and criminal process. - Licencic-en- droit: a third year's study is requisite for this degree, and 2 examinations, besides a public act, one in the Roman laws the other in the civil and commercial codes, and in admini- strative law. - Docteur-en-droii : a fourth year is necessary for this degree; two examinations and a public act ; one in Roman law, the other in the civil code, the law of nations, the history of lav/, and constitutional law.

Faculty of Medicine. - -This faculty confers only the de- gree of Doctor, for which a candidate must be a Bachelier- es-lettres, and pass an examination at the end of his first year; a second at the end of his third ; and 3 other examinations, with a public thesis, at the end -of his fourth. There are cer- tain fixed periods of the year for entering names, etc.

The numbers of the students attending the faculties of the University of Paris have never been exactly ascertained. The names entered in 1835 for the courses of law amounted to 3453; those for medicine were about the same in number; white from 1,200 to 1,500 persons annually attend the courses of the professors of sciences.

COLLEGES AND SCHOOLS.

College Royal de FnAw^ 1, Place Camera. L - At thr&

*

72

INTRODUCTION.

college 23 professors give public and gratuitous lectures on the following subjects: - astronomy; mathematics ; physical mathematics; experimental physics ; medicine; chemistry; natural history ; natural and national law ; history and mo- rality; Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac; Arabic; Persic; Turkr ish ; Chinese and Mantchou Tartar; Sanscrit; Greek litera- ture ; Greek and Latin philosophy ; Latin eloquence ; Latin poetry ; French literature ; political economy ; archaeology ; history of legislation ; besides 1 honorary professor.

Musee Royal d'Histoire Naturelle, Jardin des Planles. - A college or body of 12 professors gives lectures on the following subjects; zoology, mammiferae and birds; zool. reptiles and fishes ; zool. molluscae and zoophytes ; zool. articulated animals ; anatomy ; comparative anatomy ; ge- neral chemistry ; mineralogy; geology; botany; rural bo- tany ; cultivation of plants. To these are added 1 honorary professor, 11 assistant naturalists, 4 assistant preparers, 1 li- brarian, and other officers, besides an establishment of 9 painters of objects of natural history, botany, etc.

Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, 208, rue St. Martin. - Four professors lecture at this establishment, on chemistry applied to., the arts; geometry and mechanics ap- plied to the arts ; industrial economy ; physics and demon- stration of machines. There is also established here a school of drawing and descriptive geometry, where 3 professors lec- ture on the latter subject, and on figure-drawing and machine drawing.

Ecole No rbi ale, 115, rue St. Jacques. - This institution is intended for the education of young men who wish to offer themselves to the University as candidates for professorships. To be admitted, they must be between the ages of 17 and 23, and must have taken the degrees of bachelier-es-lettres, or bachelier-es-sciences ; and must pass satisfactorily two severe examinations in philosophy, history, rhetoric, and ancient and modern literature, or in the various branches of mathematics and physics. The course of education in this school lasts for 3 years. There are 19 professors attached to it, and it con- tains at present 67 pupils.

Besides these, there are in Paris five royal and two private colleges, between the pupils of which, and the royal college of Versailles, there is a general competition for prizes at the end of each scholastic year. To this effect eight or ten pupils of each class who have most distinguished themselves are se-

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

lectcd, and the adjudication of the prizes is conducted with great pomp attheSorbonne, in the presence of the whole corps universitaire. The terms for board are 1,000 fr. a-year, be- sides 60 fr. for college dues, and 45 fr. for university fees. Music, dancing, etc. are extra charges. The royal colleges are each governed by an inspecleur-general des etudes, a pro- viseur, to whom is joined a censeur des eludes, and a steward. The colleges which receive boarders have also a chaplain, and two assistant-chaplains. The pupils of the institutions and pensions are obliged to attend the lectures in the royal col- leges ; and such as have private tutors are also admitted. The course of education comprises the Greek, Latin, Italian, Eng- lish, and German languages ; philosophy, physics, belles-let- tres, mathematics, history, geography, writing, drawing, fencing, music, dancing, and singing. The masters of insti- tutions have the privilege of paying only 15 fr. per annum for college dues, in addition to the 45 fr. which they pay for uni- versity fees. When the classes are very numerous they are formed into two divisions. (1)

The following is a list of the colleges : - College Royal de Louis le Grand, 123, rue St. Jacques; averaging 1054 pupils, of whom 512 are boarders. - College Royal de Henri IV , 2, rue de Glovis; 692 pupils, of whom 412 are boarders. - Col- lege Royal de St Louis, 94, rue de la Harpe; 901 pupils, of whom 295 are boarders. - College Royal de Charlemagne, 120, rue St. Antoine; 810 pupils. - College Royal de Bourbon, 5, rue St. Croix d'Antin; 864 pupils. - College Stanislas, 34, rue Notre Dame des Champs; 390 pupils, boarders. - College Rollin, or St. Barbe, 34, rue des Postes; 380 pupils, boarders. - To the above should be added the College des Ecossais, 25, rue des Fosses-St.-Victor ; the College des Irlandais , 3, rue des Irlandais; and the College des Anglais, 22, rue des Posies* All these colleges will be found described in another part of this work, according to their respective localities.

SPECIAL SCHOOLS.

In addition to the colleges before mentioned, there are a great number of schools for special purposes founded in Paris, mostly by the government ; of these we subjoin a list.

(s) In the departments there are royal colleges in all great towns. In small towns the colleges are called colleges communaux ; these are private establishments aided by the commune, and sub- ject to the surveillance of the authorities. The royal colleges ef Paris deserve a visit; from the intelligent traveller.

74 iNTRODUl/ilolN,

J&COLE Polytechnique, 71, rue Descartes. - A decree of the National Convention, dated 21 Ventose, an IK (March 11, 1794), created a Commission des Travaux Publics, and an Ecote Centrale, the latter of which, by a decree of the 15th Fructidor, an III. (September 1st, 1795), took the name of Ecole Polytechnique. The object of this most useful and justly-celebrated institution is to diffuse the knowledge of the mathematical, physical, and chemical sciences, and the graphic arts ; lo form pupils for the artillery, engineering, bridges and highways, mining, and other departments, into which persons cannot be admitted without having studied in this school. A great number of excellent of fleers, engineers, and scientific men have been educated in this establishment. Pu- pils are admitted from the age of 16 to 20. Every year can- didates for admission undergo a very severe examination in Paris, and in the departments. The terms are 1,000 fr. a- year, the pupils also providing themselves with a uniform, books, and other objects necessary for the pursuit of their stu- dies. The king has founded 24 scholarships, of which eight are in the nomination of the Minister of Commerce and Pub- lic Works, twelve of the Minister of War, and four of the Minister of the Marine. The affairs of the school are under the superintendence of a council of amelioration, a council of in- struction, and a council of administration. The period allowed for study is two years, to which in certain cases a third year is added. Strangers cannot visit this school without permission of the sous-gouverneur, who resides in the house.(l)

Ecole Royale des Ponts et Chaussees, 10, rue Mil- ler in Berlin. - This school consists of 80 pupils taken from the Ecole Polytechnique, who receive instruction in all that re- lates to the art of projecting and constructing routes, canals, bridges, etc., with whatever concerns the different branches of civil engineering.

Ecole d'Application du Corps des Ingenieurs, 61, rue de TUniversite. - The branches of study pursued here are surveying, topography, and landscape-drawing.

Ecole d'Application du Corps d'Etat-Major, 136, rue de Grenelle. - This school is destined to form pupils for the staff-service. The term of study is two, or at most, three

(i) The fullest information on this remarkable institution will be found in the Annuaire de V Ecole Poly technique, and in the Programme des Eludes - the latter not published, but printed at the Imprimerie Royale.

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

75

years, when those pupils who have passed the examinations with honour are created suh-lieutenants of the staff, and are attached to an infantry or cavalry regiment.

Ecole des Mines, 34, rue d Enter. - At the head of this school is a Conseil des Mines, which directs all affairs relating to mining- operations.

Ecole des Ciiartes, at the King's Library, rue de Riche- lieu. - This institution was founded by Louis XVIII, for en- couraging the study of the ancient manuscripts contained in the different libraries, and the depots of the archives of the kingdom. To this end the Keepers of the records and the king's librarians receive an addition to their salary to teach young men (nominated by the Minister of the Interior) palae- ography, or to understand and decipher ancient charters. Each pupil receives 600 fr. a-year.

Ecole des Langues Orientales Vivantes, at the King's Library, rue de Piichelieu : 8 professors are attached to this es- tablishment.

Ecole de Pharmacie, 13, rue de 1'Arbalete. - 'There are 8 professors attached to this school, who lecture on the prepa- ration of drugs, chemistry, natural history, and botany P Apothecaries must be examined at this school before they can practise as such.

Ecole des Beaux Arts, 16, rue des Petits Augustins. - This school is divided into 2 sections, painting and sculpture, and architecture. Lectures are given gratuitously on every subject connected with the arts by 20 professors.

Ecole Gratuite de Dessin, 5, ruedei'Ecole de Mede- cine. - This institution is for the instruction of artisans in the principles of drawing and architecture; lectures are also given on practical geometry y arithmetic, mensuration, timber-cut- ting, etc.

ficoLE Gbatuite de Dessin, for young women, 7, rue de Touraine. - This school for the instruction of young women Who are intended for the arts or manual professions, affords the means of studying the art of designing figures, landscapes, flowers, etc.(l)

Ecole Gentrale des Arts et Manufactures, 7, rue Thorigny, founded in 1828, and established on the plan of the

(i) Ecoles Gratuites de Dessin have been established by MM. Charles and Dupre, rue St. Avoyc and faubourg St. An toine, and in the court of the Petites Ecuries. They are opened in the evening, and are assiduously frequented hv laborious workmen,

76 IXfRODlJCTIOK.

old & cole Poly technique, for the education of persons intended for civil engineers, directors of manufactories, builders, and teachers of the application of the sciences.

Conservatoire ue Musique et be Declamation Lyrique, 11, faubourg Po'ssonniere. - This institution was founded for the instruction of young persons of both sexes in singing, instrumental music, etc. A numerous body of the first pro- fessors of both sexes give gratuitous instruction here to more than 350 pupils, and a very valuable musical library, open daily to the public from 10 to 3, is also attached to this esta- blishment.

Conservatoire de Musique Classique, 69, rue de Vau- girard.

Gimnase Normal Militaire et Civil, Place Dupleix - -This establishment is under the protection of the govern- ment, and subject to the authority of the Minister of War. Its object is to propagate gymnastic instruction, and particularly to form professors for extending that science in the different corps of the army.

ficoLES d'Equitation. - The most celebrated is under the direction of MM. Franconi, of the Cirque-Olympique. There is a second, 19, rue Cadet, faubourg Montmarlre, which is open daily ; and a third in the rue de Fleurus, near the garden of the Luxembourg.

Institutions and Pensions. - These establishments cor- respond to academies and boarding-schools in England, but are under the superintendence of the Royal Council of Public Instruction. The number of institutions and pensions for boys in Paris is 99 ; for girls 93: and in the arrondissements of St. Denis and Sceaux, for boys 43; for girls 16. For a list of the best, see Directory.

Scoles No n males Elementaires. - These useful instiut- tions are designed to form school-masters and school-mis- tresses. They are two in number, one for men and the other for women ; the former is situated at No. 4, rue Carpentier, and the latter at the Eialle-aux-Draps. The lectures are deli- vered every two months, and occupy six weeks. The pupils are taught reading, writing, arithmetic, line-drawing, pen- manship, and church-singing. No one is admitted without producing a certificate signed by the mayor and rector of his parish, or an authorisation delivered by the committee of pub- lic instruction. Gratuitous lectures for workmen have been established by

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 77

the Association Poly technique in the 3d, 6th, and 8th arron- dissements.

Ecoles Primaires. - The name of these schools sufficiently indicates their object. They form ihe fourth class under the direction of the Royal Council of Public Instruction, and are very numerous.

Adult Schools. - There are altogether 26 schools of this description, 19 of which are supported by the town, and 7 by the administration of hospitals. They are attended by 1,462 men and 486 women.

Ouvroirs. - These are useful establishments kept up by the administration of hospitals for furnishing work to young girls: there are 1 or more in each arrondissement ; their total number is 29, and the children frequenting them are 1,595.

Of the Ecoles Primaires for children, there are 49 maintained by the town, and 71 by the administration of hospitals; con- taining 13,458 boys and 11,578 girls. The expense of all the Ecoles Primaires to the town is 234,188 fr. annually, and to the administration of hospitals 323,550 fr. The funds con- tributed by charitable associations to some of the above-men- tioned schools amount to 46,800 fr., giving the total cost of primary instruction per annum, 604,538 fr. Elementary singing is taught in all these schools ; and the monitors in them receive prizes according to merit. The salaries of the teachers are, for masters 1,800 fr., for mistresses 1,500 fr. per annum ; and all are either provided with a house, or receive an allowance of 300 fr. towards their rent. If they hold an evening class for adults they are paid in addition, the masters 300 fr., the mistresses 200 fr. This was the state of the schools for primary instruction at the time of the last report on the subject being made ; but every year is bringing new develope- menls to this most important branch of national education.

Salles d'Asile, or Infant Schools, are rapidly forming all over Paris. There are at present 24 such establishments, being one or more to each arrondissement, and they contain between 4,000 and 5,000 children. The society for the pro- motion of these schools holds its meetings at 13, rue de la Chaussee d'Antin. (1)

(i) The most ample and authentic accounts that can be ob- tained of the institutions for public instruction in France are to he found in the Almanack Royal, published every year, or in the Almanack de V University , also an annual publication, and in the Reports of the prefect of the. department.

IS iNTRODUCTIOX.

We may add to the foregoing account of the state of public instruction in the capital a notice of a grand and admirable institution, which, although not situated within Paris, is still immediately and closely connected with it.

The Maison Royale ds St. Denis is devoted to the instruction of the daughters, sisters, and nieces of members of the legion of honour. It was originally established by Napoleon in the Chateau of Ecouen, under the superintendence of Mad. Cam- pan, and has been rendered illustrious by the peculiar favour of the Emperor, who often visited it, by the letters and the enlightened cares of its excellent governess, and by the num- bers of amiable and distinguished women who have received their education within its walls. Since 1815 it has been settled in the vast buildings of the Abbey of St. Denis, and according to the latest regulations is thus constituted : - The Queen is the special protectress and head of the institution. The grand chancellor of the legion presents the higher func- tionaries of the house to the Queen for her nomination, and appoints the other functionaries by his own authority. All pupils^are nominated to it by the King, on the presentation of the Grand Chancellor. The establishment consists of a lady superintendent, 6 ladies dignitaries, 12 ladies of the 1st class, 40 ladies of the 2d class, 20 novices, and an unlimited num- ber of candidates for the noviciate determined by the grand chancellor. 500 young ladies are here educated as pupils, of whom 400 receive their instruction gratuitously, and 100 pay a moderate sum. The superintendent, dignitaries, and governing members of the institution wear orders and deco- rations corresponding to those of the members of the legion of honour ; and retiring pensions are allowed them after a certain number of years of service. Female education of the highest and most refined description is given to the pupils in all its branches ; and the young ladies who are brought up here receive all the advantages that can result from a well-matured system of collegiate instruction, a ded by eminent professors of the fine arts and music. 3 almoners and a large medical staff are attached to the service of the establ.shment, and the care and attention paid to the comfort as well as health of the pupils are very great. At the same time the rules of the house are exceedingly strict, without being severe ; all the members of it wear the same uniform, black dresses, black bonnets and gloves, white aprons and collars ; all dine together, and are subjected to almost military

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 79

discipline. Frequent examinations take place, and prizes are bestowed according to the order of merit. From the nature of the institution itself it is desirable that the public should not penetrate into it, and accordingly permission to visit it is only granted by the grand chancellor on a written application, and is by no means a common favour.

Two succursal houses, belonging to this institution, and con- ducted upon the same plan, are established, one in the rue Barbette, at Paris, the second at the Maison des Loges in the forest of St. Germain. They contain jointly 400 gratuitous pupils, and are superintended by the ladies of the Congrega- tion de la Mere de Dieu.

This institution is the noblest establishment for female edu- cation in France, and perhaps in Europe.

MUSEUMS, ETC.(l)

Musee des Tableaux, at the Louvre; 1400 pictures of Italian, Flemish, Spanish, and French schools of old masters and deceased modern artists. Open to students and foreigners, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Thursdays, Fridays, Saturdays, and to the public on Sundays, from 10 to 4.

JSJusce des Antiques , at the Louvre; 1100 ancient statues, sculpture, etc. Open same days and hours.

