Albion directory, 1908

400 Center UncolnvIDe, Waldo1,

-200 Center MoDtrllle, Waldo, F9, 150 Center Sidney. I Kennebec.

... Chamberlain, Lincoln Co. | 40 Chandler, Plscat&qnls, G 7 » W2 Charleston, Penobscot. F 7 1S4 Cba^e Mine, Androscoggin.

75 East bearsmont, Waldo, TO.

r d from Lincoln ville .' 1G2 East Sebago, Cnmberland.

...East Sherman, iAroostook,

liifi East Surry, Hancock. H 9 -

56 Grindstone. Penobscot, G 5 27 Grove, Washington, K 8

ist4 Guilford. Plscataqnls. 1 IIS Haines Landing, Franklin

2714 HaJlowell. Keni

IS Hampden Center, Peaoo-

375 Hampden Corner, Penob-

. rd from Brunswick

330 Henderson. Ptftrataqnls. F6 . WHermon Pond, Penobaeot,' £* 150 HeronTelan^UneobCcww

Htghlsle, EmiCOj^.

... Mesdowvlow, Oxford - 1697 Mechanic Falls, Androscog-

* 151 McddybcmpB, Washington,

52 Merepolnt. Cumberland Co.

... Mlcbaud, Aroostook, G 1 54 Mlddlcdam, Oxford, A B

[S3] MnibrldKftj Washington. J 9 2500 Mflllnocket. Penobscot, U 5

875 Mllltown, Washington, L 7 50 Mtllvale, Hancock Co. 125 Mllo Junction, Plscataqnls,

* 202 Milton Plantation, Oxford,

BB.rd Itom Bryant Pond

TO'Monarda, Aroostook. 15 a.SSB "Monroe, Waldo, F 9

53 Monsapec, Washington, K9,

100 MooLsweas, Sagadahoc Co.'t Mjfea-fr-r-d. Jroan^TOacM set jaaaBlfa b jaB^ntTllle^JFaldo , F 9 , , i\33B Hftoeo BJvertSomoreiy. 1 'SiTMoro.-Arooetook, H 4

125 North Sedgi

210 North Simple 50 North Sidney 350 North Rulllvt 76 North Troy, from Troy

63 North Tumi 108 North Union,

160 Nortb Waldi

57 North Warre 230 North Water: 150 North Wate

101 North Wind

\ B2 North Winter

HCjOJirWaqd Falla., ,fiS tale of Spring* X

from Brooks ; JacksonvflIe,ira^binpwJiS

- 1155,Jefferson,IJncom.K10

- 2124 Jonesport-WashlnirtoruK* 1

a 423 Kendnskeag.' Penobscot; G8 30 Kjonet)«#o -Lake, Frantitn,

IJJew Gloqceeter,-' Cumber."

0 Newlrall,* Cumberland. B 11. / rd from Booth Windham ONewhBrbor, Llncoln.-E 11 ONjw Limerick, Aroostook,

S.New Portland. Soroer8et, C 8 S New Sharon, Franklin, C 9 . New Sweden Station, Aroo-

Rand, McNally A Co., Map Publishers and Engravers, Chicago, 1907.

Wc have purposely made a typographical error in one of the ADVERTISEMENTS in this Register. To that person who first sends us after August 1st, 190$ a correct statement of what the error is and in whose ad- vertisement it is found we will mail our check for two

place to buy anything, in the apothecary line, to have a prescription pre- pared, to get anything lor the toilet or any of the sick room supplies at rea- sonable prices is at

Augusta, Maine.

CbemguaRsa- Penobscot, West Crooted ....BIO P1scattiquB..A IS

Great Black D2 Roach_..

Kenebaga.,.. A I Baco

Kenn*baaIa..KI Sandy....

Keonebec....D 7 Seboola ..

UnieBlack..El Sbeef - Utile Macblas

HS St Francis..- Fl LlUle Msdawsa- St. John...

a^ John. North -

Wagallotray. A 7 St. John, Boulb-

We8tBranchC4 St, John! West

Stream OS .

2U0 Chebcsgue Island, Cumbc

- 709 Chesicrvllle, Franklin, C 'J

. Chesiincook,Plsesiaqiiln. F 103 CbrtBtmae, Lincoln Co. 120 Cltypolnt, Waldo, F9 ... Cleveland, Aroostook, H 1 100 OUT Island, Cumberland C

... washing-tor

210 Fust Waiortord. Oxford.AlO

* 663 KJulnatofl, Penobscot G 8

78 Edi it HlU*.Ciiinberlftnd,B10 r .1 fromNaP'es

- C07 EdKeeimb, Lincoln,

*S123 Kennobunk Port, YarivB 12 150 Kenls Dill, KeanebeCjC* - 500 Kezar Frills, York; A llv.St 70 KIneo, PlBcntaauls,I>S> ,

210 Klttery Depot, YontAJS: fl 400 Klttcrypolnt, Yorav&lB .

103 Knox Center, WaMwCtxird-

60 iakeahore, Kennebec, D 9* 90 Lakeside, Kennebec. DsV ,„

a 584 New Vlnovaru

65 Nlcolln. nance

80 Norcrosa, PcnouBcut, u >

100 North Amity, Arooatool

1000 North Anson. Somerset.) D6 HO North Applcton. Knoi, F 10 . 115 Worth Autiorn. Androsrng gin, CIO, rd from Auburn 88 North Baldwin, Cumberland

46 North Bancroft, Aroostook,

100 NorthHanKor.Penobscot.tj

. North Blancnard, Flscma-

156 North Bradford, Penobscot,

100 Petnaqnld Point. Lincoln Co

1552 Pembroke, Washington, L 8 * BSD Ferham, Aroostook, I 2

1215 Perry. ^Vaahlngton, LI "TDFODllpa, Franklin, B 8 1254 Phlppsburg, Sagadahoc, D 11

* 15 Pinepolnt, Cumberland B 12

3209 PltiBfield, Somerset, E 8

from Gardiner - 750 Pleaaantdale, Comberlanil, B Ifil Plcaaantpolnl, Knox, F 11 103 Pleftaaatvllle. KnoxTF 10. rd from Warren

