Constitution directory, 1905

Kingsley, George S., 36 LaSalle - Market 414.

Klewer, William L., 1305 Schiller Bldg. - Central 3685.

Kley, Henry T., 214 Milwaukee Ave.

Koenig, Fred, 1656 Grenshaw.

Koster, John L., 185 Dearborn.

Krausch, Walter T., 209 Adams.

Krieg, William G., 84 Washington - Central 3090.

Kuehne, Carl Oskar, 171 Center.

Kupfer, Otto A., 904 Millard Ave.

Lang, Albert, 4940 St. Lawrence Ave.

Lang, Iritz, 700 Milwaukee Ave.

Larmon, Philip, care Libby, McNeil & Libby, Union Stock Yards.

Levy, Alexander L., 616 Chicago Opera House Blk. - Main 4736.

Linderoth, Swen, 5844 Elizabeth.

Lindquist, Frederick, 1408 Iranklin Boul. - Central 3048. Llewellyn, Joseph C., 1516 First National Bank Bldg.

Lonek, Adolph, 622 Roanoke Bldg. - Central 742.

Lovell, Sidney, 168 Michigan Ave.

Lowden, Alexander H., 90 Washington.

MacNeille, Perry R., 1703 Railway Exchange.

Mahler, Harry H., 1730 Marquette Bldg.

Mann, Horace B.) 1703 Railway Exchange Bldg.

Marble, Oliver W., 916 Chicago Stock Exchange Bldg.

Marshall, Benjamin H., 934 First Nat. Bank Bldg.

Maurer, William, 668 Augusta.

McAfee, Charles H., 36 LaSalle.

McCall, Thomas, Railway Excharge Bldg.

McMichael, John, 6023 Calumet Ave. - Wentworth 3562.

McMurry, Oscar L., 6416 Kimbark Ave.

Meissner, C. L. Henry, 92 N. Central Park Ave.

Melin, Charles W., 1166 Columbia Ave., Rogers Park.

Merrick, Harry A., 1778 Milwaukee Ave.

Metcalf, John S., 620 The Temple.

jyiolitor, Joseph, Jr., 404 Journal Bldg.

Monell, Frederick D., 4420 Langley Ave.

Morehouse Merritt J., 702 Fisher Bldg. - Harrison 1779.

Mosher, E. Bradford, 5830 Rosalie Ct.

Moulton, George M„ 1809 Fisher Bldg. - Harrison 143.

Mueller, Herman, 561 S. Ashland Ave.

Neebes, George S., 159 LaSalle.

Nelson, Edward O., 720 Tribune Bldg.

Nettenstrom, Joel U., 1232 Railway Exchange.

Nicholson, Joseph T., 6112 Lexington Ave.

Nicholson, William A., 6541 Greenwood Ave.

Norton, Francis J., Kenmore Ave., Edgewater.

O'Brien, Maurice G., 5406 Ridgewood Ct.

Ohlhafcer, William, 171 Washington - Main 4135.

Ohrenstein, Ernest J., 1730 First National Bank Bldg.

Ottenheimer, Henry L., Schiller Bldg. - Central 1666. Pagels, William F., 34 Clark.

Palmer, Charles M., 1207 Monadnock Blk.

Pashley, Alfred F., 1605 Manhattan Bldg. - Harrison 3418. Peabody, Arthur, 1007 Monadnock Blk. - Harrison 3085. Pentecost, Douglas S., 92 LaSalle.

Perkins, Dwight Heald, 1200 Steinway Hall - Harrison 783. Perkins, Frederick W., 1612 Marquette Bldg. - Central 2205.

Phillips, Charles A., 1615 Ashland Blk.

Pistorius, Henry, 720 Tribune Bldg.

Pond, Allen B., 1109 Steinway Hall.

Pope, John Francis, 708 Sawyer Ave.

Poulsen, Edward J., 594 N. Francisco.

Powell, Russell B., 1551 Marquette Bldg. - Randolph 294. Powers, Horace S., 3004 Prairie Ave.

Poyer, Andrew, 10536 Vincennes Rd.

Pridmore, John E. O., 1701 First National Bank Bldg. Prindeville, Charles H., 85 Dearborn.

Probst, Edward, 794 Millard Ave. - Harrison 4145.

Quackenboss, Leonard G., 108 Fifth Ave.

Raeder, Henry, 109 Randolph - Central 3263.

Randak, Frank, 1614 Ashland Blk.

Rapp, Cornelius Ward, 100 Washington - Central 1638.

Rapp, George Leslie, 1005, 100 Washington.

Rantert, Frederick, 99 Metropolitan Blk. - Main 657. Reinhardt, Gustav A., 170 Osgood.

Reynerston, Theis J., 2361 Bloomingdale Ave.

Rexny, James B., 1405 Monadnock Blk.

Rich, Evert, 6510 Harvard Ave.

Riddle, Herbert H., 1841 First National Bank Bldg.

Riegert, Emil, 74 Racine Ave.

Rinn, Charles, 2629 N. Lawndale Ave.

Ritter, Louis E., 1433 Marquette Bldg.

Robinson, Argyle lib, 84 LaSalle - Main 2228.

Roche, Martin, 1618 Monadnock Blk.

Rogers, James Gamble, 1615 Ashland Blk. - Central 1524. Rohm, Jean Baptist, 360 Armitage Ave.

Rosenthal, Alexander B., 125 Walnut - Seeley 2931.

Rouleau, Arthur, 934 First National Bank Bldg.

Russell, Lewis E., 5409 Washington Ave.

Rusy, Anthony F., Tribune Bldg.

Rutan, Charles H., 1780 Old Colony Bldg.

Sandegren, Andrew, First National Bank Bldg. - Central 5032.

Schaub, Louis J., 717 Campbell Ave.

Schenck, Rudolph, 157 Michigan Ave.

Schmid, Richard G., 59 Metropolitan Blk.

Schmidt, Richard Ernest, 172 Washington - Main 3840. Schmidt, Hugo, 285 Fremont.

Schroeder, John M., 99 Randolph - Central 5440.

Schuberth, George F., 568 Sheffield Ave.

Schulze, William, 1156 Milwaukee Ave.

Schweizer, Joseph, 99 Randolph.

Sellon, George Clinton, 922 Chamber of Commerce.

Shankland, Edward C., 1104 Rookery Bldg. - Harrison 488

Shipman, Stephen V., 240 LaSalle.

Snyder, Edward E., 3 Ashland Boul.

Sorenson, Charles F., Maplewood and Potomac Aves.

Speyer, Julius, 172 Washington - Main 1405.

Spohr, George, 132 Siegel.

Stebbings, Walter L., Monaclnock Blk.

Steinlach, John G., 625 W. Chicago Ave.

Steuben, Theodore, 1110 Lincoln Ave.

Stevens, Charles W., 1020 Schiller Bldg.

Sullivan, Louis H., 1600 Auditorium - Hdrrison 357.

Swanson, H. Frederick, 172 Washington - Main 1200.

Thain, Joseph A., 3152 Prairie Ave.

Thisslew, Charles, 451 Milwaukee Ave.

Thomas, William, 163 Randolph.

Thomsen, Frederick W., 44 Seminary Ave.

Tomlinson, Henry W., 1107 Steinway Hall - Harrison 502.

Van Osdel, John Mills, 225 Dearborn - Wabash 2822. Yiehe-Naess, Ivar, 1994 Kenmore Ave.

Yon Holst, Hermann V., 643 The Rookery.

Waful, Edward E., 172 Washington.

Walker, William Ernest, 168 Michigan Ave. - Harrison 2582. Walter, Wayne M., 1001 Atwood Bldg.

Waterbury, Charles D., 1109 Steinway Hall.

Wilkowski, Joseph A., 1177 N. Leavitt.

Winslow, Benjamin E., 5411 Ridgwood Ct.

Wittekind, Henry, 28 E. Jackson Boul. - Harrison 939. Woerner, Adolph, 217 Center.

Woltersdorf, Arthur F., 70 LaSalle.

Woodyatt, Ernest, 1615 Ashland Blk. - Harrison 5247. Worthmann, Henry, 625 W. Chicago Ave.

Wright, Willis J., care Armour '& Co., Union Stock Yards.

Youmans, William A., 309 Bowen Ave.

Zatherberg, Martin, 325 City Hall.

Zimmerman, Albert G., Home Insurance Bldg. - Central 530.

Zimmerman, W. Carbvs, 1101 Steinway Hall - Harrison 455.

Ctias. Mulvey Mfg. Go.

Machine=Made

Anchors, Truss Rods. and Bolts, Window Gards, Steel Floor Clips, Sliutter Eyes, Tie Rods, Etc., Machine Forgfn^ Blacksmith and Wrought Iron Work . , Steel Post Caps, Steel Wall Boxes.

Telephone Main 3297

Variety Manufacturing Go.

Telephone Main 3297 CHICAGO, ILL.

Cross Elevator and Freight House Doors - Iron and Tin Clad Fire Proof Doors

Are manufactured at our Compressor Works, Franklin, Pa. There may be others as good, but positivily there are none better

Type G-S. S. witli Meyer Adjustable Cut-Olf-

Installed and in use in Large Railway Shops,

Navy Yards, Ship Yards, and Industrial Plants

everywhere. Catalogues, etc., on request.

Chicago Pneumatic Tool Gompany

Fisher Building, 95 Liberty Street,

made this 1st day of April, 1905, by and between the Carpen- ters' and Builders' Association of Chicago (employers), parties of the first part, and the Carpenters' Executive Council, party of the second part, for the purpose of preventing strikes and lockouts and facilitating a peaceful adjustment of all griev- ances and disputes which may, from time to time, arise between the employer and mechanic, in the carpenter trade in Chicago and Cook County.

Witnesseth: That all parties to this agreement hereby

covenant and agree that they will not tolerate nor recognize any right of any other Association, Union, Council, or body of men, not directly parties hereto, to interfere in any way with the carrying out of this agreement, and that they will use all lawful means to compel their members to comply with the arbitration agreement and working rules as jointly agreed upon and

All parties hereto this day hereby adopt the following prin- ciples as an absolute basis for their joint working rules, and to govern the action of the Joint Arbitration Board as hereinafter provided for.

1. That there shall be no limitation as to the amount of work a man shall perform during his working day.

2. That there shall be no restriction in the use of machinery or tools.

3. That there shall be no restriction of the use of any manu- factured material, except prison made.

4. That no person shall have the right to interfere with the workmen during working hours.

5. That the use of apprentices shall not be prohibited.

6. That the foreman shall be the agent of the employer.

7. That all workmen are at liberty to work for whomsoever they see fit.

8. That all employers are at liberty to employ and discharge whomsoever they see fit.

Eight hours shall constitute a day 's work, between the hours of 8 a. m. and 5 p. m. except on Saturday, when work shall stop at 12 o'clock noon, with 4 hours' pay for that day.

Time and one-half shall be paid for all work done after the regular work day, and there shall be an intermission of not less than 30 minutes before resuming work. Double time shall be paid for all work done from 12.30 o'clock Saturday noon until Monday morning, 7:30 a. m., and the following five holidays (or days celebrated as such) : Decoration Day, Fourth of July,

Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day and New Year's Day. Sun- day and holiday time to cover any time during the 24 hours of said calendar day.

Where work is carried on with two or more, shifts, the second and third shift shall receive 8 hours' pay for 7 hours' work. Any less than 7 hours to be considered overtime. The same men shall not work on more than one shift. Double time for all Sundays and above-mentioned holidays.

No work shall be done on Labor Day, except by consent of the two Presidents.

The minimum rate of wages to be paid from April 1st, 1905, until April 1st, 1906, shall be 50 cents per hour, payable in cur- rency of the United States. The party of the second part shall receive the wages agreed upon by The Joint Arbitration Board in this trade under all circumstances.

And it is further agreed by the parties of the first part to hire no one in this trade, except to whom he or they shall pay the wages agreed upon by the Joint Arbitration Board.

It is agreed that the Journeymen shall be paid every week, on a regular pay day, and not later than Wednesday. The wTages are to be paid on the work in full up to and including the Saturday night preceding pay day, and not later than quit- ting time. When the workman quits of his own accord he shall receive his pay on the next regular pay day. When a man is discharged or laid off, if he so requests, he shall be paid either in cash on the work or given a time check, with one hour extra added for traveling time, said extra hour to be added by the person giving the time check, which shall be paid upon presenta- tion at the office of the employer, and if it is not paid promptly upon his arrival at the office, and if he remains there during working hours, he shall be paid the minimum wages for such waiting time, Sunday and Holiday time excepted.

No member of the parties of the first part shall sublet, piece or lump out their Carpenter work, neither shall any Journey- man who is a member of the party of the second part be per- mitted to take piece or lump work in any shape or manner, nor work for any owner or contractor who does piece or lump work, whether he be a member of the party of the first part or not. Contracting firms having two or more members, then only one of them shall use tools on any job.

The furnishing of all material (by the party of the first part) (by the party of the second part), the labor required for all carpenter work in the erection and completion of any and all buildings and jobs. The erection of all staging and scaffolding (except that built by Masons with horses and planks), all false woodwork, all floors, wood centers for all arches, sidewalks and building protections, boxing for all con- crete foundations, walls and piers and all woodwork in con- nection with other trades; cutting for butts, fitting and hang- ing of transoms and doors, including wardrobe and china closet doors, boring for locks, cutting for letter plates, coping and mitering base, chair rail and plate rails; cutting and nailing in all stops, building and erecting all stairs, fitting and apply- ing all hardware.

The party of the second part shall not work with Carpenters, except they are affiliated with the Carpenters ' Executive Coun- cil, and no member or members affiliated with the party of the second part shall leave his work because non-union men in any other line of work or trade are employed on the buildings or job, or because non-union men in any other line or trade are em- ployed on any other building or job. No member or parties to this agreement shall work on any buildings or job where labor- ers or any other trade are permitted to do Carpenter work of any kind.

In case of any violation of this agreement the same shall be reported at once to the Presidents of the Association and Union or their representative parties hereto, and in case the Presi- dents or their representatives of the parties hereto cannot se- cure a settlement of such violations within twenty-four hours work shall stop.

The foreman shall be a Union man, a competent mechanic in his trade, and subject to the decisions of the Joint Arbitration

Wherever two or more Journeymen, members of the second party, are working together, a Steward shall be selected by them from their number to represent them, who shall, while acting

as Steward, be subject to the rules and decisions of the Joint Arbitration Board No salary shall be paid to a journeyman for acting as Steward. He shall not leave his work or inter- fere with the working men during working hours and shall per- form his duties as Steward so as not to interfere with his duty to his employer. He shall always, while at work, carry a copy of the working rules with him and shall report all violations of this agreement.

Each employer shall have the right to teach his trade to ap- prentices, and the said apprentices shall serve three (3) years, as prescribed in the apprentice rules to be agreed upon by the Joint Arbitration Board, and shall be subject to control o.f the said Joint Arbitration Board. No apprentice shall be over 21 years of age.

All parties hereto agree that any and all disputes between any member or members of the Employers ' Association on the one side and any member or members of the Union on the other side, during the life of this agreement, shall be settled by arbi- tration, in the manner hereinafter provided for, and for that purpose all parties hereto agree that they will, at their annual election each year, elect an Arbitration Committee to serve one year (except the Carpenters ' and Builders' Association of Chicago (see Section 3 of Article 5 of their Constitution), and until their successors are elected and qualified. In case of death, expulsion, removal or disqualification of a member or members of the Arbitration Committee, such vacancy shall be filled by the Association or Union at its next regular meeting.

The Arbitration Committee of each of the two parties hereto shall consist as follows: Five members from the Carpenters'

and Builders' Association and five from the Carpenters' Execu- tive Council, and they shall meet not later than the fourth Thursday of January each year in joint session, when they shall organize a Joint Arbitration Board by electing a President, Secretary, Treasurer and Umpire.

The Joint Arbitration Board shall have full power to enforce this agreement, entered into between the parties hereto, and enforce all lawful working rules governing both parties. When a dispute or grievance arises between a journeyman and an em- ployer (parties hereto), or an apprentice and his employer, the question at issue shall be submitted in writing to the Presidents of the two organizations, and upon their failure to agree and .settle it, or if one party to the dispute is dissatisfied with the decision, it shall be submitted to the Joint Arbitration Board at their next regular meeting. If the Joint Arbitration Board is unable to agree, the Umpire shall be requested to sit with, them, and after he has heard the evidence cast the deciding vote. All verdicts shall be decided by a roll call, be rendered in writing and be final and binding on all the parties to the

No member who is not actively engaged in the trade, or who holds a public office, either elective or appointive, under the municipal, county, state or national government, shall be eligible to sit as the representative in this trade Arbitration Board, and any member shall became disqualified to sit as a member of this trade Joint Arbitration Board and cease to be a member thereof immediately upon his election or appointment to any public office or employment.

An Umpire shall be selected who is in no wise affiliated or identified with the building industry, and who is not an employe or employer of labor nor an incumbent of a political office.

The Joint Arbitration Board shall meet to transact routine business the first Thursday in each month, but special meetings shall be called on three days' notice by the Presidents of the two organizations or upon application of three members of the Joint Arbitration Board.

The Joint Arbitration Board has the right to summon any member or members affiliated with any of the parties hereto, against whom complaints are lodged for breaking this agreement or working rules, and also appear as witness. The summons shall be handed to the President of the Association or Union to which the member belongs and he shall cause the member or members to be notified to appear before the Joint Arbitration Board on a date set. Failure to appear when notified, except (in the opinion of the Board) valid excuse is given, shall sub- ject a member to a fine of twenty-five ($25) dollars for the first offense, fifty ($50) dollars for the second and suspension for the third.

The salary of each representative on the Joint Arbitration Board shall be paid by the Association or Union he represents.

Seven (7) members present shall constitute a quorum in the Joint Arbitration Board. If one or more members of the Arbi- tration Committee of either of the parties to this agreement be absent, the other Arbitration Committee shall cast an equal number of votes on a division in the Joint Arbitration Board.

Any member or members affiliated with either of the two parties hereto violating any part of the agreement or work- ing rules established by the Joint Arbitration Board, shall be subject to a fine of from ten ($10) dollars to two hundred

Such fines shall be imposed by the Association or Union in accordance with the rules and laws of the Association or Union parties hereto. And all such fines shall be collected with- in thirty (30) days after the date of levying of the fines.

And all fines collected shall be paid to the Association or Union to which the member or members belong.

In no case shall the parties hereto *be permitted to employ or work for any one who has been found guilty of violating any part of this article.

All disputes arbitrated under this agreement must be settled by the Joint Arbitration Board, and in conformity with the principles and agreements herein contained, and nothing herein can be changed by the Joint Arbitration Board. No By-laws or Rules conflicting with this agreement or working rules agreed upon shall be passed or enforced by either parties hereto against any of its affiliated members in good standing.

Sec. 1. Apprentices shall be under the jurisdiction of the Joint Arbitration Board, which has the authority to control them and protect their interests subject to approved indentures, en- t tered into with their employers, and the rules adopted by the Joint Board.

Sec. 2. The applicant for apprenticeship shall not be more than seventeen years of age at the time of making application.

Sec. 3. The contractor taking an apprentice shall engage to keep him at work in the trade for nine consecutive months in each year, and see that during the remaining three months of the year the apprentice attends school during January, Febru- ary and March, and a certificate of attendance from the Princi- pal of the school attended will be accepted by the Joint Arbitra- tion Board as a compliance with this requirement, before he is allowed to work, during the coming year.

Sec. 4. A contractor taking an apprentice shall keep him steadily at work or school; failing to do so, he shall pay him the same as though he had worked for him.

Sec. 5. In case an apprentice at the end of his term of four years, for want of proper instruction in his trade, is not a pro- ficient workman, and if, after a thorough investigation, the Joint Arbitration Board finds that the contractor to whom he was apprenticed did not give him proper instructions, and an opportunity to learn his trade, he may be required to serve an- other year, with whom he and the Joint Arbitration Board may determine, and at a rate of wages (less than the minimum) in his trade they may determine, and the difference between said rate and ' the minimum scale in his trade shall be paid him through the Joint Arbitration Board by the contractor to whom he was apprenticed.

Sec. 6. A contractor entitled to an apprentice may take one on trial for two weeks, provided that applicant holds a permit

from the Joint Arbitration Board, and if, after said trial, con- ditions are satisfactory to both parties they will be required to sign indentures agreeable to the Joint Arbitration Board. If not satisfactory the contractor is not bound to indenture him, but he will be required to pay the boy six dollars per week for the two weeks. No boy will be allowed a trial with more than two contractors, or a contractor with more than two boys consecutively.

Sec. 7. The rate of wages of an apprentice at the date of indenture shall in no case be less than $260.00 for the first year, $400 for the fourth year, payable in lawful money of the United States, and shall be paid in fifty-two weekly install-

- Sec. 8. The issuing of permits for an apprentice to work for another contractor when the one to whom he is apprenticed has no work, shall be left to the Joint Arbitration Board.

Sec. 9. All apprentices indentured to members of the Car- penters ' and Builders ' Association of Chicago shall report to the Joint Arbitration Board at its meetings on the first Thurs- day of January, April, July and October of each year.

Sec. 10. The employer shall not have more than two ap- prentices at any one time.

Sec. 11. The foregoing rules became effective on and after

Approved as amended by the Joint Arbitration Board of

ABRAHAM EDMUNDS, President.

J. W. QUAYLE, Secretary.

It is agreed by the parties that this agreement shall be in force between the parties hereto until April 1, 1906.

On behalf of the parties of the first part. The Carpenters ' and

Builders' Association of Chicago:

John Ramcke, President; Alex. Findlay,

Louis A. Ashbick,

Abraham Edmunds,

On behalf of the parties of the second part. The Carpenters'

Executive Council of Chicago and Cook County:

James Kirby, President; Charles G. Grassel,

James Haywood,

William Loos,

John Brittain, Secretary,

Telephones Main 1735

Residence Austin 1014

E. P. Strandbcrg Company

Wholesale and Retail Peafer in

BuiMers^ Hardware^

Carpenters and General Contractors

Building Ordinance

Passed by the City Council of the City of Chicago, March 13,

Be it ordained by the City Council of the City of Chicago:

There is hereby established an executive department of the municipal government of the city which shall be known as the Depart., ent of Buildings, and shall embrace a Commissioner of Buildings, a Deputy Commissioner of Buildings, an Assistant Deputy Commissioner of Buildings, a Civil Engineer, a Secretary to the Commissioner, a Chief Building Inspector, and such In- spectors of Elevators, Inspectors of Stand Pipes and Fire Es- capes, and Inspectors of Buildings, and such other assistants and employes as the City Council may by ordinance provide.