Musee Egyptien, at the Louvre. Collection of Egyptian antiquities, Greek vases and bronzes, Etruscan antiquities, etc. Tickets of admission granted by Count Forbin, Direcleur des Musees Royaux, 56, rue St. Lazare, on a written applica- tion one or two days before visiting the Museum.

Musee de la Marine, at the Louvre. Collection of models of vessels, naval objects, etc. Tickets of admission granted as above.

Musee des Sculptures de la Renaissance, at the Louvre. Tickets of admission granted as above.

Musee Royal du Luxembourg. Pictures and sculptures by living modern artists. Open to students and foreigners every day except Saturday ; to the public, Sundays, Mondays, and holidays, from 10 to 4.

Musee Monetaire, at the Hotel des Monnaies, 11, Quai Conti. Collection of medals, moneys, dies, etc. Open to foreigners, Mondays and Thursdays; to the public, Tuesdays and Frdays, from 12 to 4.

Musee d'Hisioire Naturelle, Jardin des Plantes. Galleries of zoology, mineralogy, botany, and comparative anatomy,

(i) Fuller descriptions of Museums, Libraries, etc. will be found in the arrondisseraents in which they occur. We here give only a list.

INTRODUCTION.

bolanical garden, and menagerie, The galleries of zoology and mineralogy are open to students and foreigners, Mondays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, from 11 to 2; and to the public, Tuesdays and Fridays, from 3 to 6. The gallery of botany is open, with tickets, on Thursdays, from 11 to 2. The gallery of comparative anatomy is open, with tickets, Thursdays and Saturdays, from 11 to 2. The school of botany is open, with tickets, Mondays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, from 3 to 5. The menagerie is open daily from 11 to <> in summer, and from 11 to 3 in winter. For tickets apply with passport at the office of administration. The garden is open daily.

Musce d'Artillerie, 3, Place St. Thomas d'Aquin. Valuable collection of arms and armour. Open on Thursdays and Saturdays, from 1 to 3.

Galerie des Plans des Forteresses de France, at the Hotel des Invalides; can be visited only with permission from the Minister of War.

Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, 208, rue St. Martin. Models of machines, instruments, etc. Open on Sundays and Thursdays from 10 to 4 ; and on Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Saturdays, from 11 to 3.

Cabinet de Miner alogie, 34, rue d'Enfer. Open to foreigners and students daily; to public on Mondays and Thursdays, from 11 to 3.

Cabinet d'Anatomie, at the Ecole de Medecine. Open to students and bearers of permissions daily ; and to public on Thursdays, from 11 to 3.

Musee Dupuytren, rue de FEcole de Medecine. Open same days and hours.

Cabinet de Physique, at the College de France. Open Mon- days, Wednesdays, and Fridays, from 9 to 2.

Cabinet de Medailles et Pierres Gravees, at the Bibliotheque du Roi. Open Tuesdays and Fridays, from 10 to 3.

Jar din Botanique de V Ecole de Medecine, rue d'Enfer. Open daily from 11 till dusk .

The following collections are open to amateurs, on their addressing a note to the proprietors, to demand permission.

Galerie de M. de Sommariva, 4, rue Basse du Rempart. Thursdays, 1 to 4.

Galerie de M* da Sommerard, Hotel de Cluny, rue des Mathurins St. Jacques. Wednesdays, 1 to 4.

Galerie de M. le Marechal Duo de. Dalmatie (Marshal Soult), 57, rue de FUniversite.

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

si

Besides these there are the following private collections, which are more rarefy visited and to which it is extremely difficult to obtain admission : - Musee d'Antiquites of M. de Blacas ; Cabinet d'Antiquites of the Count de Pourtales; ditto of Baron Roger; ditto of M. Lamare Picquot ; Collection des Tableaux du Moyen Age, of the Chevalier d'Artaud; Collec- tion des Monumens Perses et Assyriens of the Marquis de Fortia dUrban ; Collection Bolanique of M. Delessert ; Herbary of M. A. de Jussieu ; Cryptogamic Herbary of M. Bory de St. Vincent; Collection of Shells and Birds of the Duke de Rivoli ; Collection of fluviatile and terrestrial Shells of M. de Ferussac ; Collection of Coleopteric Insects of General Dejean ; M ne- ralogical Cabinet of M. Giletde Laumont ; ditto, ditto of Messrs. Brochant de Villiers, Cordier, Brongniarl, and Lelievre ; Craniological Collection of M. Esquirol ; ditto of M. Gama Machado ; Collection of Portraits of M. Long, etc. etc.

rUBLIC LIBRARIES.

Bibliotheque du Roi, 58, rue de Richelieu. 900,000 books and printed pamphlets, 60,000 MSS. 100,000 medals, 1,600,000 engravings, 300,000 maps and plans. Open every day (except. Sundays and holidays) to students and strangers, from 10 lo 3 ; to the public, Tuesdays and Fridays, from 10 to 3. Vacation from Sept. 1 to Oct. 15.

Bibliotheque de I Arsenal, rue de Sully. 190,000 vols, and 6,300 MSS. Open every day, except on festivals, from 10 to 3. Vacation from Sept. 15 to Nov. 3.

Bibliotheque de Saint e- Genevieve, 2, rue Clovis. 200,000 vols., 30,000 MSS. Open every day, except festivals, from 10 to 3. Vacation from Aug. 1 to Sept. 15.

Bibliotheque Mazarine, Institute, 23, Quai Conti. 100,000 vols., 4,500 MSS. Open every day, except festivals, from 10 to 4. Vacation from Aug 15 to Oct. 1.

Bibliotheque de la Ville, rue du Tourniquet Saint Jean. 55,000 vols. Open every day, except festivals and Wednes- days, from 10 to 4. Vacation from Sept. 1 to Oct. 15.

Bibliotheque de I'Ecole de Medecine, 14, Place de l'Ecole de Medecine. 30,000 vols. Open on Thursdays to the public, and every day, except festivals, to students, from 41 to 3. Vacation from Aug. 15 to Nov. 1.

B bliotheque du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, 35, rue de Seine Saint Victor. 13,000 vols. Open every day, except festivals and Wednesdays, from 11 to 3.

Bibliotheque. do Vtcole des Mines, 34, rue d'Enfer. 6,000

82 INTRODUCTION.

vols* Open Mondays and Thursdays from 11 to 3, and every day to students and strangers.

Besides these public libraries, there are others supported by government, to which strangers may gain admittance by a written permission, viz : -

Institut, 80,000 vols., 23, Quai Conti.

Cabinet du Roi, on Bibliotheque du Conseil d'Etat, 80,000 vols., containing 2,000 vols, of ordonnances, etc. of all the Rings of France. Gallery of the Louvre, Quai du Louvre.

Cour de Cassation, 36,000 vols., Palais de Justice.

Chambre des Deputes, 44,000 vols.

Chambre des Pairs, 11,000 vols.

Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers, 12,000 vols., 208, rue St. Martin.

Universite, 30,000 vols., rue de la Sorbonne. Tnvalides, 25,000 vols., Hotel des Invalides. Ecole Poly technique, 20,000 vols., 1, rue Descartes. Tribunal de Premiere Instance, 4,000 vols., Palais de Justice.

Ordre des Avocats, 7,000 vols., Palais de Justice. Ministere de la Justice, 8,000 vols., 13, Place Vendome. Ministere des Affaires-Etrangeres, 15,000 vols., rue Neuve des Capucines.

Ministere de VInterieur, 14,000 vols., 103, rue de Grenelle, Saint Germain.

Ministere des Finances, 3,500 vols., 48, rue de Rivoli.

Depot des Cartes et Plans de la Guerre, 19,000 vols., 8,000 MSS., 61, rue de 1' Universite.

Depot des Cartes de la Marine, 14,000 vols., 13, rue de T Universite.

Depot Central de VArtillerie, 6,000 vols., 3, Place St. Tho- mas d'Aquin.

Prefecture de Police, 4,000 vols., 7, rue de Jerusalem.

Seminaire St. Sulpice, 20,000 vols., 17, rue du Pot de Fer, St. Sulpice.

Faculte de Theologie, at the Sorbonne.

Ecole de Droit, 8,000 vols., Place Sainte Genevieve.

Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees, 5,000 vols., 10, rue Hillerin Berlin.

Ecole de Musique et Declamation, 11, rue Faubourg Pois- sonniere.

Cour des Comptes, 6,000 vols., Cour de la Sainte Chapelle. Observatoire, 4,500 vols., rue Gassini.

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 83

Societe Royale et Centrale a" Agriculture, 2, rue du Tour- niquet Saint Jean.

Bibliotheque du Commerce, Palais de la Bourse. Bibliotheque du Palais Royal, 25,000 vols. Imprimerie Royale, 89, rue Vieille du Temple.

LITERARY AM) SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES.

Societe Royale des Antiquaires de France, 12, rue Taranne. - This society which, when formed in 1805, was called Academie Celtique, and h~s published some very in- teresting memoirs, has for its object to investigate and throw light upon the language, history, and antiquities of the Cells, Greeks, and Romans, and of the middle ages, but more par- ticularly upon those of the Gauls and the French nation, down to the 16th century inclusive. It consists of 60 resident members, and a great number of correspondents in the de- partments and foreign countries,

Societe Philomathique, 6, rue d'Anjou, faubourg St. Ger- main. - Most of the members, who are 50 in number, are also members of the Institute, and, next to that institution, it is the most scientific body in Paris. A periodical work, entitled Bulletin de la Societe Philomathique, is published by the society.

Societe des Sciences Naturelles de France, 3, rue de l'Abbaye.

Societe des Sciences Physique, Chimique, et Arts Agricoles, Hotel de Ville.

Societe Entomologique de France, 6, rue d'Anjou Dauphine.

Societe d'Histoire Naturelle, rue d'Anjou, faubourg St. Germain. - This society consists of 30 members, and is divided into three sections, mineralogy and geology, botany, and zoology. The members consist of the most distinguished naturalists in Paris who are under the age of 40. There are also honorary members who have attained that age, and cor- responding members, chosen from among the most distin- guished naturalists in France and the rest of Europe.

Societe Geologique de France, 26, rue du Vieux Co- lorn bier. This society, which is authorized by government, consists of an unlimited number of members, and publishes a bulletin of its proceedings.

Athenee Royal de Paris, 2, rue de Valois. - This insti- tution was founded in 1781, by the unfortunate aeronaut Pilatre du Rosier. Lectures are delivered here in the winter,

84

INTRODUCTION.

on various branches of literature and science, which are at- tended by ladies as well as gentlemen. The annual subscrip- tion is 120 fr. Shareholders are perpetual members. Sub- scribers have access to a library.

Societe Univeeselle de Civilisation, 47, rue de Vcr- neuii .

Societe Francaise de Statistique TJniverselle, 12, Place Vendome. - This society was founded in 1829, by M. Cesar Moreau, to aid the progress of general statistics. Dif- ferent works connected with the objects of this association are printed at its expense, and prizes and medals are awarded for such productions as are entitled to distinction.

Societe Francaise de Statistique Libre, 3, rue de F Ab- baye.

Societe des Bibliophiles, 4, rue Castiglione. The object of this society, which consists of 24 resident members and 5 foreign associates, is the impression of very scarce or inedited works, in number equal to that of the members.

Societe de Geographie, 23, rue de l'Universite. - This society was founded in 1821, to promote the knowledge of geographical science, by sending travellers to countries little known, proposing subjects for prizes, corresponding with learned societies, travellers, and geographers, and publishing works and maps. A bulletin is published by the society. The annual subscription is 36 fr. This society possesses a library, containing valuable geographical collections, and many curi- ous objects presented to it by travellers.

Institut Historique. - This society holds an annual con- ference at the Hotel de Ville, wherein historical subjects are discussed; it publishes a bulletin. The bureau is at 14, rue des Saints Peres.

Societe de l'Histoire de France, 12, rue Taranne. Works are annually published by this society for its members and the public.

Societe Asiatique, 12, rue Taranne.

Societe Grammaticale, 21, rue de Richelieu. - This society occupies itself with every thing connected with grammatical science, and particularly with the discussion and solution of the difficulties that present themselves in the French lan- guage.

Societe Philotechnique, 16, rue des Petiis Augustins. - This society, composed of 60 artists and scientific ajjd literary

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. 85

men, besides honorary members, free members, and corre- spondents, holds public half-yearly meetings in the spring and the autumn, at the Hotel de Ville, at which papers are read, musical compositions performed, and sometimes the artisls of the society exhibit their pictures, designs, and sculpture.

Societe d'Encouragement pour la Gravure, 17, Quai Malaquais.

Atheivee des Arts. - This establishment was founded in 1792, for the encouragement and advancement of the arts and sciences. Its members consist of artisls, scientific men, and even artisans ; ladies are also admitted. At the annual public meetings, prizes arc adjudged for useful inventions and im- provements in the arts and sciences.

Societe des Amis des Arts. - This society was founded before the Revolution, but was subsequently dissolved, and re-established in 1817. Its object is to encourage the arts of sculpture, painting, and engraving; and an unlimited num- ber of subscribers are admitted, who, at the end of each year, can withdraw or continue members of the society. Every share is fixed at 50 fr., and each subscriber can lake as many shares as he pleases. Three-fourths of the annual receipts are devoted to the purchase of pictures, statues, vases, bas-reliefs, drawings, bronzes, etc., by living artists of the French school: the other fourth is appropriated to engraving. The objects of art thus purchased during the year are exhibited at the Louvre, and distributed among the shareholders by means of a lotlery, at the rate of one prize for eight shares. Such shareholders as do not gain prizes are entitled to a proof engraving. Subscrip- tions received at M. Coulon's, a la Calcographie, au Louvre.

Societe pour l'Instruction Elementaire, 12, rue Taranne.

Societe des Methodes d'Enseignemeat, 12, rue Taranne. Societe Academique de l'Ecriture, 68, rue St. Louis en llle.

Athenee de Medecine de Paris. - The meetings are held at the Hotel de Ville.

Cercle Medical de Paris. - This society devotes its atten- tion to epidemic diseases and the medical conslitulion, and keeps up an active correspondence with physicians and scien- tific men in foreign countries as well as France. The king's chief physician is perpetual president. The meetings of the Cercle are held at the Hotel dc Ville.

86 INTRODUCTION.

Societe de Medecine de Paris. - The prefect of the de- partment is president of this society, whose labours are regu- larly published in the Journal General de Medecine.

Societe be Medecine Pratique. - The principal object of this association is the study and cure of whatever diseases are most prevalent. Pupils sent by school-masters and school- mistresses are vaccinated gratuitously, and vaccinal matter is sent to surgeons. The king's chief physician is president of this society, whose meetings are held at the Hotel de Ville.

Societe Medico-Pratique. - Its meetings are held at the H6tel~de- Ville.

Societe be Chimie Medicale de Paris. - The meetings of this society are held at 4, Place de TEcole de Medecine. Societe Phrenologique, 22, rue Jacob. Societe Mebico-Phtlantropique. - This benevolent asso- ciation holds its meetings at the Hotel de Ville, on the 2d and 4th Mondays of the month. Gratuitous prescriptions are given on Thursdays from 2 to 5 o'clock, and money is also afforded to such patients as are destitute of the means of pro- curing medicine.

Societe de Pharmacie. - The meetings of this association are held at the Ecole de Pharmacie, 13, rue de V Arbalete.

Societe Medicale d'Emulation. - This society holds its meetings at the School of Medicine, and publishes Memoires.

Societe d'Economie Domestique et Inbustrielle, 12, rue Taranne. - The object of this society is to spread such practical knowledge as is useful in household affairs in the town as well as in the country ; and in the different kinds of industry in common and daily use. It makes researches and experiments, collects facts and processes, and gives them pub- licity by means of its Journal des Connaissances Usuelles; and distributes medals and prizes for useful discoveries.

Societe Academique des Enfans d'Apollon. - This so- ciety, founded in 1749, meets every month, and holds an annual meeting, devoted to music and poetry. Among the members are several of the most celebrated musicians in Europe, as well as distinguished painters, sculptors, architects, and men of letters.

Societe Lyrique des Soupers de Momus. - This associa- tion of authors meets every month, at the restaurant of Fevre, Place du Chatelet. It consists of 20 members, each of whom must present at the monthly supper a song or piece of poetry. A volume of these songs is printed annually. In this society

PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.

87

are embodied the two associations called les Diners du Vau- deville and le Caveau Moderne.

Societe pour l' Encouragement de l'Industrie Na- tionals, 42, rue du Bac. - The object of this society is to second the efforts of Government for the amelioration of every branch of industry, by giving prizes, by rewarding inventions, and by the publication of a bulletin upon discoveries re- lating to industry.

Ecole Speciale du Commerce Francais, 59, Boulevard St. Antoine.

