Stark Mill, 117 Corinth Road, Hogansville

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER GA,143-HOVI,6-. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

Starting in the early century textile production was an important component of the local economy in Hogansville, Georgia. Stark Mill was built in by Lockwood Greene Engineers to transfer operations from Manchester, New Hampshire to a new Southern location. Transferring operations also gave Lockwood Greene Engineers the opportunity to build an up-to-date textile production facility. The new Stark Mill featured reinforced-concrete construction and an air conditioning system, reflecting the structural and technological developments of textile mill architecture.

Source document Quoted word for word from HAER GA,143-HOVI,6-. Not written, edited or summarised by this site.

The former Stark Mill in Hogansville, Troup Country, Georgia was first studied during by the Historic American Engineering Record Division (HAER), National Park Service, U. S. Department of the Interior. Documentation in Hogansville was cosponsored by HAER, the Historic Chattahoochee Commission, and the Troup County Historical Society, with local organization by Kaye Lanning Minchew, Director, Troup County Archives (LaGrange, GA). This project is part of the Southern Textile Industry Project conceived and begun by HAER Historian Dean Herrin. HAER Historian Lisa Pfueller Davidson conducted fieldwork and wrote the captions and history. Jet Lowe, HAER staff photographer, completed large format photographs.

f STARK MILL HAERNo.GA-117 (Page 2) Stark Mill, or WesTek Hogansville Plant as it is known today, is the only textile mill in the small town of Hogansville in Troup County, Georgia. Starting in the early twentieth century, textile production was an important component of the local economy. Urban locations like Columbia, South Carolina, Augusta, Georgia, and Huntsville, Alabama, have received attention as evidence of the maturation of Southern industry in a Northern urban mode. However, manufacturing sites of one or two mills scattered in smaller cities or unincorporated mill villages throughout the region are another important part of the Southern textile industry.

The pattern of textile industry development in Hogansville reflects the low density industrial development found throughout the textile producing areas of the South. This briefcase study will describe the textile industry in Hogansville, and look at the construction of Stark Mill and the mill neighborhood expansion in terms of textile industry trends of the Hogansville* s first textile mill was a brick structure built by the Hogansville Manufacturing Company in The mill and a mill village neighborhood were located on Green Street north of the main commercial district and east of the railroad tracks. A variety of dwellings laid out on grid plan streets were constructed incrementally as the mill expanded operations (see photographs for HAER No. GA-121, GA-122, GA-123).

An infirmary building, stores, and a community building provided services directly in the neighborhood. Lockwood Greene Engineers designed and built the community building for the Hogansville mill neighborhood in The community building was the most extensive facility provided for mill workers (see photograph for HAER No. GA-118). Amenities in the community building included meeting rooms, a bowling alley, swimming pool, and combination auditorium and gymnasium.

The community building at Hogansville represents the larger shift to employee welfare programs in the Southern textile industry during the Progressive era, a strategy to offset high labor turnover and the criticism of reformers.1 In Hogansville Mill had been acquired by International Cotton Mills, a manufacturing subsidiary of Lockwood, Greene & Co., a major industrial engineering firm. Lockwood Greene had been designing textile mills since the but during the expanded to include directly owning and operating textile mills. The nearby LaGrange Mill was also owned and operated by International Cotton Mills.

Lockwood Greene conducted a study in to "report on the advisability of building [a] new mill at Hogansville or LaGrange, GA."2 They chose Hogansville, perhaps because LaGrange already had a number of textile mills and open land was readily available right near the existing Hogansville Mill. In spite of a boom in the price of tire fabric to per pound, a post-World ] For a series of photographs of Hogansville Mill and village in this period, see "Souvenir from the International Cotton Mills" (11 October Troup County Archives, LaGrange, GA. C 2 Lockwood, Greene & Co., Inc., Directory of Work, 8th edition, STARK MILL HAERNo.

GA-117 (Page 3) War I slump in the Northern textile industry made the South's cheaper production costs particularly desirable.3 To offset the waning profitability of their northern mills, the Lockwood, Greene & Co. Managers division, including International Cotton Mills, increasingly expanded manufacturing operations in the South. In International Cotton Mills was renamed New England Southern Mills, a name that clearly indicates both the Northern origins and new Southern emphasis of this Lockwood Greene subsidiary.