* 668 Plymouth. Penobscot. Ft

200 South Hlrun. Oxford. A II iu. S.Miti] JlotlLs, York, BH

6U South Hudson, PenotBCTt, 110 South Jefferson, LlncotfiJB 10

75 South Lagrange, Penobfcot,

70 Boutb Leeds, AndroscQfjln,

133 South Lerant, Fenohteot,

ISO South L^wiiton, Andr<Mco«-

140 South Ltmlngton, York. All 90 South Lincoln, Penobscwa.G 7 75 South Lli f Hot Id. KciiDrtte,

D 10. r d from Lltchfidjd 100 South L I verm o re, Andi aac og-

93 South Monmouth. Ken

Westueld,Aroostook,Jl

iS> West Frniimn.Haocac*^ I 9

r d froai)}Dung BO West Fryitinrg.OxfoTS, A 10 - fin West Gardner, Keaoxbeo, / MO West GmQwd, Penacscot.

F 1 , t KflUD Dexxer 3i West Ooiiam, CoiDbertand,

330 West Godlluooro, Hasxock,

i-1* West Grar.CumhertjjJ.B 11 3jO Weat Hgnpden, Fenaa*ec.t,

U B, t >E from Baoapdeu

J.«) W. HorpmU, CmDseilsnd,

C ILt flttom Bnstrkk TD West Xan&gton; Watblng-

98 Weut HdDSv ToraVA It, r

m We3tLeant,Pfcnobsco*.Fii. ' '

t5> Weal LnhB^WasnJinaaa, L 8 £

- Bayrlew. York, BIS (Sam BajTlBe, Lincoln, E 11 (Sam-

Beachwc^i York,B 12iSum- -

Bealt, Wsshli

1 Beddlngton, WasHJ

Jelgrade, Ken

Jjhl Belgrade I -

2 Belmont, Waldo, F9 9 Bemla, FnnkllD, A 8

3 Benedicts, ArooBtoofc, H S

North Whliedeld 7 Benton, Kennebec, E 9 bS Benton Falls. Kennebec. E9 US Beaton Station, Kennebec,

60 Berwick Branch, York; AIS I -*84i Bingham, Somerset, D7 . . BIrrh Island, Cumberland

27 BlrcbvUJe, Penobscot G 6

tk* Bolsters Mills. Cumberland,

... Bonney, Washington Co., r d

from Princeton 52 Bonny Eagle, Cumberland,

- 1926 Boothbay, Harbor, Lincoln,

1Q0 Boundary. Aroostook, J 3,ra

"110 Dtefleld Center/Orford, H 9,

-. 74 Dixmont Center. Penobscot,

-.-^ Dorman, Washington t'o .rd

from Harrington ... Donglaa BIU, Cumberland,

200 Dresden Mlllfl, Lincoln, D 10 75 Dryden, Franklin, C9

25 Dutch Neck, Lincoln Co. » 28u Dyerbrook, Aroostook. I 1

* 106 Eaglelake, Aroostook, G l ... Eagle Lake Mills, Aroostook,

800 Eaat Baldwin, Cumberland,

r d from Bangor 150 East Benton, Kennebec E 9

r d from Clinton 103 East Bethel. Oxford B9 800 East Boothbny, Llncola-TE H 55 East Rowdninham, Sagodu-

267 East BrownncId.Oxford, A 11

9 Goldenrldge, Aroostook, E

OGoodw^s Mnu^York, B 12,

from Ellsworth A jf

... GotU Island, Hancock Co.

» £J1 Grand Lake Stream, Wash- ... Grant Farm, PiBcataqulB.F 5

* IS38 Gray, Cumberland, B It

300 Great Works, Penobacot.G 8

« ttiG Ureeno, Androscoggin, C 10

78 Greeno Corner. Androscog-

70 Green Lake, Hancock II 9

100 Madison Center. So m era I Madrid, Franklin, B 8 _j Mainstream, Somerset, E 8 I

- 518 Manchester, KennebecD 10

from Sebec Station 150 MaplcgTove, Aroostook, J 2

from Dennysvllle 75 Marlboro, Hancock, 19

60 Marshvllle. Washington, J 9. .

r d from Harrington

. Matagamon, Peuobscot,G4 i

43 North Orland, Hancock, H 9 140 North Orrlngton, Penobscot.

50 North Perham. Aroostook,

130 Norta perry.Washrngtoa. L 7 . 75 North Pitmon. Kennehec,

150 N'ortbnort Camp Ground, 75 North Pownal, Cumberland.

Ill North Kumford, Oxford. A 9 'AW North Scarboro. Cumber-

dntAibaas, Somerset, E8 saint Croix, Arouttook, H 4 100 SalarDavld. Aroostook^ I 1

93 fidlsbory Cove, Hancock, 1 9 W Sandjereek, Cumberland,

- U2J4 Sftogervllle, Piscataquis, F 7

... Saunders, Hancock, rdfrom iagef Somerset, D 8, r d

M Scu! Harl

umber]and^B_l2

Tfi Si'Hvall, Hai

57 Summit, Piscataquis, F7, rd

i(U Senset, Hancocc, G 19

&l sun8blae,Hancock, Bill -

ti Linton, Hancock Co' -

- sci Sweden, Oxford, -A, tt.it

from Harrison

- 394 Temple, FrankIln,C8

iO Tim, Franklin, B7

from Ho niton

Treferhen, Cumberland co

150 Trevoti, Lincoln, B U

_ Woodford*. Cmnbcriaad Co 'TicnyWoodTlDe.Penobaoox. H <- 1

ao York Beactt. York, B 0

Write or

Kennebec Journal

They have unusual facilities and make a specialty of hurry-up work.