Societe Royale et Centrale d' Agriculture. - This society, which holds its meetings at the Hotel de Ville, was established by an order in council in 1761. Its object is the amelioration of the different branches of rural and domestic economy in France. It is the centre of the correspondence of all the agricultural societies in the kingdom, and consists of 40 ordinary, 24 free, and 12 foreign associates.

Societe d'Agronomie Pratique, 1, rue de Lille. - The object of this society is to further the progress of the culti- vation of plants, by propagating good methods, encouraging discoveries, naturalising exotic plants, spreading knowledge by means of a monthly journal and gratuitous lectures, and affording instruction to pupils.

Societe d Horticulture, 12, rue Taranne, for the im- provement of the culture of pleasure and kitchen-gardens, the plants and fruits destined for food, the vegetables suscep- tible of being employed in the arts, fruit-trees, etc. It grants prizes, distributes medals, and excites emulation by the exhi- bition of plants, shrubs, flowers, etc., and publishes a monthly journal on gardening, under the title of Annates de la Societe d' Horticulture.

Societe d' Amelioration des Laines, 126, rue de Grenelle St. Germain. - This useful institution adjudges annually two prizes and two medals to French agriculturists who devote their attention to the improvement of sheep, etc.

Etablissement de Filature, Cul de sac des Hospitalieres, rue de la Chaussee, near the Place Royale. - This establish- ment is destined to give work to poor women, who receive a quantity of hemp for spinning, for which they are paid a cer- tain sum. The number of women employed by this insti- tution is about 3,000. There are besides 130 weavers, who have no other means of existence than what are afforded them here, and for whom frames are procured, if they are

88

INTRODUCTION.

unable to buy them. About 30 children belonging to these paupers are gratuitously instructed in a neighbouring school.

Academie de l'Industrie Francaise, 24, Place Venddme. for the promotion of agricultural, manufacturing, and com- mercial knowledge.

Societe de s Progres Agricoles, 10, rue Taranne.

Cercle Agkicole, 2, rue de Beaune.

Societe Generate des Naufrages, 16, Place Vendome, - This useful society awards prizes for successful attempts to rescue crews from shipwreck, etc.

CHURCHES.

To each of the 12 arrondissements, into which Paris is divided, there is one parochial church, and a certain number of others, called Eglises Succursales, or District Churches, vary- ing according to the size of the arrondissement or parish. The following is a list of all the churches in Paris, which are still appropriated to religious purposes.

1st Arrondissement: Parish Church, L'Assomption, 369, rue St. Honore. District Churches: 1. St. Louis, 5, rue Sle. Croix: 2. St. Philippe, 8, faubourg du Roule; 3. St. Pierre de Chaillot, 50, rue de Chaillot; 4. ChapeUe de Beaujon, 59, faubourg du Roule ; 5. La Madeleine, Boulevard de la Made- leine. - 2d Arrondissement : Parish Church, St. Roch, 296, rue St. Honore. District Church, Notre Dame de Lorette, rue Olivier. - 3d Arrondissement : Parish Church, St. Eustache, rue Trainee. District Churches : 1. Les Petits Peres, Place des Petits Peres; 2. Notre Dame de Bonne Nouvelle, 23, rue de la Lune. - 4th Arrondissement : Parish Church, St. Germain I Auxerrois (1). - 5lh Arrondissement: Parish Church, St. Laurent, Place de la Fidelile. District Church, St. Vincent de Paule, 6, rue Monlholon. - 6th Arrondisse- ment: Parish Church, St. Nicolas des Champs, 200, rue St. Martin. District Churches : 1. St. Leu et St. Gilles, 182, rue St. Denis; 2. Ste. Elisabeth, 107, rue du Temple. - 7th Ar- rondissement : Parish Church, St. Merri, 2, rue St. Martin. District Churches : 1. Notre Dame des Blancs Manteauoc, 14, rue des Blancs Manteaux ; 2. St. Francois d1 Assise, 13, rue du Perche ; 3. St. Denis, 50, rue St. Louis au Marais. - 8th Ar- rondissement : Parish Church, Ste. Marguerite, 28, rue St. Bernard, faubourg St. Antoine. District Churches: 1. St. Antoine, 35, rue de Charenton ; 2. St. Ambroise, rue St. Ara-

(i) This church has been shut up since j83i, when it was sacked by the people*

CH HECHES. 89

broise. - 9th Arrondissement ; Parish Church, LJEglise Ca- thedrals de Notre Dame, District Churches: 1. St. Louis, He St. Louis ; 2. St. Gervais, rue de Monceau; 3. St. Paul et St. Louis, 118, rue St. Antoine. - 10th Arrondissement : Parish Church, St. Thomas d'Aquin, Place St. Thomas d'Aquin. District Churches: 1. Abbaye aux Bois, 1G, rue de Sevres;

2. St. Frangois Xavier, J 20, rue du Bac ; 3. St. Valere, 142, rue de Grenelie; 4. St. Pierre du Gros Caillou, 60, rue St. Dominique. - 11th Arrondissement : Parish Church, St. Sulpice, Place St. Sulpice. District Churches: 1. St. Ger- main des Pres, Place St. Germain des Pres ; 2. St. Severin,

3, rue St. Severin. - 12ih Arrondissement : Parish Church, St. Etienne du Mont, rue de la Montagne Ste. Genevieve. District Churches : 1. St. Nicolas du Chardonnet, 104, rue St. Yictor; 2. St. Jacques du Haut Pas, 252, rue St. Jacques; 3. St. Medard, 161, rue Mouffetard.

The following are chapels not attached to the service of any particular district: - Chapelle Expiatoire, rue d'Anjou St. Honore; Eglise des Carmes, 70, rue de Vaugirard ; Eglise du Vol de Grace, rue St. Jacques ; Eglise de la Sorbonne, Place de la Sorbonne; Eglise des Invalides. - All the convents, seminaries, and hospitals have each a chapel attached to them. - To these may be added the Pantheon, formerly the Church of Ste. Genevieve; which, though not at present used for religious purposes, is still considered as a sacred building.

The following are churches or chapels belonging to religious sects, not Catholics : - L" Oratoire, rue St. Honore (Confession of Geneva) ; Les Carmes, rue des Billettes (Lutherans) ; La Visitation, rue St. Antoine (Confession of Augsburg); Episco- pal Church, rue d'Aguesseau (Church of England) ; Marbceuf Chapel, rue de Chaillot, Champs Elysees (Evangelical) ; Eng- lish Chapels, 7, rue Neuve des Capucines ; 75, rue de Vau- girard; 9, rue Taitbout; and 6, rue d'Anjou; American Service, 23, rue de Varennes; Synagogue, 14, rue Neuve St. Laurent (Jews), and 7, rue Notre Dame de Nazareth ; Eglise Francaise, Boulevard St. Denis (Congregation of Abbe Cha- lel); Greek Chapel, Hotel of the Russian Embassy, 4, rue des Champs Elysees.

The clergy of Paris is composed of 1 archbishop, 2 vicars- general appointed by the King, and 9 others ; 3 secretaries ; 1 penitentiar ; 3 metropolitan officials ; 4 diocesan officials ; 16 canons of Notre Dame, the first of whom is archdeacon; 34 honorary canons ; 2 masters of the choristers ; 5 superin-

8.

90

INTRODUCTION.

tendants of the edifice of Notre Dame ; 3 superiors of semina- ries. To these should be added the curates and officiating ministers of the churches of Paris, of whom there is one to each church. The number of their vicars is not accurately known, and there is also an indefinite number of almoners of hospitals, convents, etc. (i)

Semi n aire be s Missions £trangeres, 120, rue de Bac.~- Missionaries are educated here in the Asiatic languages, and in whatever may fit them for the missions in the east.

Seminaire du St. Esprit, 24, rue des Posies.- - The pupils of this seminary, destined for missions to the colonies, consist of young Frenchmen or Creoles who have devoted themselves to the ecclesiastical slate.

Petit Seminaire. - Forms two divisions. One established at the ancient seminary of St. Nicolas du Chardonnet, 102, rue St. Victor, and the other at Conflans-Charenlon. The two houses contain 140 pupils.

Seminaire de St. Sulpice. Place St. Sulpice. - It has 8 professors and 145 students. - A succursal house is established at Issy, with 2 professors and 50 students.

Institut des Freres des Ecoles Chretiennes, l(u, rue du Faubourg St. Martin. - The teachers of the Ecoles Chre- tiennes are educated here.

Caisse Diocesaine. - This fund is destined to afford pen- sions to priests whose age or infirmities prevent them continu- ing to exercise their functions, and to grant allowances to young men destilule of fortune who devote themselves tc the ecclesiastical state, to enable them to prosecute their studies.

Societe Catholique des EONS Livres, 5, rue St. Thomas d'Enfer.

(i) The total number of die catholic clergy in France is about 4.^98, including 4 cardinals, 14 archbishops," and 66 bishops. To these may be added 10,904 theological students, intended lor the priesthood. The number of convents for nuns of different orders js about 3,ooo, and the number of nuns about 24,000 5 there are also in France a few establishments of monks of La Trappe, and one of Carthusians, or Chartreux. Of the ministers o* other re- ligions there are - Lutherans 388, reformists of the confession of Augsburg 345, Jews 8, and of other denominations 86. The total expense to the state of all religions is 34,^89,000 francs. At the time of the Revolution the total number of ecclesiastical personages was 1 14,000, including 19,000 regular clergy, and 3s 000 nuns of all orders Their annual revenues amounted to 72 millions of francs, and the tithe to 70 millions, giving a total of ifo millions.

CONVENTS. 91

Societe des Traitjes Religieux, 93, rue du Faubourg St. Denis.

Societe de la Morale Chretienne, 12, rue Taranne. - This society was formed in 1821. Its labours consist in col- lecting information upon the establishments,, of every kind, "which have for their object the moral and physical ameliora- tion of mankind. It publishes a journal to show the salutary influence of Christianity on the institutions, civilisation, and prosperity of nations.

Societe Bibliqoe Protestante de Paris, 65, rue Mont- orgueil. - The object of this association is to spread the Holy Scriptures, without notes or commentary, in the versions received and used in Protestant churches.

Convents. - The following is a list of convents now ex- isting in Paris. - The Dames Benedictines de V Adoration per- petuelle du St. Sacrament, 12, rue Ste. Genevieve. A second convent of the same order was established at the Temple, 89, rue du Temple, by the late Princess Louise de Conde. - The Dames Anglaises, 23, rue des Fosses St. Victor, the only English convent in Paris. - The Dames Carmelites, 67, rue d'Enfer; 2, rue de Cassini, and 70, rue de Vaugirard. - The Dames de la Visitation, 20, rue des Postes ; in the rue de Vaugirard ; and 6, rue Neuve St. Elienne. - The Dames de la Congregation de V Adoration perpeluelle du Sacre Cour de Jesus, Abbaye aux Bois, rue de Sevres. - Two Congregations de Notre Dame, rue de Sevres, and 11, rue des Bernardins. - The Dames du Calvaire, rue du Petit Vaugirard. - The Dames Dominicaines de la Croix, 37, rue de Charonne. - The Congre- gation de la Mere de Dieu, rue Picpus, and 2, and 4, rue Bar- bette. The latter is a dependence of the Maison Royale of St. Denis, for educating the daughters of members of the Legion of Honour. - The Dames de la Miser icorde, 25, rue Neuve Ste. Genevieve. - The Chanoinesses de St. Auguslin, or Congrega- tion da Sacre Cceur, rue Picpus. - The Dames du Sacre Ccewr, rue de Varennes. - The Dames de Vlmmaculee Conception, called Recollettes , rue d'Anjou, St. Honore. - The Dairies Ursulines, 100, rue de Vaugirard. - The Dames Bernardines (of the ancient convent of Port Royal), 25, rue de TArbalete. - The Dames Franciscaines de Ste. Elizabeth, 40, rue St. Louis. - The Filles de la Croix, 24, Place Royale. - The Con- gregation des Seeurs de St. Vincent de Paule, i32, rue du Bae, founded by St. Vincent de Paule in 1633, now consists of about 500 nuns, who devote themselves to nursing the sick

92 INTRODUCTION.

at the hospitals, etc - The Barnes de St. Maur, rue St. Maur. - The Dames de St. Thomas de Villeneuve, in the Cul-de-sac des Vignes, rue des Postes; 27, rue de Sevres; and in the rue de Sevres, near the Boulevard, which serves as an hospital for sick children. - The Sceurs de Notre Dame de Bon Se~ cours, 7, rue Cassette. - The Dames da Refuge, or de St. Michel, 193, rue St. Jacques : under their direction are the Filles de la Madeleine or Rcpenties. - The Dames de la Croix St. Andre, 2, rue de Sevres.

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

Hospitals. - Establishments for affording relief to the sick, to foundlings, to the aged, infirm, and unfortunate, existed in Paris at a very early period ; but the object of their founders was greatly perverted, and their revenues directed to other purposes. From the time of Philip Augustus to the period of the Revolution, nothing could exceed the wretchedness which prevailed in these abodes of human suffering. Their mal- administration, joined to the want of air and beds, caused a dreadful mortality among the patients and inmates ; and every successive inquiry brought to light the most appalling facts, without giving birth to any efficient measures for their ame- lioration. In the year 4786 a controversy having interested the public mind in favour of a change, Louis XVI. commanded the Academy of Sciences to make inquiry into the state of the Hotel Dieu. Their report showed the state of that hospital to be most deplorable. The construction of four hospitals was therefore ordained by the king. All classes seemed eager to contribute towards carrying the project into execution, and considerable sums were raised : but the profligacy of the minister Calonne, the low state of theiinances, and the events which preceded the Revolution, caused several millions of the hospital fund to be dissipated. The Revolution breaking out shortly afterwards, the hospitals of Paris remained without improvement. The project, however, of demolishing the Hotel Dieu, and establishing four hospitals, was not forgotten. By a decree of the Convention, July 16th, 1793, the admini- stration of the department was commanded to transfer part of the patients of the hospitals of Paris into convents or other structures which had become national property. By another decree, of August 24th, 1794, the superintendence of the hos- pitals was vested in sixteen members of the National Conven- tion. By a subsequent decree, two new hospitals were es- tablished, and the number of beds in those already existing

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

93

considerably augmented. At various successive periods the state of the hopitaux and hospices (1) of Paris has been ame- liorated, particularly since they have been placed under the direction of a general administration. This administration, which was created in February 1801, consists of a general council and an administrative committee. All the civil hos- pitals, as well as the various institutions dependent on them, are under their superintendence. The military hospitals are under the government of the etat-major of the garrison of Paris. The general council decides all general administrative measures, and superintends the property, accounts, and other affairs, of the hopitaux: and hospices. The administrative committee regulates the different branches of management. The Prefect of the Seine and the Prefect of Police are mem- bers of the general council, which comprises some of the most notable functionaries of the state, and assembles weekly at the Hotel de Ville. There is also a consulting committee of advocates attached to the administration, besides a general secretary, a receiver general, legal agents, architects, etc. The bureaux of the adminislrative committee and of the secre tary are at 2, rue Neuve Notre Dame.

The Bureau Central cl' Admission, at the corner of the Parvis Notre Dame, is a board of medical men established for the inspection of persons desiring to be admitted into the hos- pitals, when the case is not one of urgency. The particular hospital is indicated by this board to the patient, according to the nature of the complaint; and no one can be admilted without the authorization of its members. Certain medical assistance is also given by the Bureau to indigent persons, and children are vaccinated by it gratuitously.

According to the report published by the Prefect of the Department in 1834, the Hospitals, 13 in number, contain 5,337 beds, and the Hospices, 11 in number, 11,740 beds; giving a total of 17,077 beds. The number of patients in the hospitals on 1st Jan. 1833, was 4,170 ; in the hospices, 9,567 ; and the numbers admitted during the year were in the former 61,765, in the latter 3,190 ; total in hospitals and hospices for 1833, 78,692. On 1st Jan. of the same year there were sup- ported by the hospices 17,433 foundlings and orphans; to

(i) A distinction is made between hdpital and hospice; the former being generally applied to establishments Tor the relief of the sick or wounded, and the latter to those in which are received the aged and infirm, or foundlings.

94

INTRODUCTION.

these were added during the year 5,693 foundlings. 1,760 children were placed out gratuitously to nurse; and 68,986 persons were succoured at home by the Bureaux de Bien- faisance; thus giving a general total of persons supported and assisted by public charily during that year of 172,564. The ratio of the number of indigent persons in Paris to that of the whole population is as 1 to 11 ; and the number of in- digent families relieved was 31,723. Of these families there were 16,167 men, 28,021 women, 12,096 boys, 12,702 girls. 13,173 were married, 12,875 were widowers and widows, 4,350 were unmarried, and 1,325 were abandoned women. 15,421 were under 60 years of age; 4,084 between 60 and 64 ; 8,715 between 65 and 74; 2,164 between 75 and 79; 851 between 80 and 89; and 31 between 90 and 99. 4,144 were lodged gratuitously ; 16 paid less than 400 fr. rent ; 14,000 paid between 50 and 100 fr. rent. Of the men 1,443 were without any trade or profession, and among the women 4,050 were in the same case. Special assistance was granted to 2,089 septuagenarians, to 1,017 octogenarians, to 494 blind, and to 102 incapable of aiding themselves.