There is hereby created the office of Commissioner of Build- ings. He shall be the head of said Department of Buildings, and shall be an experienced architect, civil engineer, builder or competent building mechanic, and shall have been engaged in the city as an architect, civil engineer, builder or building mechanic for a period of ten years, and during his term of office as Commissioner of Buildings he shall not be engaged in any other business.

He shall be appointed by the Mayor, by and with the advice and consent of the Citv Council.

His salary shall be five thousand ($5,000) dollars per year.

The Commissioner of Buildings before entering upon the duties of his office shall execute a bond to the city in the sum of twenty-five thousand ($25,000) dollars, with such sureties as the City Council shall approve, conditioned for the faithful performance of the duties of his office.

He shall have the management and control of all matters and things pertaining to the Department of Buiidings, and shall appoint, according to law, all subordinate officers and

assistants in his department and may remove them according to law. All subordinate officers, assistants, clerks and employes in said Department shall be subject to such rules and regula- tions as shall be prescribed from time to time by said Com-

It shall be the duty of said Commissioner to enforce all ordi- nances relating to the erection, construction, alteration, repair, removal or the safety of buildings.

If he shall be in doubt concerning the legal construction of such ordinances, or any part thereof, he shall secure the opinion of the Corporation Counsel thereon.

It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Buildings, when any citizen represents that ashes or combustible materials are kept in any place in the city in an insecure manner, or that the uoors, stairways, corridors, exits or fire escapes in any factory or workshop or other place of employment are insufficient for the escape of employes in case of fire, panic or accident, or do not comply with the provisions of this ordinance; or that the funnels, flues, fire boxes or heating apparatus in any building in the city are insecure or dangerous, or that any part of any building in the city is in an unsafe or dangerous condition, or in any wise in contravention of this ordinance, to make an examination of such place or building, and if such representa- tion is found to be true said Commissioner shall give notice in writing to the owner, occupant, lessee or person in possession, charge or control of such place or building to make such changes, alterations or repairs as public safety or the ordinances of the city may require; and it shall be unlawful to continue the use of such building until the changes, alterations or repairs found necessary by the Commissioner of Buildings to make such build- ing or part thereof safe or to bring it into' compliance with this ordinance, shall have been made.

The Commissioner of Buildings shall inspect or cause to be inspected all public school buildings, public halls, churches, theaters and all buildings used either for manufacturing or com- mercial purposes, also all hotels, apartment houses and other buildings occupied by large numbers of people, for the purpose of determining the safety of such buildings, or any parts or appliances or equipment thereof; sufficiency of their doors, and generally their facilities for egress in case of fire or other accident, and the strength of their floors, and shall make re- turns of all violations of the several provisions of this ordi- nance to the Law Department for prosecution.

The Commissioner of Buildings shall have full power to pass upon any question arising under the provisions of this ordi- nance, subject to the conditions, modifications and limitations contained therein.

The Commissioner of Buildings shall have power to prohibit and stop the use of any passenger or freight elevator when any Inspector of Elevators shall report to him that such elevator or tne hoistway in Wwcli it is used is in a dangerous or unsafe condition. And such prohibition of use shall continue in force until such hoistway or elevator, or both, shall have been put in a safe condition, and certified to be safe, after a proper inspec- tion thereof by the Inspector of Elevators.

If the Commissioner of Buildings shall find in the city any building or structure or part thereof in such an unsafe condition as to endanger life, but so that, by the immediate application of precautionary measures such danger may be averted, he shall have authority, and. it shall be his duty to forthwith notify in writing the owner, agent or person in possession, charge or con- trol of such building or structure or part thereof to adopt and put into effect such precautionary measures as may be neces- sary or advisable in order to place such building or structure or part thereof in a safe condition. Such notice shall state briefly the nature of the wwk required to be done, and said Com- missioner shall specify in such notice a time within which the work required to be done shall be completed by the person notified, such time to be fixed by said Commissioner upon tak- ing into consideration the condition of such building or struc- ture, or part thereof, and the danger to life or property which may result from its unsafe condition.

If the owner, agent or person in possession, charge or control of such building or structure, or part thereof, when so notified, shall fail, neglect or refuse to place such building or structure, or part thereof, in a safe condition, and to adopt such precau- tionary measures as shall have been specified by said Commis- sioner within the time specified in such notice, in such case, at the exniration of such time, it shall be the duty of said Com- missioner to proceed forthwith to do, or cause to be done, any and all work necessary to place such building, or structure, or part thereof, in a safe condition.

If the said Commissioner shall be unable to find the owner of such building, structure, or part thereof, or any agent or per- son in possession, charge or control thereof, upon whom such notice may be served, he shall place or cause to be placed the notice herein provided for, upon such building at or near its principal entrance, and if, at the expiration of the time specified

in such notice for the completion of the work required to be done, the terms of such notice shall not have been complied with, it shall be the duty of the Commissioner to thereupon proceed and do such work in the same manner as has herein- before been -provided in cases of refusal, neglect or failure on the part of the owner, agent or person in possession, charge or control of any such building, structure, or part thereof, when so notified.

If, in accordance with the provisions of this section, the work of placing any building, structure, or part thereof in a safe condition shall devolve upon the said Commissioner, and it shall appear that such building, structure or part thereof is in such a condition as not to warrant the expenditure thereon of a suiucient sum of money to make such repairs or to do such work as is necessary to put it in a safe condition, the said Com- missioner shall have authority to tear down or destroy such building or structure or part thereof and the expense of tear- ing down and destroying any such building or structure or part thereof and the expense of making any repairs or doing any work thereon shall be charged to the person owning or in possession, charge or control of such building or structure or part thereof, and the Comn. isioner shall recover or cause to be recovered from such owner or person in possession, charge or control the cost to the city of doing such work by some ap- propriate proceeding.

If it shall be found that any building or structure or part thereof is being or shall have been constructed or built in vio- lation of any of the provisions of this ordinance, the Commis- sioner of Buildings shall forthwith notify the owner, agent, superintendent or architect of, or the contractor for, such build- ing, or structure, or part thereof, of the fact that such building, or structure, or part thereof, has been, or is being, constructed or erected contrary to the provisions of this ordinance, and shall specify briefly in such notice in wThat manner the pro- visions of this ordinance, or any of them, have been violated, and shall require the person so notified to forthwith make such building, structure, or part thereof, conform to and comply with the provisions of this ordinance, specifying in such notice the time within which such work shall be done.

If, at the expiration of the time set forth in such notice, the person so notified shall have refused, neglected or failed to comply with the request made in such notice and to- have such building or structure, or part thereof, concerning which notice was sent, changed so as to conform to and comply with the provisions of this ordinance, the Commissioner of Buildings shall have the authority, and it shall be his duty, to proceed forthwith to tear down or cause to be torn down such building or structure, or such part thereof as shall or may have been

erected ard constructed in violation of the provisions or any cf the provisions of this ordinance, and the cost of such work shall he charged to and recovered from the owner of such building or structure or from the person for whom such build- ing or structure is being erected, by appropriate proceedings.

The Commissioner of Buildings shall also have authority to di- rect the Fire Department, after written notice has been served upon the owner, lessee, occupant, agent or person in possession, charge or control, personally, to tear down any defective or dangerous wall or any building or any part thereof which may be constructed in violation of the terms of this ordinance. In case of the destruction, or partial destruction, of buildings by fire or by the action of the elements, when any department of the city government, pursuant to the ordinances of the city, shall make any outlay of money or incur any liability for the payment of any expense on behalf of the city in an effort to preserve or prevent the destruction of any such building or buildings, or for the preservation of the life or health of its citi- zens, it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Buildings to ascertain the amount of such outlay or expenditure and present a bill therefor to the owner or owners of any such building or buildings, or his or their agent or agents, and it shall be the duty of the said Commissioner of Buildings to refuse to issue a pern it for the reconstruction, alteration or repair of any such building or buildings by such owner or owners until such outlay or expenditure shall be repaid to the city by the owner or owners of such building or buildings so totally or partially destroyed in the manner aforesaid. Said Commissioner shall also proceed forthwith to collect from such owner or owners, by appropriate proceedings, the amount of such bill.

The Commissioner of Buildings shall institute such measures and prescribe such rules and regulations for the control and guidance of his .subordinate officers and employes as shall secure the careful inspection of all buildings while in process of con- struction, alteration, repair or removal and the strict enforce- ment of the several provisions of this ordinance.

Said Commissioner shall have power to stop the construction of any building or the making of any alterations or repairs of any buildings within said city when the same is being done in a reckless or careless manner or in violation of any ordinance, and to order, in writing or by parole, any and all persons in any way or manner whatever engaged in so constructing, altering or repairing any such building, to stop and desist therefrom.

In cases where discretionary power to estimate damage to frame buildings is given the Commissioner of Buildings, as also

in questions relating to the security or insecurity of any build- ing or buildings, or parts thereof, and in all other cases where discretionary powers are, by ordinance, given to the Commis- sioner of Buildings, an appeal to arbitration shall be allowed to parties believing themselves injured or wronged by the de- cisions of the Commissioner of Buildings, as follows, to-wit:

Any person wishing to make such appeal shall do so within five days after written notice of the decision or order of the Commissioner of Buildings has been given him. An appeal made later than five days after the serving of the notice of the Commissioner of Buildings shall not entitle the appellant to an arbitration. The request for arbitration shall be in writing and shall state the object of the proposed arbitration and the name of the person who is to represent the appellant as arbitrator.

The Commissioner of Buildings shall thereupon state to tne appellant the cost of such arbitration, and and such appellant shall, within twenty-four hours from the time ' of filing the original request for arbitration, deposit with the Commissioner of Buildings the sum of money required for defraying the ex- penses of the same, which sum shall in each case be fixed by said Commissioner in proportion to the difficulty and importance of the case, but shall in no case be more than the cost of similar service in the course of ordinary business of private individuals or corporations. As soon as such sum of money shall have been deposited with him the Commissioner of Build- ings shall appoint an arbitrator to represent the city, and the two arbitrators thus appointed shall, if they cannot agree, select a third arbitrator, and the decision of any two of these arbi- trators shall, after investigation of the matter in question, be final and binding on the appellant as well as upon the city.

The arbitrators shall themselves, before entering upon the discharge of their duties, be placed under oath to the effect that they are unprejudiced as to the matter in question and that they will faithfully discharge the duties of their position. They shall have the power to call witnesses and place them under oath, and their decision or award shall be rendered in writing both to the Commissioner of Buildings and to the ap- pellant from his decision. The fee deposited by the appellant with the Commissioner of Buildings shall be paid by the Com- missioner of Buildings to the arbitrators upon the rendering of their report and shall be in full of all costs incident to the arbitration; but should the decision of said board of arbitration be rendered against the Commissioner of Buildings, then the money deposited by the aforesaid appellant "'shall be returned to him, and the entire cost of such arbitration shall be paid by the city.

Whenever the decision of the Commissioner of Buildings upon the safety of any building or any part thereof is made in a case so urgent that failure to properly carry out his orders to demolish or strengthen such building or part thereof may en- danger life and limb, the decision and order of the Commis- sioner of Buildings shall be absolute and final.

Whenever it shall be necessary, in the opinion of the Com- missioner of Buildings to call upon the Department of Police for aid or assistance in carrying out or enforcing any of the provisions of this ordinance, he shall have the authority so to do, and it shall be the duty of the Department of Police, or of any member of said Department, when called upon by said Commissioner, to act according to the instructions of, and to perform such duties as may be required by, said Commissioner in order to enforce or put into effect the provisions of this

The Commissioner of Buildings shall sign or cause to be signed all certificates and notices required to be issued from said Department and keep a record of the same, and issue or cause to be issued all permits authorized herein.

Said Commissioner of Buildings shall keep in proper books for that purpose a register of all transactions of the Depart- ment of Buildings, which such books shall be open to the in- spection of the Mayor, Comptroller, Superintendent of Police, Fire Marshal and members of the City Council at all times.

Said Commissioner shall keep, in proper books for that pur- pose, an accurate account of all fees paid, giving the name of the person paying same, date of payment and amount of each such fee.

The Commissioner of Buildings shall annually, on or before the first day of February, in each year, prepare and present to the City Council a report showing the receipts and expenditures and entire work of his Department during the previous fiscal year, and he shall at the same time send to the Comptroller a full and comprehensive statement of all matters pertaining to his Department, together with an estimate in detail of the appropriations required by the Department during the current fiscal year.

There is hereby created. the office of Deputy Commissioner

of Buildings. He shall be appointed by the Commissioner of Buildings according to law. Whenever the Commissioner of Buildings shall maRe requisition upon the Civil Service Com- mission of the city for a person to fill the office of Deputy Commissioner of Buildings he shall notify the Civil Service Commission that the person certified to fill said office should be a competent civil engineer, architect or builder.

Said Deputy Commissioners shall pass upon all questions relat- ing to the strength and durability of buildings; shall examine and approve all plans before a building permit is issued for the construction of any building or structure; shall supervise and have charge of all books and records and the various Inspectors employed in the Department of Buildings; shall receive, examine and file all reports made by them, and shall, under the direction and supervision of the Commissioner of Buildings, assign to such Inspectors the work they are to perform. He shall have a book or books in which shall be recorded the location and char- acter of every building for which a permit is issued and a copy of every report of inspection made for such building, so arranged that the full history of the various inspections of the building shall appear therein in consecutive order, with the name of each Inspector making the inspection thereof and the date of his report. He shall cause to be kept a record of all complaints of violations of the building ordinances; shall re- port the same to the Commissioner of Buildings and shall cause all such complaints to be investigated. He shall act as Com- missioner of Buildings in the absence of the Commissioner of Buildings from his office, and while so acting shall discharge all the duties and possess all the powers invested in or imposed upon the Commissioner of Buildings.

The Deputy Commissioner of Buildings, before entering upon the duties of his office, shall execute a bond to the city in the sum of ten thousand ($10,000) dollars, with such sureties as the City Council shall approve, conditioned for the faithful per- formance of the duties of his office.

There is hereby created the office of Assistant Deputy Com- missioner of Buildings. He shall be appointed by the Commis- sioner of Buildings according to law. Whenever the Commis- sioner of Buildings shall make requisition upon the Civil Ser- vice Commission of the city for a person to fill the office of Assistant Deputy Commissioner of Buildings he shall notify the Civil Service Commission that the person certified to fill said office should be a competent civil engineer, architect or

The Assistant Deputy Commissioner of buildings shall, under the direction of the Commissioner of Buildings or the Deputy

Commissioner of Buildings, assist and aid the Deputy Commis- sioner in the performance of his duties.

The Assistant Deputy Commissioner of Buildings, before en- tering upon the duties of his office, shall execute a bond to the city in the sum of five thousand ($5,000) dollars, with such sureties as the City Council shall approve, conditioned for the faithful performance of the duties of his office.

The Commissioner of Buildings shall appoint a Secretary, ac- cording to law, whose duty it shall be to preserve and keep, under the supervision and direction of the Deputy Commissioner of Buildings, all books, records and papers belonging to said office or which are required by law to be filed therein. The Secretary shall deliver to the City Council and to the respective departments all communications from said Commissioner, in writing, and perform such services as may be required by said Commissioner or Deputy Commissioner of Buildings.

There is hereby created the office of Chief Building Inspector. He shall be appointed by the Commissioner of Buildings ac- cording to law. Whenever the Commissioner of Buildings shall make requisition upon the Civil Service Commission of the city for a person to fill the office of Chief Building Inspector he shall notify the Civil Service Commission that the person certified to fill said office should be a competent civil engineer, architect or builder.

The Chief Building Inspector shall, under the direction of the Comn issioner of Buildings, inspect and examine special cases of violations of the building ordinances, damages to build- ings by fire, the elements or accident of any kind whatsoever, and shall perform such other duties as may be required by the Comn issioner of Buildings or the Deputy Commissioner of

The Chief Building Inspector, before entering upon the duties of his office, shall execute a bond to the city in the sum of five thousand ($5,000) dollars, with such sureties as the city Council shall approve, conditioned for the faithful performance of the duties of his office.

The Inspectors of Buildings, after their appointment to office, shall not be engaged in any other business or vocation.

The said Inspectors shall, under the direction of the Commis- sioner of Buildings, examine all buildings in the course of erec- tion, alteration, repair or removal throughout the city at least once a week, or as often as may be required for securing efficient supervision, and shall make written reports to said Commis-

sioner as to all violations of any ordinance of the city which the Department of Buildings is required to enforce, together with the street and number where such violations are found, the names of the owner, agent, lessee, occupant, architect, con- tractor and master mechanic, and all other matters relative thereto as far as they can ascertain them.

The Inspectors of Buildings shall file daily reports of their work of inspection, which shall be entered in the books to be kept for that purpose and which shall be open -to official in- spection at all times.

The said Inspectors shall examine all buildings and walls reported dangerous or damaged by fire or accident and make a record of such examinations, with the name of the street and number of the building and of the names of the owner, agent, lessee and occupant thereof.

The Inspectors of Buildings shall examine all buildings for which an application to raise, enlarge or alter has been made, and shall make a written report upon the condition of the same to the Commissioner of Buildings before the permit is granted.

Said Inspectors shall perform such other duties as may be required of them by said Commissioner of Buildings, the rules and regulations of the Department of Buildings or the ordi- nances of the city.

The Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner of Buildings, as well as the Inspectors of Buildings and of Elevators, are em- powered to enter any building, whether completed or in process of erection, for the purpose of determining whether the same has been or is being constructed in accordance with the terms of this ordinance, and it shall not be lawful to exclude them from such buildings.

The Inspectors of Elevators shall not, after their appoint- ment to office, be employed or engaged in any other business or vocation.

The Inspectors of Elevators shall perform such duties as may be required of them by the Commissioner of Buildings, the rules and regulations of the Department of Buildings or the ordi- nances of the city.

Before proceeding with the erection, enlargement, alteration, repair or removal of any building in the city a permit for such erection, enlargement, alteration, repair or removal shall first be obtained by the owner or his agent from the Commissioner of Buildings, and it shall be unlawful to proceed with the erec- tion, enlargement, alteration, repair or removal of any building or of any structural part thereof within the city unless such permit shall first have been obtained from the Commissioner of

If, after a permit for the erection, enlargement, alteration, repair or removal of a building shall have been granted, the operations called for by the said permit shall not be begun within six months after the date thereof, or if such operations are not completed within a reasonable time, th*n such permit shall be void, and no operations thereunder shall be begun or completed until a new permit shall be taken out by the owner or his agent and fees as herein fixed for the original permit shall be paid for such new permit.

Application for such permits shall be made by the owner or his agent to the Commissioner of Buildings. When such ap- plication is made plans and specifications in conformity with the provisions of this ordinance shall be filed with the Com- missioner of Buildings, who shall then issue a permit, and shall file such application', and shall apply to such plans and speci- fications an official stamp, stating that the drawings and speci- fications to which the same have been applied comply with the terms of this ordinance. The plans and specifications so stamped shall then be returned to such applicant. True copies of so much of such plans and specifications as may be required in the opinion of the Commissioner of Buildings to illustrate the features of construction and equipment of the building referred to, shall be filed with the Commissioner of Buildings and shall remain on file in his office until the completion or occupation of such building, after which such drawings and specifications shall be returned by the Commissioner of Buildings to the per- son by whom they have been deposited with him upon demand. It shall not be obligatory upon the Commissioner of Buildings to retain such drawings in his custody for more than three months after the completion or occupation of the building to which they relate. The stamping of any plan shall not be held to permit or to be an approval of any violation of any section of this ordinance.

All such plans and drawings shall be drawn to a scale of not

less than one-eighth of an inch to the foot, on paper or cloth, in ink, or by some process that will not fade or obliterate. All distances and dimensions shall be accurately figured, and draw- ings made explicit and complete, showing the entire sewerage and drain pipes and location of all plumbing fixtures within such building. Each set of plans presented shall be accom- panied by a set of specifications describing all materials to be used in the proposed building, and both the plans and specifica- tions shall be approved fcy the Commissioner of Buildings before a permit will be granted. No permit shall be granted or plans approved unless such plans shall be signed and sealed by a licensed architect, as provided in "An act to provide for the licensing of architects and regulating the practice of architec- ture as a profession in the State of Illinois, 99 approved June 3, 1897. Provided, that permits may be granted for the erection of buildings of Class III, as hereinafter defined, if such build- ing shall not be more than two stories in height and shall have a superficial area of not more than 1,250 square feet, outside dimensions, on plans approved by the Commissioner of Build- ings, which plans need not be signed by a licensed architect.

.It shall be unlawful to erase, alter or modify any lines, fig- ures or coloring contained upon such drawings or specifications so stamped by the Commissioner of Buildings or filed with him for reference. If, during the progress of the execution of such work, it is desired to deviate in any manner affecting the con- struction or other essentials of the building from the terms, of the application, drawing or specification, notice of such inten- tion to alter or deviate shall be given to the Commissioner of Buildings, and his written assent shall first be obtained before such alteration or deviation may be made, alterations in build- ings which do not involve any change in their structural parts or of their stairways, elevators, fire escapes or other means of communication or ingress or egress and that are not in viola- tion of any of the nrovisions of this ordinance may be made without the permission of the Commissioner of Buildings.

Before the Commissioner of Buildings issues a permit as aforesaid he shall require evidence from the applicant that pay- ment has been made to the Bureau of Water of the city for the water to be used or for a water meter for measuring all the water to be used in the construction of such building, under the regulation of the Bureau of Water. Such applicant shall produce evidence that he has filed with and had approved bv the Commissioner of Public Works of the city an indemnifying bond protecting the city against any and all damage that may arise to the streets or alleys upon which such building abuts, and to the city and to any person in consequence or by reason

of the proposed operations to he authorized by such permit, or by reason of any obstruction or occupation of any street or sidewalk in and about such building operations.