If you get your printing done at the Ken- nebec Journal Office, you are sure of its being done right and on time

Burleigh & Flynt

Publishers Kennebec Journal

will help you save and will pay you

You can open an account by mail as well as in person

204 Water St. Augusta, Maine

If your bread and pastry are not as good as they look and if it makes you feel cross and

When next you buy Remember to try

iUqr stock of Groceries is large and complete. Teas ;and Coffees a specialty '

Marble and Granite Works

J. K. BROWN, Proprietor

Monuments and Headstones

Made from American and Italian Marble, American and

Scotch -Granite

Designs furnished on application

Capital and Surplus

One Hundred and Fifty Thousand Dollars

Correspondence solicited from Individuals, Corpo- ers desiring to open ac- counts, as well us from those wishing to transact banking business of any description through this

Interest Paid Ob Sarins Deposits

To n.ont

Treby Johnson,

A Brief History of Maine 4-1

Governors of Maine 60

United States Senators from Maine . 62

Representatives to Congress from Maine since

Adoption of Constitution * 64

State Institutions 76

last of Post Offices in Maine 80

Railroads of Maine, Mileages and Fares 91

Eastern Steamship Company's Lines 112

Vital Statistics 113

Cities and Towns of Maine 114

Plantations of Maine 144

Agricultural Statistics 148

Maine Newspapers ,. 151

Maine Court Directory 156

Maine Churches 159

Table of Contents Continued

Early Settlement..,,. 1

Incorporation and Town Statistics 2

Facts of Interest 3

Town Officers 7

Civil War Enlistments 10

Early Settlers 12

Facts of Interest 13

Town Officers 15

Civil War Soldiers 20

Table of Contents Continued

Early Settlement 24

Incorporation and Town Statistics 25

Facts of Interest 27

Civil War Soldiers 31

Educational Items 33

Selectmen of China.... 35

Early Settlers 38

Incorporation and Statistics 40

Early Buildings 40

Postoffices and Postmasters 42

Town Clerks 45

Albion Grange 46

Church History and Pastors 46

Facts of Interest. 48

Civil War Enlistments 49

United States Senator from Maine, 1847-53.

A Maine Max Who Became the World's Greatest

A Son of Maine Who Holds the Highest Judicial Position

in the World.

The "Hero of Little Round Top.'" Ex-President of Bowdoin College, Governor of Maine, 1867-71.

A Noted Maine Preacher and Author.

Ex-Governor of Maine and Member of Congress from Third

Maine District.

Through Brunswick Pines.

Hon. A. I. Brown, Belfast. Secretary of State.

Solon Chase, Chase's Mills. A Widely Known Son of Maine.

Hon. Lucilius Emery. Ellsworth. Chief Justice Maine Supreme Court.

Gen. Selden Coxxor. Augusta.

Governor of Maine. 1876-9. and United States Pension Agent Since 1897.

Hon. Llewellyn Powers.

Ex-Governor of Maine and Member of Congress from the Fourth Maine

John Clair Minot.

All of us who are sons' and daughters of Maine are justly proud of the place held In' history hy our native State, for we know that in all the great sisterhood of the Union there is no State with a past which 'gives its children more reason for pride. While students and writers for a long time neglected the early history of Maine, they have in recent years made more general use of the wealth of material here, and gradually the world has realized that back at the beginning of things on this continent Maine was playing a part worthy of a State whose record of achievements has been so long and brilliant in later generations.

There is ho need to delve into the misty traditions of the visits of the Northmen to our shores. There is good reason to believe that they explored the shores of New England centuries before Columbus was born, but all that belongs to legendary lore rather than to the realm of recorded history. But after the New World became well known to Europe the shores of Maine were visited by the earliest explorers, and this section soon became the center of the long and bloody struggle between England and

France for the possession of the continent. More than one early voyager sailed up the Penobscot River in search of the fabled Norumbega with its wonderful columns of crystal and

Not until the beginning of the 17th century did the explora- tions have definite results. The voyages of Gosnold (1602), Smith (1614) were the most notable in their effect upon Euro- pean knowledge of this section and in stimulating attempts at colonization. In 1604 a French expedition under De Monts planted a colony upon a little island at the mouth of the St. Croix River, then the only settlement of Europeans in all America north of the Spaniards in Florida. The colony was abandoned a year later, but it was nevertheless the real begin- ning of New France. The real beginning of New England was in the colony planted at the mouth of , the Kennebec in August, 1607, by George Popham and 120 others sent out from England by the Plymouth Company whose head was Sir John Popham, Lord Chief Justice of England.

They built a fort, which they called Fort George, and erected a church and a score of rude houses around it This was the first English settlement in New England, but like the French colony at the mouth of the St. Croix it was a broken beginning. The rigors of a single winter, during which their leader died, disheartened the colonists, who were largely adventurers and seekers for wealth, and in the fall of 1608 they all returned to England. Part of them made the return voyage in a little pin- nace or shallop of 30 tons which had been built soon after their arrival, the first , shipbuilding venture in America and the begin- ning of the great industry which later made the Kennebec famed around the world. This craft was called the "Virginia of Saga- dahoc," this section being then known as the northern part of that vast and vague "Virginia" which Sir Walter Raleigh had claimed for England some 20 years earlier, and the lower part

of the Kennebec being known as the Sagadahoc at this time and for a century or more later.