According to the same account the financial condition of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions dependent on them, in 1833, w as as follows : - Expenditure - Hospitals, 2,609,249 fr. ; Hospices, 3,050,159 Ir. ; Enfans Trouves (foundlings), 1,731,239 fr. ; private establishments, 182,539 fr.; assistance given to persons at home, 2,038,177 fr. ; buildings, etc. 167,066 fr.; total expenditure, 10,186,388 fr. Receipts- Revenues, rents, etc. 1,136,271 fr. ; funded property, income, 1,201,472 fr. ; legacies and donations, 100,000 fr.; profits of Mont de Piete, 281,970 fr. ; contributions of theatres, etc., 600,000 fr. ;(1) other receipts, 1,228,675 fr. ; contributions paid by the town of Paris, 5,638,000 fr. ; total receipts, 10,186,388 fr. The mean time of a patient's remaining in the hospitals was 23 days; and the average cost of each patient was 38 fr. The number of deaths in the hospitals was 5,886, giving a mean mortality of 1 in 11. In the hospices the cost of each patient per diem was 18 sous; the number of deaths 1,518, and the mean mortality 1 in 6. The number of the

(i) All the public places of amusement, except the French Opera, pay a tax of 10 per cent on their receipts towards the support of the hospitals. A heavy tax lor their support is also levied on every piece of ground purchased for the purpose of burial in the cemeteries.

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS. 95

enfans trouves being 23,126, the cost of supporting- each was 74 fr. The Bureaux de Bienfaisance receive annually from the hospices and from collections 2,288,177 fr. : hence the sum accorded to each of the 31,723 families was 72 fr., and, if the number of children under 12 years of age be taken into account, each person relieved received 33 fr.

The following is a list of the hospitals and hospices of the city of Paris : - Hotel-Dieu, Parvis Notre Dame. - Hopital de la Pitie, 1, rue Copeau. - Hopital de la Charitc, 45, roe Jacob. - Hopital St. Antoine, 206, rue du Faubourg St. Antoine. - Hopital Cochin, 45, rue du Faubourg St. Jacques. - Hopital de Madame Necker, 5, rue de Sevres. - Hopital Beaujon, 54, rue du Faubourg du Roule. - Hopital des Enfans Malades, 3, rue de Sevres. - Hopital St. Louis, 2, rue St. Louis, Faubourg du Temple. - Hopital des Veneriens, 39, rue des Capucins, Faubourg St. Jacques. - Hopital des Vcnericnnes, 97, rue de l'Oursine. - Maison Royale de Sante, 112, rue du Faubourg St. Denis. - Maison a" Accouchement, 3, rue de la Bourbe. - Hopital des Cliniques, Place de l'Ecole de Medecine. - Hospice de la Vieillesse, Femmes, or La Salpetriere, Boulevard de 1' Hopital. - Hospice de la Vieillesse, Hommes, or Bicetrc.- - Infirmerie de Marie Therese, 86, rue d'Enfer. - Maison d'Enghien, 8, rue de Picpus. - Hopital Leprince, 185, rue St. Dominique au Gros Caillou. - Hopital Militaire, rue Blanche. - Hopital Militaire, rue St. Dominique au Gros Caillou.- - Hopital Militaire du Vol de Grace, 277, rue du Faubourg St. Jacques. - Hopital Militaire de Picpus, 19, rue de Picpus. (1) - Maison Hoy ale de Charenlon,

Hospices and Benevolent Institutions. - Hospice des Incurables, Femmes, 54, rue de Sevres. - Hospice des In- curables, Hommes, 34, rue des Recollets. - Hospice des Menages, 28, rue de la Chaise. - Hospice St. Michel, at St. Mande. - Asile Royale de la Providence, 50, rue de la Chaussee des Martyrs. - Institution de Sainte Perine, Grande Rue de Chaillot. - Maison de Retraite, or Hospice de Larochefoucauld, Route d' Orleans, near the Barriere d'Enfer. - Hospice des En- fans Trouves, 74, rue d'Enfer. - Hospice des Orp helms , 124, rue du Faubourg St. Antoine. - Hopital Royal des Quinze Vingts, 38, rue de Charenton. - Institution Royale des Sourds et Muets, 254, rue du Faubourg St. Jacques. - Institution Royale des Jeunes Aveugles, 68, rue St. Victor. - Maison de

(;) The military hospitals are not under the direction of the general administration ; but depend on the Minister or War.

9t>

INTRODUCTION.

Refuge pour les Jeunes Prisonniers , 11, rue des Gres St. Jacques. - Maison de Refuge du Ron Pasteur, 82, rue d'Enfer St. Michel. - Hospice Devillas, 17, rue des Regards. - Hospice Brezin, at Garches, near St. Cloud.

Maisons de Sante. - These establishments, of which there are a great many in and about Paris, receive patients, who pay various prices for the accommodations they receive there, and may be called hospitals for the middling classes. They are conducted generally by a medical man of reputation, who boards, lodges, and attends the patients: they have gene- rally gardens attached, and some, particularly those in the en- virons, are agreeable places of residence for sick people. Rooms containing a single, or several beds may be had, ac- cording to the means of the patients; and persons condemned for political offences, whose health would be endangered by the confinement of a prison, are sometimes allowed to reside on their parole, and on the responsibility of the director of the establishment, in a Maison de Sante.

The Amphitheatre of Anatomy for the hospitals of Paris is placed on the site of the ancient burial-ground of Clamart, rue des Fosses St. Marcel, and is admirably suited to the purposes for which it is intended. Every facility is given to students. Another set of dissecting rooms is placed behind the Musee Dupuytren, near the Eeole de Medecine.

Boulatsgerie Generale, 2, rue Scipion. This is the gene- ral bakehouse for all the hospitals.

Cave Generale, 2, rue Notre Dame. - Here all the wines, spirits, etc. used in the hospitals, are kept.

Phaumacie Centrale, 5, Quai de la Tournelle. A general dispensary, first established intheHopilal des Enfans Trouves, Parvis Notre Dame, was transferred, in i 812, to the convent of the Dames Miramionnes, where it slill exists.

Etablissement en Faveur des Blesses Indigens, 9, rue du Petit Muse.

Societe Maternelle, 5, rue du Coq Heron. - Its objects are to pay the lying-in expenses of poor women, and to afford a monthly allowance for a year to bring up the child. The sum granted to each is 100 fr. lis affairs are managed by 48 ladies. There are physicians, surgeons, apothecaries, and midwives attached to this society. Government pays 100,000 francs a-year to this institution, of which the Queen is pro- tectress.

Maison Cemrale de Nourrices, 18, rue Ste, Appoline.

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

- The object of this useful establishment is to afford to the inhabitants of Paris and its environs the means of obtaining wet-nurses in whom they may confide, and to secure to the nurses the payment of their wages.

Societe Philanthropique, 12, rue du Grand Chantier. - This assoc ation was founded in 1780, under the special protection of Louis XVI., for affording relief to suffering hu- manity. The funds are employed in distributing food to the indigent by means of soup-houses ; in gratuitous advice, and medicine for the sick ; and in assisting various other charita- ble societies and establishments.

Secours a Domicile. - In each of the 12 arrondissements of Paris, there is a bureau to afford relief to aged and infirm persons, and poor women having large families, and gratui- tous advice and medicine to the sick, at their own houses. An infirmary is attached to each bureau. The relief granted con- sists of bread, meat, firing, and clothing; besides which a monthly allowance of 3 fr. is afforded to such as are 75 years of age, and of 6 fr. to such as are 80. They are under the direction of the prefect of the department and the General Council of Hospitals. Each bureau consists, 1st, of the mayor (who is president ex-offido), the deputy-majors, the rector of the parish, the curates of the chapels of ease, and the prolcst- ant minister, where there is a church of that persuasion ; 2d, of 12 managers, chosen by the Minister of the Interior; 3d, of commissaries for the poor, and of Dames de C harite, whose number is determined by the bureau. An accountable agent is attached to each. In 1833 the number of persons receiving relief was 68,986 : while in 1835 it was reduced to 62,539.

Association pour la Propagation de la Vaccine, 4, rue du Pont de Lodi, founded under the ausp ces of govern- ment by Dr. James in 1831. - To this it may be added, that a public vaccination takes place at the mairie of each arron- dissement once a-week.

Societe Generale de Prevoyance, 73, rue de Lille. - This society was formed in!830, for the relief tf sick persons, who are entitled to the benefits of it on subscribing 10 or 25 francs.

Societe de la Providence. - The office of this association is at No. 314, rue St. Honore.

British Charitable Fund. - This institution was formed in 1816, under the patronage of the British ambassador, for the relief of distressed British subjects in France. The funds,

9

98

INTRODUCTION.

which are raised by voluntary subscription, are managed by a committee of ten members, who meet on Tuesdays and Satur- days, at 16, rue de la Madeleine. One' great object of this so- ciety is to afford relief to necessitous British subjects, and assist them in returning home. To the honour of the British name it may be said, that but few persons of distinction or fortune visit Paris without contributing, by subscriptions or donations, to the Charitable Fund. In 1835, the receipts amounted to 16,100 fr. and the disbursements to 14,900 fr. Subscriptions and donations are received by Messrs. Roths- child and Co. ; Callagan ; and Galignani and Co.

SOCIETE PrOTFSTANTE DE PrEVOYANCE ET DE $ECOURS

Mutuels. - This association, composed exclusively of Protes- tantSp was formed in 1825, to afford medical advice, medicine, and pecuniary relief to sick members, who pay a subscription of 24 fr. a-year. The society proposes to grant pensions and found an hospital at a future period. Office, 46, rue de l'Arbre Sec.

Societe Israelite des Amis du Travail. - The object of this society is to put out and apprentice young persons of both sexes of the Jewish persuasion, who continue four years under its protection. The funds necessary are raised by monthly con- tributions of 30 sous. Office, 14, rue Jean Jacques Rousseau

Societe Helvetique de Bienfaisance. - This society, established in 1822, is composed of Swiss of all the Cantons, and without distinction of religion. Its objects are to establish a bond of union, and to afford relief to such of their country- men as are in distress. Office at the Oraloire, rue St. Honore.

Societe des Enfans en Faveur des Vieillards. - This benevolent society, founded in 1803, is well calculated to train children to the exercise of charity. Their own con- tributions, augmented by donations of their parents, form a fund for purchasing articles of clothing and blankets for in- digent old men. The contributions are received at 5, rue Coq Heron.

Association des Jeunes Economes. - This society, com- posed of youngladies, is formed for the purpose of educating, clothing, and putting out apprentice, such girls, above eight years of age, as belong to large families. Subscriptions are received, 3, Quai Conti.

Institution pour les Jeunes Filles Delaissefs, 12, rue Garanciere. - The council-general of hospitals and the Minis- ter of the Interior make an annual grant of 3,000fr. to this so-

CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.

ciety, whose object is to protect deserted young girls, and such as have lost their parents. After receiving a moral education, they are placed out as apprentices.

Besides the above benevolent societies, there are in Paris several associations de travail pour les pauvres (work socie- ties), at the head of which are ladies of high rank, that meet on one or more evenings of the week, to make different articles, which are then collected together, and, at a public exhibition of them, sold for the benefit of the poor. Lotteries are also formed during the course of the winter in the different arron- dissements, to which artists and benevolent persons are in- vited to contribute their works etc. Considerable sums are thus raised by the sale of the tickets, and are distributed to the poor by the Mayors. In most of the parishes of Paris also there are associations paroissiales de oienfaisance, for the education of poor children, and the relief of the sick, aged, and infirm.

Nearly connected with the hospitals is the

Administration du Mont de Piete, 18, rue des Blancs Manteaux. - This establishment, which has a dependence at 20, rue des Petits Augustins, was created in 1777 for the be- nefit of the hospitals. It enjoys the exclusive privilege of lending, upon moveable effects, four-fifths of the value of gold and silver articles, and two-thirds of the value of other effects. The money which it borrows for this purpose it ob- tains at 2^ per cent. It is required to be known and domi- ciliated, or to produce a passport, or papers en regie, in order to procure a loan, at the rate of one per cent, per month. After a year, the effects pledged are sold by auction, and the surplus paid to the borrower, within three years from the date of the duplicate. Previous to the expiration of the year, how- ever, the duplicate can be renewed, upon payment of the in- terest due upon it, and it is then good for another year ; at the expiration of the third year, the effects are sold without reserve. 24 commissioners are established in different quar- ters to receive articles on pledge, which they deposit at the Mont de Piete. From 1815 to 1833 the total number of ar- ticles pledged in Paris was 21,166,840, of the average value of 17 francs each ; the money received upon which amounted to 376,372,453 francs. The total value of articles taken out of pledge in the same time was 373,759,351 fr., and their number was 21,019,823.

Savings Bank, called the Caissed'Epargne et de Prevoy-

V

100 INTRODUCTION*

ance, at the hotel of the Bank of France, rue de la Vril- liere. - This excellent institution -was established in 1818- The administration is gratuitous, being pa d out of money with which it was endowed by the original founder. Deposits from 1 fr. to 50 fr. are received here on Sundays and Mon- days from 10 to 2; and 4 per cent, compound interest is al- lowed on them. Not more than 2,000 fr. can be kept by any individual in this bank ; and the whole or part of the deposits may be withdrawn on giving 5 days' notice. The total amount of money paid in to this establishment during the year 1835 was 24,085,174 fr. divided among 150,000 depositors. The importance and utility of this most benevolent institution are spreading every year. It will give an idea of the general kind of contributors to this establishment to insert the following return for one week of the month of January 1836. On the 24th and 25th of that month the sum of 678,753 fr. was paid in by the following persons ; day labourers, including 46 miners, 1,996; servants 946 ; clerks, shopmen, shopwomen, etc., 269 ; shopkeepers and working tradesmen 332 ; garden- ers,, etc., 67 ; artists, musicians, actors, etc., 78; officers, soldiers, municipal guards, etc., 66; sailors 2; ecclesiastics 4; professors, medical men, teachers, students, governesses, etc., 134 ; persons living on their own incomes 191; holders of real property 44 ; persons of no designated profession 80 ; children 252 ; beneflt societies 2 ; total 4,433.

Societe de Secours Mutuels entre Ouvriers. - At Paris there are 164 of these mutual benefit-societies, composed altogether of about 14,000 members. The most ancient, that of St. Anne, dates from 1694.

Societe Brezin, 10, rue de l'Ecole de Medecine. - This is a beneflt-society founded by the will of the same benevolent individual to whom the hospital at Garches owes its origin.

After the enumeration of the charitable institutions, we may take notice of the Order of Freemasons of Paris. Of the Rit Ecossais ancien et approuve there are 80 lodges in Paris, and 500 in France ; of the Rit Frangais ou Moderne there are 60 ateliers in Paris, and 600 in France. The Ordre Magonnique de Misraim holds its meetings at 41, rue Neuve St.JMerri. - Nearly all other societies, the forms of which are secret, are now forbidden by law.

COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS.

The Chamber of Commerce consists of the prefect of the

COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENTS.

101

department and 15 bankers or merchants, 5 of whom are elected annually. They communicate with the government upon whatever concerns commercial affairs ; superintend all buildings connected with commerce, and attend to the execu- tion of the laws against smuggling, etc. They meet at the Exchange every Wednesday.

The Exchange is open daily from 1 till 3 for the negotia- tion of public effects, and till 5 o'clock for other transactions. 60 agents de change, 60 courtiers de commerce, and 8 courtiers d 'assurance, named by the Ring, are alone authorised to trans- act public business here. The negotiation of public effects, bills of exchange, etc., belongs exclusively to the agents de change ; but bills are allowed by tolerance to be negotiated by brokers. The courtiers de commerce certify the price of gold and silver, fix the price of merchandize, rates of freight, etc. The courtiers d'assurance fix the rates of insurances, etc. The legal price of public effects and goods is fixed daily at the close of the Exchange, by the agents de change and courtiers, and entered upon the register of the Commissaire de la Bourse. (1)

Bank of F&ance, rue de la Vrilliere. - This institution was formed in 1803 by a law which gave it the exclusive privilege of issuing notes payable to the bearer at sight, for 40 years. Its capital, which at first consisted of 45 millions of francs, has since been doubled ; and is now represented by 67,900 shares divided among 3,623 holders. The interest upon these shares can never exceed 6 per cent., but the sur- plus of the profits forms a reserved fund, the interest of which ii also divided among the shareholders. It is directed by a governor, 2 deputy governors, 15 regents, and 3 censors. The governor presides over the council of regency, and every six months a general council, composed of 200 of the greatest shareholders, audits the accounts of the institution. The operations of the Bank consist, in discounting bills of exchange or to order, at dates which cannot exceed three months, stamped and guaranteed by at least three signatures of merchants or others of undoubted credit ; in advancing money on government bills, of fixed dates ; in advancing mo- ney on bullion or foreign gold and silver coin ; in keeping an

(i) The commercial transactions of France for the average of 4 years, 182c) - 32, were as follows : - with Asia 20 millions of francs; Africa 22 j S. America 41 ; N. America 2i5; Europe ?G4; Colonies io3.