The fees to be paid for water used in connection with the erection of buildings shall be as follows, to-wit:

For water to be used in connection therewith at the rate of five cents for every on^ thousand bricks, wall measure, used in the construction of a building.

At the rate of six cents for every one hundred cubic feet of rubble stone used in connection therewith.

At the rate of eight cents for every one hundred cubic feet of concrete used in connection therewith.

At the rate of fifteen cents for every one hundred yards of plastering used in connection therewith; and >

At the rate of five cents for every one hundred cubic feet of hollow tile arch, partition or fireproof covering used in any

The fees to be charged for building permits shall be as fol- lows: For sheds not exceeding three hundred square feet in

area, two dollars; for open shelter sheds, at the rate of fifty certs for each one thousand cubic feet or part thereof; but in no case shall a permit be issued for a less fee than two dollars.

For all buildings other than sheds and open shelter sheds, as hereinbefore described, the fee for the permit shall be at the rate of ten cents for every one thousand cubic feet or fractional part thereof contained therein, the cubic contents being meas- ured to include every part of the building from the basement floor to the highest point of the roof and to include all bay- windows and other projections; but in no case shall any permit be issued for a less fee than two dollars.

The fee to be charged for permits issued for alterations and repairs in or to any building or structure shall be as follows:

Where such alteration or repair shall equal fifty per cent or more of the original building or structure to be altered or re- paired, or of such part or portion of such building or structure to be altered or repaired, the same fees shall be charged as if such permit were for the construction of a new building.

Where such work of alteration or repair shall be less than fifty per cent of the original building or structure or of the part or portion to be altered or repaired, the fee to be charged for a permit for such work shall be half that charged for the issuance of a permit for new work.

The fee for a permit to raise a wooden building shall be one

The fee for a permit to raise or move a building other than, a wooden building shall be two ($2) dollars for every twenty- five (25) feet, or fractional part thereof, of frontage, and when such building is to be moved from one location to another it shall be altered or reconstructed so as to conform to the ordi- nances governing the construction of such building at the time of moving the same.

If work in, upon or about any building shall be conducted in violation of any of the provisions of this ordinance, it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Buildings to revoke the permit for the building operation in connection with which such violation shall have taken place. It shall be unlawful, after the revocation of such permit, to proceed with such building operations unless such permit shall first have been reinstated or reissued by the Commissioner of Buildings. Before a per- mit so revoked may be lawfully reissued or reinstated the en- tire building and building site shall first be put into condition corresponding with the requirements of this ordinance, and any work or material applied to the same in violation of any of the provisions of this ordinance shall be first removed from such

All buildings (other than sheds and shelter sheds as herein- after described) now existing or hereafter constructed, altered or enlarged within the city shall be classified as follows:

In Class I., shall be included every building used for the sale, storage or manufacture of merchandise, other than department stores, as described in Sections 60 and 70 of this ordinance, and all stables covering or occupying a ground area of over five hundred square feet.

In Class II. shall be included every office building, hospital and every building used for hotel purposes or for boarding or lodging-house purposes where such building so used for hotel or boarding or lodging-house purposes is occupied by twenty or more persons.

In Class III. shall be included every building used as a family residence, also every building used for stabling purposes where such building so used shall occupy a ground area of less than five hundred square feet.

In Class IV. shall be included every building used as an as-

sembly hall, whether such hall is used for the purpose of wor- ship, instruction or entertainment, unless such building is used for any of the purposes for which buildings of Class Y. or Class VIII. are used.

In Class Y. shall be included every building which is used as a public theater where an admission fee is charged and in which movable scenery is used; provided, however, that public halls and club halls with a seating capacity of less than six hundred, although occasionally used for theatrical representa- tions, shall not be construed to be public theaters within the meaning of the term as used in this section, notwithstanding the fact that movable scenery is used upon the stage thereof on such occasions, and such public halls and club halls shall not be considered as buildings of Class Y. as herein defined. Such public halls and club halls shall be included in Class IY. as defined in Sections 57 and 400 of this ordinance.

In Class YI. shall be included every tenement and apartment house; that is to say, any house or building or portion thereof which is used as a home or residence for two or more families living in separate apartments.

In Class VII. shall be included all buildings used for the sale at retail of dry goods and other articles of general merchandise and commonly known and described as "department stores. 11

In Class VIII. shall be included every building used ex- clusively for school purposes.

Where any building is used for the purposes of two or more classes as herein specified and defined, such portion of any such building as is devoted to the uses and purposes of any particu- lar class shall be constructed, operated and maintained in ac- cordance with the requirements of this ordinance relating to such class, unless such construction shall prove impracticable or unless there would be a conflict between the provisions of this ordinance relating to the construction of buildings; in either of which such cases the provisions relating to and governing the construction of buildings of the class requiring the best and safest form of construction shall govern.

Whenever any provision or requirement of this ordinance re- lating specifically to the construction, equipment, maintenance or operation of any building or part of a building used for the purposes of any specified class shall conflict with the general provisions of this ordinance relating to the construction, opera-

tion and equipment of buildings generally the special provisions shall govern in each case.

In Class I. shall be included every building used for the sale, storage or manufacture of merchandise other than department stores, as described in Sections 60 and 700, and all stables cov- ering or occupying a ground area of over five hundred square

The thickness of surrounding walls and of all dividing walls in every building used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class I. shall be made as indicated in the following table, to wit:

Provided, however, in buildings of steel skeleton fireproof construction thickness of walls shall be governed by Section 911.

Buildings of Class I. which are ore hurdred feet or more in height shall be built entirely of fireproof construction.

Buildings of Class I. less than one hundred feet and more than sixty feet in height shall be built entirely of slow-burning, mill or fireproof construction.

No building of Class I. more than five stories in height shall be permitted to be built of ordinary construction.

If buildings of Class I. are erected of less depth than 100 feet from front to rear or between cross walls, or if the walls supporting their floors and roofs are less than twenty-five feet apart, the thickness of the walls given in the aforesaid table may be reduced by four inches, excepting only that no wall in such buildings shall be less than twelve inches thick.

A one or two-story building used for the purposes of Class I., no part of which is within twenty feet of any lot line, alley line

or street line, having a complete self-supporting steel frame consisting of wall columns supporting steel trusses, with steel trusses and steel diagonals designed to resist safely within the safe limits of stress provided fcy this ordinance a wind pressure of thirty pounds per square foot for each and every exterior surface exposed to the wind, in addition to the dead weight of the com- pleted structure and in addition to the live load of one hun- dred pounds per square foot provided for by this ordinance and any other live loads which may be imposed on said structure, may have exterior walls measuring not less than one and one- third inches thick of metal, lath or metal fabric plastered on both sides with a mortar consisting only of Portland cement and torpedo sand. A complete reinforced concrete framework built in every manner equally as strong and as safe as pro- vided for a steel frame in this section may have exterior walls built in the same manner of the same materials and of the same thickness.

The aggregate width of door openings at the street level in buildings of Class I. shall be equal to the aggregate width of stairways, as specified in Section 115 of this ordinance, and such doors shall not be locked during business hours or while such buildings are occupied by a number of persons for any purpose. Revolving doors shall not be considered as complying with this section.

In all cases where buildings of Class I., of ordinary construc- tion, already built, are to be increased in height above the height of sixty feet or above the height of one hundred feet, the additional parts of such buildings shall be constructed as herein provided for buildings over sixty feet high or over one hundred feet high, respectively, and shall be made to conform in all respects acd throughout their entire extent to the reouire- ments for buildings of this class more than sixty feet or more than one hundred feet high, respectively, before it shall be lawful to occupy them.

In buildings of Class I., if the inclosed space between the ceil- ing and the roof is of greater average height than two feet, easy and convenient means of access, satisfactory to the fire marshal, shall be given to such space.

Buildings occupied by more than one person, firm or corpora- tion, in separate inclosures on any one floor, shall have a brick dividing wall for every fifty (50) feet of street frontage if of ordinary construction, or for every eighty (80) feet of street frontage if of slow-burning or mill construction, and such di- viding walls shall extend from the front to the rear wall, and

such dividing walls, and the doors therein shall be built, the doors in such dividing walls shall be built as dividing walls and the doors therein are required to be built by the provisions of this ordinance.

All of the partitions between the parts of such buildings, oc- cupied by different persons, firms or corporations shall be built of incombustible material from the floor to the floor boards or roof boards next above such story or stories so occupied.

Only metal framed windows glazed with one-quarter inch thick fire-resisting glass may be used in such partitions.

Dividing walls will be required in buildings of Class I. as follows: lor buildings of ordinary construction if their floor

area exceeds nine thousand square feet; for buildings of slow- burning or mill construction more than one story in height if their area exceeds twelve thousand square feet; for fireproof buildings more than two stories in height, if their area ex- ceeds twenty-five thousand square feet. In each of the before mentioned cases such buildings shall be subdivided by brick walls built of the thickness given in the table for the thick- ness of inclosing walls, and all doors and other openings in such walls shall have iron doors or shutters at each side of same. The buildings so subdivided shall be treated as regards stairs and fire escapes, the same as two or more separate buildings, provided, however, one-story buildings of ordinary, mill or slow- burning construction or two-story buildings of fireproof con- struction of any size, used as one store, room or workshop and occupied by only one person, firm or corporation, may be erected without any dividing walls.

If openings are to be inserted in dividing walls, as before described, or in dividing walls between non-fireproof and fire- proof buildings or parts of either of such buildings, they shall be made as follows:

They shall have doors placed on each side of each opening in such walls, which doors shall be made of No. 12 plate iron with a continuous 2 by 2 by one-half-inch angle iron frame extending all around the same and the plate riveted thereto with one-half -inch rivets, placed four inches between centers. If such doors are made double they shall have cross bars, levers and hooks so arranged that when the doors are closed they will be of strength equal to that of a single door. All doors shall be hung on frames made of three-quarter by 4-inch iron stiffened with angle iron extending all around the same and fit- ting up snug to the wall. The frames shall be fastened to each other by bolts extending through the wall, such bolts being not more than two feet apart, and such doors shall swing on three hinges and shall be made to fit closely to the frame all around. The sills between the doors shall be of brick, iron, stone or con-

Crete and shall rise at least two inches above the floor on each side of each opening. The lintel over the door shall be made of brick or iron, and the wall between the two door frames shall be covered with a coat of plaster at least one-half inch thick.

Elevator buildings (which term shall be interpreted as in- cluding all buildings intended solely for the receipt, storage and delivery of grain in bulk) may be constructed with the bin wails both externally and internally, made entirely of wood; provided such walls are made solid and without cellular open spaces within them. The external bin walls shall have a covering of brick or hollow tile not less than twelve inches thick, which shall be united to the bin walls by anchors, in the construction and arrangement of which due allowance is made for the variations of shrinkage of the inclosing wall and of the wooden bin wall. If the weight of the bins is independently carried on a skeleton construction of timber, steel or iron, the first-story walls shall be of brick not less than twenty inches thick. If the outer walls of the butside bins and their facing are not carried on a skeleton construction, then the first-story wall shall not be less than twenty-eight inches thick, or as much thicker as may be required to keep the load upon the brickwrork within the limits of stress elsewhere specified in thi3 ordinance. Elevator buildings may be built of reinforced con- crete and they shall be built according to the provisions of Section 960 of this ordinance.

The inclosing walls of cupolas on elevator buildings, if con- structed of wood, shall be covered with corrugated iron or other incombustible material.

The outside openings in elevator buildings shall have protec- tions of wire netting made of No. 14 wire, with meshes not over one-half by one-half inch.

All openings in the body of the first story of elevator build- ings and the openings in the engine and boiler houses of the same and between these and the main buildings shall have iron doors made in accordance with the provisions of Section 110 of this ordinance

Walls surrounding ventilating ducts and rubbish and ash chutes shall be constructed in accordance with the regulations governing the construction of smoke flues elsewhere herein con- tained.- Walls around ventilating ducts shall not be less than four inches thick, and when the ventilating duct is larger than 260 square inches the walls shall be not less than eight inches

The columns and lintels supporting store fronts in build-

ings within the fire limits of mora than one story in height shall be made of incombustible material.

There shall be in all buildings of Class I. of ordinary con- struction and of less floor area than one thousand square feet and not more than two stories in height, a stairway not less than three feet in width, and in all buildings of ordinary construc- tion of more than one thousand square feet of floor area and less than three thousand square feet of floor area, two flights of stairs not less than three feet wide each. For buildings of ordinary construction of Class 1. and of greater floor area than three thousand square feet, there shall be six inches added to the width of each such flight of stairs for each ad- ditional one thousand square feet of floor area, or fractional part thereof, up to nine thousand square feet of floor area.

For buildings of slow-burning or mill construction with a floor area of less than twelve hundred square feet and not more than two stories in height, there shall be a stairway not less than three feet in width; buildings of a greater floor area than twelve hundred square feet and less than four thousand square feet shall have two flights of stairs, not less than three feet wide each, and there shall be six inches added to the width of each such flight of stairs for each additional one thousand square feet of floor area, or fractional part there- of, up to twelve thousand square feet. Provided, however, that additional flights of stairs may be used to make the ag- gregate width required, instead of widening the two flights above mentioned. It is further provided, however, that such stairs may be reduced one foot in width for each four stories in height, or fractional part thereof, above the fourth story of such building, but such stairs shall in no case be of less width than three feet.

For fireproof buildings there shall be required one flight of stairs not less than four feet wide for the first 3,000 square feet of floor area, or fractional part thereof. For buildings of more than 3,000 square feet and not exceeding 5,000 square feet of floor area, there shall be required one flight of stairs not less than five feet in width. For more than 5,000 square feet and less than 10,000 square feet of floor area, there shall be an additional flight of stairs not less than three feet in square feet of floor area, each of such stairs shall be of not less width than five feet. For more than 15,000 square feet and less than 25,000 square feet of floor area, there shall be not less than three stairways of an aggregate width of fifteen feet; none of such stairs shall be of less width than three feet.

The width of the different stairways need not be alike. The width of each stairway in the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth stories may be six (6) inches less in the clear than the width of the stairways in the first to the fourth stories, inclusive.

The width of each stairway in the ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth stories may he twelve (12) inches less in the clear* than the width of the stairways in the first to the fourth stories, inclusive.

The width of each stairway in the thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth stories may be eighteen (18) inches less in the clear than the width of the stairways in the first to the fourth stories, inclusive, and this reduction in width may be continued in the same ratio in each additional four (4) stories added to the height of the building; provided, however, that no stairway shall have a less clear width than three (3) feet.

All stairways in buildings of Class T. shall have a hand rail on each side thereof, and where there is more than one stair- way in any building of Class I., such stairways shall be located at each end of the building, or as far apart from each other as is practicable

Doors and Windows - When required to be closed, fire-resist- ing glass. See Section 1049.

Limitations in Changing Class of Buildings - See Section

Buildings Used for the Purposes of More Than One Class - See Section 62.

Courts, light shafts, well holes, etc., to be built in accordance with Section 707.

The floors of all buildings of Class I. shall be designed and constructed in such a manner as to be capable of bearing in all their parts, in addition to the weight of floor construction of partitions and permanent fixtures and mechanisms that may be set upon the same, a live load of one hundred pounds for every square foot of surface in such floor; and the strength of such building shall be increased above the capacity to carry such a live load of one (1) hundred pounds per square foot of floor surface when the uses to which such building or part thereof is to be applied involve greater stress.

It shall be the duty of the owner of every building of Class I. already constructed, or hereafter to be constructed, or of his agent, or of the occupant or person in possession, charge or con- trol of the same to affix and display conspicuously on each floor of such building a placard stating the load per square foot of floor surface which may with safety be applied to that par- ticular floor or if the strength of different parts of any floor varies, then, there shall be such placards for each varying part of such floor. It shall be unlawful to load any such floors, or any part thereof, to a greater extent than the load indicated upon such placards. It shall be the duty of occupants of build- ings to maintain such placards during their occupation of the premises, and the owners of buildings, or their agents, to cause

the same to be properly affixed with each change of occupation. It shall be part of the duty of architects of all buildings to cal- culate the figures for such placards, which are to be verified and approved by the Commissioner of Buildings before they are affixed upon the respective floors of the different buildings.

Walls - Ledges - See Section 997.

Walls - Around Stairs, Elevators and Shafts - See Section 998.

Walls - Reinforced Concrete - See Section 960.

Towers - Domes - Spires - See Section 1026.

In Class II. shall be included every office building, every hos- pital, and every building used for hotel purposes or for board- ing or lodging house purposes, where such building so used for hotel, hospital or boarding or lodging house purposes is occu- pied by twenty or more persons.

Thickness of buildings of Class II. shall conform to the following requirements:

The thickness of the inclosing walls of buildings of this class shall be made in accordance with the following table, to wit:

Basement and 12 8

Provided, however, in buildings of steel skeleton fireproof construction, thickness of walls shall be governed by the pro- visions of Section 911 of this ordinance.

Buildings of Class II. which are one hundred feet or more in height shall be built entirely of fireproof construction.

Buildings of Class II. less than one hundred feet and more than sixty feet in height shall be built entirely of slow-burning, or mill or fireproof construction. Buildings of Class II. not exceeding four stories in height and less than sixty feet in height may be built of ordinary construction.

In buildings used wholly or in part for boarding houses,

lodging houses, or hotels, sixty feet or less in height, there shall be for every eight rooms in any one story dividing walls or partitions of incombustible material, separating such eight rooms from the contiguous spaces. Partitions surround- ing stairs and corridors shall be made of fireproof material.

Stairs in buildings of Class II. shall be adapted, in number and width, to the area, height, and to the uses to be made of the building in which they occur.

For office buildings, by which shall be understood buildings divided into apartments intended for business uses only, and in which there shall be no sleeping apartments whatever, there shall be in buildings of ordinary construction and of less ground area than three thousand square feet, two flights of stairs not less than three feet wide each; and for office buildings of ordi- nary construction and of greater floor area than three thousand square feet, there shall be six inches added to the width of each flight of stairs for each additional one thousand feet of floor area, or fractional part thereof, up to six thousand square feet of floor area; and -for office buildings of ordinary construc- tion and of greater floor area than six thousand square feet, there shall be an additional flight of stairs not less than three feet wide for each additional three thousand square feet of floor area, or fractional part thereof.

For office buildings of slow-burning or mill construction there shall be at least two flights of stairs three feet wide, each, for the first four thousand square feet of floor area, and there shall be six inches added to the width of each such flight of stairs for each additional one thousand square feet of floor area, or fractional part thereof, up to eight thousand square feet of floor area; and an additional flight of stairs not less than three feet wide shall be required for each additional four thousand square feet of floor area, or fractional part thereof, above eight thousand square feet.

For fireproof office buildings, there shall be required one flight of stairs not less than four feet in width for the first three thousand square feet of floor area, or fractional part thereof.

For fireproof office buildings of more than three thousand, and not exceeding five thousand square feet of floor area, there shall be required one flight of stairs not less than five feet in width.

For more than five thousand and less than ten thousand square feet of floor area, there shall be required an additional flight of stairs not less than three (3) feet in width.

For more than ten thousand and less than twenty thousand square feet of floor area, there shall be required two flights of stairs of not less width than five (5) feet each; provided, that for each and every fireproof building of more than ten thousand square feet floor area there shall be at least two stairway fire escapes, placed as far apart as practicable, on such

buildings, in addition to the stand-pipe and platform escape re- quired by this ordinance and the statutes of this state.

An additional flight of stairs shall be required for each ad- ditional ten thousand square feet of floor area; provided, that for each additional five thousand square feet of floor area such stairway shall not be less than three feet wide.

And for additional floor areas between five thousand and ten thousand square feet, such stairway shall be not less than five feet in width.

For all buildings of Class II. of ordinary construction used ( as hotels, boarding or lodging houses, or hospitals, there shall be required for each building at least two flights of stairs, which, for buildings of three thousand square feet or less in floor area, shall be of not less width than three feet each, with an increase of six inches in width for each additional one thousand square feet of floor area, or fractional part thereof, up to a floor area of five thousand square feet, and after that there shall be an additional flight of stairs not less than three feet wide for each additional two thousand square feet of floor area, or fractional part thereof.

For all buildings of Class II. slow-burning or mill construc- tion used as hospitals, hotels, boarding or lodging houses, there shall be required for each building at least two flights of stairs, which, for buildings of four thousand square feet or less in floor area, shall be of not less width than three feet each, with an increase of six inches in width for each additional one thousand square feet of floor area, or fractional part thereof, up to a floor area of six thousand square feet; and after that there shall be an additional flight of stairs not less than three feet wide for each additional three thousand feet of floor area, or fractional part thereof.

For all buildings of Class II. of fireproof construction used as hospitals, hotels, boarding or lodging houses, there shall be re- quired for each building at least two flights of stairs, which, for buildings of five thousand square feet or less in floor area, shall be of not less width than three feet each, with an increase of five inches in width for each additional one thousand square feet of floor area up to a floor area of ten thousand square feet, and there shall be required an additional flight of stairs not less than three feet wide for each additional four thousand square feet of floor area, or fractional part thereof.

Each stairway in the fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth stories may be built six (6) inches less in width in the clear than the stairways in the first to the fourth stories, inclusive.

Each stairway in the ninth, tenth, eleventh and twelfth stories may be built twelve (12) inches less in width in the clear than the stairways in the first to the fourth stories,

Each stairway in the thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth stories may be built eighteen (18) inches less in

width in the clear than the stairways in the first to the fourth stories, inclusive, and this reduction in width may be con- tinued in the same ratio in each additional four (4) stories added to the height of the building; provided, however, that no stairway shall have a less clear width than three (3) feet.

All stairways in buildings of Class II. shall have a hand rail on each side thereof, and where there is more than one flight of stairs in any building of Class II., such stairways shall be located at each end of the building, or as far apart from each other as is practicable.