That same year construction began on Stark Mill to expand operations in Hogansville.* The name Stark Mill comes from Stark Mills in Manchester, New Hampshire, a tire fabric mill previously owned by International Cotton Mills, but sold in Now the new Hogansville Stark Mill would make tire fabric, an example the Southern migration of textile mill in the early twentieth century. In this instance machinery for the new Stark Mill was a mix of the best equipment from Warner Mill in Newburyport, Massachusetts, and LeRoy Mill in LeRoy, New York, two of the oldest held by International Cotton Mills. This machinery was shipped South to equip the new mill in Hogansville.5 The new Stark Mill was designed by the main Boston office of the Lockwood, Greene & Co.

Engineers division, and construction was supervised by the Atlanta office.6 Transferring operations to Hogansville from Manchester, New Hampshire gave Lockwood Greene the opportunity to build an up-to-date textile production facility. Stark Milt was built with reinforced concrete, indicating a shift toward modern building materials like concrete and steel, and away from timber and brick slow burning mill construction that had dominated the textile industry for almost forty years. Reinforced concrete technology existed in previous decades, but by the it was becoming popular for industrial architecture.

In The Rational Factory, Lindy Biggs describes the introduction of reinforced concrete construction as "revo!utioniz[ing] the factory building." Fewer columns and larger windows were structurally possible, vibration and its related maintenance and discomfort problems were almost eliminated, and the improved fireproof qualities reduced insurance premiums.7 As reinforced concrete construction became cheaper and more widely used in the early twentieth century, two structural systems became common - beam and girder, or flat slab construction. Beam and girder construction mimics steel frame construction, with the gradual 3 Samuel E.

Lincoln, Lockwood Greene: History of mi Engineering Business, (Brattleboro, Vermont: Stephen Greene Press, 4 Lockwood Greene modernized Hogansville Mill during as well. This facility then had spindles making hose and belting duck. 'Lincoln, "ibid., C 7 Lindy Biggs, The Rational Factory: Architecture, Technology and Work in America 'sAge of Mass Production (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, STARK MILL HAERNo. GA-117 (Page 4) elimination of unnecessary intermediate beams as a greater understanding of the material possibilities of concrete was achieved.

Flat slab is a more advanced structural system that eliminates the deep girders and provides flaring capitals on the columns to act as support for the flat slab above.8 Stark Mill uses the more conservative beam and girder structural system, perhaps indicative of the relatively recent popularity of reinforced concrete industrial construction in the early (see photograph HAER No. GA-117-9). The warehouse and boiler house were built with traditional slow burning mill construction, perhaps because reinforced concrete was still rather expensive. The new Stark Mill also featured an elaborate air conditioning system that is still extant.

The use of humidifying equipment was pioneered in textile manufacturing, mainly to provide optimal climatic conditions for processing cotton, and as a secondary concern, to increase employee comfort and efficiency. Early examples of air conditioning had been used in cotton mills starting during the first decade of the century. Initially these systems just involved humidifying the air, but temperature control was included as they became more sophisticated. Charlotte mill engineer and textile entrepreneur Stuart Cramer coined the term "air conditioning" in and his company merged with the Parks Co. in Parks-Cramer Co. of Fitchburg, Massachusetts, installed the Hogansville equipment.

Lockwood Greene records describe it as "a central air-conditioning system which supplies and circulates fresh air at uniform temperature with suitable humidity to the various departments."9 Two large ventilation houses on the roof of the Hogansville Mill contain the bulk of the ventilation equipment including air washers, fans and other humidifying apparatus. Lockwood Greene records describe the advantages of this placement, which they considered unusual in the textile industry: It becomes unnecessary to construct a large basement or to take up valuable space on one of the main floors for the location of the apparatus. All underground air tunnels are eliminated, together with extra foundation expense caused by same. A George A. Hool, and W. S.

Kinne, eds., Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Structures (New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., See also Emile G. Perrot, "Chapter XXV Reinforced-Concrete Factory and Mill Construction" in The Architects' and Builders' Handbook, Frank E. Kidder and Thomas Nolan, eds., New York: John Wiley & Sons, ed., 9 This information came from the caption for Photograph in an unprocessed collection of photographs at the current Lockwood Greene headquarters in Spartanburg, SC. A large collection of drawings from the former Boston headquarters is now housed at the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.