9.

102

INTRODUCTION.

account for voluntary deposits of every kind, government se- curities, national and foreign, shares, contracts, bonds of every kind, bills of exchange, other bills and all engagements to order or to bearer, gold and silver bars, national and foreign coin, and diamonds, with a charge for keeping according to the value of the deposit, which cannot ex- ceed an eighth of one per cent, for every period of six months and under; in undertaking to recover the pay- ment of bills on account of individuals and public esta- blishments ; to receive in a current account sums from in- dividuals and public establishments, and to pay the en- gagements it thereby contracts to the amount of the sums entrusted. The bank is open from nine o'clock till four daily, for the exchange of bills against specie. Discounting days are Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. To be admitted to discount, and to have a running account at the bank, a request must be made in writing to the governor, and be ac- companied by the certificate of three well-known persons. The usufruct of bank shares may be ceded, but the fee-simple may still be disposed of. The shares may be immobilisees , that is, converted into real property, by a declaration of the proprietor ; they are then, like any kind of real property, subject to the same laws, and have the same prerogatives. The noles of the Bank of France are of 1,000 and 500 ff., and the total value of those in circulation in 1832 was 239 millions of francs. At the same time there remained in its treasury 260 millions. Its rate of discount is 4 per cent., and the average annual amount of discounts effected by it in 10 years, 1820 - 30, was 493,355,700 fr. The annual circula- tion of money through all its departments is about 8 milliards, and ils annual profits are more than 7 millions. The accounts are made up, verifled, and submitted to the director every evening.

Caisse d'Amortissement et Caisse de Dep6ts et Consignations. - These two establishments, though perfectly distinct from each other, are placed under the same director- general, who is assisted by a sub-director, by an inspecting committee, and by a council of general direction. The Caisse d'Amortissement conducts all operations relative to the reduction of the public debt of the country. The Caisse de Depots el Consignations receives all moneys deposited in it in consequence of legal awards, and other public proceedings, or by any public functionaries, for which it allows inierest at

SOCIAL STATISTICS,

103

the rate of 3 per cent, per aim. after the money lias been de- posited 60 days. Private individuals may also deposit money here, for which they receive 2 per cent interest after the first 60 days. During the legislative session of the cham- bers, every year, the president of the inspecting committee makes a report of the state of the institution to the two cham- bers. The bureaux are established at the Maison de l'Oratoire, opposite the Louvre.

The following is a list of the commercial establishments of note, authorized by the government: - Administration des Trots Pouts sur Seine, 26, rue de Bouloy. - Compagnie des Quatre Canaux, 20, rue St. Fiacre. - Service Generate des Inhuma- tions et Pompes Funebrcs, 183, rue du Faubourg St. Denis. - Compagnie d" Assurances Matuelles contre llncendie, 89, rue de Richelieu. - Compagnie d' Assurances Generates, 97, rue de Richelieu. - Compagnie Frangaise du Phenix contre Vln- cendie, 18, rue Neuve St. Augustin. - Compagnie Royale d' As- surances, 3, rue de Menars. - Compagnie de V Union contre Vlncendie, 1, rue Grange Baleliere. - Compagnie du Soleil contre Vlncendie, 13, rue du Helder. - Caisse Hypothecaire, for the lending of money on mortgages of real property, 30, rue Neuve St. Augustin. - Besides these may be men- tioned the following : - Compagnie pour V Exploitation de I'Usine royale d'Eclairage par le Gaz, 28, rue de la Tour d'Auvergne. - Compagnie Frangaise d'Eclairage par le Gaz Hydrogene, 97, rue du Faubourg Poissonniere. - Lloyd Fran- cais, 8, Place de la Bourse. This establishment is similar to that in London. - The West of England. The Law-Life and other English insurance Companies, have correspondents in Paris. For these and other commercial companies, estab- lishments, etc., see Directory.

SOCIAL STATISTICS,

Revenues, Taxes, etc. - The following is an official ac- count of the produce of the various taxes, etc., for the depart- ment of the Seine during the year 1833 : - Contributions directex, yiz., land-tax (fonder), 11,116,576 fi\; door and win-

104

INTRODUCTION.

dow-tax, 2,681,828 fr.; personal and furniture tax, 5,651,868 fr.; licenses, 6,338,850; other taxes, etc., 232,972 fr. ; total, 26,022,128 fr. Contributions indirectes, 25,175,715 fr. : re- gistry and slamp duties, 24,088,306 fr. ; customs and salt duties, 3,702,455 fr. ; post-office, 9,165,333 fr. ; lottery 12,652,560(1); municipal duties, 29,038,703 fr.; gaming- houses, 5,500,000 - general total, 132,145,203 fr. The re- venues of the city of Paris for the year 1835 were 44,436,797 fr., and the expenditure for the same year about 41,087,091 fr. The admirable financial management of the municipal affairs of the capital has brought the revenues of the town-chest into the healthy condition evidenced by the foregoing state- ment; the debt with which it was burthened, to the amount of 40 millions of francs, is being gradually paid off, and the town can dispose annually of a clear excess of more than 6 millions. During the year 1835^ the sum of 6,286,000 fr. was devoted by the municipality to the embellishment of the town, and a similar sum of 6,615,000 fr. has been allotted to the same purpose for the year 1836. (2) The total sum remain- ing in the town-chest at the beginning of J 836 was 19,600,106 fr. ; but of this only 3,397,000 fr. was disposable, not being destined to any specific service. The total territorial revenue of the department of the Seine was, in 1835, about 54,418,000 francs.

The following table of the expenses of the population of Paris was calculated in 1826, and no attempt at any new in- vestigations of the kind has since appeared; there is no doubt, however, that there must be a very considerable increase on the whole. The head of taxes alone gives an increase of nearly 13 millions of francs ; and some of the other articles, though their actual amount can never be at all accurately calculated, would no doubt furnish a proportionate increase : - Taxes and similar expenses 119,107,157 fr. ; (3) rent

(i) Now abolished by law.

(a) The budget of the town for the year ]8.>7 is expected to give a clear excess 01*4,782,004 fr., to be devoted to improvements and embellishments. And if the excess of 1 836 amounts to 4,oC)5,ooo fr., and the same sum betaken from the reserved funds of the town, as in the two former years, there will be more than g millions of francs applicable during the year 1837 to great public "works.

(3) Among the taxes are included the losses of persons at autho- rized gaming-houses, amounting to 11 millions annually 5 and the

SOCIAL STATISTICS. 105

80,000,000 fr.; repair and embellishment of houses 20,000,000 fr. ; food 308,745,000 fr.; dress 61 ,749,000 fr.; fuel 42,300,000 fr.; lighting 17,421,000 fr. ; washing 31,500,000 fr. ; fur- niture 59,517,500 fr. ; education of children 31,285,200 fr. ; servants' wages and salaries 40,250,000 fr. ; horses and their keep 25,532,000 fr. ; carriages and harness 3,025,000 fr. ; transport within Paris 10,103,000 fr. ; tobacco and snuff 5,700,000 fr.; baths 2,800,000 fr. ; charity 10,000,000 fr. ; new years' gifts 1,500,000 fr. ; theatres and exhibitions 6,200,000fr.; accouchemens 872,500 fr.; nurses 3,300,000 fr. ; physicians, surgeons, and medicines 10,125,000 fr. ; journals 3,000,000 fr. - Tolal 894,032,193 fr. or 1,020 fr. 98 centimes for each inhabitant on the average. The population having increased at the same lime with the increase of expenditure, of which it has been in part the cause, and some of the com- modities consumed by it having much fallen in price since- then, it is probable that, if the above average of personal ex- penditure was correct in 1826, that it is nearly so now : but the total expenditure of the inhabitants, if a similar condition holds good, may be estimated at not less than 920 or 930 millions per annum.

The following is a table of the consumption of the town of Paris during the year 1834, extracted from the Annuaire clu Bureau des Longitudes : -

Wine

Brandy . . ,

Cider and Perry

Vinegar

Beer

Grapes

Oxen .

Cows

Calves

Sheep

P.gs .... Pies, preserved meats, etc. Meat, coarse .

Sansagrs, hams, salt pork, etc. OfTal . . Cheese, dry

hectolitres ditto ditto ditto ditto

kilogrammes head ditto ditto ditto ditto

kilogrammes ditto ditto ditto ditto

i6,39o 19,276 120, 55s i,56g,55fi

14,17? 70, '.39

36$ 4oq 85,336

1,122,4^6

1 ,062,873 1,100,187

sums paid for funeral ceremonies and interments, as well as for chairs in churches, making another million. The former item in the receipts of the town will cease to exist after 5\st Dec. 1687, according to a vote cf the Chamber of Deputies.

106

INTRODUCTION.

Sea-fish (amount of sales in markets) Oysters « . .

Fresh-water fish

Poultry and game . . . Butter ....

francs ditto

ditto ditto ditto ditto bottes ditto

4,229,388

T, T 18,971

7,728,041 10,001,762

Straw , Oats

hectolitres

The ordinary consumption of Paris in grain and flour, sold at the Halle au Ble, is estimated at 4580 sacks, each weighing 159 kilogrammes, daily, or 91,695,300 kilogrammes annually. But when the price of hread is higher out of Paris than within the walls, Hour and grain are carried out for sale, and the daily consumption then exceeds 1700 sacks. The price of the loaf of household bread of 41bs. weight varies from 11 to 12 sous.

The greatest numbers of oxen for the Paris markets are brought from the departments of Calvados, Maine et Loire, Eure, Manche, Orne, Vendee, and Haute Vienne ; their ave- rage price is from 300 to 330 fr. a-head. Cows come prin- cipally from the districts of Maine, Normandy, Beauce, and Brie ; their value is from 190 fr. to 200 fr. Calves come from Auvergne and Normandy, but are bought up by the dealers of Pontoise, and there fattened for the capital ; their average value is from 75 fr. to 90 fr. Sheep are sent in the greatest numbers from the departments of Seine et Oise, Seine, Indre, Maine, Orne, and Germany ; they sell from 20 to 26 fr. each.

Tariff of the Octroi and Entrance Duties. - Wine in wood, 21 fr. per hectolitre; do. in bottles, 6 sous per litre ; vinegar, verjuice, etc., in wood or bottles, 10 fr. 10 sous per hect,; pure alcohol contained in brandy or spirits, in wood, brandy or spirits in bottles, liqueurs, fruit in brandy, and scented spirits, in wood or bottles, 81 fr. 8 sous per hect. ; perry. 11 fr. per hect.; cider and mead, 10 fr. per hect. ; heer brought to Paris, 4 fr. per hect. ; beer brewed at Paris, 3 fr. per hect. ; olive oil, 40 fr. per hect. ; other oils, 20 fr. per hect. ; oxen, 23 fr. per head ; cows, 15 fr. ; calves, 6 fr. ; sheep, 1 fr. 10 sous ; hogs and wild boars, 9 fr. ; coarse meat sold without weighing, 13 centimes per kilogramme ; sausages, hams, fresh pork, salt pork, bacon, etc., 4 sous per kilog. ; heads, feet, tripe, etc., 1 sous per kilog. ; fire-wood, 2 fr. per stere ; white wood, 1 fr. 10 sous per do. ; faggots, 3 fr. per

SOCIAL STATISTICS.

107

hundred ; charcoal, 15 sous for two hectolitres ; coals, 10 sous per hectolitre ; dry hay (in trusses of 5 kilogrammes), 4 fr. per 100 trusses; straw, 1 fr. ; oats, 10 sous per hectolitre; quicklime, 1 fr. 4 sous per do. ; plaster, 36 centimes per do. ; rough stone, 12 sous per cubic metre ; hewn stone, 1 fr. 12 sous per do. ; marble and granite, 16 fr. per do. ; large slates, 5 fr., small slates, 4 fr., bricks, 6 fr., tiles, 7 fr. 10 sous, and square pavements, 5 fr. per 1,000 ; potter's clay and sand, 12 sous per cubic metre ; turf, 1 fr. per 100 ; laths, 10 fr. per 100 bundles ; wood, 8 and 10 fr. per stere, according to the quality or form ; dry cheese, 2 sous per kilogramme ; salt, 1 sous per do. ; white wax, and wax and spermaceti candles, 6 sous per do.; bees' -wax and rough spermaceti, 4 sous per do. ; hops, 2 sous per do. ; tallow and tallow candles, 3 fr. per 100 kilogs. ; barley, 1 fr. per hecto- litre.

Detailed instructions are annexed to the tariff, by which it is regulated, and abuses are prevented. Every driver of vehicles, containing articles subject to duty, is bound to make declaration thereof at the bureau before he enters Paris ; to show his way-bill to the officers, and pay the duties, upon pain of a fine equal to the value of the articles in question. The officers have power to make any examination necessary to ascertain the truth of his declaration. Any article intro- duced without having been declared, or upon a false decla- ration, is liable to be seized. The officers cannot use the probing-iron in their examination of boxes, packages, etc., declared to contain goods that may suffer damage. Dili- gences, waggons, carts, cabriolets, and all carriages for trans- port are subject to examination. No individual, whatever be his dignity, office, or functions, is exempt from inspection or the duties.

The produce of the octroi duties has been gradually increas- ing for some time back : in 1834 it amounted to 27,684,000 fr., and in 1835 to 29,050,000 fr.

There are no authentic returns published of the produce of the different manufactures of the capital calculated to the present day. An immense increase has, however, taken place within the !ast 10 years, and is still proceeding very rapidly. The prefect of the department, in his Report of 1834, estimates the manufactures of Paris, exported to foreign countries, at 80 millions of francs annually ; and those for the consumption of the departments at the same sum. Of the

108

INTRODUCTION.

manufacturing establishments of Paris, 2 belong to the govern- ment ; for tape&ry and carpets ; and for snuff. The first of these, known as " The Gobelins," does not sell its products: but the second furnishes nearly a Gflhof the snuff consume * in the country; the profit upon which is nearly 6 millions annually. Of the other manufactures of the capital, paper-hangings, leather, jewellery, chemical products, gas, fine hardware, fans, etc. give occupation to a vast number of persons, and yield considerable profits. Printing, engraving, and the pre- paration of all substances and materials connected with the fine arts, as well as the compounding of sugared sweetmeats, bonbons, etc., form very extensive branches of trade. (1)

According to the very interesting table published in Mr. H. Lytton Bulwer's Work on France in 1835, to which the reader is referred for much curious information, it appears that of the journeymen employed in Paris, the cotton-spinners are paid the worst and work the hardest ; since they receive only from 1 to 2 fr. per diem, and work for 12 or 15 hours. The gene- ral average of wages in most other trades varies from 3 to 5 fr. a-day ; and the number of hours from 10 to 12. The rag- collectors, or chiffonniers, make from 1 fr. 50c. to 2 fr. a-day. Workwomen receive very low wages in Paris, from 15 to 30 sous being the ordinary average. Young women in shops receive their food, washing, and lodging, and are paid from 150 fr. to 400 fr. per annum. The ordinary expence of a journeymen is from 20 to 30 sous daily for food, and from 5 to 6 fr. per month for lodging. (2) A great part of the Paris workmen do no work on Monday morning as well as on Sunday afternoon. Their condition has been observed to improve nearly in the same proportion as Savings' Banks

(1) An estimate of the animal commercial transactions of Paris, formed since i8io, gives the following results, the correctness of which, however, there are no means of ascertaining : - Jewellery, 29>'9l>"74 fr* per annum; clocks and watches, 19,775,000 fr. ; cotton and linen goods, i8,3g3,ooo fr. ; shawls, 4>^°°'000 fr* / furniture, 12,000,000 fr. ; raffineries, of all kinds, 3 1,000 000 fr. ; silk stuffs, 4,817,000 fr. ; other sniffs, 4-^24,780 > modes (ex- ports), 2,! 19,006 fr ; paper-hangings, 909,484 fr. ; books, 2,63 J,o5o fr. ; ribbons, 1,556,824 fr. ; gauzes, 841,6*00 fr. 5 hats and caps, 606,590 fr.