In hotels, hospitals, lodging houses or boarding houses, of other than fireproof construction, there shall be a fire stop of brick, concrete or tile, between the ceiling and floor in each floor of joists for each twenty-five feet, or fractional part thereof, measured in the direction of the length of the joists.

In all buildings of this class, the courts, windows, light shafts, alcoves and vents shall be of the same size and dimensions as 645, 646, 648 of this ordinance relating to buildings of Class VI.

If in buildings of Class II. the distance between the inclosing walls is more than twenty-four feet in the clear, there shall be intermediate supports for the joists, which . supports shall be either brick walls or iron or steel columns and beams or trusses or girders. If brick walls are used for this purpose, they may, in all cases where the thickness of walls is given in the table as sixteen inches or more, be made four inchess less in thickness than the dimensions stated in the table.

For all buildings of Class II. the floors shall be designed and constructed in such manner as to be capable of bearing in all their parts, in addition to the weight of the floor construction, partitions and permanent fixtures and mechanisms that may be set upon the same, a live load of fifty pounds for every square foot of Surface in such. floors.

In buildings of Class 31. no room shall be considered habitable or used as a habitation, unless it has at least one window of an area equal to one-tenth of the superficial area of such room, opening into the external air. Provided, however, that no stall or compartment used as a sleeping room in a building, the walls of which stall or compartment do not extend within a distance of two and one-half feet from the ceiling thereof, shall

be regarded and considered to be a room within the intent and meaning of the provisions hereof, but the walls of every such stall or compartment shall be of incombustible material.

It shall be unlawful for any person, or corporation, to build, construct, maintain, conduct or manage in any block, if two- thirds of the buildings fronting upon both sides of the streets* bounding such block or square are devoted chiefly to residence purposes, any hospital for the care, treatment or nursing of three or more insane persons; or any hospital for the care, treat- ment or nursing of three or more inebriates, or persons suffering from the effect of the excessive use of alcoholic liquors; or any hospital for the care, treatment or nursing of three or more epileptics; or any hospital for the care, treatment or nursing of three or more persons addicted to, or suffering from, the ex- cessive use of morphine, cocaine, or other similar drugs or nar- cotics; or any hospital for the care, treatment or nursing of any person affected with any infectious or contagious disease, unless the owners of a majority of the frontage in such block or square, and in addition thereto the owners of a majority of the frontage on the opposite sides of the streets bounding such block or square, consent in writing to the building, construct- ing, maintaining, managing or conducting of any such hospital in such block or square. Such written consents of the majori- ties of such property owners shall be tiled with the Commis- sioner of Buildings, and an exact copy of same shall be filed with the Commissioner of Health, before a permit shall be granted for the building or constructing, or a license issued for the maintaining, conducting or managing of any such hospital. Provided, that any building' that may be used for hospital purposes which is over two stories in height shall be of fire- proof construction throughout, and no hospital shall be built to exceed six stories in height.

No hospital of any kind or description hereafter erected or established shall be erected or established within four hundred feet of property used for school purposes.

Walls. - Ledges. - Joist Supports. - All ledges in walls shall be as specified in Section 997 of this ordinance.

Walls. - Reinforced concrete, see Section 960.

Roofs. - Strength of. - The roofs of buildings shall be de- signed and constructed as is required in Sections 1013 and

Roofs. - Shingle. See Section 1021.

Towers, Domes and Spires. - Construction of. See Section

Skylights. - Construction, Glass in. See Section 1027.

Bay Windows and Light Shafts. - Material for. See Section

Doors and Windows. - When required to be closed. - Fire- resisting glass. See Section 1049.

Wind Pressure. - Precautions against. See Section 1013.

Windows. - Cleaning, Safety Devices. See Section 1147.

Buildings used for the purposes of more than one class.. See

Limitations in changing class of buildings. See Section 1050.

Walls. - Around stairs, elevators and shafts. See Section 998.

In Class III. shall be included every building used as a family residence; also every building used for stabling purposes, where such building so used shall occupy a ground area of less than five hundred square feet.

Buildings of Class III. shall conform to the following require-

The thickness of inclosing walls of buildings of this class shall be in accordance with the following table, to writ:

Basement and 12 8

Provided, however, in buildings of steel skeleton fireproof construction, thickness of walls shall be governed by the provi- sions of Section 911 of this ordinance.

Buildings of Class III. which are one hundred feet or more in height shall be made entirely of fireproof construction.

Buildings 'of Class III. less than one hundred feet and more than sixty feet in height shall be built entirely of slow-burning mill or fireproof construction.

Buildings of Class III. less than sixty feet in height may be built of ordinary construction.

The skylight on the roof of any building of Class III., other than a frame building, shall have the sides, sashes and frames

constructed of metal, or of wood* metal clad on all exterior surfaces. If the building exceed three stories in height, such skylight shall be at least six inches over same a strong wire netting (wire not lighter than No. 8 and mesh not coarser than iy2xiy2 inches), unless the glass contains a wire netting within

For all buildings of Class III. the floors shall be designed and constructed in such manner as to be capable of bearing in all their parts, in addition to the weight of floor construction, par- titions and permanent fixtures and mechanisms that may be set upon the same, a live load of forty pounds for every square foot of surface in such floors.

In buildings of Class III. no room shall be considered habit- able or used as a habitation unless it has at least one window of an area equal to one-tenth of the superficial area of such room opening into the external air.

In buildings of Class III. fire walls of brick not. less than twelve inches thick shall be built, extending above the roofs of all buildings, if such roofs are flat, and also above the roofs of all buildings when the same abut against another building, or where the same stand upon any line of any lot, excepting street or alley lines. Provided, that where eight-inch walls are per- mitted in the top story of buildings, or where the building is not over three stories high, the fire walls may be eight inches thick. Such fire walls, where they stand upon lot lines or where they are over the dividing walls between buildings, or over the dividing walls in the interiors of buildings, where such are called for by this ordinance by reason of the great area of such buildings, shall extend at least two feet above the roofs of such buildings. Fire walls upon street and alley lines shall extend not less than eighteen inches above the roofs of such buildings. Fire walls may be dispensed with on street and alley lines, if the tops of the roof boards and roof joists are protected against fire for a distance of at least five feet from such street or alley lines by a coating of mortar or hollow tile or porous tile at least two inches thick. Fire walls at street and alley lines may also be dispensed with in all cases where the entire framing and material of the roof is made strictly fireproof.

Walls facing upon courts and light shafts shall be treated as in the same category with walls facing upon streets and alleys.

Fire walls shall be covered with a weatherproof coping of incombustible material.

Bay or oriel windows and light shafts may be built of com- bustible material in buildings of Class III. of two stories or less in height, provided, such bay and oriel windows or light shafts shall not have a greater width than twelve feet at wall line of building, and, provided, that the outside walls, roofs, and soffits of such bay or oriel windows and light shafts, when so constructed, shall be covered with sheet metal or other in- combustible material. In all other cases, bay and oriel win- dows tind light shafts and their supports shall be constructed entirely of incombustible material.

All buildings of Class III. not exceeding one story in height and twenty feet in height from top of sills to highest point of roof, and with side walls not exceeding fourteen feet in height, and with floor area not exceeding one thousand two hundred square feet, may have brick walls not less than eight inches in thickness erected on wooden sills, the sills supported on iron, masonry or concrete supports extending four feet below the surface of the ground. The foundations under such supports shall be of concrete, stone or brick, each covering not less than five square feet area and not more than eight feet apart to support the weight that may rest upon them with safety; sills shall be placed not higher than four feet above the established grade on the street fronting the lot upon which the building is erected, where grades are established, and not exceeding seven feet above the ground where grades are not established. In all cases of buildings being more than one story and less than two stories high, and having a gable or hip roof of not less than one-third (%) pitch, eight-inch walls on solid brick or stone masonry may be used, provided they do not exceed four- teen feet in height measured from first floor joist, and pro- vided such buildings have a floor area not exceeding one thousand two hundred (1,200) feet and are not over twenty-two feet in width.

Roofs. - Shingle and gravel. See Section 1021.

Wind Pressure. - Precautions against. See Section 1013.

Walls. - Reinforced concrete. See Section 960.

Walls. - Ledges. .See Section 997.

Towers, Domes and Spires. See Section 1026.

Limitations in Changing Class of Buildings. See Section

In Class IV. shall be included every building used as an assembly hall, whether such hall is used for the purpose of worship, instruction or entertainment, unless such building is

used for any of the purposes for which buildings of Class Y. or Class VIII. are used.

The outside walls of all buildings used wholly or in part for the purpose of Class IV., the roof or ceiling of which is carried on trusses or girders of a span of fifty feet or more, shall be as

If such walls are less than twenty-five feet high, not less than twenty inches thick.

If they are more than twenty-five feet high and less than forty-five feet high, they shall not be less than twenty-four inches thick.

If they are more than forty-five feet and less than sixty feet high, they shall not be less than twenty-eight inches thick.

If they are more than sixty feet and less than seventy-five feet high, they shall not be less than thirty-two inches thick.

If they are more than seventy-five feet and less than ninety feet high, they shall not be less than thirty-six inches thick.

An increase of four inches in thickness of such walls shall be made in all cases where they are over one hundred feet long without cross walls of equal height.

Walls around stairs, elevators and shafts. See Section 998.

For rooms used for the purposes of Class IV., where such rooms are less than fifty feet wide in the clear, the thickness of the walls enclosing or surrounding such rooms may be reduced by four inches.

The outside walls of all buildings of Class IV., the roof or ceiling of which is not carried on trusses or girders, shall be of the same thickness as in buildings of Class I.

If one or more stories are built above the room devoted to the uses of Class IV., and such stories are carried on trusses or girders, the thickness of walls shall be increased by four inches for each two stories or part thereof above every such

If solid masonry buttresses are employed, and placed eigh- teen feet or less apart, and extended to the foot of the trusses or girders carrying the ceiling, or if iron or steel pillars are inserted in such walls for the support of the superstructure, and at distances not more than twenty-four feet between centers, and if such pillars extend to and carry the superimposed trusses and girders, the thickness of such walls may be reduced in pro- portion to the increase of strength afforded by such buttresses or pillars; but in no case shall any such wall be less than twelve inches thick in the top story; four inches shall be added, going downward, for each story, or for each twenty-five feet in height of wall. Provided, that if in any building of this class now in existence the structural parts thereof do not comply with the foregoing requirements, and structural changes are made therein, then, all walls, columns or other structural parts shall

be strengthened in a manner satisfactory to the Commissioner of Buildings.

If iron or steel columns or pillars are introduced in such walls, the brickwork around the same shall be bonded into that of the connecting walls, and each of such columns or pillars shall be fireproofed, as provided in Section 912 of this ordi-

Buildings of Class IV., containing halls of an aggregate seat- ing capacity of eight hundred persons or less, shall have for each hall a frontage upon two public spaces, of which at least one shall be a street, and of which the other, if it is not a street, shall be a public or private alley, not less than ten feet wide, opening directly on a public street.

Buildings of Class IV., containing halls of greater aggregate seating capacity than eight hundred, shall have for each hall a frontage upon three open spaces, of which at least one shall be a public street, while the two others, if not streets, shall be public or private alleys of a width of not less than ten feet each, opening directly on a public. street, or fireproof passageways or tunnels of not less than seven feet each in width may oe used in place of, these alleys, provided, such passageways or tunnels lead to a public thoroughfare.

Buildings of Class IY., containing halls of an aggregate seating capacity of not more than eight hundred, may be built of ordinary construction. If such halls have a greater aggre- gate seating capacity than eight hundred and less than one thousand five hundred, such buildings shall be built of mill, slow-burning or fireproof construction. , If such halls have an aggregate seating capacity of one thousand five hundred or more, such buildings shall be Wilt entirely of fireproof con-

In computing the seating capacity of any room or building of Class IY., in which the seats are not fixed, an allowance of eight square feet of floor area shall be made for each person, and all space between the walls or partitions of such room or building shall be measured in this computation.

Any building occupied wholly or in part for the purposes of Class IY., shall be built entirely of fireproof construction, if the halls therein have an aggregate seating capacity greater than one thousand five hundred.

Any building higher than sixty feet and connected with or made part o± any building used wholly or in part for the pur- poses of Class IV., shall be entirely of fireproof construction. Any such building less than sixty feet in height shall, if its case is not already covered by other provisions of this ordi- nance, be made of fireproof, slow-burning or mill construction.

In all cases where fireproof construction is not used for the whole of two or more connected buildings, used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class IV., there shall be at each con- necting opening, double iron doors.

Spires, cupolas or domes of non-fireproof material may be erected as part of any house of public worship, and if such house of worship is so built that it is nowhere nearer than twenty feet to any line of the lot upon -which it stands (street and alley lines excepted), such non-fireproof spires, cupolas or domes may be maintained only while this intervening space of twenty feet is maintained unoccupied as part of the grounds or premises belonging to such house < of public worship. In case the above is complied with, such spire, cupola or dome may be built with a framework of combustible material, which shall, however, be covered on the outside with incombustible material.

If the conditions of such building be so changed that there shall not be a vacant space as hereinbefore required surrounding same, such spire, cupola or dome shall 'be forthwith taken down.

The roofs of isolated buildings, occupied for purposes of Class IV., shall be constructed in the same manner as that provided for spires, domes and cupolas.

Provided, however, that the roofs of houses of worship out- side the fire limits not exceeding twenty-eight hundred square feet in area may be covered with shingles.

The following limitations of floor levels in buildings occupied either wholly or in part for purposes of Class IV. shall be observed in all cases.

In buildings occupied either wholly or in part for purposes of Class IV., no auditorium of a greater seating capacity than

one thousand shall have the highest part of its main floor at a greater distance than ten feet above the adjacent sidewalk grades. No room or rooms used for the purposes of Class IV., of greater seating capacity than five hundred, shall be at a greater distance from the sidewalk grade than thirty feet. No room or rooms used for the purposes of Class IV., of greater seating capacity than two hundred, shall be at a higher level above the sidewalk grade than forty-five feet.

Provided, however, that in the case of a building used either wholly or in part for the purposes of Class IV., and built wholly of fireproof construction, a room or rooms to be used for the purposes of Class IV., and of an aggregate seating capacity of less than five hundred, may be located in any story thereof, but in such case there shall be at least two separate and distinct flights of stairs from the floor or floors in which such room or rooms are located to the ground, each of which stairs shall be not less than four feet wide in the clear.

All floors of all buildings of Class IV. shall be designed and constructed in such manner as to be capable of bearing in all their parts, in addition to the weight of floor construction, partitions and permanent fixtures and mechanisms that may be set upon the same, a live load of one hundred pounds for every square foot of surface in such floor.

The width of stairways in buildings used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class IV. shall be eighteen inches for every one hundred of the aggregate seating capacity of all rooms in such building, which are used for the purposes of Class IV., and for fractional parts of each one hundred seating capacity a pro- portionate part of eighteen inches shall be added to the width of such stairways, but no stairway in such building shall be less than four feet wide in the clear, except as hereinafter provided; and provided, further, that in any such building having a room or rooms used for purposes of Class IV. the aggregate seating capacity of which shall not exceed two hundred and fifty, two separate and distinct three-foot stairways shall be permitted.

All stairways shall have hand railings on each side thereof.. Stairways which are over seven feet wide shall have double intermediate handrails, with end newel posts at least five and one-half feet high. No stairways shall ascend a greater height than thirteen feet six inches without a level landing, which, if its width is in the direction of the run of the stairs, shall not be less than three feet wide, or wrhich, if at a turn of the stairs, shall not be of less width than the width of the stairs.

Stairways leading to a box or boxes, seating not to exceed thirty people in the aggregate, shall be independent of all other stairs or seats and not less than two feet six inches wide in the clear. For each additional twenty-five of seating capacity, or

P°urth0IL the*®of> in such boxes> an additional width of five inches shal] be added to such stairways.

Walls, Ledges. See Section 997.

Doors and Windows. When required to be Cloqprl TTSVn resisting Glass. See Section 1049. Fire*

an(? seParate places of exit and entrance shall be urn- Vided for each gallery. A common place of exit and entrance may serve for the main floor of the auditorium and the balcony provided its capacity be equal to the aggregate capacity of all amies or corridors leading from the main floor and such balcony to such place of exit and entrance.

Where there are balconies or galleries th^ -fircf uin.r, galJery shall bo designated the ''Cony/' and th second an" lerv" a TU" gallfr£ s,ha11 be designated, respectively << Gal - / ' Seeond Gallery." Such designation shall be plainly printed on all admission tickets.

TirAi^euin T?,°mS or auditoriums used for the purposes of Class V. shall in the aggregate be eighteen inches in width for each one hundred of the seating capacity of such room or auditorium » c for fractional parts of one hundred, a proportionate part of eighteen inches shall be added; but no lisle shall be kss than two feet and six inches in width in its narrowest part

tnSu PuShca b? pel,n Itted 211 aisIes °"ly as extending from bank bank of seats, and whenever the rise from bank to bank of seats is less than five inches the floor of the aisles shal] be made as an inclined plane, and where steps occur in outside aisles or corridors, they shal] not be isolated, but shall be grouped to" a"d fher® shall be a light so placed as to illuminate suck steps in such outside aisles or corridors. All aisles and passage ways in such rooms or auditoriums shall be kept free from

3"P roo s; sofas> chair and °ther obstructions, and no person sha.l be allowed to stand in or occupy any of such aisles or

ture, concert, ball, or any public assembly.

adjacent to, connected with or a part of such rooms or audi-

nrnv'iVlprl computed in the same manner as is herein

P™7 d ,for stairways and aisles, excepting, however that no such corridor, passageway or hallway shall be any4ere less

There shall not be more than fourteen seats in any one row between aisles.

Rows of seats shall not be less than two feet eight inches from back to back, and no bank of seats shall be of greater rise than twenty-four inches.

Emergency exits and stairways shall be provided outside of the walls of all assembly halls of a larger seating capacity than eight hundred. Provided, however, that if any such assembly hall is used for any of the purposes described in Section 425 of this ordinance, and has a seating capacity of more than four hundred, such assembly hall shall have emergency exits to the street of one-half the aggregate width of the main exits, but no such emergency exit shall be less than three feet in width.

Such emergency exits and stairways therefrom may be built inside the walls of the buildings in a corridor or passageway not less than seven feet wide, which corridor or passageway shall be surrounded by a fireproof partition, not less than four inches

Such stairways shall be made of wrought iron or steel, or other approved fireproof material, and cast iron is not approved for this work. All emergency exits and stairways therefrom shall be kept free from obstruction of any kind, including snow and ice.

All doors affording access directly or indirectly to the street from any room used for the purposes of Class IY. shall open outward upon suitable hinges.

Exit doors from such rooms shall not be obscured by draperies and shall not be locked, or fastened, in any manner during the entire time any such room is open to the public, but shall be so constructed and maintained that they may be easily opened from the interior.

In buildings used either wholly or in part for the purposes of Class IV., hereafter erected, there shall be a solid brick wall, of the same thickness as that called for on the outside walls, between the auditorium and stage; and in non-fireproof build- ings such walls shall extend to a height of three feet above the roof. Provided, however, that in existing buildings, any room used for the purposes of Class IY., and having a seating capac- ity greater than four hundred, shall have the proscenium wall built of incombustible material.

The main curtain opening in any such room shall have a wrought iron or steel or asbestos curtain, which shall be in- spected by the Building Department semi-annually, for which inspection a charge of two dollars shall be made, and all other

openings in the proscenium wall shall have self-closing iron

If any structure is built over the ceiling or roof of any build- ing used either wholly or in part for the purposes of Class IV., the different members of the girders or trusses supporting same shall have their fireproofing double, in the manner required for columns or for fireproof buildings of Class I.

In all rooms used for the purpose of Class IV., of a seating capacity of two hundred and fifty or more, where stationary scenery is used, there shall be kept for use two or more port- able fire extinguishers or hand fire pumps on and under the stage, and also four fire department axes, two fifteen-foot hooks and two ten-foot hooks on each tier or floor of the stage, subject to the approval of the lire Marshal, and in such rooms of less seating capacity than two hundred and fifty, there shall be at least one portable fire extinguisher.

Exit doors shall not be obscured by draperies and shall not be locked or fastened in any manner during the entire time any such room of Class IV. is open to the public, so as to prevent them from being easily opened outwardly; and such doors shall be so constructed and maintained, as to require no special knowledge or effort to open them from the interior.

It shall be the duty of every person, or corporation, operating or maintaining any room, having a seating capacity of three hundred or more used for the purposes of Class IV., and which is used regularly for theatrical or vaudeville performances and where an admission fee is charged, to employ one competent, experienced fireman who shall be detailed by the Fire Marshal, and who shall be in the uniform of the Chicago Fire Depart- ment. Such fireman shall be on duty during the whole time such room is open to the public, and he shall report to and be subject to the orders of the Fire Marshal; he shall see that all fire apparatus required by this ordinance is in its proper place and in proper condition ready for use and that all exits are unlocked during the whole time such building is open to the

Such fireman and the Fire Marshal shall require all persons employed in or about such room to be drilled in the use of all apparatus and appliances for the prevention of fire installed therein, at least twice in every week, and such fireman shall report to the Fire Marshal the manner and efficiency of such drill. Such fireman shall report in writing daily to the Fire Marshal the condition and equipment of the building, or portion thereof, to which he is detailed. No fireman shall be on duty at any one building for a longer period than two weeks.

A standpipe not less than one and one-half inches in diameter with a hose connection and hose valve therein, shall be installed on each side of the stage in such room, and shall at all times have a hose connected thereto, ready for use.

Such standpipe shall be connected with a power pump or gravity tank so that a sufficient pressure of water shall be fur- nished through such standpipe to afford adequate fire protection. The pressure to be furnished by such tank or pump shall be satisfactory to the Eire Marshal.

One or more vents or flue pipes of metal construction or other incombustible material approved by the Commisisoner of Build- ings shall be built over the stage, and shall extend not less than ten feet above the highest point of the roof, and shall be equivalent in area to one-twentieth of the area of the stage.

In buildings where additional stories are built above the stage, such vents or flue pipes may be carried out near the top of the stage walls, and shall be continued and run up on the exterior of the building to a point five feet above the highest point of the additional stories.