In this same year, 1608, French Jesuits landed upon Mount Desert and a few years later they were joined by others from France, but in 161 3 the colony was wiped out of existence by an English expedition from Virginia under Samuel Argall. At this time and for many years later many English traders and fishermen were frequenting the coast of Maine. Their chief rendezvous was in that region which includes Pemaquid and Monhegan and the mouths of the Sheepscot, Damariscotta and St. Georges rivers. Most of them were mere adventurers, coming and going with the seasons, and making no attempts at permanent settlement until about 1625. In 1630 it is said that 84 families, besides fishermen, were residing along the coast of this region.

The permanent settlement at Pemaquid, which was later with its successive forts to be the scene of so much stirring history, dates from 1625-26. Sir Ferdinando Gorges received in 1622 a grant of territory stretching eastward from the Piscataqua River, and within a few years Agamenticus, now York, Saco, Scarboro, Falmouth, Brunswick and Arrowsic were founded. Gorges had dreams of a city which should be the seat of great power and in 1641 Agamenticus became Gorgeanna, the first chartered city in America. In 1652 it was organized as a town and named for the English city of York, being the second town to be incorporated in what is now Maine. The first was Kit-

The part played by Maine in saving the Plymouth colony from destruction is a chapter of special interest. ; It was only the corn secured at Pemaquid and the neighboring islands which saved the Pilgrims from starvation, and later it was only by means of the profits of the fur trade maintained with the Maine Indians that Plymouth was able to free itself from the burdensome debt which it owed in England. The Plymouth

traders established several posts along the coast and on the lower Kennebec, but the one most important and most perma- nent in character was that maintained from 1625 to 1662 at Koussinoc, at the head of the tide on the Kennebec where Augusta now stands.

The post stood where Fort Western was built a century later, in 1754, and here for a generation the men who came in the Mayflower were almost as much at home as in the streets of Plymouth. Few of us here in Maine have realized the close connection between Plymouth and ancient Koussinoc on the Kennebec. There is nothing legendary or uncertain about it, but it is a matter of authentic history that Myles Standish, John Alden, the Winslows, the Brad fords, the Howlands, the South- worths and others whose names are revered as those of the men who laid the cornerstone of our civilization, came here to the spot where Augusta now stands, not once but continually through a third of a century. The site of old Fort Western and its immediate vicinity was long trod by the same feet that consecrated Plymouth Rock. These Pilgrim Fathers lived in peace with the Indians, but left wholly to the French mission- aries, who came down through the wilderness from Quebec, the work of trying to civilize or Christianize them. When the game became scarce the post was abandoned.

The name of New England was given to this region by John Smith in 1614 on his voyage of exploration and trade along the coast. The name of Maine was early applied to this part of New England, as in the charter granted to Gorges by Charles I in 1639 when it is spoken of as "the Province or Countie of Mayne." The name, as is now generally accepted, came from speaking of it as "the main land" in distinction from the many islands along the shore. Massachusetts lost no time in bring- ing the Maine settlements under its authority, although the confusion in the charters and patents made trouble for many years. In 1652 all the towns as far east as Casco were annexed

by Massachusetts, and by 1660 all Maine west of the Penobscot was claimed and retained in spite of royal orders from Charles II. The region east of the Penobscot was then and for many years later held by the French, whose claims, indeed, covered the territory westward to the Kennebec.

tated Maine, checking the tide of immigration, costing many hundreds of lives and ending at last, as such a warfare had to end, in the practical extermination of the Maine red men. The Indians had given a welcome to the early explorers and settlers which was wholly friendly, but in the course of a century they had suffered many wrongs. Their lands were taken, they were cheated in trade, the game was killed off and some of the Indians were even kidnapped and. sold as slaves in Europe, Their con- tact with the English, had brought them only degradation and injustice. Thus when King Philip's war began in Massachu- setts in 1675 it , was not long before the Maine Indians, were drawn into it, though ,it was with reluctance that the peaceful /Abenakis of the Kennebec region joined the other more warlike tribes at whose hands they, had often suffered. At this time it is estimated that between 5000 and 6000 people lived along the coast of Maine, of whom Jess than 1000 were east of the Ken- nebec. No fewer than 300 English lives were sacrificed in Maine and most of the settlements were abandoned and deso- lated before peace came, in 1678.

This first war was wholly between the Indians and the Eng- lish settlers. All of the remaining Indian wars were incidental to the long and bloody struggle between the French and English for the possession of this part of the continent, a struggle in which the Indians were always the active allies of the French who had never stolen their land or cheated them in trade and who had won them through the zeal of the Jesuit missionaries. To follow these wars would be tedious detail. No one of them was as bloody as the first war had been, for the settlements were

better protected by garrisons of soldiers from Massachusetts and the English had become more wary of surprises and ambus- cades. Still the fourth of these wars, usually known as Love- well's war, 1722-25, cost the lives of fully 200 English soldiers and settlers.

During the third and fourth wars the English sent numerous expeditions against the Jesuit missionary, Sebastian Rale, whose headquarters were at Norridgewock and who had carried on for over 30 years the work which the pioneer missionary of Maine, Gabriel Druillettes, had begun in the Kennebec valley in 1646 with the sanction of the English. Beyond doubt Father Rale used his great influence to keep the Indians loyal to the French, but the English accused him of encouraging uprisings and giving countenance to Indian savagery. Four winter expe- ditions failed in their main purpose, but in the summer of 1724 a force of 200 English soldiers succeeded in surprising the Norridgewock village. A great part of the Indians were killed and the village was completely destroyed. Father Rale was shot with the rest and the scalp was torn from his white head to be exhibited in triumph in Boston. The power of the Ken- nebec Indians was broken and they never recovered from this crushing blow. Most of the survivors fled to the eastward or northward to Quebec

The struggle between England and France continued and many of the blows of the battle fell upon Maine. It was a Maine man, William Pepperell of Kittery, who led the expe- dition in 1745 which captured Louisburg on Cape Breton, the chief stronghold of the French in America next to Quebec. Many hundred Maine soldiers and sailors were with this expe- dition, and also with the expedition of 1755 which drove the French from Acadia and that of 1758 which captured Louisburg a second time. A force of 400 French and Indians attacked the forts at St. George and Friendship in 1758, but failed to capture

them, and this was the last blow struck against the English by the Indians of Maine.