(2) A.n examination of the lodging-houses inhabited by work- men, in i83G, showed that, of 33,272 workmen, only y5i were out of employment,

SOCIAL STATISTICS.

100

have increased ; and will be still more benefited by the dif- fusion of primary education, and the abolition of the lottery.

Markets, etc. - The first market-house in Paris was situ- ated in the Cite, near the street still called rue du Marche Palu. A market, called Marche de l'Apport, was afterwards held near the extremity of the rue St. Denis, till the reign of Louis VI., who transferred it to a piece of ground near the cemetery des Innocens, named Champeaux, or Petits Champs. Philip Augustus established two other markets near the same spot, and they took the name of halles. Each class of dealers and every neighbouring town had its particular halle. Francis L caused all the halles to be rebuilt with pillars of stone opening into dirty galleries, obstructed with irregular stalls. The in- convenience of these places began to be felt in the last century, and market-houses, for all sorts of provisions, have since been constructed in every part of Paris.

The following is a list of the various markets, halles, etc : (1) - Marche des Innocents, for fruit, vegetables, etc., to which are attached the following markets and halles : - Marche au B curve; au Fromage; aux OEufs ; au Poisson - au Pain ; aux Pommes de terre ; aux Oignons ; des Herbo- ristes ; Halle aux Draps; aux Cuirs. General markets : - Marche des Blancs Manteaux; Beauveau ; des Carmes ; St. Honor e; St. Joseph; St. Germain; St .Martin; de la Made- leine. Meat-market, Marche des Prouvaires. Poultry-mar- ket, Marche des Augustins. Flower-markets : - M< arc he dw Quai Desaix; de la Place Royale; du Boulevard St. Martin ; de la Madeleine. Rags and Old Clothes-markets : - Marche du Temple; de la Halle aux Veaux; de St. Jacques. To these may be added the Halle au Ble, Halle aux Vins, and Halle aux Veaux; as well as the Marche aux Chevaux and the Marche aux Fourrages. There are also several smaller ones, which are not worthy of particular notice, viz. : - the Marche d'Aguesseau, Passage de la Madeleine ; Marche de Boulainviliiers, near 13, rue du Bac ; Marche Ste. Catherine, rue d'Ormesson, au Marais; Marche des Enfans Rouge, near 39, rue de Bretagne ; Marche de la Fraternite, rue St. Louis en Tile ; Marche Neuf, near the Pont St. Michel ; Marche de

(i) A halle signifies a place where goods of any kind arc sold wholesale ; a marche is where the commodities of life are pure chased retail.

10

no

INTRODUCTION*

Ste. Genevieve, rue Soufflot; Marche des Patriarches, 135, rue Mouffetard ; Marche de la rue de Sevres ; and Marche Faubourg du Roule.(l)

Abattoirs (Slaughter houses). - Previous to the forma- tion of these establishments for the slaughter of cattle, butchers were accustomed to drive the oxen they purchased at the markets of Sceaux and Poissy through the streets of Paris, to the great danger of the inhabitants. Besides, these animals contributed in a great degree to render the streets of the capi- tal more dirty, while the private slaughter-houses impregnated the atmosphere with noxious effluvia. A remedy for these nuisances had long been desired, when, in 1809, Napoleon decreed the construction of five public abattoirs at the extre- mities of the city, and the suppression of the slaughter-houses in the central parts of Paris. Of these establishments three are to the north of the city ; viz. the Abattoirs du Route, de Monlmartre, and de Popincourt; and two to the south, viz. those of Ivry and of Vaugirard. The five abattoirs being finished in 1818, at an expense of 16,518,000 fr., a police ordonnance was issued which fixed the 15th of September for their opening, and prohibited from that day cattle being driven to private stables or slaughter-houses. Houses for melting the tallow and drying the skins are attached to each of these esta- blishments. A duty is paid upon the animals slaughtered, in the following proportion, viz. an ox, 6 fr. ; a cow, 4 fr. ; a calf, 2 fr. ; and a sheep, 10 sous. The product of this duty, including the duties on the purtenances and tallow, and the sale of manure, was 947,305 fr. in 1834. Strangers may visit these establishments, by applying for a guide at the porter's lodge, to whom a small fee is given.

(i) In the absence of any published returns of the sales effected in the various markets of Paris, it may be interesting to mention three facts that have lately been ascertained. The annual con- sumption of potatoes in Paris is nearly 32^,000 kilogrammes, or about 65o, ooo lbs. More than 20 cart-loads of water-cresses are brought into Paris daily, each of which produces 3oo fr., thus giving a daily consumption of 6,ooo fr., or an annual one of nearly a millions of francs for this article alone. The accuracy of this return may, however, be suspected. To give an idea of the con- sumption of flowers in Paris, it may be mentioned that at 5 in the morning of the festival of the Assumption, i834> there were ex- posed for sale in the different markets of the capital 3o,ooo pots of flowers, valued at 45,ooo fr.

SOCIAL STATISTICS. |1|

We annex the following as a sort of general summary* The number of butchers in Paris is 400, who each find secu- rity for 3,000 fr. They occupy 400 stalls, and 112 slaughter- houses. The 28 melting-houses in the five abattoirs have been placed at the disposal of persons called fondeurs (melters), who must not be chandlers. There are eight at Popincourt, eight at Montmartre, four at the Roule, four at Grenelle, and four at Villejuif. The abattoirs of Popincourt and Montmartre have each 64 slaughter-houses, that of Grenelle 48, and the two others 32 each. Country butchers are allowed to bri^^ meat to the markets of Paris upon paying a duty of 12 cents, per pound. The want of an abattoir for swine having long been felt, the municipality of Paris have decided on erecting one, as soon as circumstances will permit.

The Ports along the sides of the river, or wharfs, are places where goods may be landed and sold as in an entrepot, there being always officers of the customs in attendance to examine the nature and quantity of the cargoes discharged. Of these the principal are the Port de la Rapce, for wine and fire-wood ; aux Tailes, for tiles, bricks, slates, etc. ; St. Nicolas, for merchandize from Rouen; d'Orsay, for wine, stone, etc.; des Invalides, for fire-wood. The movement on the river is very considerable, and is principally effected by the large boats called caches d'eau, which carry passengers as well as merchandize ; by barks ; and by steamers, of which there are 7 or 8 plying up the river.

The principal depot for fire-wood is in the He Louviers, which is entirely occupied by it : large wood-yards are, how- ever, to be found along the river and on all the outskirts of the town. The wood is brought down the river either in rafts, or in barges ; the latter being of a finer and more expensive sort. Charcoal and coal are sold on board the boats that lie off the lie de la Cite and the lie St. Louis, as well as along the Canal de l'Ourcq, a large market for the express sale of charcoal having been established near the top of the rue du Faubourg St. Martin, in the rue des Recollets.

From the departments above Paris, about 11,000 boats ar- rive annually, with fruit, hay, corn, flour, tiles, bricks, wine, hemp, flax, paving-stones, etc. ; besides about 4,500 floats of timber, fire- wood, and charcoal. From Havre and Rouen there come about 600 boats with colonial produce, glass, cider, wine, brandy, salt, foreign corn, etc. The average

Ii2 INTRODUCTION.

annual duties paid for the navigation of the Seine amount to about 700,000 fr.

PHYSICAL STATISTICS.

Streets and Houses, etc. - It has been calculated that there are more than 30,000 houses in Paris of all descrip- tions. The streets are 1,209 in number ; avenues and alleys, 33; boulevards, 19 ; places, 96; carrefours, 36 ; courts, 15; passages, 173 ; alleys not thoroughfares, 129 ; quays, 33 ; ports, 14. The total area of the public highways has been estimated at about 7,500,000 French square feet. The ex- pense of the pavement repairs, etc. in Paris for the year 1835 amounted to 854,000 fr. New pavements cost 300,000 fr. ; and foot-pavements or trottoirs about 600,000 fr. ; of which 450,000 fr. were paid by the proprietors of houses.(l)

The streets of Paris have all been formed, more or less, upon the model of those which existed in the older parts of the town long before coaches were invented, or carts and waggons ever traversed the city : and since the civilization and comfort of the lower and middling orders were entirely neglected by the state until the revolution of 1788, the streets of Paris, inhabited by the artizan rather than by the noble, remained unimproved till within the last 50 or 60 years. Hence Paris is inferior to most of the other capital towns of Europe as far as the width, cleanliness, and general appear- ance of most of its streets are concerned. From the peculiar domestic habits of the greater part of the inhabitants, living not in single houses, but tenanting dwellings in common, proprietors are not anxious to make those improvements which the citizens of all other capital towns have long ago ef- fected : the manners, too, of the Parisians still tolerate the public committal of nuisances which deprive their streets of any pretensions to cleanliness, and contribute not a little to the hindrance of any amelioration. The municipality of Paris

(i) The cost of maintaining the routes royales, Ymdges, quays, etc., of the department amounted in the same year to 2,165,687 fr., of which the city of Paris paid i,o52,ooo fr. The streets were fust paved during the reign of Philip Augustus.

PHYSICAL STATISTICS.

113

have, however, within the last few years, devoted their at- tention to the widening and embellishing of their roadways ; and large sums are now annually expended for that most de- sirable purpose. Still the interior of Paris must for ever re- tain the appearance of a town of the middle ages; and until the habits of the people can themselves be improved, and the regulations of the police be more strictly enforced, the mud and the black unwholesome gutters of the greater part of the central streets of this capital will still offend the senses of the visitor, and render the task of attempting to explore them as unpleasant as in every other respect it must be interesting. According to the orders of the prefect of police, no rubbish is allowed to be thrown into the streets except at night or early in the morning ; and every proprietor is bound to sweep his half of the road, in front of his walls, every morning, and in the summer to water it. Whoever has once traversed Paris will know how this regulation is attended to.(l)

The stone used for forming the pavements of the streets and places of the metropolis, as well as of many of the high-roads of France, is of the most excellent description ; being a com- pact and exceedingly hard sandstone, highly crystallized, found on the outskirts of the Paris Basin. The footways are gene- rally made with the lavas and basalts of Volvic, in Auvergne; but a new invention has lately been introduced, and promises to be universally adopted. It consists of a mixture of asphal- tum and flint-gravel, which, being poured in a hot fluid state on a level surface, hardens immediately, never cracks, and will endure any degree of wear and tear. The cost of it per square metre is only 8 fr. 50 c; that of lava is 13 fr.

It was not till the year 1728 that the useful plan was adopted of placing the names of streets in a conspicuous situation ; and the names then given to them remained without variation till

(i) It is surprising that the size and width of vehicles, and more particularly of carts and waggons intended for the transport of merchandize in the interior of Paris, have not been regulated and restrained within certain limits by the police. The streets exist, and it is easier to accommodate the size of vehicles to the streets than to alter the streets to suit the increased passage of vehicles. As a specimen of the inconvenience felt in the most busy part of the town, may he quoted the rue St. Denis at the lower end, the rue des Lombards, and the rue St. Martin, which the curious visitor would do well to inspect in the middle of a winter day.

the Revolution. Previous to that period, there was Scarcely & street in Paris that had not changed its denomination several times, and thes£ changes generally had their origin in some particular circumstance, such as the name of a distinguished personage, or an extraordinary event that had occurred in them. The names of the streets are now painted on slabs of lava, with white letters on a blue ground : all the colours being fixed by fire and quite indestructible. These slabs are affixed to the corner houses.

Until the reign of Louis XVI. Paris was lighted during only 9 months of the year, and then only in the absence of moon- light. That monarch decreed its continuance during the whole year. Hitherto it has been lighted by lamps suspended from ropes hung across the street, which, though aided by reflectors and kept well cleaned, have served for little else than to make darkness visible. Gas has, however, long been introduced into the shops and public buildings, and the whole city is shortly expected to be lighted in the same manner.

Places. - Every open space at the junction of streets, etc., of more than usual size, is termed a place. ' Some of them are remarkable for their surrounding edifices, and a few for their sixe. The principal are the Place de la Concorde, du Carrou- sel, Vendome, des VictoiresfRoyale, etc. Descriptions of each will be found under the head of the arrondissement in which it is situated.

The Boulevards. - Under Louis XIV. Paris ceased to be a fortified city. By a decree of that monarch, the walls and towers, which had fallen into decay, were pulled down, and the ditches filled up. When the demolition of the southern enclosure had been carried into effect, the king formed the resolution of opening a wide road round the capital, and rplanting it with trees. In 1670, the fortifications on the north were demolished, and the road, which took the name of Boulevard (bulwark), was planted from the rue St. Antoine to the rue St. Martin. In the following year the Porte St. Denis was demolished, and the triumphal arch, which bears the same name, was erected. The Boulevard was at the same time continued from the rue St. Martin to the rue St. Monore. The northern boulevards being finished in 1704, the king issued a decree for similar works to be executed on the south ; they, however, proceeded very slowly, and were not finished till 1701. Under the government of Napoleon, the

PHYSICAL STATISTICS. 115

Boulevard on the northern bank of the Seine" was prolonged from the rue St. Antoine to the river.

The boulevards which, since the formation of a similar road without the barriers, have been distinguished by the name of Boulevard interieur, form two grand divisions called the Boulevard du Nord, and the Boulevard du Midi. The former is 5,067 yards in length , and is subdivided into 12 parts, bearing the following names : the Boulevards Bourdon, St. An- toine, des Filles du Calvaire,du Temple, St. Martin, St. Denis, Bonne Nouvelle, Poissonniere, Montmartre, des Italiens, des Capucines, and de la Madeleine. The Boulevard du Midi is i 6,100 yards in length, and is divided into 7 parts, as follows: the Boulevards de I'Hdpital, des Gobelins, de la Glaciere, St. Jacques, d'Enfer, du Mont Parnasse, and des Invalides. These roads are planted with 4 rows of trees, forming a carriage-road with a double walk on each side. The Boidevard exterieur, which was not finished till 1814, is planted with trees, and divided into several parts, bear- ing different denominations. The name of the street called rue Basse du Rempart, below the boulevards on the north side, still indicates what it once was. On the northern boule- vards new objects constantly strike the eye of the stranger ; they are skirted in most parts with elegant houses, shops, res- taurants, and cafes. The Boulevard des Italiens is the most fashionable part. Here in fine weather loungers of both sexes throw themselves carelessly on chairs, and thus pass a great part of the day. Nothing can exceed the gaiety of this spot till midnight. The chairs are hired for two sous each. The common people prefer the Boulevard du Temple, where puppet shows, pantomimes, rope-dancing, mountebanks, etc. are always ready to amuse them ; and on Sunday evenings, this spot resembles a fair. These boulevards are well lighted by the shops, etc. along their sides ; and form the princi- pal promenade of the inhabitants of Paris. The boulevards to the south offer a striking contrast to this lively picture. On their sides, at considerable distances, are some elegant houses and gardens a VAnglaise, but no crowds, no noise ; the air is pure and salubrious, and those who like a solitary shady walk will here be gratified. The exterior boulevards are nearly the same as the southern ones ; except that they are studded with innumerable guinguettes, where the lower orders of Paris resort to dance, and to drink wine, without pay-

116

INTRODUCTION.

ing the duties of the octroi. Those on the south-eastern side, and those on the north-western, are the least frequented and the most agreeable.

Passages. - These are comparatively recent inventions in the arrangement of the capital, and were no doubt borrowed from the model of the Palais Royal. The success with which the erection of most of them has been attended has caused their multiplication to a great extent within the last few years. All the taste and elegance of the Parisian shopkeepers are here displayed, and they are the grand resort of all the loungers of the town, The most remarkable are the follow- ing : the Passages des Panoramas, Vivienne, Colbert, ChoiseuL du Saumon, Vero-Dodat, Delorme, etc. It may be observed in general that the shops in them, though small, are exceed- ingly convenient for their holders, but are commonly let at a very high rent.

Bazars. - There are very few of these establishments now existing in Paris; three on the northern boulevards being the only ones of any notability. The purposes that they are in- tended to answer are more completely attained by passages.