All such flues or vents shall be provided with metal dampers, and shall be opened by a closed circuit battery, approved by the City Electrician.

Such dampers shal be controlled by two switches, one at the electrician's station on the stage, which station shall be fire- proof, and the other at the city fireman 's station on the opposite side of the stage; such switches shall be located in such places on the stage as may be designated by the Fire Marshal, and each switch shall have a sign with plain directions as to the operation of same printed thereon.

All fuse boxes shall be surrounded by two thicknesses of fireproof material with an air space between, and no fuse shall be exposed to the air between the switchboards; all electrical equipment in such rooms shall be installed and maintained to the satisfaction and approval of the City Electrician.

The amusement license for each room used for the purposes of Class IV. shall state the number of persons such room has accommodations for, which number shall be governed by the provisions of this ordinance relating thereto, and no more than that number shall be allowed to be in such room at any one time.

No amusement license shall be issued for any room used for the purposes of Class IV. unless the Commissioner of Buildings, the lire Marshal and the City Electrician shall first have certi- fied, in writing, that such room complies with the provisions of this ordinance in every respect.

It shall be the duty of the owner, lessee, of manager of every room used for the purposes of Class IV., and in which programs are issued for performances given therein, to cause to be printed on such programs a diagram showing conspicuously the exits from such room.

he word "Exit" shall be in letters at least six inches high over the openings to every means of egress from any such room, and in any such room having a greater seating capacity than four hundred, a red light furnished by gas or sperm oil shall be kept burning over such word during the entire period such room is open to the public and until the audience has left such

Every portion of any room used for the purposes of Class IV. and all outlets therefrom leading to the streets, including the gency stairways, shall be well and properly lighted during every performances, and the same shall be kept so lighted until the entire audience has left the premises, and every passageway, or court, or corridor, or stairway, or exit, or emergency exit stair- way, shall be provided with signs, indicating the way out of the building, the letters of which shall not be less than six inches in height.

All gas or electric lights in the halls, passageways, corridors, lobby or other .means of ingress to or egress from any such room shall be controlled by a separate shut-off, located in the lobby, and controlled only in that particular place. Gas mains supplying any such room shall have independent connections for the auditorium and stage, and provision shall be made for shutting off the gas from the outside of the building. All suspended or bracket lights surrounded by glass, in the audito- rium, or in any part of any such room, shall be provided with proper wire netting underneath. No gas or electric light shall be inserted in the walls, woodwork, ceilings, or in any part of any such room, unless protected by fireproof materials. The footlights, if gas light, in addition to the wire net work, shall

be protected by a strong wire guard, not less than two feet dis- tant from such footlights and the trough containing such foot- lights shall be formed of, and be surrounded by, fireproof mate- rials. All border lights shall be constructed according to the best known methods, subject to the approval of the City Elec- trician, and shall be suspended by wire rope. All ducts and shafts used for conducting heated air from the main chandelier, or from any other light or lights, shall be constructed of metal, and made double with an air space between. All stage lights, if gas, shall have strong metal wire guards or screens, not less than ten inches in diameter, so constructed that any material coming in contact therewith shall be out of reach of the flame, and such guards or screens shall be firmly soldered to the fix- tures in all cases.

The use of calcium lights in any hall or room used regularly for theatrical or vaudeville performances is prohibited, and no calcium lights shall be permitted upon any stage; all arc lights used on the stage shall be subject to the approval of the City

The standpipes, hose, and all apparatus for the extinguishing of fire or guarding against -the same, required by the provisions of this ordinance to be provided, shall be at all times so pro- vided and kept in a manner satisfactory to the Fire Marshal.

No scenery or stage paraphernalia of any sort shall be used upon the stage of any room used for the purposes of Class IV., unless such scenery and paraphernalia shall have been treated with a paint or chemical solution which shall make it non- inflammable, and which treated scenery or stage paraphernalia, or both, shall be tested and approved by the Fire Marshal.

The Commissioner of Buildings, City Electrician, Fire Mar- shal, Superintendent of Police, and their respective assistants, shall have the right to enter any building used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class IV. and any and all parts thereof, at any reasonable time, and at any time when occupied by the public, in order to examine such building, and it shall be unlaw- ful for any person to interfere with them in the performance of their duties.

The Commissioner of Buildings, Fire Marshal, City Electrician or Superintendent of Police, or any one of themj shall have the power, and it shall be their joint and several duty, to order any building used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class IV. closed, where it is discovered that there is any .violation of any

of the provisions of this article until the same are complied

Upon the report to the Mayor by the Commissioner of Build- ings, Fire Marshal, City Electrician or Superintendent of Police, or any of them, that any order or requirement of this article in regard to buildings used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class IV. has been violated or is not being complied with, in any such building, the Mayor shall revoke the amusement license of any amusement or entertainment therein conducted, and shall cause such building, or portion thereof, devoted to the uses of Class IV., to be closed.

In Class V. shall be included every building which is used as a public theater where an admisison fee is charged and in which movable scenery is used; provided, however, that public halls and club halls with a seating capacity of less than six hundred, although occasionally used for theatrical representations, shall not be construed to be public theaters within the meaning of the term as used in this section, notwithstanding the fact that movable scenery is used upon the stage thereof on such occa- sions, and such public halls and club halls shall not be con- sidered as buildings of Class V. as herein defined. Such public halls and club halls shall be included in Class IV., as defined in Section 400 of this ordinance.

The following provisions shall apply to buildings now in existence and of Class V.

The outside walls of all such buildings, the roofs or ceilings of which are carried on trusses or girders of a span of fifty feet or more, shall be as follows:

If such walls are less than iwenty-five feet high, they shall be not less than twenty inches thick.

If they are more than twenty-five feet and less than forty-five feet high, they shall be not less than twenty-four inches thick.

If they are more than forty-five feet and less than sixty feet high, they shall be not less than twenty-eight inches thick.

If they are more than sixty feet and less than seventy-five feet high, they shall be not less than thirty-two inches thick.

If they are more than seventy-five .feet and less than ninety feet high, they shall be not less than thirty-six inches thick.

An increase of four inches in thickness of such walls shall be made in all cases where they are over one hundred feet long, without cross-walls of equal height.

The thickness of the walls enclosing or surrounding rooms used for the purposes of Class V. where such rooms are less t.han fifty feet wide, may be reduced by four inches.

If one or more stories are built above any room devoted to the uses of Class V. and such stories are carried* on trusses or girders the thickness of walls shall be increased by four inches for each two stories or part thereof above such room.

If solid masonry buttresses are employed and placed eighteen feet or less apart, and extended to the foot of the trusses or girders carrying the ceiling, or if iron or steel columns are inserted in such walls for the support of the superstructure, and at a distance not more than twenty-four feet between centers, and if such columns extend to and carry the superimposed trusses and girders, the thickness of such walls may be reduced in proportion to the increase of strength afforded by such buttresses or columns, but in no case shall any such wall be less than twelve inches thick in the top story, and four inches shall be added, going downward, for each story, for each gallery, or for each twenty- five feet in height of wall. Provided, that if in any such building now in existence the structural parts thereof do not comply with the foregoing requirements and structural changes are made therein, then all walls, columns or other structural parts shall be strengthened in a manner satisfactory to the Commissioner of Buildings.

If iron or steel columns are introduced in such walls, the brick work abound the same shall be bonded into that of the connecting walls, and each of such columns shall be fireproofed as provided in Section 912 of this ordinance.

All alterations in such existing buildings intended to make them comply with the requirements of this ordinance may be executed with the same kind of materials as those originally used in the construction of such buildings unless otherwise provided by this ordinance.

In all cases where existing buildings used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class V. are built in conjunction with or as part of buildings devoted to the uses of other classes and where such buildings of the other classes, as specified in this ordinance, are not built entirely of fireproof construction, double iron doors shall be placed at each connecting opening between such buildings of Class Y. and the building connected

The audience room or rooms of auditorium or auditoriums used for the purposes of Class Y. containing in the aggregate not more than five hundred seats, if in a fireproof building, may be located in any story thereof, but in such case there

shall be at least two separate stairways from the floor or floors in which such audience room or auditorium is located to the ground, each of which stairways shall be not less than four feet in width in the clear.

In existing buildings of fireproof construction, having an audience room or auditorium with a seating capacity of more than five hundred and less than fifteen hundred the lowest bank of seats on the main floor thereof shall be not more than twelve feet above the street level, and every such building shall in all other respects conform to the requirements of this ordinance. The main floor of no existing theater of any con- struction other than fireproof shall be raised above its present

For all buildings of Class V., all floors shall be designed and constructed in such manner as to be capable of bearing in all their parts, in addition to the weight of floor construction par- titions and permanent fixtures and mechanisms that may be set upon the same, a live load of one hundred pounds for every square foot of surface in such floors.

Stairways affording ingress to or egress from any room or rooms used for the purposes of Class V., shall be in width equiv- alent to twenty inches for every one hundred of seating capac- ity .of such room and for fractional parts of one hundred a proportionate part of twenty inches of width shall be added, but in no event shall any such stairway be less than four feet wide in the clear, except as hereinafter provided in this section.

All such stairways shall have hand railings on each side thereof and shall not ascend a greater height than thirteen feet six inches without a level landing, and the length and width of such landing shall not be less than the width of the stairs; no run of stairs shall consist of less than six risers between plat- forms, and risers shall not be placed on return platforms. Stair- ways which are over seven feet wide shall have double inter- mediate handrails with end newel posts at least five feet six inches high.

Steps shall not have a greater rise than seven and three- eighths inches, treads shall not be narrower than eleven inches, and winders shall not be used on any staircase, except where circular staircases are expressly permitted.

In existing theaters each and every balcony and gallery shall have separate and distinct entrance stairways from the side- walk level, except that in cases where the vestibule or entrance to any such theater is not more than fifteen inches, or two steps, above the sidewalk level and such steps are at or near the building line, the stairways to uuch balcony and gallery may ascend from the floor of such vestibule or entrance, but if the run of the stairs at the bottom Is not toward the street, there

; above the floor con-

shall be a hand rail or rails three

structed from the foot of such fsMiiWays fqr^a distance of not less than five feet leading toward the street. All doors inter- vening between such stairways and the street shall, during each and every performance, be kept unfastened.

There shall be an iron stairway or stairways from the stage to the fly galleries and gridiron, continuing to the roof of the building or to some fireproof passageway or exit. Such stair- ways may be circular. Such circular stairways, however, shall not be used for access to the dressing rooms.

Stairs leading to a box or boxes seating not to exceed thirty people, in the aggregate, shall be independent of all other stairs and seats and not less than two feet eight inches wide in the clear. For each additional twenty-five of seating capacity, or major portion thereof, there shall be an additional width of five inches added to such stairways.

All stairways on the stage side of the proscenium wall shall be not less than two feet six inches wide.

Instead of increasing the width required for entrances, aisles, exits and stairways to that required by this ordinance, the owner, lessee or manager of any such theater shall have the privilege of reducing the number of permanent seats therein until the same ratio between such width and number of seats as hereinbefore provided for shall be established, and if such privilege be taken advantage of, it shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Buildings to make inspection and certify that such ratio actually exists before a license for the operation of any such theater shall be issued.

Floors at all exits shall be so designed as to be level and flush with adjacent floors and shall extend for an unbroken width of not less than four feet in front of each exit, and shall be two feet wider than such exit.

More than ten seats in any row between aisles in any gallery shall not be permitted. On the main floor and balcony, not more than eleven seats between aisles shall be permitted; provided, however, that in banks of seats on main floors and balconies that are not at a greater distance than twenty feet from an exit, thirteen seats shall be permitted between aisles.

Seats shall be not less than twenty inches in width measured at the top of the seat backs.

Rows of seats shall be not less than two feet eight inches from back to back.

No bank of seats shall be of greater rise than twenty-two

All groups of seats shall be so arranged that there shall be an aisle at each side of each group, provided, however, that groups of five seats or less may abut upon a tunnel at one side and an aisle at the other side.

The number of banks of seats on the main floor shall not exceed fifteen, unless an intervening or cross aisle is provided between each fifteen banks of seats or a direct exit is provided for each aisle.

The number of banks of seats in the balcony shall not exceed nine unless an intervening or cross aisle is provided between each nine banks of seats or a direct exit is provided for each

There shall be no more than twelve feet rise measured ver- tically, in any aisle in any gallery without a direct exit by tunnel or otherwise to a corridor with free opening on to the gallery stairs or other direct discharge to the street, or at such elevation of twelve feet an intervening or cross aisle leading directly to an exit. No tunnel shall be less than three feet wide in the clear.

No foyer shall be open to the theater proper except through the exits.

The lower floor of all theaters shall be designated the "Main

Where there are balconies or galleries, the first balcony or gallery shall be designated the " Balcony 99 and the second and third balcony or gallery shall be designated, respectively, ' 1 Gal- lery" and "Second Gallery." Such designation shall be printed plainly on all admission tickets.

The minimum width of aisles with diverging sides in any room or auditorium used for the purposes of Class V. shall be two feet eight inches at the end near the stage and not less than three feet at the other end.

The minimum width of aisles with parallel sides shall be three feet.

Every aisle shall lead as nearly as possible directly to an exit, but in no case shall the center line of such exit be more than three feet from the center line of any such aisle leading

Steps shall not be permitted in aisles except as extending from bank to bank of seats and no riser shall be greater than seven and three-eighths inches and no tread shall be less than nine and one-half inches, and whenever the rise from bank to bank of seats is less than five inches, the floor of the aisles shall be made as an inclined plane, and where steps are placed in outside aisles or corridors they shall not be isolated, but shall be grouped together and a light shall be maintained so that

every place where there are steps in inclosing aisles or corridors shall be clearly lighted.

All aisles, passageways, corridors and exits shall be kept free from camp stools, chairs, sofas and other obstructions, and no person shall be allowed to stand in or occupy any of such aisles, passageways, corridors or exits during any performance, service, exhibition, lecture, concert or any public assemblage.

The width of corridors, passageways, hallways and doors shall be computed in the same manner as that hereinbefore provided for stairways, excepting, however, that no corridor shall be any- where less than four feet in width, and no door less than three feet wide, except as otherwise herein provided.

from any balcony or gallery to any toilet room, retiring room, smoking room, check room or private office, shall permit of free passage, without returning to an outer exit of the building. Such corridors, passageways, hallways, and stairways shall be at least three feet in width in every part between such balcony or gallery and such outer exit, and shall be unobstructed in every part except bv doors, not less than three feet in width, in the clear, which shall swing outward and which shall not be provided with locks or catches of any kind whatever.

The entrance doors to every theater shall be of sufficient width to accommodate the entire audience, computed on the basis of twenty inches of width in the clear to each one hun- dred permanent seats and in addition thereto a proportionate part of twenty inches for a fractional part of each one hundred seats in the audience room or auditorium.

No mirrors shall be so arranged as to give the appearance of a doorway, exit, hallway or corridor, when no such doorway, exit, hallway or corridor is really in existence, nor shall there be any false doors or windows giving the appearance of an opening where none really exists.

Walls. - Ledges. - See Section 997.

Doors and Windows. - When Required to be closed. - Fire- resisting Glass. - See Section 1049.

Emergency exits and stairways shall be provided separately for each floor, balcony and gallery. They shall be of the same aggregate width as that provided for the main exits, and no

emergency exit, doorway or stairway shall be less than three feet in width. Such emergency stairways shall be made of iron, steel or other incombustible materials. Such emergency exits shall be kept free of obstructions of any kind, including snow and ice.

Such emergency exits and stairways may be built inside the walls of the building, provided they are surrounded by a fire- proof partition not less than four inches thick separating the exits and stairways from the audience room or auditorium.

If such emergency exits lead outside the building, all open- ings leading thereto shall have metal frames filled with fire- resisting glass doors1 opening outward hung from the inside corner of the jambs, and so constructed as not to project when opened, beyond the outside face of wall, and outer shutters shall not be permitted.

Whenever any such emergency stairway passes over an exit door or window or other opening, such stairway shall be com- pletely inclosed for a space of five feet greater in width than such opening by iron, steel or other incombustible material.

All such emergency exits and stairways shall land at the ground level in a public thoroughfare or in some space that connects directly with a street or alley and direct and imme- diate exit to such public thoroughfare shall not be obstructed by any doors, gates, bars or other obstruction of any character.

Every court in which there is an emergency stairway shall have direct and unobstructed access along the surface of the ground to a street, alley or yard opening into an alley, or street, without entering into or passing through or over any building unless by a four-foot wide fireproof passage on the court or ground level.

All doors in openings from any and all exifs and stairways shall be so constructed that when opened they shall not obstruct any portion of any other doorway, opening or passageway.

All doors affording ingress to or egress from any theater shall open outward upon suitable hinges.

Exit doors shall not be obscured by draperies and shall not be locked or fastened in any manner during the entire time such theater is open to the public, so as to prevent them from being easily opened outwardly; and such doors shall be so constructed and maintained, as to require no special knowledge or effort to open them from the interior.

There shall be in.every theater a solid brick wall of the same construction and thickness as is required in outside walls be-

tween the auditorium and the stage. The main proscenium opening shall have a substantial steel curtain vertically oper- ated and fireproofed .on the stage side, which shall be raised and lowered by mechanical power and which shall be in con- stant use as the regular curtain and act drop.

No combustible material other than painted decorations shall be applied to the audience side of such curtains.

Plans for such curtain shall be approved by the Building Department and a permit obtained for its erection. The Build- ing Department shall inspect such curtain semi-annually, for which inspection a fee of two ($2) dollars shall be charged.

All other openings in such proscenium wall shall have iron

The framing of the floor of every stage shall be of iron or steel. The stage floor may be of wood, but shall not be less than two and three-fourths inches thick. The entire floor con- struction and floor of fly galleries, rigging lofts and paint gal- lery, all railings and supports and stanchions thereon, and all sheaves, pulleys and cables and their supports shall be of iron or steel. All woodwork including the under side of floor boards, and all framing for scenery used on or about the stage shall be coated with a fireproof paint, the qualities of which shall be submitted to and approved by the Commissioner of Buildings. All wood used for floor and floor supports shall be coated on the underside with the same kind of paint.

No scenery or stage paraphernalia of any sort shall be used upon the stage of any room used for the purposes of Class V., unless such scenery and paraphernalia shall have been treated with a paint or chemical solution which shall make it non- inflammable, and which treated scenery or stage paraphernalia or both, shall be tested and approved by the Fire Marshal.

All doorways or openings in the rear or sides of the stage shall be vestibuled or protected in a manner satisfactory to the Commissioner of Buildings so as to protect the curtain, scenery and auditorium against draughts of air.

One or more vents, or flue pipes, of metal construction, or other incombustible material, suitable for carrying away smoke, approved by the Commissioner of Buildings and extending not less than fifteen feet above the highest point of the roof, and equivalent in area to one-twentieth of the area of the stage shall be built over the stage.

In buildings where additional stories are built above the stage, such vent3 or flue pipes may be carried out near the top of the stage walls and shall be continued and run up on the

exterior of the building to a point five feet above the highest point of such additional stories.

All such flues or vents shall be provided with metal dampers, and shall be opened by a closed circuit battery, approved by the City Electrician; such dampers shall be controlled by two switches, one at the electrician's station on the stage, which station shall be fireproof, and the other at the city fireman's station on the opposite side of the stage; such switches shall be located at such places on the stage as are designated by the Fire Marshal, and each shall have a sign with plain directions as to the operation of same printed thereon.

All fuse boxes shall be surrounded by two thicknesses of fire- proof material, with an air space between, and no fuses shall be exposed to the air between the switch boards.

There shall be provided approved system of automatic sprink lers, with approved automatic closed circuit electric devices connecting the valves regulating the flow of water in the various sprinkler pipes, with the headquarters of the city fire alarm telegraph and such other place or places as the Fire Marshal shall direct, so arranged as to prevent any tampering with the system or the shutting off of the water from the sprinkler pipes without automatic notice to the Fire Depart-

Such system of automatic sprinklers shall be supplied with water from a tank located not less than^ twenty feet above the level of the highest sprinkler head in the system, and it shall be the duty of the fireman provided for in this ordinance to include in his daily report the result of an inspection to deter- mine the sufficiency of water in this tank. Automatic sprink- lers shall be placed in the paint room, store room, property room, scene-storage room, carpenter shop and dressing rooms, if such rooms are in or connected with a building used for the purposes of Class V., such tank shall not be connected with a stand pipe and ladder system, but shall be filled through a separate pipe from a fire pump, and a three-inch iron pipe shall extend from such tank to the outside of such building, with Siamese connections for fire department use. Such entire auto- matic sprinkler system and equipment and the location thereof shall be subject to the approval of the Fire Marshal.

A standpipe not less than two and one-half inches in diameter, having a hose valve or valves thereon, shall be installed on each side of the stage, with a hose connection at the stage and at each level above and below the stage, and hose connected thereto at each valve ready for use at all times. Such stand- pipe shall be connected with a tank on the roof containing not less than three thousand gallons of water, protected from frost,

and also with a power pump, all of which shall be subject to the approval of the Fire Marshal. Portable fire extinguishers or hand fire pumps shall always be kept ready for use on and under the stage; in fly galleries and in rigging lofts, and in addition thereto at least four fire department axes and six pike poles shall be kept ready for use on each tier or floor of the stage, all of which shall be subject to the approval of the Fire

The use of ordinary hot air furnaces or stoves is prohibited.

It shall be the duty of the owner, lessee or manager of any theater, for any performance in which programs are issued, to cause to be printed on such programs, on the page opposite that upon which the cast is printed, a diagram showing con- spicuously all exits of such building. A diagram of seats of each floor, and the exits leading from each floor drawn to a scale one-eighth inch to the foot, shall be hung in a frame within two feet of the ticket seller's window and so as to be easily seen by the public.

All stairways and corridors shall be supplied with a supple- mentary lighting system of electricity, gas or sperm oil, and such system shall be independent of all other lights in such building and shall be in operation during the entire period such theater is open to the public and until the audience has left the building. The word "EXIT" shall be in letters at least six inches high over the opening to every means of egress from such theater and a red light furnished by gas or sperm oil shall be kept burning over such word 1 1 EXIT ' ' at every such open- ing, during the entire period such theater is open to the public and until the audience has left the building.