In 1754, as outposts to guard the disputed border, the English built three strong forts along the Kennebec, Fort Shirley to replace Fort Richmond which had been built in 1718, Fort Western on the site of the old Plymouth trading post at Kous- sinoc and Fort Halifax at Teconnet or Winslow. These were never attacked and after a few years they were dismantled and abandoned, while settlements sprang up around them. The capture of Quebec in 1758 put an end to the long warfare, and with the welcome arrival of peace the tide of immigration from Massachusetts and Great Britain poured along the coast of Maine and up the river valleys.

Maine's part in the war for independence is a splendid chap- ter in its history. When the news came from Lexington and Concord in April, 1775, a company was formed at York and at once hurried to Boston. A Maine regiment, raised T)y Col. Scammon of Saco, participated in the battle of Bunker Hill. The first naval battle of the war was the capture in May, 1775, of the armed British sloop Margaretta by the intrepid patriots of Machias who refused to obey the British command that they take down the village Liberty pole. In the late fall of 1775 occurred the expedition of Arnold with 1100 troops up the Ken- nebec and through the wilderness in the attempt to capture Quebec and win Canada to the side of the colonies. In October of the same year Portland, then a town of 2000 people, was bombarded and burned by a British fleet of four vessels under Capt. Mowatt. The British held the Penobscot through the war, with their headquarters at Castine, and eastern Maine was the scene of several important expeditions and engagements. But the patriots of Machias and vicinity remained unsubdued, and in 1783 the treaty of peace recognized the St. Croix, instead of the Penobscot, as the eastern boundary of Maine. It has been estimated that Maine contributed over 7000 soldiers to the

American army during the war, and of this number about noo shared with Washington the hardships of that memorable winter at Valley Forge.

Hardly had peace been declared in 1783 before the movement began for the separation of Maine from Massachusetts, a move- ment which was not crowned with success until 1820, 37 years later. It was at first a minority movement, but the arguments for separation became stronger as Maine grew in population and desired more the dignity and privileges of separate state- hood. Then there was a political reason, as Massachusetts was strongly Federalist while Maine was in sympathy with the oppo- site party. The first vote of the people of Maine on the subject ration and 2,438 against it. It is worthy of note, however, that in 83 of the 89 towns which made returns there was a majority in favor of separation. The six towns opposing separation were all in York county, and their overwhelming majority against it was large enough to more than overcome the majorities of the 83 towns favoring separation.

There were numerous petitions sent to the General Court during the following dozen years and several conventions were votes were cast for separation and 9404 against. Plainly the movement was losing ground, but the War of 18 12 greatly strengthened it and when the third vote was taken in 18 16 there next year another vote resulted 11,969 for separation and 10,347 against it. The fifth and final vote in 1819 resulted 17,091 for and 7>x32 opposed. Every town in Maine gave a majority for separation. In the meantime there had been no end of lively discussion in both Maine and Massachusetts and many debates in the General Court. The people of Massachusetts were very unwilling at first to allow the separation, but finally left the decision wholly with Maine. There was still the struggle in

Congress, but under a compromise Maine was admitted as a free state to offset the admission of Missouri, and on March 15, 1820, the separation from Massachusetts became complete.

A constitutional convention was at once held in Portland and only 796 votes were cast in the new State against the constitution there drawn up. William King of Bath became the first Gov- rary seal: of government was Portland and in 1827 Augusta was made the permanent capital, other places which presented claims for the honor being Belfast, Wiscasset, Brunswick and Hallo- well. When Maine became a State in 1820 its population was 298,335 and it contained nine counties and 236 towns. The 30th among the States of the Union in population.

In the secorM war with Great Britain Maine bore an important part A Maine man, Gen. Henry Dearborn of Gardiner, was at first the commander-in-chief of the national army, and Maine's quota of the troops called for was 2,500 men. The famous naval battle in which the American brig Enterprise captured the Brit- ish brig Boxer, occurred Sept. 5, 1813, off the mouth of the Kennebec. The British early invaded eastern Maine, capturing Eastport, Castine, Belfast, Machias, Frankfort, Hampden, Ban- gor and other towns. The few companies of militia could offer little resistance to the thousands of British regulars. At Bangor the enemy burned 14 vessels, carried others away and plun- dered much public and private property. Although the treaty of peace was signed Dec. 24, 1814, the British did not evacuate Castine until the following April. The "cold year" of 1816 was almost as much of a blow to Maine as the war had been. There was snow in every month, the croos were complete fail-

ures and it is estimated that about 15,000 people moved out of the State, most of them going westward to Ohio.

After Maine's admission to the Union in 1820 prosperity- reigned and the State made substantial progress. The first event of general historic interest was the dispute over the north- eastern boundary, commonly called the "Aroostook War" or "Madawaska War." The line had long been in dispute and was the cause of frequent quarrels among the settlers and lum- bermen of the St. John and St. Croix region. The officials sent to the border by the authorities of Maine and New Brunswick in 1839 came into collision. The militia was called out and there was a mustering of forces by. both sides, but through the intercession of Gen. Scott, the head of the United States army, who came to Augusta for the purpose, it was decided to refer the question to arbitration, and thus the threatened bloodshed was averted. By the Ashburton treaty of ^842, Daniel Webster being the American commissioner, the line was fixed greatly to the advantage of Maine, and the State received $200,000 as reimbursement for the expenses incurred in defending the integ- rity of American territory. After the signing of this treaty in 1842 the small body of United States troops which had been kept at Houlton since 1826 was withdrawn and the post aban-

After years of temperance agitation Maine led the way in legislation on this subject. In 185 1 Governor Hubbard signed the famous "Maine Law" which had been drawn by Mayor Neal Dow of Portland and passed by the Legislature through his efforts. This was the first prohibition law enacted by any state, and after being made more stringent in later years its principle was embodied in the fifth amendment to the constitution which was adopted in 1884. In recent years there have been vigorous assaults upon Maine's prohibition policy and attempts to have the question of constitutional prohibition resubmitted to the people, but without success.