Common Sewers, etc. - The Seine and the Bievre in the southern part of Paris, and the Seine and the rivulet of Menil- montant in the northern part, were formerly the only recep- tacles for rain-water, etc. When ditches were opened round the city-walls, these served as sewers, and some parts of them, now arched over, are still devoted to that purpose. About the year 1370, the grand egout from Menilmontant to Chaillol, and several smaller ones, were formed. These sewers becom- ing gradually choked up, and not being covered, were insuf- ferable nuisances wherever they passed, and several times threatened to generate contagious diseases by their exhala- tions. The evil had become so great in 1671, that it was de- termined that several of the sewers should be vaulted, and at the same time was formed the egout de 1' Hotel des Invalides. In 1734 the lower part of the egout Montmartre was vaulted; in 1740 the grand egout was covered in; and in 1754, three new sewers were built. Those which surround the Palais Royal were opened when that edifice was built, and empty themselves into that of the Place du Carrousel. In 1829 se- veral new ones were formed on the south side of the river. Dur- ing 1835 very extensive operations of this nature were car- ried on at the expense of the town of Paris, and at a cost of a

PHYSICAL STATISTICS. 117

million of francs. The gutters, that used to run in the middle of the streets, are now placed by the sides of the trottoirs, and a general system of large and well-arched drains is to be found under every street of the quarters comprised between the rue St. Denis and the Place Vendome. This improvement, which was so much needed, will be extended to the whole of Paris. Closely connected with the drainage of the town, is the system adopted for removing the ordure and rubbish of each individual house. For this purpose the establishment of Montfaucon is maintained. (See 5th Arrondissement.) The pestilential effect produced by this place upon the atmosphere of that part of Paris has led, of late days only, to the experi- ment of absorbing wells. These, wherever they have been tried, at the Barrier du Combat and elsewhere, have succeede J, and will, it is supposed, be applied to the remedying of the present system.

Quays. - The banks of the Seine, with the exception of that part opposite the Halle aux Yins and the Garden of Plants, are skirted with spacious quays, which, although dis- tinguished by different names, form in reality only two lines of road. The most ancient, the Quai des Augustins, dates from 1312, and the Quai de la Megisserie, from 1369. Under Louis XIII. and Louis XIV. some progress was made in the con- struction of quays, particularly in the He de la Cite, and the He St. Louis, which are now entirely surrounded by them, except a portion of the former upon which part of the Hotel Dieu stands. The Quai d'Orsay, down to 1801, remained a muddy strand intersected by drains and open sewers. Napoleon particularly directed his attention to the improvement of Paris by the con- struction and repair of quays, and his plans have been com- pleted. The banks of the Seine now display a line of quays unequalled by any city in Europe. Their total length is nearly 10 English miles, and their construction during the reign of Napoleon cost more than 12,000,000 fr. They now form large terraces on which a roadway runs, with a trottoir generally on each side, and most of them planted with trees. Next to the boulevards and public gardens, they afford the most agreeable promenades of Paris. Beneath many of them are shelving terraces of stone descending into the river, called the Ports, and serving for the debarkation of goods. The ne- cessity of these stone embankments will be perceived, when the height to which the river sometimes rises is taken into

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INTRODUCTION.

account ; they are often the means of preventing the lower parts of the capital from being overflowed.

Bridges. - The bridges at Paris, owing to the elevation of the quays above the river, have very little ascent, and are therefore convenient; they are, however, in general, far in- ferior to the bridges of Rome or Florence, and are net to be compared with the stupendous masses of Waterloo, Blackfriars, London, or Westminster. Their number over the Seine, be- tween the barriers of Paris, is at present 21, and will soon be 24 ; of which 4 are suspension bridges, 3 are formed of iron and stone, 1 of wood, and the rest of stone altogether. For descriptions oT them the reader is referred to the Arrondisse- ments.

Rail-roads. - Several rail-roads are in process of forma- tion from Paris to different places. The principal are the following: - The St. Germain's rail-road, by Asnieres. This road begins near the church of the Madeleine, passes through the high ground at the upper end of the rue de Londres by means of a tunnel, and thence to Asnieres by a bridge over the Seine, and so by Nanterre to St. Germain. It is expected to be terminated by 1839. The Versailles rail-road, on the northern bank of the Seine, is to run identically with that of St. Germain, as far as Asnieres : from thence it will branch off to Gourbevoie and St. Cloud: will pass through the park of St. Cloud by a tunnel, and thence by Sevres to Versailles. The Versailles rail-road, on the southern bank of the Seine, will commence in the faubourg St. Germain, and will cross the plain of Grenelle to Sevres, from whence it will pass, parallel to that of the northern bank, along the main line of road to Versailles. The law authorising the adjudication of these two rival undertakings passed the Chamber of Deputies during the session of 1836. The Tours rail-road is to pass through Versailles, Rambouillet, Chartres, and Blois : it is not yet begun. The Havre rail-road, by Rouen* is not yet begun, nor is its line settled. Other undertakings of the same kind may be expected. (1)

Canals. - The canals on the north of Paris are all branches of one and the same undertaking ; the bringing of the waters of the river Ourcq to the capital. Proposals to this effect

(i) The costs of these rail-roads have all been estimated, but it wouid be evidently premature to fix any sum as the probable amount, until these undertakings are really completed.

PHYSICAL STATISTICS. 119

were made in 1799, but the authorisation of Government was not granted till 1802. The works were carried on till 1814, when they were entirely suspended ; in 1818 the municipality of Paris were empowered to borrow 7 millions for the com- pletion of the works, and they were soon advanced far enough to be used for the purposes intended. Since 1830 they have been completely finished. The objects for which this canal has been opened are to convey to a spacious basin water for the supply of the inhabitants of the capital, and the fountains which embellish it ; to form on the north of the city a canal composed of two navigable branches, the one extending from the Seine at St. Denis to the basin, and the other from the basin to the Seine at the Arsenal ; and, lastly, to furnish a supply of water to the manufactories of the capi- tal. The various branches or ramifications of this canal are known by the names of the Canal de V Ourcq, the Bassin de la Villette, the Aqueduc de Ceinture, the Canal St. Martin, the Gave de V Arsenal, and the Canal St. Denis.

The Canal de 1' Ourcq receives the water of the Ourcq be- yond the mill of Mareuil, about 10 leagues from Paris, and, after collecting the streams of the Colli nance, the Gergogne, the Therouenne, and the Beuvronne, falls into the Bassin de la Villette. Its volume, according to an accurate calculation, is 8,510 inches during 6 weeks of the year, and 12,037 inches during the remaining 40. The declivity is 92 ft. 9 inches ; and the water falls at the rate of 1 ft. in a minute. Its total length is 24 leagues ; between Mareuil and Lizy its breadth is 31 ft. ; but from the latter place to the Bassin de la Yilletle it is only 11 ft. wide. Its cost was 25,000,000 fr.

The Bassin de la Villette, situated without the Barriere de Pantin, was begun in 1806, and finished in 1809. It forms a parallelogram of 740 yards by 77, and is built of substantial masonry. The waters of the Canal de V Ourcq are received at the northern extremity. The axis of the basin is the same as that of an elegant rotunda, which forms barracks for gen- darmes, and its banks are planted with 4 rows of trees. At the two angles of the southern extremity are openings, which supply water to the Aqueduc de Ceinture and the Canal St. Martin.

The Aqueduc de Ceinture extends from the western angle of the basin as far as Mouceaux, encircling Paris on the north. Its length is 10,300 yards. This aqueduct sends out 14 branches,

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INTRODUCTION.

called galeriesde St. Laurent, des Martyrs, duMontblanc, and de Mouceaux. The first supplies the Chateau d'Eau Boulevard St. Martin, the Place Royale, and the Marche des Innocens; the second, the faubourgs Montmartre and Poissonniere, with the Palais Royal ; the third, the Chaussee d'Antin, the quar- tier des Capucines, and the Marche St. Honore ; the fourth, the Champs Elysees, the Tuileries, the Invalides, and the Ecole Militaire.

The Canal St. Martin is 3,467 yards in length, by 21 feet in width; and communicates between the eastern angle of the basin and the Gare de 1' Arsenal. It is constructed of solid masonry, and the sides are skirted with haling-ways and trees. This canal passes between the boulevard and the Hos- pital St. Louis, and, after traversing the Faubourg du Temple, the rue Menilmontant, and the rue du Chemin Vert, falls into the gare in the Place de la Bastille. The total cost of its con- struction was more than 14,200,000 fr.

The Gare de 1' Arsenal, formed of the moat of the Bastille, cleared of its rubbish and old constructions, is 651 yards in length, by about 64 in breadth. On the right leading down to the river is a haling-way 10 feet wide. It is capable of re- ceiving upwards of 80 barges, leaving the middle clear for a passage. A bridge has been erected towards the river, over the sluice where the waters of the gare fall into the Seine.

The Canal St. Denis begins near the town from which its name is derived, at the spot where the small river Bouillon empties itself into the Seine, and terminates at the Canal de l'Ourcq in a small semicircular sheet of water, about 900 yards beyond the Bassin de la Villette. After encircling the town of St. Denis on the Paris side, this canal extends in a straight line to the Canal de l'Ourcq. Its length is 7,333 yards, and in its course there are 12 sluices, and 2 bridges.

Aqueducts. - Aqueduc d'Arcueil. - Over a valley to the south of Paris, formed by the course of the Bievre, the Romans erected an aqueduct for the conveyance of water to the Palais des Thermes, from Arcueil, a village at two leagues distance, which evidently derived its name from the arches which sup- ported the aqueduct. Part of this ancient construction, con- sisting of two arches substantially built, still exists, near the modern aqueduct. The scarcity of water in the southern part of Paris was more particularly felt after Mary de Medicis built the Palace of the Luxembourg, and, the population increased

PHYSICAL STATISTICS. 121

in that quarter. A project formed by Henry IV. of re-esta- blishing the Roman aqueduct to convey the waters of Rongis to Paris, was therefore renewed. On the 17th of July, 1613, Louis XIH. and the queen regent, his mother, in great pomp, laid the first stone of the aqueduct, which was built after the designs of Desbrosses, and finished in 1624. This aqueduct, which extends across the valley of Arcueil upon 25 arches, 72 feet in height by 1,200 in length, presents a magnificent mass of building. Its total length, from Arcueil to the Chateau d'Eau, near the Observatory, is 13,200 yards. Nine of the arches are open for the passage of the river, which, how- ever, generally flows through two in the centre. In the inte- rior of the aqueduct on each side is a parapet which forms a walk. On the outside along the whole line are various open- ings, called regards. This aqueduct was thoroughly repaired in 1777; and fresh sums of money have lately been devoted to the same purpose by the town of Paris. It supplies 36,000 hogsheads daily. Strangers are readily admitted to see the in- terior by applying to the keeper of the aqueduct at Arcueil.

Aqueduc de Belleville. - A considerable quantity of water is supplied to Paris from a hill abounding in springs, situated at a short distance to the north ; and upon which the village of Belleville has been built. The aqueduct by which it is con- veyed is the most ancient in the vicinity, having been built in the reign of Philip Augustus. It was repaired in 1457, and again in 1602 by order of Henry IV. The first reservoir is situated upon the most elevated point of the village of Belleville. It consists of a substantial free-stone building, 50 feet in circumference, but not lofty, on account of the height of the hill and the depth of the springs. It is covered with a dome, surmounted by an open lantern through which light is admitted. Two staircases lead down to the bottom of the re- servoir and the entrance of the aqueduct. In the centre is a basin which, as the water rises, empties itself into the aque- duct. At the Barriere de Meniimontant is another reservoir, from whence the water is distributed to the adjoining parls of Paris. Its daily supply is 432 hogsheads.

Aqueduc de St. Gervais or de Romainville. - By this aque- duct the water from the heights of Romainville, Bruyeres, and Meniimontant flows into a reservoir in the village of Pre St. Gervais, from whence it is conveyed to Paris by leaden pipes. The date of its erection is unknown, but it existed in the time

11

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INTRODUCTION.

of St. Louis. It was repaired at the same time with the aque- duct of Belleville, by order of Henry IV. The reservoir was rebuilt in the time of Louis XIV. The supply is 648 hogsheads per diem.

Besides these aqueducts pipes have been lately brought across the plains of St. Denis from the Seine, for the supply of Batignolles and Montmartre with water.

Fountains. - From the nature of the soil on which Paris is built, consisting of rocky strata to an immense depth, the town is almost without springs, and therefore derives water consumed by its inhabitants either from the Seine or from dis- tant sources brought by means of aqueducts. Hence has arisen the necessity of erecting fountains in different parts of the town for the accommodation of the inhabitants. At the be- ginning of the 15lh century there were only 12 public foun- tains, and a century later, under Francis L, there were not more than 16, supplying only 1 inch of water ; though the population at that time amounted to 300,000 inhabitants. Under Henry IV. and Louis XIII. the town began to be better supplied ; the pump of the Samaritaine at the Pont Neuf was erected, and the aqueduct of Arcueil rebuilt ; 14 new foun- tains w ere built, but the supply was still greatly inadequate. Under Louis XIV. and Louis XV., when the population was 600,000, the pump of the Pont Notre Dame was the principal source of the supply of water to the various fountains, and it furnished 80, 60, or 27 inches, according to the state of the seasons and its own condition. (1) The establishment of the Pompe a feu at Chaillot, and afterwards of that at Gros Gaillou, brought some remedy to this state of things by supplying 320 additional inches: but it was only when that undertaking had passed into the hands of the government, that the necessitous classes began to profit by a better distribution of drinkable water. The Canal de l'Ourcq completed the supply of the capi- tal; which, since fountains are now erected in all parts of Paris, may be said to be good ; but still the convenience of a fountain to each house does not exist, and the purchase of

(i) If the quantity of water necessary for i individual for i(± Lours be calculated at only one litre, or quart, i inch of water will supply iooo inhabitants. The distress of the inhabitants in 1774 mav therefore be judged of, when 100 inches of water was the only supply for 600,000 inhabitants. Ancient Rome was sup- plied by its aqueducts with 6944 inches, and still receives i5oo.

PHYSICAL STATISTICS.

123

water becomes a regular article of domestic expenses. (1) The municipality are devoting large sums every year to increasing the supply of this principal necessary of health and life; and new fountains or pipes are being opened almost every day. A large establishment for the purification of the waters of the Seine, which, on account of the sediment with which they are charged, are unfit for drinking until they have been fil- tered, has long existed at the eastern end of Paris; and a pro- posal has lately been made to the general council of the de- partment to supply each house in Paris with water brought to it in pipes, by a company of shareholders. The public foun- tains form very ornamental objects in the streets of Paris ; and descriptions of all that are worthy of remark will be found un- der the head of each arrondi-sement. (2)

Baths, etc. - The use of baths was introduced into Gaul by the Romans, and rapidly spread among the inhabitants, parti- cularly at Paris. In the middle ages public baths, called ctuves, were so common in Paris, that six streets or alleys de- rive their names from them. These establishments maintained their reputation for a long period, and their proprietors, called barbiers-etuvistes , formed a corporate body. Under Louis XIII. and Louis XIV. they became places of pleasure and debauchery, to which cause may be attributed their decline. At present the baths in Paris are numerous, and afford every kind of accommodation at a low charge. The bathing-esta- blishments are formed of ranges of small rooms, furnished with every necessary appendage. Mineral and sulphur baths are also common in Paris, and very reasonable. The bains am- bulant, or portable baths, established within a few years, are a great accommodation to invalids, and the public in general. For a list of the principal establishments of this kind see Di- rectory.

Besides the ordinary bathing-establishments, there are

(t) It is calculated that upwards of 4 millions of francs are an- nually paid by the inhabitants of Paris for water.

(i) Large reservoirs supplied by steam-engines from the Seine have been lately formed at Belleville and Passy. In the abattoir de Crenelle the boring system has been applied, but unattended with success, after piercing to a great depth. The boring is still continued there by order of the government, as an experi- ment for scientific purposes, and has been carried to 1000 feet in depth. The chalk and green sand formations have been reached it.

124 INTRODUCTION.

Ecoles de Natation, or swimming-schools, and baths of every kind, formed in boats on the Seine every summer. Some of the swimming-schools are very large, and all are well regu- lated. They are made by barges, moored round a certain space, and fitted up with galleries, bathing-rooms, plunging- bridges, etc. A net work is placed at the bottom, which can be raised to the surface on occasion. Men are always in at- tendance to give instructions in swimming, and ropes and poles are in readiness either to aid pupils or prevent acci- dents. Their price generally is 12 sous, but there are baths, or swimming-places, on the river, for the lower order of people, at as low a price as 4 sous. There are also swimming- schools for females : and it may be observed that, in general, the Parisians know how to appreciate and to utilize their river.