Every theater shall be provided with an approved system of automatic or manual fire alarm telegraph apparatus, connected by the necessary wires with the headquarters of the city fire alarm telegraph and such other, place or places as the Fire Marshal may direct. The number and location of the boxes and the character of the system, whether automatic or manual, or both, shall be determined by the Fire Marshal.

It shall be the duty of every person, or corporation, conduct- ing, maintaining or operating a theater, to employ one com- petent, experienced fireman, who shall be detailed by the Fire Marshal from the regular City Fire Department; shall be in the uniform of the Chicago Fire Department; shall be on duty at such theater during the whole time it is open to the public; shall report to and be subject to the orders of the Fire Mar- shal; shall see that all fire apparatus required by this ordinance

is in its proper condition, ready for use; all exit doors un- locked during the whole time such theater is open to the public and all in efficient and ready working order.

The compensation to be paid the city for the services of such city fireman so detailed and. employed shall be based on the regular salary paid by the city to such fireman and shall be computed according to the ratio between the number of hours such fireman is employed at such theater and the total number of hours such fireman is employed by the city for all purposes.

It shall also be the duty of every person, or corporation, con- ducting, maintaining or operating a theater, to employ, in addi- tion to the fireman employed by such persons and detailed by the Fire Marshal, one other experienced and competent person as a private watchman or fireman, who shall be approved by the Fire Marshal; shall be in distinctive uniform; shall be on duty at such theater during the whole time it is open to the public; shall report to and be subject 'to the orders of the Fire Marshal, and whose duty it shall be to see that the provisions of this ordinance are complied with in all portions of the theater occupied and used by the public; shall see that all exit doors are unlocked during the whole time such theater is open to the public and in efficient and ready working order. The city fireman and Fire Marshal shall require a drill of the employes of such theater, including such private watchman or fireman, in the use of all apparatus and appliances for the prevention of fire inside the building and the saving of life, at least twice in every week, and such city fireman shall report to the Fire Marshal the manner and efficiency of such drill. Such city fireman shall report in writing, daily, to the Fire Marshal the condition and equipment of the theater to which he is detailed. No city fireman shall be on duty at any one theater for a longer period than two (2) weeks.

The amusement license issued for each theater shall state the number of permanent seats the theater contains, which number shall be governed by the provisions of this ordinance relating thereto, and no more than that number of persons shall be permitted to be in such theater at any one time.

No license for the operation of a theater shall be issued unless the Commissioner of Buildings, Fire Marshal and the City Electrician shall first have certified, in writing, that such theater complies with the provisions of this ordinance in every

Every portion of any theater devoted to the use or accommo- dation of the public and all outlets therefrom leading to the emergency exit stairways, shall be well and properly lighted during every performance, and the same shall remain lighted until the entire audience has left the premises.

All gas or electric lights in the halls, corridors, lobbies or any other part of any theater used by the audience, ex- cept . the auditorium, shall be controlled by a separate shut off, located in the lobby, and controlled only in that particular place. Gas mains supplying such thea- ter shall have independent connections for the audi- torium and stage, and provision shall be made for shutting off the gas from the outside of the building. All suspended or bracket lights surrounded by glass in the auditorium, or in any other part of the theater, shall be provided with proper wire netting underneath. No gas or electric lights shall be inserted in the walls, woodwork, ceiling, or in any part of the theater, unless protected by fireproof materials. In case gas is used, the footlights, in addition to the wire network, shall be protected by a strong wire guard not less than two feet dis- tant from such footlights, and the trough containing such footlights shall be formed of and surrounded by fireproof ma- terial. All border lights shall be constructed according to the best known method ,and subject to the approval of the Fire Marshal and the City Electrician, and shall be suspended by wire rope. All ducts and shafts used for conducting heated air from the main chandelier, or from any other light or lights, shall be constructed of metal and made double, with an air space be- tween. All gas stage lights shall have strong metal wire guards or screens not less than ten inches in diameter, so constructed that any material coming in contact therewith shall be out of reach of the flames of such lights, and shall be soldered to the fixtures in all cases.

The use of calcium lights in any theater is prohibited. All arc lights used on the stage shall at all times be subject to the approval of the City Electrician, and no arc lights shall be used on any stage unless approved by said City Electrician.

The standpipes, automatic sprinklers, gas pipes, electric wires, hose, footlights, fire alarm boxes, fireproof proscenium curtain, switch boxes, ventilators, controlling levers, axes and pike poles, and all apparatus for the extinguishing of fire- or guard- ing against the same, as provided for by this ordinance, shall be

made and kept at all times in condition satisfactory to and under the control of the Fire Marshal.

The Con missioner of Buildings, Fire Marshal, City Electri- cian, Superintendent of Police, or any of them, and their re- spective assistants, shall have the right to enter any building used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class V., and any and all parts thereof, at any reasonable time, and at any time when occupied by the public, in order to examine such buildings; to judge of the condition of the same and to discharge their respective duties, and it shall be unlawful for any person to interfere with them, or any of them, in the performance of their

The Commissioner of Buildings, Fire Marshal, City Electrician and the Superintendent of Police, or any one of them, shall have the power and it shall be their joint and several duty, to order any building used wholly, or in part for the purposes of Class V., closed, where it is discovered that there is any violation of any of the provisions of this ordinance, and keep same closed until such provisions are complied with.

Upon a report to the Mayor by the Commissioner of Buildings, Fire Marshal, City Electrician or the Superintendent of Police that any requirement of -this ordinance or that any order given by them or any of them in regard thereto has been violated, or not complied with, the Mayor shall revoke the license of any such theater or place of amusement so reported and cause the same to be *closed.

The following provisions shall apply to buildings hereafter erected and used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class V.:

The outside walls of all such buildings, the roofs or ceilings of which are carried on trusses or girders of a span of fifty feet or more, shall be as follows:

If such walls are less than twenty-five feet high, they shall not be less than twenty inches thick.

If they are more than twenty-five feet and less than forty-five feet high, they shall not be less than twenty-four inches thick.

If they are more than forty-five feet and less than sixty feet high, they shall not be less than twenty-eight inches thick.

If they are more than sixty feet and less than seventy-five feet high, they shall not be less than thirty-two inches thick.

If they are more than seventy-five feet and less than ninety feet high, they shall not be less than thirty-six inches thick.

An increase of four inches in thickness of such walls shall be made in all cases where they are over one hundred feet long without cross walls of equal height.

The thickness of the enclosing or surrounding walls of rooms used for the purposes of Class V., where such rooms are less than fifty feet wide, may be reduced by four inches.

If one or more stories are built above any room devoted to the uses of Class V., and such stories are carried on trusses or girders, the thickness of walls shall be increased by four inches for each two stories or part thereof above such room.

If solid masonry buttresses are employed and placed eigh- teen feet or less apart, and extended to the foot of the trusses or girders carrying the oeling, or if iron or steel columns are inserted in such walls for the support of the superstructure, and at distances not more than twenty-four feet between cen- ters, and if such columns extend to and carry the superimposed trusses or girders, the thickness of such walls may be re- duced in proportion to the increase of strength afforded by such buttresses or columns, but in no case shall any such wall be less than twelve inches thick in the top story, and four inches shall be added going downward, for each story, for each gallery, or for each twenty-five feet in height of wall.

If iron or steel columns are introduced in such walls, the brickwork around such columns shall be bonded into the brick- work of the connecting wall, and each of such columns shall be fireproofed, as provided in Section 912 of this ordinance.

Walls around stairs, elevators and shafts. See Section 998.

All buildings used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class V., hereafter erected shall be located so that they adjoin at least two public thoroughfares, one of which shall be a public street, and the other may be a public alley not less than

All floors, balconies and galleries of the audience room of every theater shall have open spaces or fireproof passageways on the three sides other than the proscenium; and on each of the two opposite sides other than the back and proscenium of every stage there shall be open spaces or fireproof passage- ways, and such open spaces or fireproof passageways shall open ^on or connect directly with the public thoroughfares.

All open spaces shall not be less than t6n (10) feet in width and all fireproof passageways shall be not less than eight (8) feet in width, and shall be outside of the audience room, and shall be kept and maintained free and clear of obstructions of any and all kinds at any and all times.

All open spaces shall be open and unobstructed from the floor or pavement of such space to the sky, with the exception that

emergency stairs and emergency balconies may be built in such open spaces. The entire floor of every open space shall be level, or inclined; the incline shall not exceed two (2) inches in height for each one foot of horizontal measurement.

If one or more fireproof passageways are required on one side of the stage, then, the fireproof passageways of each floor and the balcony and each gallery of the audience room shall be continued through the stage house as fireproof passage- ways to an open space or public thoroughfare, and from the end of each such fireproof passageway there shall be doors or stairs, or both, which shall be arranged so as to afford a safe exit for the audience of such theater to the pavement of the public thoroughfares, and if fireproof passageways are re- quired on both sides of the stage, then they shall be arranged and connected with all of the fireproof passageways on both sides of the audience room in the same manner as described for fireproof passageways when these are required only on one side of the stage.

The fireproof passageways for the main floor may pass under the stage floor.

Provided, however, that where there is no public thorough- fare or open space at the back of the stage and on one side of the stage, then the fireproof passageways for tne main floor shall be on the stage floor and shall be built along that side of the stage on which there is no public thoroughfare and across the back of the stage to one of the public thoroughfares, and the fireproof passageways for the balcony and the fireproof pas- sageways for the galleries shall each be built along the side of the stage and across the back of the stage in a continuation of the balcony and gallery floor level to a public thoroughfare.

The fireproof passageways of the different floors, of the bal- cony and of the galleries, shall be independent of each other and shall not be connected with each other in any manner.

No doors or other openings except entrance doors from the audience room or exit doors to a thoroughfare shall be in the walls of a fireproof passageway; and all such doors shall be so arranged that when opeu they shall not obstruct the passage.

The walls of a fireproof passageway shall be not less than four (4) inches thick, and each and every part of such passage- way, including each and all of its supports, shall be built of fireproof construction as required in the General Provisions re- lating to fireproof construction of this ordinance.

Radiators for warming passageways shall be in recesses.

There shall be no steps or risers in a fireproof passageway, but where necessary inclined floors of the full width of the fireproof passageways may be built; the incline of the floor shall not exceed two and one-half (2^) inches in height per foot measured horizontally, and no such incline shall be less than ten (10) feet in length. No fireproof passageway shall be less than eight (8) feet high in any part thereof, except at doors, and these shall not be less than seven (7) feet high.

If the principal entrance corridor of a theater is at one

side of the audience room, then the center line extended of such principal entrance shall intersect the center axis of the stage and the audience room between the back of the seat most remote from the stage on said center axis of the stage and the audience room, and a point midway between such seat and the wall opposite the proscenium wall.

All such buildings shall be built entirely of fireproof construc-

If buildings used wholly or in part for purposes of Class Y. are built in conjunction with or as part of buildings devoted to the uses of other classes, then such buildings of other classes shall be built entirely of fireproof construction.

In all cases where the floors of the auditorium of any theater in any such building of Class V., are banked or stepped up, the floor level of the lowest bank shall not be above the sidewalk

All floors shall be designed and constructed in such manner as to be capable of bearing in all their parts, in addition to the weight of floor construction, permanent fixtures and mechanisms that may set upon the same, a live load of one hundred pounds for every square foot of surface in such floors.

The audience room or rooms or auditorium or auditoriums used for the purposes of Class Y. containing, in the aggregate, not more than five hundred seats, if in a fireproof building, may be located in any story thereof, but in such case there shall be at least two separate stairways from the floor or floors in which such audience room or auditorium is located to the ground, each of which stairways shall be not less than four feet in width in the clear. All floors shall be designed and constructed in such manner as to be capable of bearing in all their parts, in addition to the weight of floor construction, permanent fix- tures and mechanisms that may be set upon the same, a live load of one hundred pounds for every square foot of surface in such

Stairways affording ingress to or egress from any room used for the purpose of Class Y. shall be in width equivalent to twenty inches for every one hundred of seating capacity of such room, and for fractional parts of one hundred a propor- tionate part of twenty inches of width shall be added, but in no event shall any such stairway be less than four feet wide in the clear, except as hereinafter provided.

All such stairways shall have hand railings on each side thereof, and shall not ascend a greater height than thirteen feet six inches without a level landing, and the length and width of such landing shall be not less than the width of the

stairs; no run of stairs shall consist of less than six risers be- tween platforms, and risers shall not be placed on return plat- forms. Stairways which are over seven feet wide shall have double intermediate handrails with end newel posts at least five and one-half feet high.

Steps shall not have a greater rise than seven and three- eighths inches, treads shall not be narrower than eleven inches, and winders shall not be used on any staircase.

Each and every balcony and gallery shall have separate and distinct entrances and stairways from the sidewalk level. The bottom run of the stairs shall be directly toward the street. Such stairs may ascend from the vestibule or entrance inside of the building, but the bottom riser of such stairs shall not be more than sixty-five feet from the building line. All doors be- tween such stairs and the street shall be kept unlocked and un- fastened during each and every performance and until the audi- ence has left the building.

There shall be an iron stairway or stairways from the stage to the fly gallery and gridiron, continuing to the roof of the building or to some fireproof passageway or exit. Such stairway may be circular. Such circular stairways, however, shall not be used for access to the dressing rooms.

Stairs leading to a box or boxes seating not to exceed thirty people in the aggregate shall be independent of all other stairs and seats, and not less than two feet eight inches wide in the clear. For each additional twenty-five of seating capacity or major portion thereof in such box or boxes there shall be an additional five inches in width of such stairway.

All stairways on the stage side of the proscenium wall shall be not less than two feet six inches wide.

Floors at all exits shall be so designed as to be level and flush with adjacent floors and shall extend for an unbroken width of not less than four feet in front of each exit, and shall be two feet wider than such exit.

More than ten seats in any one row between aisles shall not be lawful.

Seats shall be not less than twenty-two inches in width, meas- ured at the top of the seat backs.

Rows of seats shall be not less than two feet ten inches from back to back.

No bank of seats shall have a greater rise than twenty- two

All groups of seats shall be so arranged that there shall be an aisle at each side of each group, provided groups of five seats or less may abut upon a tunnel at one side and an aisle at the other side.

The number of banks of seats on the main floor shall not exceed fifteen, unless an intervening or cross aisle is provided between ea£h fifteen banks of seats or a direct exit is provided

for each aisle. The number of banks of seats in the "bal- cony" shall not exceed nine, unless an intervening or cross aisle is provided tetween each nine banks of seats or a direct exit is provided for each aisle.

There shall be no more than eleven feet rise, measured verti- cally, in any aisle in any gallery without a direct exit by tunnel or otherwise, to a corridor with free opening onto the gallery stairs or other direct discharge to the street, or at any such elevation of eleven feet an intervening or cross aisle leading directly to an exit. No tunnel shall be less than three feet wide in the clear.

No foyer shall be open to the theater proper except through the exits.

The lower floor shall be designated the "Main Floor."

Where there are balconies or galleries, the first balcony or gallery shall be designated the "Balcony," and the second and third balcony or gallery shall be designated, respectively, ' ' Gal- lery" and "Second Gallery." Such designations shall be printed plainly on all admission tickets.

The minimum width of aisles with diverging sides in any room or auditorium used for the purposes of Class V., shall be two feet eight inches at the end near the stage, and not less than three feet at the other end.

The minimum width of aisles with parallel sides shall be three

Every aisle shall lead directly to an exit.

Steps shall not be permitted in aisles except as extending from bank to bank of seats, and no riser shall be more than seven and three-eighths inches in height, and no tread shall be less than ten inches in width, and whenever the rise from bank to bank of seats is less than five inches, the floor of the aisles shall be made as an inclined plane; and where steps are placed in outside aisles or corridors, they shall not be isolated, but shall be grouped together, and a light shall be maintained so that every place where there are steps in enclosing aisles or corridors shall be clearly lighted.

All aisles, passageways, corridors and exits shall be kept free from camp stools, chairs, sofas and other obstructions, and no person shall be allowed to stand in or occupy any of such aisles,

passageways, corridors or exits during any performance, service, exhibition, lecture, concert, or at any public assemblage.

The width of corridors, passageways, hallways and doors shall be computed in the same manner as that hereinbefore provided for stairways, excepting, however, that no corridors shall be any- where less than three feet wide, except as otherwise herein pro-

from any balcony or gallery to any toilet room, retiring room, smoking room, cloak room, check room, or private office, shall permit of free passage, without returning, to an outer exit of the building. Such corridors, passageways, hallways and stairways shall be at least three feet in width in every part between such balcony or gallery and such outer exit, and shall be unobstructed in every part, except by doors not less than three feet in -width in the clear, which shall swing outward and which shall not be provided with locks or catches of any kind

The entrance doors to every theater shall be of sufficient width to accommodate the entire audience, computed on the basis of twenty inches of width in the clear to each one hun- dred permanent seats or proportionate part thereof in the audience room or auditorium of such theater, and all doors shall be so arranged that when open they shall not obstruct any cor- ridor or passage whatsoever into which they open.

No mirrors shall be so arranged as to give the appearance of a doorway, exit, hallway or corridor, when no such doorway, exit, hallway or corridor is really in existence, nor shall there be any false doors or windows giving the appearance of an open- ing where none really exists.

Emergency exits and stairways shall be provided separately for each floor, balcony or gallery. They shall be of the same size as that provided for the main exits, and no emergency exit, doorway or stairway shall be less than three feet in width. Such emergency stairway shall be made of iron, steel, or other in- combustible material. Such emergency exit shall be kept free of obstructions of any kind, including snow and ice.

Such emergency exits and stairways may be built inside the walls of the building, provided they are surrounded by a fire- proof partition not less than four inches t-hick, separating the exits and stairways from the audience room or auditorium.

If such emergency exits lead outside the building, the open-

ings leading thereto shall have metal door frames and metal doors with panels filled with fireresisting glass, opening out- ward, hung from the inside corner of the jambs, and so con- structed as not to project when opened beyond the outside face of the wall, and outer shutters shall not be permitted.

Whenever any such emergency stairway passes over an exit or door or window or other opening, such stairway shall be completely enclosed for a space of five feet greater in width than such opening, by iron, steel or other incombustible ma-

All such emergency exits and stairways shall land at the ground level in a public thoroughfare or in some space that connects directly with a street or alley, and direct and imme- diate exit to such public thoroughfare shall not be obstructed by any door, gate, bars or other obstruction of any character.

Every court in which there is an emergency stairway shall have direct and unobstructed access along the surface of the ground to a street, alley, or yard opening into an alley or street, without entering into or passing through or over any building unless by a four foot wide fireproof passage on the court or ground level.

All doors in openings from emergency exits and stairways shall be so constructed that when opened they will not obstruct any portion of any other doorway, opening or passageway.

All doors affording ingress to or egress from any theater shall open outward upon suitable hinges.

Exit doors shall not be obscured by draperies and shall not be locked or fastened in any manner during the entire time such theater is open to the public, so as to prevent them from being easily opened outwardly; and such doors shall be so constructed and maintained as to require no special knowledge or effort to open them from the interior.

There shall be a solid brick wall of the same construction and thickness as is required' in the outside walls of the building in which such theater is located between the auditorium and the

The main proscenium opening shall have a vertically operated steel curtain which shall, when it is lowered, completely close such proscenium opening. The curtain shall be raised and low- ered by mechanical power, other than hand power, as the regular curtain and act drop each and every time there is an audience in the theater.

The lowering of the curtain shall be controlled from not less than two points in the building, one of which shall be desig- nated by the Commissioner of Buildings.

The curtain shall have a steel covering on the outer (or audi- torium) side. The stage side covering shall he of a non-conduct- ing substance of such a thickness and such material as shall stand a test of two thousand degrees F. on the stage side for fifteen minutes and without heating the opposite side to a higher temperature than three hundred and fifty degrees F.

All metal work with the exception of the frame shall be covered with the non-conducting substance on the stage side.

The curtain shall operate vertically in steel guides of such a cross section that the edges shall engage and secure the edges of the curtain and prevent the curtain from leaving the guiding channel or channels if "the curtain should tend to buckle or bag either inward or outward. No metal in the guide channels or in the engaging edge of the curtain shall be less than three- eighths (%) of an inch thick. The joints of the curtain with the proscenium wall, with the stage floor and with the head of the opening shall be made gas tight as nearly as practicable.

The calculations for the strength of the curtain, the Curtain guides and the guide anchors, and the workmanship shall be according to the best modern engineering practice, the stresses in the material and in the various sections of steel shall be within the safe limits of stress described in this ordinance.

No part of a curtain or of the curtain guides may be sup- ported by or fastened to any combustible material.

The supports of the curtain and the curtain guides and edges and the curtain shall be of sufficient strength to safely resist a pressure of twenty (20) pounds for each and every square foot of the curtain either inward or outward, if such curtain does or does not bag.

No combustible material other than painted decorations shall be applied to the audience side of any such curtain.

Plans for every such curtain shall be approved by the Building Department and a permit obtained for its erection. The Building Department shall inspect such curtain semi-annu- ally, and for each such inspection a fee of two ($2) dollars shall be charged.

All other openings in such proscenium wall shall have self- closing, regulation standard iron fire doors and iron frames and thresholds; such doors and frames shall be built in such a manner as to resist warping.

The framing of the floor of every stage shall be of iron or steel or fireproof material. The stage floor may be of wood, but shall not be less than two and three-fourths inches thick. The entire floor construction and floor of fly galleries, rigging lofts and paint galleries, all railings and supports and stanchions thereon, and all sheaves, pulleys and cables and their supports shall be of iron or steel. All woodwork, including the under side of floor boards, and all framing for scenery used on or about the stage shall be coated with a fireproof paint, the quali-

ties of which shall be submitted to and approved by the Com- missioner of Buildings. All wood used for door and door sup- ports shall be -coated on the under side with the same kind of

No scenery or stage paraphernalia of any sort shall be used upon the stage of any room used for the purposes of Class V., unless such scenery and paraphernalia shall have been treated with a paint or chemical solution which shall make it non- iniiammable, and which treated scenery or stage paraphernalia, or both, shall be tested and approved by the Fire Marshal.