For more information on the development of air-conditioning see Gail Cooper, Air- conditioning America: Engineers and the Controlled Environment, (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press), STARK MILL HAERNo. GA-117 (Page 5) The construction of large outside flues or risers is eliminated. The fans and air conditioning apparatus are located at the nearest possible point to the spinning room, which has the greatest requirement for cooling, and which in many mills is located in the top story. The distributing ducts drop directly through the center of the mill, diminishing in size rapidly after leaving the spinning room, and travel by the shortest possible distance from the apparatus to the center of the space to be served.

The overall cost of this type of installation, including equipment and space for housing same and for distribution of air is less than by any other arrangement. Large vertical air shafts under each ventilation house allow the air to circulate easily through horizontal ductwork to the entire three-story mill structure. Another beneficial feature is two fans sharing the same air shaft in the south ventilation house. This dual arrangement could provide more ventilation, or allow savings in operating costs by shutting down one fan when not needed.10 Electric-powered production was another progressive feature at Stark Mill. The boiler house only provided heat for the mill while electric power for production was purchased.

Switching from previously common steam-driven belts and shafting to electric motors allowed new flexibility in factory layout. Other advantages included easier maintenance and a more consistent power source than with the exposed belting previously common. As a new mill structure, Stark Mill was better able to capitalize on the advantages of electrically driven production than older, retrofitted mills.11 Like the new housing and community building constructed after International Cotton Mills acquired Hogansville Mill in construction of Stark Mill also necessitated expanding the mill neighborhood. A Lockwood Greene brochure describes the goals of their initial work in the Hogansville Mill village: This was an ordinary mill village with rather more than its share of dirt and discontent.

We began by painting. Then we fixed up the standing houses in good shape and built many new ones. Plenty of room was left for gardens and lawns. We planted trees and shrubbery, graded streets, laid sidewalks, installed water and sewer systems, put all wires underground. ... Today, Hogansville is a joy to the eye. Better still, workers like to live there and they take pride in their homes and 10 Lockwood Greene photograph Original photographs axe located at the Lockwood Greene corporate offices, Spartanburg, SC. Copies available at the Troup County Archives, LaGrange, GA. 1 'Biggs, 85; Betsy W.

Bahr, "New England Mill Engineering: Rationalization and Reform in Textile Mill C Design, Dissertation, University of Delaware, Bahr also mentions a debate among engineers about the amount of advantage gained with new construction. STARK MILL HAERNo. GA-117 (Page 6) their town.12 Lockwood Greene promoted the practicality of good worker housing, saying elsewhere in the brochure, "so has industrial housing ceased to appeal merely to the sentimental interest of business men, and has come to be recognized today as a big economic proposition."13 A two- story Colonial Revival house was built for the superintendent at the corner of Routes 100 and 29 near the new mill (see photograph HAER No. GA-119-1). This house had seven rooms, bath, screened outside porch and sleeping porch, and a garage.

Along Route 100 also close to the new mill Lockwood Greene built five front gable bungalows to house overseers for the new mill (see photographs for HAER No. GA-120). The overseers houses each had five rooms and a bath, and cost approximately The use of Colonial Revival and bungalow designs reflected both the corporate hierarchy of the mill, and the latest in vernacular housing. The Colonial Revival superintendent's house was obviously the largest and most elaborate new house. Other new worker housing was added in the existing neighborhood to the east, continuing the grid street plan of the mill village. Housing closest to the original Hogansville Mill was built at the turn of the century using Southern vernacular forms.

For example, 107 Green Street is a duplex with steep pyramidal roof and square plan (see photograph HAER No. GA-123-1). 109 Green Street, also from the early development of the Hogansville Mill village has a hall-and-parlor plan (see photograph HAER No. GA-122-1). When the village was expanded for Stark Mill workers, 128 new houses with three, four, or five rooms were built. 502 Askew Avenue (HAER No. GA-121) was one of these new houses. It has a side gable form with a few popular Craftsman-style details such as the exposed rafters in the eaves and along the front of the porch roof. The other popular house form built during the expansion of the mill village was a front gable bungalow tike those built for the overseers on Corinth Road.