No state in the Union had a more glorious record in the Civil War than Maine. From Bull Run, where one- fourth of the Federal troops were volunteers from Maine, to Appomattox, where Gen. Chamberlain of Maine received the sword of Lee in surrender, the sons of Maine were always at the front and did their part. No state in proportion to its population sent more men to the defense of the Union. Over 70,000 Maine men enlisted under the old flag. There were over 30 full regi- ments of infantry, two of cavalry, one double regiment of heavy artillery, several batteries and hundreds of men who went into the navy, and when the regiments after long service were deci- mated by battle and disease they were recruited again and again. No regiments had heavier losses in battle than some of those from Maine. Maine regiments were the first to carry back the flag to South Carolina and Texas. No Maine regiment lost its colors in dishonor, or brought them back with any Other stain upon them than the life blood of their defenders. The State has no more precious possession than those returned Maine battleflags which are treasured at the State House in Augusta.

The financial burden which the war imposed upon Maine is indicated by the growth of the bonded debt of the State from and city the debt burden was similarly increased. .Moreover, there was such a drain upon the State that its population act- ually decreased in the decade from i860 to 1870, a misfortune which overtook no other Northern state except New Hampshire. But no figures of troops furnished- or of losses in battle, no statistics of increasing debt or decreasing population can meas- ure what those four years of war meant to the patriotic people of Maine - the sorrow, the sacrifice and the suffering, the deso- lated homes and the broken lives.

As to the political history of Maine it may be said briefly that in the early years the State was usually Democratic, and only once, in 1840, was its electoral vote cast for the Whig presi-

dential candidate. Since the formation of the Republican party in 1856, a movement in which Maine took a leading part, the State has been emphatically Republican at every presidential election, and also at every gubernatorial election except those of 1878 and 1880 when a fusion of the Democrats and the Green- back party succeeded in electing their candidate for Governor. The Governor chosen in 1878 was Alonzo Garcelon of Lewis- ton, and in 1879, when another election was held, Governor Garcelon, desirous of gaining the Legislature for his party, seized every opportunity afforded by the irregular way in which the election returns were then handled to refuse certificates to Republican candidates and seat Democrats in their place. In this way a Democratic majority was secured and the Legislature was organized. The Republicans, gaining possession of the State ; House, organized a rival body, and proceeded to elect Daniel F. Davis as Governor since no candidate had received a majority at the polls. Feeling was intense throughout the State and Augusta became an armed camp. Peace was preserved by the militia until a decision of the Supreme Court established the legality of the Republican Legislature. This affair of the "State Steal" or "Count Out," as it is referred to, was a crisis in the history of Maine and it is little less than a miracle that bloodshed was averted. In 1880 the system of annual elections was given up and the present system of biennial elections

In the years that have passed since the Civil War Maine has enjoyed a progress that has been steady and substantial. The gain in population has not been great, only about 100,000 in 40 years, for this State, in common with the others of New Eng- land, has suffered from a declining birthrate among the old stock and has seen for many years a continuous procession of its sons and daughters departing for the great cities and for all sections of the West. Factors in the increase of population have been the Swedish immigration to Aroostook and the influx

of French Canadians to the manufacturing centers. The for- mer began in 1870, through the efforts of Hon. W. W. Thomas, Jr., of Portland, and the hardy, industrious and sober Scandi- navians, with their descendants, have been an important factor in the development of the great Aroostook region. The earliest European element, not English, to be introduced was the German colony brought in by Samuel Waldo who, in 1739, founded the town of Waldoboro. The Irish began to come in as laborers a century later with the beginnings of railroad con- struction. The Canadian immigrants have confined themselves largely to the cotton manufacturing centers of Lewiston, Bidde- ford, Augusta and Waterville. In this connection it is of inter- the children of American parents and 3,265 the children of for- eig-born parents, while in 2,891 cases one of the parents was foreign-born. In the same year there were 11,427 deaths in

The material prosperity of Maine is indicated by the State valuation for 1907 which was given by the State assessors as decade. Of the valuation in 1907 about 45 per cent was in the depositors. This takes no account of the many millions depos- ited in the savings departments of the trust companies and national banks. It is an eloquent evidence of the thrift and industry of our Maine people and is a showing which few states can approach. Ten years earlier the 52 savings banks had The bonded debt of the State, which was $6,100,000 at the close soon be wholly wiped out. Of the 521 municipalities of the

without a dollar of municipal debt and a large share of the others are nearly free from debt.

The shipbuilding industry which was so important on our coast for generations, and in which Maine long held first place among the states, has declined in recent years, and the cutting of ice for export is no longer a thriving business. Along other industrial lines, however, there has been increasing prosperity. The development of the pulp and paper business has been followed by more extensive operations in the Maine woods. Although forests still cover about three- fourths of the area of Maine, the primeval growth of pine for which the State was famed has long since disappeared. It is the vast spruce tracts that supply the great pulp mills and the many saw mills on the rivers of the State. There are also extensive manufactures in hardwood. Agriculture is on a far better basis than in earlier years, and much more attention is paid to dairying, orcharding and potato raising. Over 95 per cent of Maine's 60,000, farms are owned by the men \rho till them. Maine ranks second among the states in granite production and high in its general mineral resources. In its fisheries it has more persons employed than any other New England state, nearly 20,000 according to the latest figures. Cotton mills are the leading industries in several cities on the Saco, Androscoggin and Kennebec, and woolen mills, lumber mills, shoe factories and general manu- facturing establishments prosper in all parts of the State, though only a very small part of the water power is yet utilized. The steam railroads of the State, which began in 1836 with the little miles a/id there are also 384 miles of electric road.