All doorways or openings in the rear or sides of the stage shall be vestibuled or protected in a manner satisfactory to the Commissioner of Buildings, so as to protect the curtain, scenery and auditorium against draughts of air.

If any structure is ouilt over the ceiling or roof of any theater, the different members of the girders or trusses support- ing same shall have their dreproofing double, in the manner prescribed for columns of fireproof buildings as specified in the General Provisions of this ordinance.

One or more vents or flue pipes of metal construction, or other incombustible material, suitable for carrying away smoke, and approved by the Commissioner of Buildings, and extending not less than fifteen feet above the highest point of the roof, and equivalent in area to one-twentieth of the area of the stage, shall be built over the stage.

In buildings where additional stories are built above the stage, such vents or flue pipes may be carried out near the top of the stage walls and shall be continued and run up on the exterior of the building to a point five feet above the highest point of such additional story.

All such flues or vents shall be provided with metal dampers, and shall be opened by a closed circuit battery, approved by the City Electrician.

Such dampers shall be controlled by two switches, one at the electrician's station on the stage, which station shall be fire- proof, and the other at the city fireman's station, on the oppo- site side of the stage; such switches shall be located in such places on the stage as are designated by the Fire Marshal, and each shall have a sign with plain directions as to the operation of the same printed thereon.

All fuse boxes shall be surrounded by two thicknesses of fire- proof material, with an air space between, and no fuses shall be exposed to the air between the switchboards.

There shall be provided an approved system of automatic

sprinklers with approved automatic closed circuit electric de- vices connecting the valves, regulating the flow of water into the various sprinkler pipes with the headquarters of the city fire alarm telegraph and such other place or places as the Fire Marshal shall direct, so arranged as to prevent any tampering with the system or the shutting off of the water from the sprinkler pipes without automatic notice to the Fire Depart-

Such system of automatic sprinklers shall he supplied with water from a tank located not loss than twenty feet above the level of the highest sprinkler head in the system, and it shall be the duty of the firemen provided for in this ordinance to include in their daily report the result of an inspection to deter- mine the sufficiency of water in this tank. Automatic sprinklers shall be placed in the paint room, store room, property room, scene storage room, carpenter shop and dressing rooms, if such rooms are in or connected with a building used for the purposes of Class V. Such tank shall not be connected with a standpipe and ladder system, but it shall be filled through a separate pipe from a fire pump, and a three-inch iron pipe shall extend from such tank to the outside of such building with Siamese connections for fire department use. Such entire automatic sprinkler system and equipment and the location thereof shall be subject to the* approval of the fire

A standpipe not less than three inches in diameter, having a hose valve or valves thereon, shall be installed on each side of the stage with a nose connection at the stage and at each level above and below the stage, and hose connected thereto at each valve ready for use at all times. Such standpipes shall be con- nected with a tank on the roof containing not less than three thousand gallons of water, protected from frost, and such tank shall be connected with and supplied by a power pump, all of which shall be subject to the approval of the Fire Marshal. Portable fire extinguishers or hand fire pumps shall always be kept ready for use on and under the stage, in fly galleries and in rigging loft, and in addition thereto at least four fire depart- ment axes and six pike poles shall be kept ready for use on each tier or floor of the stage, all of which shall be subject to the approval of the Fire Marshal.

The use of ordinary hot air furnaces or stoves is prohibited.

It shall be the duty of the owner, lessee or manager of any theater, for any performance in which programs are issued, to cause to be printed on such programs on the page opposite that on which the east is printed, a diagram showing conspicuously all exits of 'such building, A diagram of seats on each floor, and the exits leading from each floor drawn to a scale of one-

eighth inch to the foot, shall he hung in a frame within two feet of the ticket seller's window and so as to be easily seen by the public.

All stairways and corridors shall be supplied with a supple- n entary lighting system of electricity, gas or sperm oil, and such system shall be independent of all other lights in such building, and shall be in operation during the entire period such theater is open to the public and until the audience has left the building. The word "EXIT" shall be in letters at least six inches high over the opening to every means of egress from such theater and a red light furnished by gas or sperm oil, shall be kept burning over such word "EXIT" at every such opening, during the entire period such theater is open to the public and until the audience has left the building.

Every theater shall be provided with an approved system of automatic or manual fire alarm telegraph apparatus, connected by the necessary wires with the headquarters of the city fire alarm telegraph and such other place or places as the Fire Marshal shall direct. The number and location of the boxes and the character of the system, whether automatic or manual, or both, shall be determined by the Fire Marshal.

It shall be the duty of every person, or corporation, conducting, maintaining, or operating a theater to employ one competent, experienced fireman, who shall be detailed by the Fire Marshal from the regular City lire Department; shall be in the uni- form of the Chicago Fire Department; shall be on duty at such theater during the whole time it is open to the public; shall report to and be subject to the orders of the lire Marshal; shall see that all fire apparatus required by this ordinance is in its proper position, ready for use; all exit doors unlocked during the whole time such theater is open to the public, and all in efficient and ready working order.

The compensation to be paid the city for the services of such city fireman so detailed and employed shall be based upon the regular salary paid by the city to such fireman and shall be computed according to the ratio between the number of hours such fireman is employed at such theater and the total number of hours such fireman is employed by the city for all purposes.

It shall also be the duty of every person or corporation con- ducting, maintaining or operating a theater, to employ, in addi- tion to the fireman employed by such persons, and detailed by the Fire Marshal, one other experienced and competent person as a private watchman or fireman, who shall be approved by the Fire Marshal; shall be in a distinctive uniform; shall be on duty at such theater during the whole time it is open Jto the public; -hall report to and be subject to the orders of the Fire Marshal,

and whose duty it shall be to SQe that the provisions of this ordinance are complied with in all portions of the theater occu- pied and used by the public; shall see that all exit doors are unlocked during the whole time such theater is open to the public, gnd in eiiicient and ready working order. The city fire- man and Tire Marshal shall require a drill of the employes of such theater, including such privatq watchman or fireman, in the use of all apparatus and appliances for the prevention of fire inside the buiming and the saving of life, at least twice in every week, and such city fireman shall report to the Fire Marshal the manner and efficiency of such drill. Such city fire- man shall report in writing, daily, to the Tire Marshal the con- dition and equipment of the theater to which he is detailed. No city fireman shall be on duty at one theater for a longer period than two (2) weeks.

The amusement license issued for each theater shall state the number of permanent seats it contains, which number shall be governed by the provisions, of this ordinance relating there- to, and no more than that number of persons shall oe per- mitted in such theater at any one time.

No license for the operation of a theater shall be issued unless the Commissioner of Buildings, Tire Marshal and City Electrician shall first have certified, in writing, that such thea- ter complies with the provisions of this ordinance in every re-

Every portion of any theater, devoted to the uses and accom- modations of the public, and all outlets therefrom, to the emergency exit stairways shall be well and properly lighted during e\ery performance and the same shall remain lighted until the entire audience has left the premises.

All gas or electric lights in the halls, corridors, lobbies or any other part of any theater used by the audience, except the auditorium, shall be controlled by a separate shutoff, located in the lobby and controlled only in that particular place. Gas mains supplying such theater shall have independent connec-

tions for the auditorium and the stage and provision shall be made for shutting off the gas from the outside of the building. All suspended or bracket lights surrounded by glass, in the auditoriun , or in any other part of the theater, shall be pro- vided with proper wire netting underneath. No gas or electric lights shall be inserted in the walls, woodwork, ceiling, or in any part of the theater unless protected by fireproof materials. In case gas is used for the footlights, in addition to the wire network, they shall be protected by a strong wire guard, not less than two feet distant from such footlights, and the trough containing such footlights shall be formed of and surrounded by fireproof material. All border lights shall be constructed according to the best known methods, and subject to the ap- proval of the Fire Marshal and the City Electrician, and shall be suspended by wire ropes. All ducts and shafts used for conducting heated air from the main chandelier, or from any other light or lights, shall be constructed of metal and made double, with an air space between. All gas stage lights shall have strong wire metal guards or screens, not less than ten inches in diameter, so constructed that any material coming in contact therewith shall be out of reach of the flames of such lights, and shall be soldered to the fixtures in all cases.

The use of calcium lights in any theater is prohibited. All arc lights used on the stage shall be at all times subject to the approval of the City Electrician, and no arc lights shall be used on any stage unless approved by the City Electrician.

The standpipes, automatic sprinklers, gas pipes, electric wires, hose, footlights, fire alarm boxes, fireproof proscenium cur- tains, switch boxes, ventilators, controlling levers, axes and pike poles, and all apparatus for the extinguishing of fire or guarding against same, as provided for by this ordinance, shall be made and kept at all times in condition satisfactory to and under control of the Fire Marshal.

The Commissioner of Buildings, Fire Marshal, City Electri- cian, Superintendent of Police, or any of them, and their 'Respective assistants, shall have the right to enter any build- ings used wholly or in part for the purpose of Class V., and any find all parts thereof, at any reasonable time, and at any time when occupied by the public, in order to. examine such build- ings ard to judge of the condition of the same and to dis- charge their respective duties, and it shall be unlawful for any person to interfere with them or any of them in the perform- ance of their duties.

The Commissioner of Buildings, Fire Marshal, City Electri- cian, or Superintendent of Police, or any of them, shall have the pow ,r and it shall he their joint and several duty to order any building used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class V. closed, where it is discovered that there is any violation of the provisions of this ordinance and to keep same closed until such provisions are complied with.

Upon a report to the Mayor by the Commissioner of Build- ings, or I ire Marshal, or City Electrician, or the Superintendent of Police that any requirement of this ordinance, or that any order given by them or any of them, in regard thereto has been violated, or not complied with, the Mayor shall revoke the license of any such theater or place of public amusement so reported and cause the same to be closed.

In Class VI. shall be included every tenement and apartment house; that is to say, any house or building, or portion thereof, which is used as a hon e or residence for two or more families living in separate apartments.

Buildings of Class VI. shall conform to the following require-

The thickness of enclosing walls of buildings of this class shall be made in accordance with the following table, to-wit:

Basement and 12 8

Provided, however, in buildings of steel ske^ton fireproof con- struclion, thickness of walls shall be governed by the provisions of Section 911 of this ordinance.'

Walls Around Stairs, Elevators and Shafts. See Sec. 998. Walls/ - Reinforced Concrete. - See Section 960.

"New Tenement House" includes every tenement house here- after erected and every such new tenement house which shall be increased or diminished in size or otherwise altered after its erec- tion, and every building now or hereafter in existence not now used as a tenement house, but hereafter converted or altered to such use.

" Apartment " is a room or suite of two or more rooms occu- pied or intenued or designed to be occupied as a family domicile.

"Yard" is an open, unoccupied space on the same lot with a tenement house, separating every part of every building on the lot from the rear line of the lot.

"Court" is an open, unoccupied space, other than a yard, on the same lot with a tenement house; a court entirely surrounded by a tenement house is an " inner court ; " a court bounded on one side and both ends by a tenement house and on the remain- ing side by a lot line is a " lot line court ; " a court extending to a street, alley or yard is an "outer court."

"Shaft" includes exterior and interior shafts, whether for air, light, elevator, dumb waiter or any otiier purpose; a "vent shaft" is one used solely to ventilate or light a water closet compartment, bath room, or pantry.

"Public Hall" is a hall, corridor or passageway not within an

"Stair Hall" includes the stairs, stair landings and those por- tions of the public halls through which it is necessary to pass in getting from the entrance floor to the top story.

In all new frame tenement houses Gutside the fire limits of the city, each suite of apartments shall be separated from the next suite in such building by a wall, of incombustible material of such character as the Commissioner of Buildings may require.

"Basement" is a story partly, but not more than one-half - 1 1 Cellar " is a story more than one-half - below the level of the street grade nearest the building; where the grade of a street adjacent to a tenement house varies, the mean or average grade of such street opposite the lot containing the tenement house shall be regarded as the grade of such street within the meaning of this ordinance.

"Story" is that portion of a building between the top of any floor beams and the top of the floor or ceiling beams next above.

A good quality of brick, laid in lime mortar, of strength and character equal to the requirements of Section 996 of this ordi- nance for brick walls, shall be taken as the standard of strength and stability for "solid masonry," but any other fireproof mate- rials of equal strength and stability to the above standard may be substituted for brick.

Every newr tenement house more than five stories and basement high shall be of fireproof construction (according to the definition of "fireproof construction" contained in section 901 of this ordinance) ; every new tenement house more than three stories and basement high, but not more than five stories and basement high, shall be of slow-burning or fireproof construction (accord- ing to the definition of 1 1 slow-burning or fireproof construction 1 ' as defined in this ordinance). In case slow-burning construction be used the cellar and basement construction, including the floor construction of the first story above the cellar or basement, shall be of fireproof construction.

If in buildings of Class VI the distance between the enclosing walls is more than twenty-four feet in the clear, there shall be intermediate supports for the joists, which supports shall be either brick walls or iron or steel. If brick walls are used for this purpose they may, in all cases where the thickness of walls thickness than the dimensions stated in the table.

Walls. - Ledges in. See Section 997.

Every tenement house four or more stories in height shall be provided with a fire escape, or fire escapes, such as are required by the statutes of this state and the ordinances of the city. In every case each separate apartment shall have direct access to at least one such fire escape, unless such apartment shall have direct access (without passing through any other apartment) to at least two separate flights of stairs leading to the ground, one of which is placed in front and one in the rear of such building, and one of which may be placed outside of the building; but where such separate apartment shall not have access to two such flights of stairs, then there shall be a metal stairway between the balconies of every such fire escape, securely fastened to the walls of the building not less than two feet wide, with a proper handrail, instead of the usual vertical ladder. Every court in which there shall be a fire escape shall have direct and unob- structed access along the surface of the ground to a street, alley, or yard opening into the alley or street, without entering into or

passing through or over any building, unless by a four-foot wide fireproof passage on the court or ground level.

Every new fire escape shall be painted with two coats of dura- ble paint, one put on in the shop and the other at once upon the erection of such fire escape.

Every tenement house shall have in the roof a bulkhead or scuttle, fireproof or covered with fireproof materials, with stairs or ladder leading thereto; no such roof opening shall be less than two feet by three feet. No scuttle or bulkhead door shall have upon it any lock, but may be fastened on the inside by movable

Every now existing and . every new tenement house shall have at least two fiigins of stairs, which shall extend from the en- trance door to tne top story. Such stairs and the public halls in every tenement house shall each be at least three feet wide in the clear, and every apartment shad be directly accessible from both such tiignts ot stairs. If any existing tenement house be so altered as to increase the number of apartments therein, or if such bunding be increased in height, or if the halls and stairs tnerein be damaged by fire or otherwise to an extent greater than one-half the original cost thereof, the entrance, stair halls, en- trance halls and other public halls of the whole building shad be made to conform to tne requirements of this ordinance as to new tenement houses.

In every tenement house all stairways shall be provided with sufficient railings and guards.

Every new non-firepioof tenement house containing over eighty rooms, exclusive of bath rooms, shall have one additional Right of stairs (over and above the Rights hereinbefore provided for) for every additional eignty rooms, or fraction thereof; but if such building contains net more than one hundred and twenty rooms, exclusive of bath rooms, at the owner's option, in lieu of an additional stairway, the stairs and public hails throughout the entire building shall be at least one-half wider than is provided in Sections 618 and 625 of this ordinance.

Every new fireproof tenement house containing over one hun- dred and twenty rooms, exclusive of bath rooms, shall have one additional flight of stairs (over and above the Rights hereinbefore provided for) for every additional one hundred and twenty rooms

or fraction thereof; but if such building contains not more than one hundred and eighty rooms, exclusive of bath rooms, at the owner's option, in lieu of an additional stairway, the stairs and public halls throughout the entire building shall be made at least one-half wider than is provided in Sections 618 and 625 of this

Every flight of stairs required in a tenement house shall have an entrance on the entrance floor from a street or alley, or from a yard or court which opens into a street or alley. All stairs except rear stairs, in new tenement houses, shall have risers not more than seven and three-quarters inches high and treads not less than nine and one-half inches wide, exclusive of nosings, except in winding stairs, where all treads at a point eighteen inches from the strings on the well side shall be at least nine and one-half inches wide, exclusive of nosings.

The stairs and stair halls in all new tenement houses more than three stories and basement high shall be constructed of incom- bustible material throughout, except that the treads of stairs (not less than one and three-fourths inches thick), and all hand rails may be of hard wood. All windows in stair halls in new tenement houses more than three stories and basement high, open- ing on inner courts, or shafts, shall be of good quality fire resist- ing glass.

In every new non-fireproof tenement house all stair halls shall be inclosed on all sides with walls of solid masonry of the same dimensions and thickness as specified for enclosing walls. All glass in such stair halls shall be of good quality fire resisting glass, except where same opens into a street, alley, outer court or yard. There shall be no movable transoms or sash openings from any such stair hall to any other part of the building.* This sec- tion shall not apply to tenement houses which are not more than three stories and basement high with only one apartment on each

Every main entrance hall in a new tenement house shall be at least three feet six inches wide in the clear from the entrance up to and including the stair enclosure and beyond this point at least three feet wide in the clear. In every new non-fireproof tenement house, except where there is only one apartment on each floor, such entrance hall shall be inclosed with solid masonry walls and with ceilings covered with incombustible material and shall com- ply with all the conditions of the preceding sections of this ordi-

nance as to the construction of stair halls. If such main entrance hall is the only entrance to more than one flight of stairs, the several portions of such main entrance hall which separate the entrance of the building from the several flights of stairs respec- tively shall be increased respectively at least one foot in width for each additional fight of stairs.

No wooden frame tenement house within the fire limits shall be enlarged either by adding to its height or to its superficial area.

All bay windows and all shafts and courts in new tenement houses shall have their walls of brick or other fireproof construc- tion throughout. All openings in vent shafts as well as in shafts for light or ventilation, shall either have fireproof closing doors or else shall be glazed with fire resisting glass; provided, however, that the above provisions of this section shall not apply to en- closures about elevators or in a well hole of stairs where the stairs themselves are enclosed in brick or stone walls and are con- structed entirely of fireproof materials.

There shall be a wall of solid masonry of the same thickness as required for outside walls in buildings of this character, extend- ing from the ground to the roof between each set of apartments and around each well hole, court or light shaft; provided, how- ever, that the wall between apartments above the first story ex- tending from a main stair hall to the outer wall of the building may jog or set over to some point toward the center of the building to provide or allow for an even distribution of space of the rooms adjacent to . the same; provided, however, that such wall above the first story, if supported on iron or steel beams (which shall extend from the brick wall surrounding the main stair nail to the outer wall of the building at each succeeding story), shall be not less than eight inches in thickness, but all brick walls between apartments and around each well hole, court or light shaft which extend iErom the ground to the roof and above the first story of an apartment building not supported as above described in this section, shall be of the thickness pre- scribed for buildings of this class in Section 601 of this ordi-

No new tenement house, alone or with other buildings now or hereafter erected, shall occupy above the first story more than eighty-five per centum of the area of a corner lot, or more than ninety per centum of the area of such corner lot, if such corner lot is bounded on three sides by streets or alleys, or more than seventy-five per centum of the area of any other lot, provided, that the space occupied by fire escapes, constructed and erected

according to law and not more than four feet wide, shall be deemed unoccupied.

At the time of applying for a permit for the erection of a new tenement house the applicant shall submit a plat of the lot show- ing the dimensions of the same and the position to be occupied by the proposed building, and the position of any other building or buildings that .may be on the lot. The measurements shad in all cases be taken at the top of the first story and shall not include any portion of any street or alley.

By corner lot is meant a lot situated at the junction of two strets or of a street and public alley not less than sixteen feet in width. Any portion of the width of such lot distant more than fifty feet from such junction shall not be regarded as part of a corner lot, but shall be subject to the provisions of this ordinance respecting other than corner lots.

Where, in corner lots, the two frontages are of unequal length, the lesser street frontage shall be taken as the width of the lot. Street frontage alone and not alley frontage shall be considered in determining such lesser frontage. No exiting tenement house shall hereafter be enlarged or its lot be diminished or other buildings be placed on its lot so that after such change a larger proportion of any corner lot or other lot upon which it is situated is covered by buildings than the aforesaid proportions, respec- tively; provided, however, that in case of a lot triangular or irreg- ular in shape, bounded on two or more sides by a street and hav- ing a number of lineal feet street frontage extending one-twentieth of the number of square feet in the area of such lot, it shall not be necessary to comply with the conditions of this section as to percentage of lot to be covered ; and, - provided, further, that there shall be no violation of Section 634 of this ordinance in the erection of any tenement house. - -

Fire walls of brick not less than twelve inches thick shall be built, extending above the roofs of all buildings, if such roofs are flat, and also above the roofs of all buddings where the same abut against another building, or where the same stand upon any line of any lot, excepting street or alley lines. Provided, that where eight-' nch walls are permitted in the top story of buildings, or where the building is not over three stories high, the fire walls may be eight inches thick. Such fire walls, where they stand upon lot lines, or where they are over the dividing walls between buildings or over the dividing walls in the interiors of buildings, where such are called for by this ordinance by reason of the great area of such buildings, shall extend at least two feet above the roofs of such buildings. Fire walls upon street and alley lines shall extend not less than eighteen inches above the roofs of such buildings. Eire walls may be dispensed with on street and alley lines, if the top of the roof boards and roof joists are protected

against fire for a distance of at least five feet from such street or alley lines by a coating of mortar or hollow tile or porous tile at least two inches thick. Fire walls at street and alley lines may also be dispensed with in all cases where the entire framing and material of the roof shall be made strictly fireproof.

Walls facing upon courts and light shafts shall be treated as in the same category with walls facing upon streets and alleys.

Fire -walls shall be covered -with & weatherproof coping of in- combustible material.