In the mill village neighborhood these houses were used as duplexes to hold two families of operatives.14 Stark Mill thrived during the boom years of the In Lockwood, Greene & Co. Managers operated Lancaster Mills, Clinton, MA; The Lawton Mills Corp., Plainfield, CT; New England Southern Mills (included Hamilton, Ont; Hogansville and LaGrange, GA; Lisbon, ME; Pelzer, SC; Tucapau, SC; and Yarmouth, Roxbury Carpet Company, Saxonville, MA; and Winnsboro Mills, Winnsboro, SC. The design business had expanded by to include the main office in Boston, and satellite offices in Atlanta, Chicago, New York, Cleveland, Detroit, Montreal, Charlotte, NC, and Spartanburg, SC. Lockwood Greene sold both Hogansville mills to 12 Lockwood, Greene & Co.

Engineers, Industrial Housing (Boston: Lockwood, Greene & Co., 8. 13 Ibid. 3. r 14 Lockwood Greene Photographs and See also Steven H. Moffson, "Stark Mill and Mill Village Historic District," Troup County, Georgia. National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Washington, STARK MILL HAERNo. GA-117 (Page 7) the LaGrange company Callaway Mills in and in Callaway sold Stark Mill to U. S. Rubber.15 During World War II, U.S. Rubber expanded its operations in Hogansville by purchasing the old Hogansville Mill as well. Tire fabric was still in high demand, but the Southern textile industry began to slump during the post-war period. Some new housing was built along Royal, White, and Whaley streets, but U.S.

Rubber also began to sell many of the older houses to its workers during A survey map indicated that there were approximately 315 houses in the village. Like many Southern mill villages, the World War II period would be the peak of expansion in Hogansville before a slow decline in the and The community building fell into disrepair, and the original Hogansville Mill (then called Reid Mill) was torn down during the Uniroyal acquired and continued to operate the Stark Mill, but the textile industry of Hogansville was no longer as important to the local economy as it had been in previous years.16 Today, the Stark Mill remains largely intact.

A windowless, one-story addition was built on the north end of Stark Mill to replace the weaving facilities lost when the old Hogansville Mill was demolished in the Some of the original windows, including the roof monitor have been bricked in, but the majority were just painted over. Only a small portion of the former Stark Mill is now being used by WesTek, Inc. to produce rubberized industrial fabrics for tires and conveyor belts. The survival of the mill, warehouses, and boiler house with relatively few alterations provides a useful illustration of Southern textile mill development and a remaining piece of the once vibrant textile industry of Hogansville and Troup Country, Georgia.

15 Lockwood Greene & Co., Engineers, Serving the Textile Industry in the South (Boston: Lockwood, Greene & Co., Inc., Jane M. Strain, ed., History of the Town ofHogansville, 17. C 16 Strain, 17. STARK MILL HAERNo. GA-117 (Page 8) Bibliography Bahr, Betsy W. "New England Mill Engineering: Rationalization and Reform in Textile Mill Design, Dissertation, University of Delaware, Biggs, Lindy. The Rational Factory: Architecture, Technology and Work in America's Age of Mass Production. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, Cooper, Gail, Air-conditioning America: Engineers and the Controlled Environment, (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press), Hool, George A., and Nathan C. Johnson, eds. Handbook ofBuilding Construction.

New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., Hool, George A., and W. S. Kinne, eds. Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Structures. New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., Lincoln, Samuel E. Lockwood Greene: History of an Engineering Business, Brattleboro, Vermont: Stephen Greene Press, Lockwood, Greene & Co. Engineers. Industrial Housing. Boston: Lockwood, Greene & Co., . Serving the Textile Industry in the South. Boston: Lockwood, Greene & Co., Inc., Lockwood, Greene & Co., Inc., Directory of Work, 8th edition, Perrot, Emile G. "Chapter XXV Reinforced-Concrete Factory and Mill Construction." in The Architects' and Builders' Handbook, Frank E. Kidder and Thomas Nolan, eds., New York: John Wiley & Sons, ed., Strain, Jane M., ed.