The development of Maine's summer resort business within the past generation and the increasing appreciation of the value of its fish and game resources have been an important factor in the prosperity of the State. Maine, with its unrivaled summer climate, its 3,000 miles of magnificent coast line, its 1,600 beau-

tiful lakes, its 5,000 rivers and streams, its vast and unbroken forests, its rugged mountains and its many picturesque villages among the hills and ponds, has won the name of "the nation's summer playground," and thousands upon thousands of vaca- tionists and tourists, hunters and fishermen, seekers for rest and lovers of Nature at her best are thronging within our borders each summer, adding many millions of dollars yearly to the rev- enues of our people. There are summer colonies all along the coast and at a hundred inland points, and the names of scores of Maine's summer resorts are familiar throughout the land. This annual invasion of summer visitors is solving in large measure the "abandoned farm" problem of a few years ago.

From the earliest colonial times the cause of education has been dear to the hearts of the people of Maine. When the State was admitted in 1820 there were 24 incorporated academies within its borders and others were established later. Many of these, the oldest and strongest, survive, though the. free high school law, which dates ffom 1873, proved a death blow to a large part of the academies. One of the first laws of the new State was that requiring every town to raise not less than 40 cents annually per inhabitant for school purposes. The State has long had a compulsory attendance law covering the ages from 7 to 15, and few states have a lower rate of illiteracy. The old district plan of school supervision has given way to town management and to management by two or more towns uniting for the purpose. In 1907 the whole number of those ber of different scholars registered in the public schools during the year, was 131,671. There were 3,989 public schoolhouses in the State and the estimated value of the school property was $6,151,746. The amount expended on the public schools of the ers and 460 male teachers employed. The State maintains Normal schools at Farmington, Castine, Gorham and Presque

Isle and there are Normal departments at several seminaries and institutes. The institutions of higher education are Bowdoin College at Brunswick, dating from 1794; Colby College, which was established as Waterville College in 1820; Bates College at Lewiston, established in 1863, and the University of Maine at Orono which has developed from the Maine State College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts which was established in 1868. There are also the Bangor Theological Seminary at Bangor, dating from 1814, and St. Mary's College at Van Buren, established in 1887.

But the greatest glory of Maine is not in its civil history, its military record, its political institutions, its industrial develop- ment, its educational progress, its material prosperity, its wealth of resources or its natural attractions. These things are themes for chapters in the story of our State* and the knowledge of them makes us love it more, but the proudest boast of Maine is the sons it has given to the world. These are the real test of a state's greatness, and measured by such a test the State of Maine has justified its motto of "Dirigo." Let us mention briefly a few of the great names that Maine can claim, names which the world knows and which the passing years will not

To statesmanship and the great realm of public affairs Maine has given Sir William Phipps, George Evans, Sargent Prentiss, Jonathan Cilley, William Pitt Fessenden, John A. Andrew, Hannibal Hamlin, Lot M. Morrill, the Washburn brothers, Hugh McCullogh, James G. Blaine, Nathan Clifford, Luther Severance, Thomas B. Reed, Nelson Dingley, Jr., Melville Wes- ton Fufler, William P. Frye, Eugene Hale, Charles E. Littlefield, John D. Long, Alfred E. Buck, United States minister to Japan, W. W. Thomas, Jr., long our minister to Sweden, Frank S. Black, governor of New York, DeAlva S. Alexander, the senior in service of the present New York congressional delegation, Senators Felch of Michigan, Grover of Oregon, Washburn of

Minnesota, Gibson of Montana and Perkins of California, Gov- ernor Dole of Hawaii, Governor PingTee of Michigan, and scores of others who have attained eminence in public office in this and in many other states as governors, as members of Con- gress, as judges and in various offices of distinction. No other state ever produced such a family as the Washburn family of Livermore. This one family gave to the public service one United States senator, four members of Congress from four different states, two foreign ministers, two governors of two different states, one major general in the army and one captain in the navy.

Among those who have gained fame in the stern work of war Maine claims such leaders as Sir William Pepperell, Gen. Henry Knox, Gen. Henry Dearborn, Commodore Edward Preble, Gen, Oliver Otis Howard, Gen. Joshua L. Chamberlain, Gen. Berry, Gen. Selden Connor and Gen. l^homas W. Hyde.

To literature Maine has given Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel P. Willis, Seba Smith, the Abbott family, Elijah Kellogg, Sarah Orne Jewett, Rebecca Sophia Clark, Edward Stanwood, Arlo Bates, Charles A. Stephens, Martha Baker Dunn, Laura E. Richards, Edwin Arlington Robinson, Holman F. Day and a host of others of lesser fame, but whose works have strength and beauty and the elements of permanency. To music and art Maine has given Annie Louise Cary, Emma Eames, Madame Nordica, Franklin Simmons, the sculptor, Alfred Stone, the architect, and Eastman Johnson, the painter; to the stage, Sol Smith Russell, Richard Golden, Dustin Farn- ham and Maxine Elliott" Among Maine men whose scientific achievements the world has honored may be mentioned Parker Cleveland, Fordyce Barker, Sir Hiram Maxim and Robert E.