The height of a new tenement house shall not by more than one-half exceed the platted width of the widest street on which it

Provided, however, that any distance the building sets back from the lot line shall be added to the width of the street in making this computation, but no existing tenement house shall be increased beyond such height. Such height shall be the perpen- dicular distance from the grade nearest the house to the highest point of the roof (not including as part of the roof any cornice or bulkhead less than eight feet high, or any elevator enclosure less than sixteen feet high). Where such street grade varies, the mean or average grade thereof opposite such house shall be the datum from which such height shall be measured.

At the rear of every lot containing a new tenement house (unTess the rear of such lot abuts upon a public alley at least ten feet wide) theie shall be a yard open and unobstructed from the earth to the sky, except by fire escapes not more than four feet wide, constructed and erected according to law; every part of such yard shall be directly accessible from every other part thereof; such yard shall on corner iGts (as above defined) have an area of at least eight per centum of the superficial area of the lot, and shall on other lots have an area of at least ten per centum of the superficial area of the lot. Every such yard shall be increased one per centum of the superficial area of the lot for every story above three stories in the height of the tenement house situated thereon, and in no case shall such yard separate any building on such lot by less than ten feet from the rear line of the lot at the nearest point of approach of such building to such rear line.

No existing tenement house shall (unless the rear of the lot upon which it stands abuts upon a public alley at least ten feet wide) hereafter be enlarged or its lot be diminished, so that any building on such lot shall at any point approach nearer than ten feet to the rear line of the lot. Where a tenement house, now or hereafter erected, stands upon a lot, other than a corner lot.

no other building shall hereafter be placed upon the front or rear of that lot, unless the minimum distance between such buildings be at least ten feet, if neither building exceeds the height of one story; or fifteen feet if either building exceeds the height of one story, but not the height of two stories; and so on, five additional feet to be added to such minimum distance of ten feet for every story more than one in the height of the highest building on such lot.

Every court of every new tenement house shall be open and unobstructed at every point thereof from the bottom thereof to the sky, save by fire escapes or stairs or landings constructed and erected according to lawr and projecting not more than four feet into courts, which courts shall communicate directly without obstruction into a street, alley or yard. Where porches are con- structed in courts, the amount of area of unobstructed space in such courts shall be exclusive of space occupied by stairs and porches. No rear porch shall be constructed wThich is more than eight feet in width where the construction is of combustible mate- rial, and no such rear porches shall be enclosed wTith other than incombustible material as defined in Section 907 of this ordinance.

In every new* tenement house every habitable room, excepting water closet compartments and bath rooms, shall have at least one window opening directly upon a street, alley, yard or court. The total area of the window's opening from any such room (other than water closet compartments and bath rooms) upon a street/ alley, yard or court, shall be at least one-tenth of the floor area of that room, and the top of at least one window shall be not less than seven feet above the floor and the upper half of that window shall be made so as to open its full width. No window in any such room (other than pantries, water closet compartments ancl bath rooms) shall have less than ten square feet of glass area, and in no such water closet compartment or bath room shall the total window area be less than three square feet glass area, or the width of any window less than one foot; and wiien any window ventilat- ing any water closet compartment or bath room in any new tene- ment house opens into a vent shaft, no window from any room other than a water closet compartment, bath room, pantry or hall shall open into such vent shaft.

Windows in addition to those provided for in Section 639 of tins ordinance, if placed in any lot line wrall or in any wall nea'rer to the lot line than is specified in Section 639 of this ordinance from such lot line, then the sash in such window shall be station- ary and glazed with fire-resisting glass.

The " inner courts" of all new tenement houses as defined in Section 605 of this ordinance shall have areas and minimum widths in all parts not less than the widths and areas as follows:

line courts"

shall have areas and minimum

parts not less than one-half of those specified in the above table of " inner courts."

The " outer courts" of all tenement houses defined in Sec- tion 605 of this ordinance shall have not less than the follow- ing widths for their minimum in all parts:

Buildings. Least Width.

If the outer or lot line court has windows on opposite sides of the same, the least widths given in the above table for outer courts shall be doubled.

In every new tenement house, all rooms, except water closet compartments and bath rooms, shall be of the following mini- mum sizes: In each apartment there shall be at least one room

containing not less than one hundred and twenty square feet of floor area, and every other room shall contain at least sev- enty square feet of floor area. Each room shall be in every part not less than eight feet six inches high from the finished floor to the finished ceiling, but an attic room need be eight feet six inches high in but one-half of its area; provided, that in a basement apartment used for janitor's use only, such room or rooms shall not be less than eight feet high in the clear.

No room in any now existing tenement house shall hereafter

be constructed, altered, converted or occupied for living pur- poses unless it contains a window having a superficial area not less than one-twelfth the floor area of the room, which window shall open upon a street or alley or upon a yard or court having a superficial area of not less than twenty-five square feet; or unless such room adjoins another room in the same apartment, which other room adjoins another room in the opening upon' such a street, alley, yard or court, and be- tween which two adjoining rooms there shall be a sash window having at least fifteen square feet of glazed surface, the upper half of which shall be so made as to open easily.

No room in any now existing tenement house which has no such window, as aforesaid, opening upon a street or alley or upon a yard or court having a superficial area of not less than twenty-five square feet, shall hereafter be constructed, altered, converted or occupied for living purposes, unless it contains a fioor area of at least sixty -square feet and also at least six hundred cubic feet of air space; nor unless every part of the finished ceiling of such room be at least eight feet distant from every part of the finished floor thereof; provided, that an attic room need be eight feet high in but one-half of its area and such attic room shall not be used for purposes of human habi- tation other than t as a sleeping room.

No room in any tenement house shall be so occupied that the allowance of air to each person living or sleeping in such room shall at any time be less than four hundred cubic feet for each such person more than twelve years old, and two hundred cubic feet for each such person of the age of twelve years or under.

Every alcove shall be deemed a separate room for all purposes within the meaning of this ordinance except such an alcove as, adjoining another room, has at least twenty per centum of entire wall surface of alcove opening to another room.

In every ne^w tenement house every public hall shall be lighted by at least one window in each story opening directly upon a street, alley, yard or court, or by a skylight. Such window shall be so placed that light may pass directly through it and the hall to. the opposite end of the hall, or else there shall be at least one window opening directly upon a street, alley, yard Qr court in every twenty feet in length or fraction thereof of every such hall, except in so much of any entrance hall as lies between the entrance and the flight of stairs near- est the entrance. In any such public hall, recesses or returns, the length of which do not exceed twice the width of the hall, will be permitted, without an additional window, but other-

wise each recess or return shall be regarded for the purposes of this section as if it were a separate hall. Any part of a public hall which is shut off from any other part by a door or doors shall be deemed a separate public hall within the meaning of this section.

In every new tenement house one at least of the windows provided to light each public hall or part thereof shall have a glass area of at least twelve square feet.

Any additional room or hall that may hereafter be constructed or created in an existing tenement house shall comply in all respects with the provisions of this ordinance as to size, ar- rangement, light and ventilation of rooms and halls.

Tnner or outer vent shafts of all tenement houses as defined in Section 606 of this ordinance shall be of the following di-

In every new tenement house there shall be in the roof, directly over each stair well, a ventilating skylight, which shall have a glazed surface of the following dimensions: Where such tenement house shall not exceed two stories in height, and covering a superficial ground area of not to exceed sixteen hun- dred square feet, the glazed surface in such ventilating skylight shall not be less than fifteen square feet in area. For a three- story building, with a superficial ground area of not to exceed sixteen hundred square feet, the glazed surface of such ven- tilating skylight shall be not less than twenty square feet in area. For all buildings in excess of three stories and covering a superficial ground area in excess of 1,600 square feet, the glazed surface of such ventilating skylight shall be not^ less than twenty-five square feet in area; provided, however, that such ventilating skylights shall not be required in any of such buildings where the stairways are lighted by a window on each story landing.

If the building is more than three stories high, the skylights shall have at least six inches above same a strong wire net-

ting (wire not lighter than No 8 and a mesh not coarser than one and one-half by one and one-half inches), unless the glass contains a wire netting within itself.

In every new tenement house there shall be adequate flues in walls of masonry not less than forty-nine square inches area in each chimney running through every floor, with an open fire- place or grate or place for a stove, properly connected with one of such chimney flues, for every apartment, every additional flue used shall not be of less size than the above.

All cellar and basement ceilings, unless the floor construction be fireproof, shall be plastered, and that part of the ceiling over the boiler or furnace extending two feet beyond in each direc- tion shall be covered with metal lath and shall be plastered with cement, and every cellar shall be ventilated from both

Every new tenement house shall have all its outside walls below the adjacent ground level plastered on the outside with Portland cement or treated with other approved damp-proofing material, and such walls, as high as the ground level, shall be laid in cement mortar. The basement or cellar shall have a floor of Portland cement concrete not less than three inches in

In no now existing or new tenement house shall any room in the cellar be constructed, altered, converted or occupied for living purposes; and no room in the basement of a tenement house shall be constructed, altered, converted or occupied for living purposes, unless all of the following conditions of this ordinance be complied with, and at least one-third of the height of the basement shall be above grade for building; provided, in each case it shall be at least four feet above the street grade.

Such rooms shall be at least 8 feet 6 inches high in all now existing or new tenement houses in every part, from floor to the ceiling, except, as provided for janitor 's use only in Sec- tion 640 of this ordinance.

There shall be appurtenant to such room or apartment a water closet conforming to the regulations and ordinances of the city relating to water closets.

In every new tenement house, the bottom of all shafts, courts and yards which extend to the basement and light and ventila- tion of living rooms in such basement shall, by means of areas, not less than two feet six inches in their least dimension or otherwise, be extended a distance of at least two inches below the floor level of the part intended to be occupied. All shafts, inner courts and areas which extend to the ground shall be properly concreted, and all shafts, inner and lot line courts, and areas shall be properly graded and drained, and shall be so connected with a street sewer through an intermediate trap or surface basin (where such a sewer is adjacent to the lot), that all water may be drained freely into it.

In every new tenement house there shall be in each apartment at least one proper sink with running water. In every now existing tenement house there shall be on every floor, at least, one proper sink with running water, accessible to all the tenants of that floor, without passing through any other apart- ment, if there be not one such sink in each apartment. In no tenement house shall there be woodwork inclosing sinks located in the public halls; the space underneath sinks shall be left entirely open. *

In every new tenement house there shall be a separate water closet in a separate compartment within each apartment, access- ible to each apartment, without passing through any other apart- ment, provided that where there are apartments, consisting of only one or two rooms, there shall be at least one water closet for every two apartments. Every water closet compartment in every new tenement house shall have a window opening upon a street, alley, yard, court or vent shaft, and every water closet compartment in every existing tenement house shall be ven- tilated by such a window, or else by a proper ventilating pipe running through the roof. Every water closet compartment in every tenement house shall be provided with proper means of artificially lighting the same. If fixtures for gas or electricity are not provided in. any such compartment, then the door therof shall have ground glass or wire glass panels or tran-

No drip trays shall be permitted in new tenement houses. All water closet fixtures in every new tenement house shall be constructed and set up conformably to the requirements of the Department of Health. All privy vaults used in connection with any existing tenement house shall be replaced by water closets, constructed and set up conformably to this ordinance,

whenever connection with a public sewer is in any way prac- ticable, and the Department of Health of the city shall be the sole judge as to the practicability of such connection with the public sewer. At least one such water closet shall be provided for every two apartments in each existing tenement house, and such water closets may be located in the yard if necessary. If so located, long hopper closets may be used, provided all traps, flush tanks and pipes be protected against frost.

For all buildings of Class YI. the floors shall be designed and constructed in such manner as to be capable of bearing in all their parts, in addition to the weight of the floor construction, and including the weight of partitions and permanent fixtures and mechanisms that may be set upon the same, a live load of forty pounds for every square foot of surface in such floors.

In every new tenement house where plumbing or other pipes pass through floors or partitions, the openings around such pipes shall be sealed or made air tight with plaster or other in- combustible material, so as to prevent the passage of air or the spread of fire from one floor to another or from room to room.

The covers of all catch basins in lots containing tenement houses shall be of stone or iron and shall be placed in courts or yards, flush with the surface of such courts or yards, so that access to such basins may be convenient.

No incumbrance of any kind shall at any time be placed be- fore, upon or against any stairway, steps or landings or fire escapes in or upon any tenement house. All fire escapes upon tenement houses shall be kept in good order and repair, and every exposed part thereof shall at all times be protected against rust by durable paint.

In every apartment of three or more rooms in every new tenement house convenient access from the outer door of the apartment to every living room and to every bed room and to every room used as a bed room, and to at least one water closet compartment shall be provided otherwise than through any bed room or room used as a bed room.

If any existing tenement house is hereafter damaged by fire or other cause (including ordinary wear) so that at any time its value be less than one-half its original cost (exclusive of the value of the foundations) such building shall not be re- paired or rebuilt except in conformity with the provisions of this ordinance applicable to new tenement houses.

Every new tenement house and all changes or alterations in any existing tenement house shall conform to the requirements of this ordinance. No new tenement house shall be begun, nor shall any changes or alterations in any existing tenement house, such as are referred to in this ordinance, be begun until a per- mit therefor shall have been issued by the Building Depart- ment of the city. Such permit shall be issued only upon an application by the person for whom the building is to be erected or altered, and after approval of the plans and specifi- cations of such tenement house or such changes or alterations by the Health Department of the city whenever such approval is required by law or ordinance.

It shall be the duty of the owner or his agent, when a 'tene- ment house is in course of erection, to notify the Commissioner of Buildings of the city when the building is or will be ready for lathing, and the Commissioner shall, within three days of the time specified, cause an inspection to be made, and if the construction is found to be in accordance with the requirements of this ordinance he shall issue or cause to be issued a certificate to that effect; otherwise he shall cause the penalties provided in Section 669 of this ordinance to be enforced. The Commis- sioner shall file for reference the notice received and shall also file a copy of the certificate in the office of the Building De-

Any tenement house not conforming in itself and in its yards, courts, areas and shafts to the requirements of this ordinance, shall not be occupied, or if found occupied shall forthwith be vacated upon notice from the Commissioner of Buildings, and such tenement house shall not again be occupied until made to conform in all respects with the provisions of this ordinance, notwithstanding the issuance of a building permit for the erection or alteration of such building.

Any owner, lessee, tenant, occupant or agent of any tenement house, or any architect, contractor, builder or foreman violating, disobeying, neglecting or refusing to comply with or resisting the enforcement of any of the provisions of this ordinance shall be fined not less than ten dollars nor more than two hundred dol- lars for each offense, and any _ violation of any provision of this ordinance, if continued after the first fine is imposed, shall, for every week of such continuance, be punishable and an additional fine of not less than ten dollars nor more than two hundred dol-

Nothing in this ordinance contained shall be considered as requiring alterations in the construction or equipment of build- ings in existence at the time of the passage of this ordinance and which at the time of their construction were built in compli- ance with the ordinances then in force, unless such buildings shall not have sufficient or adequate means of egress therefrom or ingress thereto by reason of insufficient or inadequate stairway or stairways, improperly located, or insufficient or inadequate ele- vators or elevator equipment, doors, fire escapes, windows or other means of egress or ingress.

If, however, it is desired to enlarge or in any manner materially modify the construction of any existing building, or to make any change in its use or occupation which will transfer it from one class, as defined by this ordinance, to another class, then before such enlargement or structural change or modification of build- ing is made, or before such change in its use or occupation may be made, the entire building shall be reconstructed or modified in such manner as to bring the same, when enlarged or altered, or wffien occupied for its new' and different purposes, into accordance with the provisions of this ordinance.

Where it shall appear to the said Commissioner that any such building has inadequate of insufficient means of egress there- from or ingress thereto, as aforesaid, he shall notify the owner, agent or person in possession, charge or control of such building of such fact and direct him forthwith to make such alterations and changes in the construction or equipment of such building as are necessary to be made in order to promote the safety of the occupants of such building and of persons using the same and of the public.

In cases of direct conflict with the provisions of other sections of this ordinance relating to other classes, the provisions of the sections relating to Class VI shall govern in respect to tenement

In Class VII. shall be included ail buildings used for the sale of retail of dry goods and other articles of general merchandise and commonly knowm and described as 1 4 department stores. 99

Buildings used either wholly or in part for the purposes of Class VII., three stories or less in height, may be of ordinary

Such buildings more than three and not exceeding five stories in height shall be of slow-burning, mill or fireproof, construction.

Such buildings over five stories in height shall be of fireproof

The thickness of inclosing walls shall conform to the following

Provided, however, in buildings of steel skeleton, fireproof con- struction, thickness of walls shall' be governed by Section 914 of this ordinance.

Walls, Ledges, Etc. - See Section 997.

Walls Around Stairs, Elevators and Shafts. - See Section 998.

Walls Reinforced (Concrete). - See Section 960.

Not more than the lower twelve stories above the street grade shall be used for the retail sale of goods, or for employes ' locker rooms, or for manufacturing purposes in a building devoted wholly or in part to purposes of Class VII., provided, however, the stories above the twelfth story may be used for these or other purposes when the stairs are built as described in Section 709 of this ordi-

Not more than one floor of any basement or cellar shall be used for the retail sale of goods. Such floor shall be the floor nearest to the inside street grade. Such floor used for the retail sale of goods shall not be more than twenty feet below the inside street

No sub-basement, cellar or part of a basement below such floor shall be used for the sale of any goods in any manner, but locker and dressing rooms may be placed in the sub-basement, provided the space thus occupied be separated from the remainder of the basement by fireproof partitions and that there be at least two flights of stairs placed as far apart as practicable leading there- from to the first floor inclosed- in fireproof partitions as provided in Sections 936, 937 and 938 of this ordinance. Such stairs from

sucb locker or dressing rooms shall be in addition to any stair- ways required by this ordinance from any portion of such build- ing, provided that at least one of such stairways shall open di- rectly on a street, alley or court opening on a street or alley or a fireproof passage lead ng to the street, alley or such court. VVliere more than five lockers are in one room such lockers shall be of in- combustible material.

The floor area of any one story or portion of a story used for the purposes of Class VII of any building of ordinary construc- tion shall not exceed nine thousand square feet.

The floor area of any one-story or portion of a story used for the purposes of Class VII of any building of slow-burning or mill construction shall net exceed twelve thousand square feet.

The floor area of any one-story or portion of a story used for the purposes of Class VII of any buildmg of fireproof construc- tion shall not exceed 25,000 square feet.

Where any floor or portion of a floor used for the purposes of Class VII in any building shall exceed in area the max:mum num- ber uf square feet allowed in the preceding section for the type of construction of such building in which such floor is contained, each such maximum amount of floor area so used shall be sepa- rated from other parts of Such 'floor by fire walls or dividing walls built in accordance with the provisions of Section 109 of this ordinance relating to dividing walls in buildings of Class I.

Where any such floor so used is divided by such fire walls or dividing walls, each such division of such floor shall be provided with stairs, aisles, exits and fire escapes, as is required in this ordinance for separate and distinct buildings, and each such divi- sion shall be considered as a separate building.

The area of any one or all of the galleries, mezzanine or inter- mediate floors in any one story used wholly or in part for the pur- poses of Class VII in any building shall not exceed ten per centum of the area of such story, and galleries, mezzanine or intermediate floors of a larger size than the above shall be considered as full

Every gallery, mezzanine or intermediate floor shall have at least one stairway not less than three feet wide.

The height from the floor of any gallery, mezzanine or inter- mediate floor to the ceiling over same shall not be less than seven feet and there shall be not less than seven feet space between the bottom of such gallery, mezzanine or intermediate floor and the floor of the story in which such gallery, mezzanine or interme- diate floor is placed.

Every gallery, intermediate or mezzanine floor used for the pur- poses of Class VII in any building shall be built entirely of fire-

proof or incombustible construction, with the exception of the floor surface ar.d nailing strips, which may be of wood.

No gallery, intermediate or mezzanine floor shall be built with- out a permit from the Department of Buildings, and plans show- ing the construction and size of such proposed gallery, inter- mediate or mezzanine floor, shall be filed with the Department of Buildings when a permit is applied for. '

Every court or light shaft of every building used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class VI 1 shall be open and unobstructed from the floor of such court to the sky, with the exception that fire escapes may be built therein, and such court shall have walls constructed in the same manner as is required for the exterior wrnlls of such buildings; provided, that no walls inclosing such courts are required on street or alley lot lines.

All windows, doors or other openings in court walls of such buildings shall have metal frames, with the glazed portion thereof of fire-resisting glass.

The first story above the inside street grade shall be designated and known as the first story for all purposes of this ordinance, and the stories above shall be numbered, consecutively, the second, third and so on.

Buildings used wholly or in part for purposes of Class VII shall have two stairways if the aggregate floor area is five thou- sand square feet or less, three sta'rways if the aggregate floor area is more than five thousand square feet and not more than ten thousand square feet, and four stairways if the floor area is more than ten thousand square feet.

The number of stairways and the aggregate width of stairways required for the various floor areas shall be as indicated in the table hereinafter set forth in the following section.

The width of tbe different stairways need not be alike, and for each four stories, or fractional number of stories, of the building above the first four stories each stairway may be reduced by six inches, as set forth in the table of stairs in Section 710, but no stair in a Class VII building shall be of a less width than three

Stairways in buildings used wholly or in part for the purposes of Class VII shall be located as far apart as practicable and shall have hand rails on each side thereof, and no such stairway shall be a spiral stairway or have any winders. The height of the individual rser shall not exceed seven and three-eighths inches. The width of the individual tread shall be not less than ten inches. Stairwrays which are over seven feet wide shall have double inter- mediate hand rails with end newel posts at least five and one-half feet high.

The bottom of each stairway shall be in4 the immediate vicinity of the top of the stairs leading to the next lower story, and the line of tfavel from stairway to stairway shall be direct and easily accessible each to the other.

Every story below street grade shall have not less than two stairways to the first story and each such stairway shall be not less than three feet wide, but where a basement or a cellar is used for the retail sale of goods the stairways from such base- ment or cellar shall be in number and aggregate width as indicated in the table of stairways set forth in the following section iCr the lower four stories of the same building.

The whole number of stairways required for any such building shall be complete in every respect from the first fioor to the top- most floor, and each stairway shall be extended to the roof.