History of the Town ofHogansville, f STARK MILL HAERNo.GA-117 (Page 9) APPENDIX I:

Textile Directory Database Report

Textile Directory Database - Methodology The Textile Directory Database uses selected editions of three textile industry directories housed in the Library of Congress. These directories are Davison 's Textile Blue Book (New York: Davison Publishing Co.), Dockham 's American Trade Reports and Directory of the Textile Manufacture and Dry Goods Trade (Boston: C.A. Dockham and Co.), and Textile Manufacturers* Directory of the United States ox American Textile Directory (New York: American Directory Co., Inc.). The names of these directories vary somewhat over the years.

The directory years range from to with the most thorough coverage from approximately The directory editions included in the database are roughly every five years, but availability created gaps for some directories and allowed additional years for others. Davison's Textile Blue Book is the most consistent and well-represented directory in the database with editions for every two to four years from to included. Dockham's American Trade Reports provides the earliest coverage starting in and going up to but with large gaps in availability. Textile Manufacturers' Directory is available for the years from to only, but consistently every two to five years.

The database compiles a standard set of information from all of the included directories: mill name, directory date, directory name, company, date, capital, product, number of spindles - ring, twist and type not available, number of looms - broad, narrow, and type not available, power source, number of employees, and miscellaneous notes. Empty fields for any of these categories indicate that information was not available for that year. The information in the textile directory database is only as reliable as the original directories, and it is important to know that inconsistencies do appear in the original listings. All information has been transcribed as presented in the original directories.

Comparing directories or editions is useful for determining the relative accuracy of specific listings. Each textile directory report includes all of the entries available in the database for a given county, town or mill. This phase of the Textile Industry Database includes entries for LaGrange and Hogansville, Georgia; Valley, Selma and Huntsville, Alabama; and Granitevitle, South Carolina. The database will be expanded along with the HAER Southern Textile Industry Survey. Notes on Specific Fields: Mill (name): Historic name changes sometimes make a specific mill difficult to track. Where possible, name changes are noted in the Notes field, or location and company name can be used to identify a mill by its historic name.

c Directory Date and Directory: These two fields identify the year and type of directory that entry STARK MILL HAERNo. GA-117 (Page 10) was from. Davisons = Davison *s Textile Blue Book Dockhams = Dockham 's American Trade Reports and Directory of the Textile Manufacture and Dry Goods Trade Textile = Textile Manufacturers' Directory of the United States or American Textile Directory (name varies). Company: While these directory reports are sorted primarily by mill name, the company name is included for all entries to show consistency or changes in ownership. Date: The date in this field either refers to the year of incorporation for the mill or the year operations began, as listed in the directory.

Inconsistencies in this field generally result from this difference, or indicate that the mill was reincorporated. Capital: Sometimes the capital amount given for a certain mill actually refers to the capital for a larger company operating multiple mills. This fact is mentioned in the Notes field where possible. Product The types of fabrics and yarns made at the mill during that directory year are listed. Spindles (Ring, Twist, or Type Not Available): The numbers reported in the directories usually appear to be estimates rounded to the nearest 100 or Looms (Broad, Narrow, or Type Not Available): The numbers reported in the directories usually appear to be estimates rounded to the nearest When the specific size of loom was mentioned, that information appears in the Notes field.

Power: It is often not clear from the directories when a mention of electric power means just for lighting or for operating machinery as well. Employs: The numbers reported in the directories usually appear to be estimates rounded to the nearest 10. Notes: This field contains miscellaneous information where appropriate, sometimes including amounts additional types of machinery such as cards and pickers. C STARK MILL HAER No. GA-117 (Page II) 26 cards, 5. s 1 1 to" a 10 a 1Z 1 see zc PI 8 c s s si m 8L & o o 8 o 8 in 8 0 Baltimore 0 0 o r-- CO < CD r-. CD CO ^ ^ * ^ ^ E UJ ^ S E F E E E E E (0 0. $ S S $ 3 3 -to- * 3 % s 1%- -K rn E o_S CD 3 CD CD |?z CM CM M 8 8 s P SJ CM CD CM CM *- 00 <J> TJ * ^- * to CM oOflQe (A 8 '1 W ' o I.

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