To educational work Maine has given such men as Nathan Lord, for 35 years president of Dartmouth, President Harris of Amherst, President Mosher of Hillsdale College, Chancellor

Day of Syracuse University, Albert K. Smiley, the founder and patron saint of the Mohonk Conference, Mary J. Garland, the pioneer in kindergarten work in America, and many great teach- ers of far-reaching influence whose names have long been hon- ored and beloved at our own Maine colleges. In the great world of business affairs we find such sons of Maine as William Deering of Chicago, the harvester king; Melville E. Ingalls of Cincinnati, the Western railroad magnate; Jacob L. Greene, president for 30 years of the Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company ; John F. Dryden of New Jersey, the builder and head of the great Metropolitan Insurance Company; Thomas H. Hubbard of New York, banker, railroad man and philan- thropist; Frank H. Munsey, who has revolutionized the maga- zine business; Henry V. Poor, the country's leading railroad statistician; Henry W. Poor, railroad president and banker; Charles W. Morse of New York, organizer of ice trust and steamboat trust; Francis H. Clergue, organizer of stupendous industrial and transportation enterprises in western Canada; Charles C. Stickney of St. Paul, railroad president ; E. C. Allen, founder of Augusta's publishing industries ; the Ricker brothers of Poland Spring, the greatest summer hotel men in the world ; John F. Stevens, for a time at the head of the Panama canal commission; Eben Jordan, the great Boston merchant; and Edwin Ginn and Dana Estes, the publishers.

To journalism Maine has given such names as Crosby S. Noyes of the Washington Star, Edwin B. Haskell of the Boston Herald, Edward P. Mitchell of the New York Sun, and Morrill Goddard of the New York Journal ; to theology such names as Samuel Harris, Henry B. Smith, Roswell Dwight Hitchcock, Newman Smyth, Egbert C. Smyth, John S. Sewall, Charles Carroll Everett, Edwin Pond Parker, Bishop Spaulding of Colo- rado, Charles Fletcher Dole, Minot J. Savage and the Abbotts ; to the work of spreading Christianity in dark and distant lands such great missionaries as Cyrus Hamlin, George Dana Board-

man, Americus Fuller, Daniel Dole and James Liddell Phillips. Maine has given to the good cause of making the old world laugh such names as Artemus Ward and Bill Nye. In the work of temperance legislation no name is better known than that of the pioneer in this cause, Neal Dow of Maine. In the great organization of women banded together "for God and home and every land," no name is higher than that of Lillian M. N. Ste- vens, long its national leader. In Masonry, the greatest of all secret orders, no American name is more revered than that of Josiah H. Drummond. Among all the great anti-slavery agita- tors in the years before the war none worked with more impas- sioned zeal than Elijah and Owen Lovejoy, the former dying a martyr's death at the hands of a mob in Illinois.

The list is incomplete enough, but it indicates something of the part that Maine has played in American history as a Mother of Men. The contemplation of such a roll of honor brings to our minds a realization, of the true glory whose luster sheds its deathless radiance upon the name of Maine. The past of our State is secure, and who can doubt its future?

Governors of Maine.

1820 William King, Bath.

1 82 1 William D. Williamson, Bangor, Acting.

1827 Enoch Lincoln, Portland, (d.)

1829 Nathan Cutler, Farmington, Acting.

1830 Jona G. Hunton, Readfield.

183 1 Samuel E. Smith, Wiscasset. 1834 Robert P. Dunlap, Brunswick.

1838 Edward Kent, Bangor.

1839 Jonn Fairfield, Saco.

1 841 Edward Kent, Bangor.

1842 John Fairfield, Saco.

1843 John Fairfield, Saco (elected to U. S. Senate).

1843 Edw. Kavanagh, Newcastle, Acting.

1844 Hugh J. Anderson, Belfast. 1850 John Hubbard, Hallowell. 1853 William G. Crosby, Belfast.

1855 Anson P. Morrill, Readfield.

1856 Samuel Wells, Portland.

1857 Hannibal Hamlin, Hampden (elected U. S. Senate)

1857 Joseph H. Williams, Augusta, Acting.

1861 Israel Washburn, Jr., Orono.

1864 Samuel Cony, Augusta.

1867 Joshua L. Chamberlain, Brunswick.

1871 Sidney Perham, Paris.

1874 Nelson Dingley, Jr., Lewiston.

1876 Selden Connor, Augusta.

1879 Alonzo Garcelon, Lewiston.

1880 Daniel F. Davis, Corinth.

1881 Harris M. Plaisted, Bangor. 1883 Frederick Robie, Gorham.

1889 Edwin C. Burleigh, Augusta.

1893 Henry B. Cleaves, Portland.

1897 Llewellyn Powers, Houlton.

1901 John Fremont Hill, Augusta.

United Senators from Adoption of

Abbreviations - rs., resigned; f. v., filled vacancy; d., died.

Residence. Term of office.

John Holmes,

John Chandler,

Albion K. Parris,

Appointed Judge

John Holmes,

John Chandler,

Ether Shepley,

Appointed Jndge

Judah Dana,

Reuel Williams,

Peleg Sprague,

Reuel Williams,

Resigned February, 1843.

John Fairfield,

John Ruggles,

John Fairfield,

Wyman B. S. Moor,

Appointed by Governor.

Hannibal Hamlin,

George Evans,

Name. Politics. Residence. Date.

Elected Governor of State.

Jas. W. Bradbury, Dem. Augusta Hannibal Hamlin, Rep. Hampden

Elected Vice-President of United States.

Wm. Pitt Fessenden, Rep. Portland

of failure of Legislature to elect.

Lot M. Morrill, Rep. Augusta

Appointed Secretary of Treasury.

Appointed by Governor.

Hannibal Hamlin, Rep. Wm. Pitt Fessenden, Rep.

Lot M. Morrill, Rep. Lot M. Morrill, Rep,

Appointed Secretary of Treasury.

Appointed by Governor. Hannibal Hamlin, Rep. James G. Blaine, Rep.

Appointed Secretary of State.

Rep. Ellsworth

Rep. Lewiston

Rep. Ellsworth

Augusta (rs.)

Eugene Hale, William P. Frye, Eugene Hale,