Cemeteries. - At a period more remote than the seventh century, the Parisians buried their dead in the Roman fashion, without the city walls, along the sides of the high roads. By degrees the priests granted permission for interments to take place in churches and the ground contiguous. The increase of the population rendering it necessary to extend the bounds of the city, the cemeteries became inclosed within the walls, where they remained till towards the end of the 18th century. In the year 1790, the National Assembly passed a law ex- pressly prohibiting interments within churches, and com- manding all towns and villages to discontinue the use of their old burial-places, and form others at a distance from their dwellings. During the revolutionary tyranny which soon after ensued, men were buried without any ceremony, or me- morial to mark the spot where they lay. But, in the spring of 1800, a decree was issued by the prefect of the department of the Seine, which ordained three cemeteries to be enclosed for the use of Paris, of a certain extent, and at a distance of one mile from the walls. In the centre of each a Luctuaire or Salle de Deuil was to be erected, destined to receive the fu- neral procession, and consecrated to the ceremony which might precede the act of interment. Six funeral temples were to be built in Paris, to serve as depots before the funeral. A mode of burial common to all was to be established, and other regulations were prescribed with much exactness ; but most of them, though good, were not complied with. In 1804, an imperial decree was issued, repeating the prohibition of inter-

PHYSICAL STATISTICS.

125

ment in churches, or within the bounds of a town. High ground exposed to the north, was, by this decree, to be chosen for cemeteries ; and every corpse was to be interred in a se- parate grave, fromlj^ to two metres deep, and the earth to be well trodden down. There was to be a certain distance be- tween the graves, which were not to be re-opened till after five years. Another imperial decree, in 1811, consigned the whole funeral business of the metropolis to one company of undertakers-general, arranged funerals into seven classes, and appointed a tariff, whereby the expense of every separate article and assistant was determined. This decree is still in force. The expenses of funerals are as follow : -

Pom pes

C£n5monies

Funebres.

Religieuses.

Total.

7th Glass,

paid by the Town

8 fr.

0 fr.

8 fr.

6th

16

10

26

5th

80

20

100

4th

260

So

3io

3rd

570

m

700

and

i,5oo

3oo

1,800 4,282

I St

- -

3,682

600

Land is granted by the mayor of each arrondissement, either for 6 years, concession temporaire, at the rate of 50 fr. per square metre, or in freehold right, concession a pcrpetuitc, at the rate of 125 fr. per square metre. For persons above 7 years of age not less than 2 square metres can be granted. The price is constant for all the cemeteries. There are some small additional charges for the digging of the grave, etc. Any person or company may be entrusted with the erection and repairs of the tombs, etc. ; and the cost of such charges is of course various, according to the persons by whom they are performed. The interments take place with or without the performance of any religious ceremony, in what manner and by whom the friends of the deceased please. The tariffs will be found at each cemetery, where full information on all particulars may be obtained. The cemeteries of Paris are five in number, viz. the Cimelieres de Montmartre, du Pere la Chaise, Vaugirard, Ste. Catherine, and Mont-Parnasse. They are laid out in a picturesque style; the monuments are often in good taste, and many of the inscriptions are interesting. On Sundays they are the resort of the inhabitants of the capi- tal ; and on All Souls' Day, which is set apart for the comme- moration of the dead, whole families of the Parisians visit the

11.

126 INT&ODTJCTIOK.

graves of their relations. A notice of each cemetery will be found attached to that of the arrondisseraent nearest to which it lies.

<&lxaptcv 6.

HISTORICAL NOTICE OF PARIS.

The origin of Paris and the character of its first inhabitants are necessarily involved in deep obscurity. According to his- torians whose opinions are generally received, an errant tribe obtained permission of the Senones, at a very remote period, to settle upon the banks of the Seine, near their territory. Upon the island now called la Cite they constructed huts, which served as a fortress for them to retreat to with their flocks and effects when an attack from any of the neighbour- ing tribes was apprehended. To their fortress they gave the name of Lutetia, (1) and themselves assumed that of Pa- Hsu. (2)

Upon the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar, half a century before the Christian era, he found the Parisii one of the G4 tribes of the Gallic confederation, whose chief town was Lu- tetia. The island, covered with rude huts, was defended by the w aters of the Seine, over which there were two bridges. The banks of the river were covered with gloomy forests or extensive marshes, and the inhabitants, w ho were remarkably fierce, employed themselves in navigation and fishing. Caesar rebuilt Lutetia, fortified it with walls, and defended the ap- proach to it by two forts at the extremities of the bridges. The ferocious divinities of the Gauls were then exchanged for Ro- man gods, and human blood ceased to flow upon the altars of the Druids. Jupiter was worshipped at the eastern extremity of the island ; Mars had a temple at Montmartre ; Isis was adored at Issy and upon the site of the abbey of St. Germain des Pres; and Mercury had a temple upon the Mons Leucoti- tius, now called Montagne Ste. Genevieve. The Roman laws and a municipal government were gradually introduced ; and

(1) Lutetia, from Louton-hezi, dwelling of the waters. Sequana, Seine, from Seach, devious, and an, water, river, a

derivative of avainn.

(2) Parisii, The derivation of this word is not decided.

HISTORICAL NOTICE OF PARIS* 127

the city was called Lutetia Parisiorum, after the name of the tribe to whom it belonged. A trading company, denomi- nated Nautce Parisiaci, was formed, and the Romans deli- vered to the uncivilised Gauls their first lessons in the arts and sciences.

During 500 years that the Romans remained masters of Paris, it was constituted the residence of a prefect, and buildings were constructed on the northern and southern banks. A pa- lace was erected in the Cite for municipal purposes; and an- other upon the south bank of the Seine, remains of which are still to be seen. An arena was formed upon the declivity of the hill of St. Victor, and a cemetery near the spot where the Place St. Michel has since been opened; an aqueduct was con- structed from Chaillot, remains of which were discovered in the last century in the Place Louis XVI. and the Palais Royal ; and a second aqueduct, to convey the waters of Arcueil to the Palais des Thermes. Several of the emperors resided here whilst their armies were engaged in repelling the attacks of the barbarians of the north. Constantine and Constantius vi- sited the capital of the Gauls; Julian passed three winters in it; Valentinian issued several laws here, which are published in his code; and Gratian,his son, lost a battle under its walls, which cost him the empire.

According to a legend of the monks of St. Denis, the gospel was first preached at Paris, about the year 250, by St. Denis, the Areopagite, who suffered martyrdom upon the hill of Mont- martre. We are ignorant where the first Christians held their assemblies ; but as early as the reign of Valentinian I. a chapel, dedicated to St. Stephen, was erected upon the spot where Jupiter was worshipped, and where the cathedral of Notre Dame now stands.

In the year 406, hordes of barbarians came down, from the north, upon the Roman provinces, which they plundered and laid waste. Gaul suffered greatly from their incursions. In 445, the Sicambres, of the league of the Franks, crossed the Rhine, made themselves masters of the cities situated on its banks, and came from thence to Paris, which they conquered. At their head was Clovis, who, after having married Clotilde, and embraced Christianity, fixed his residence at Paris in 524. This monarch built a church which he dedicated to St. Peter and St. Paul, but which shortly after was placed under the invocation of $te, Genevieve, who died in his reign. At this

128 IHf RODUCTlON .

period the island was surrounded by walls with gates and towers. Childebert built the abbey of St. Germain des Pres and the church of St. Germain-l'Auxerrois. The walls built by Clovis subsisted till the time of Louis VI. (le Gros). This prince, continually exposed to the attacks of the feudal lords, his vassals, determined on protecting the faubourgs on the north and south by a wall, the necessity of which was felt long before, in consequence of the repeated attacks of the Normans.

Under the kings of the first or Merovingian race, the arts, laws, and literature, introduced by the Romans into Gaul, fell into decay, and the civilisation of the Parisians retrograded. Few of the princes of the second or Carlovingian dynasty re- sided at Paris. Charlemagne afforded powerful protection to letters and the sciences, and did more for the establishment of the monarchical authority than any of his predecessors ; but, under his feeble successors, Paris became the private patri- mony of hereditary counts. In 845, the Normans, attracted by the riches of the churches and convents, made a descent upon Paris, which they sacked and burned in 857. At length, after several successive attacks, they besieged it in 885. In vain did the Parisians appeal for succour to Charles le Chauve. Their own courage, seconded by the valour of Count Elides, or Odo, compelled the enemy, at the end of two years, to raise the siege. Charles was then deposed, and the crown given to Eudes, in whose family it became hereditary in the person of Hugues Capet, elected king in 987. In the first year of his reign Hugues Capet began the palace which now bears the name of Palais de Justice. The inhabitants likewise erected buildings in all directions ; and so great was the increase of the city that it was divided into four quarters, from whence came the term quartier, to express a division of Paris. At that period, however, the city could not have been very large, as ten men sufficed to collect the taxes. The duties of the north- ern gate, which was situated at the extremity of the rue St. Martin, produced, under Louis le Gros, only 12 fr. a-year (600fr. present money). This monarch rebuilt the Louvre, which existed as early as the time of Dagobert; Bishop Maurice de Sully reconstructed the cathedral of Notre Dame, and the Templars erected a palace upon the spot where the Marche du Temple is situated. Under the early reigns of the third or actual dynasty, many privileges were conferred upon the Pa- risians. A royal preyot was appointed to administer justice

HISTORICAL KOTTCE OF PARIS.

129

in the king's name, and a prevot des marchands to watch over the municipal interest. The schools of Paris became celebrated, and in the fourteenth century colleges were founded.

The reign of Philip Augustus is remarkable for the edifices with which Paris was embellished. T hat monarch ftuilt several churches, and the chateau of the Louvre, and caused some of the streets to be paved. The inhabitants were commanded, by Philip Augustus, to build round Paris a wall with gates and turrets. On the left bank it began, a little above the Pont des Arts, and taking a circular direction, went northward as far as the rue Grenier St. Lazare, and terminated on theQuai des Ormes. On the right bank the w all began on the quay a little above the spot where the Palais de llnstitut is situated, and, after running southward to the rue des Fosses St. Jacques, took a northerly direction, and terminated at the Quai de la Tournelle. The river was barricadoed by a heavy chain fast- ened to stakes, and supported by boats. Paris then formed three divisions - la Cite, in the centre; la Ville, on the north; and TUniversile, on the south of the river. In 1250, Robert Sorbon founded his schools in the quartier still called de la Sorbonne, which was also named le pays latin. Under St. Louis many vexatious customs were abolished, a better system of jurisprudence introduced, and many religious and commer- cial institutions established. A corps of municipal troops was formed, and a night patrole organised. An hospital for the blind, and a school of surgery, were founded; and, in order to render contracts more binding, a body of notaries was created. Philippe le Hardi adopted a project for the improve- ment of the streets and highways; and Philippe le Bel esta- blished several courts of justice, and formed a body of respect- able magistrates. During the captivity of King John in Eng- land, Paris was agitated by the faction of the Maillotins, headed by Etienne Marcel, prevot des marchands, and instigated by Charles le Mauvais. The Dauphin, who, in alarm, had quitted Paris, collected an army and returned. Marcel was killed by his own partisans; and the Dauphin, after quelling the tumult, punished the ringleaders of the faction.

Under Charles V., the faubourgs being much extended and frequently in danger from the incursions of the English, new ditches and walls were begun in 1367, and completed in six- teen years. During this period the Bastille and the Palais des

130

INTRODUCTION.

Tournelles were built. Paris was then divided into 16 quar- ters, and contained 1284 acres of ground. In 1384 the Pont St. Michel, and in 1414 the Pont Notre Dame, were erected. The prosperous reign of Charles V. was followed by troubles, and the quarrels of the Bourguignons and Arrnagnacs. Dur- ing the insanity of Charles VI., the capital was occupied by the English, who were driven from it in 1436, after an occu- pation of 16 years. Under Charles VII., and succeeding mo- narchs, it was desolated by famine, the plague, and wolves, to such a degree, that in 1466 the malefactors of all countries were invited to Paris as a place of refuge, with a view to re- people the capital. Notwithstanding the dreadful mortality, the population, under Louis XI., amounted to 300,000 souls, and the space comprised within the walls was 1414 acres. In 1470 printing was introduced, and the post-office established. In the reign of Francis I., who was a friend to literature and the fine arts, Paris assumed a new aspect. The old chateau of the Louvre, an assemblage of towers and heavy walls, was demolished, and a palace begun on its site. Several churches were rebuilt, a royal college for gratuitous instruction in the sciences and learned languages was founded, and communi- cations opened between different parts of the city. In 1533, the Hotel de Ville was begun. Besides a number of streets which were rapidly built and peopled, the Quai de la Tour- nelle was formed in 1552, the Place Maubert in 1558, and the chateau and garden of the Tuileries in 1563. About the same time the arsenal was constructed. To the revival of letters and the fine arts, succeeded the wars of religion and their dreadful consequences. The massacre on St. Bartholomew's day, under Charles IX., brought the royal authority into con- tempt, and alienated the affections of the Parisians from the idea of monarchy to such a degree, that they rebelled against Henry III., and drove him from his capital. His tragical end, in 1589, is well known. Henry IV., having restored peace to the kingdom, occupied himself in plans to promote his subjects' happiness, and embellish his capital. During this reign the Pont Neuf was finished, the hospital of St. Louis was founded ; improvements were made near the arsenal ; the Place Royale and its streets, the Place Dauphine, the rue Dauphine, and the neighbouring quays were also formed. Great additions were made to the palace of the Tuileries ; and the splendid gallery which joins it to the Louvre was constructed.

HISTORICAL NOTICE OF PARIS,

131

Under the reign of Louis XIII., several new streets were opened ; the Palais Royal and the palace of the Luxembourg were begun ; the Coursla Reine was planted; the aqueduct of Arcueil was rebuilt; the quays and bridges of the Isle St. Louis were constructed; magnificent hotels arose in the fau- bourg St. Germain ; the college which afterwards assumed the name of Louis le Grand, and the Garden of Plants, were founded; statues of Henry IV. and Louis XIII. were erected; and such was the general augmentation of the capital, that the Faubourg St. Honore became united with the villages of Roule and Ville I'tveque, and the Faubourg St. Antoine with the villages of Popincourt and Reuilly. The episcopal see of Paris was also made a metropolitan one in 1622.

In the reign of Louis XIV., notwithstanding the long and disastrous wars of the Fronde, the projects of Henry IV. and Louis XIII. were carried into execution. More than eighty new streets were opened, and most of the old ones improved and embellished. The Place Vendome and the Place des Victoires were formed. Thirty-three churches were erected; many of the quays were fenced with stone, and a new one formed; and for the greater convenience of the courts of justice, the building of the grand Chatelet was erected. The magnificent Hotel des Invalides, a foundling hospital, the Observatory, the beautiful colonnade of the Louvre, the Pont Royal, which forms a communication between the Tuileries and the Faubourg St. Germain, and the planting of the Champs Ely sees, were among the embellishments of Paris in the reign of Louis XIV. The palace of the Tuileries was enlarged, and the garden laid out upon its present plan and scale. For the old city gates were substituted triumphal arches, of which those of St. Denis and St. Martin still remain; and the boulevards, which they ornamented, wore formed into an uninterrupted suite of promenades, which contributed equally to the salubrity and beauty of the capital. In this and the preceding reign, the ancient fosses (moats) were filled up, the situation- of which is indicated by the streets that still bear the name of rue des Fosses Montmartre, etc.

Louis XV. was not less anxious to embellish the metropolis, which, at his accession to the throne, occupied a space of 3,919 acres. The Faubourgs St. Germain and St. Honore were decorated with sumptuous hotels; the Palais Bourbon was erected; the Ecole Militaire was founded, and the new church

132

INTRODUCTION,

of Ste. Genevieve arose on a majestic plan. The Place Louis XV. and its colonnades were begun, the Champs Elysees re- planted, and the Ecole de Medecine erected. The manufac- tory of porcelaine at Sevres was established, and boulevards formed on the south of Paris. Several fountains were erected ; and among them that of the rue de Grenelle, by the celebrated sculptor Bouchardon. Another foundling hospital was esta- blished ; the fronts of St. Sulpice and St. Eustache construct- ed, and the Garden of Plants enlarged and enriched. To arrest the progress of smuggling, the farmers-general of the taxes obtained of Louis XV., in 1784, authority to enclose Paris with an immense wall. The new boulevards, and the villages of Chaillot, le Route, and Mouceaux, were enclosed within the bounds of Paris ; Montmartre would also have been enclosed within the walls, but, upon the warm remon- strances of the abbess of the convent in that village, the pro- ject was abandoned. By this extension of the bounds of Paris, the ground upon which the capital stands was aug- mented to 9,858 acres. The walls are divided by 60 gates, called barrier es, where the octroi or entrance duties are received. These walls form the present inclosure of the French capital.

Louis XVI., desirous of completing the embellishments begun by his predecessors, commenced the churches of St. Genevieve and la Madeleine, and built that of St. Philippe du Route and several others. He also repaired the Palais de Justice, and founded or augmented several charitable insti- tutions. The boulevards to the south were adorned with houses and pleasure grounds; and, in the northern faubourgs, habitations, displaying an elegant and varied taste, were erected. The French theatre, the French, Italian, and comic opera-houses, and other theatres, arose in such quick suc- cession, that they seemed as if produced by magic.