Allen County, Ohio - Topography, 1885

Topography

ALLEN COXTNTT is bounded on the north by Pntnam, south by Auglaize, east by Hancock and Hardin, and west by Van Wert The elevation at Delphos is only 188 feet aboTe the level of Lake Erie, while at Lima depot the altitude is 268 feet The area is about 408 square milee, and the present (1885) population estimated at 40,000. As set off in 1820, it claimed an area of 548 square miles. Lima, the seat of justice, is almost in the geographical center of the county. The Pennsylyania Bailroad system connects this city with the northwestern townships; the Chicago & Atlantic with the western towns; the Lake Erie & Western and the Dayton & Michigan Railroads afford communication with the southwest and the south; while the eastern and northwestern extensions of these railroads also bring the townships along the eastern line of the county into direct communication with the coxmty seat. The Toledo, Delphos & Indianapolis Railroad and the Miami & ErieOanal run south from Delphos. The number of pike roads, together with thii9 net-work of railroads, renders travel in this county agreeable and economical.

Delphos in the northwestern corner, and Bluffton in the northeastern portion of the county, are two important villages. Spencerville in the southwest part of the county is a village which shows many evidences of progress. Throughout the county a number of small but prosperous business centers exist Nearly every township boasts of at least one prosperous village.

Phtsioal Chaba0Tbbi8Tic8

The physical appearance of the coanty, as presented to the traveler by railroad, is misleading in many respects. Owing to the great extent of the hardwood forests, which indicate a fertile soil, the cleared lands of the connty are hidden away, so to speak. Prof. Winchell, in his review of surface features and soil, states: ''The western half of the county is flat, and presents the common features of the Black Swamp. The banks, left by erosion of the streams, are from ten to fifteen feet in height above the summer stage of the water. The Auglaize, below Cramersville (Section 3, Marion), has frequent exposures of the rock. Also, in the township of Amanda, near the county line, the rock forms the bed of the river. In general, however, the bed of the river is on the drift materials. The same is true of the Ottawa. The soil of this portion of the county is usually a close, heavy clay. There are places, however, where considerable alluvium is spread over the surface of the drift, inddent to the overflow of the streama Occasionally, as in the Van Wert Bidge, which passes through the townships of Marion and Sugar Greek, gravelly soils appear in the midst of the prevailing clay. Such tracts are uniformly more elevated, and slightly rolling. The eastern portion of the county has a different general contour. It is separated from that already described by, and is co-extensive with, the westward course of the streams. It is undulating or gently rolling, and in the southeastern comer of the county is characterized by prominent gravelly ridges and knolls, the result, no doubt, of a great glacial flow. The undulating surface prevails over most of the township of Sugar Greek, but is more or less wanting in Bichland and Monroe Townships. There are likewise some flat and prairie-like tracts even in Auglaize and Perry Townships. In the former, Sections 11, 12, 13 and 14 have this character. In the latter there is much flat land in the vicinity of Amherst. The soil in the eastern portion of the county is generally the same as that of the western. Its chief element is clay, yet it contains much more gravel, and sometimes stones or bowlders. In the settlement of the county these elevated knolls and ridges were first selected. That tract of rolling land known as the ' Dividing Bidge,' in the southeastern part of the county, is at* the present time in marked contrast with much of the adjoining county. It is occupied by handsome, well-drained and well- cultivated farms, the native timber having been nearly all removed, while on either side much of the oonntry is still in its primeval state. Throughout this tract the rook is occasionally seen in the beds of the streams. The banks of the streams are osaally higher than in the western part of the county. The banks of the Ottawa at Lima are about thirty feet, and continue of that height for two miles above the city, the water running on the surface of the rook.'' The rivers and streams flow west and southwest in the eastern* portion of the county and northwest in the western towns.

Bivebs And. Greeks

The Auglaize is one of the historical streams of Ohio. Along its banks the tro(^ of the Revolution and of the war of 1812 camped and* fought and reveled. In its neighborhood were the villages of Indian chiefs^ whose names are synonymous with much of all that was sanguinary and diabolical in the warfare of the English of that day. Here, too» in 1812, Fort Amanda was constructed, and a ship-yard established. The Auglaize has its source in Hardin Goimty, flows through the townships of Auglaize, Perry, Amanda and Marion; thence in a circuitous course through the counties of Putnam, Paulding tmd Deflance, and enters the Maumee River in the town of Defiance. Although the Auglaize of to-day is what may be termed a diminutive river, in the past it was a navigable stream, capable of floating heavily-laden flat-boats or scows. The improvement of the country, its canals, ditches and local drainage have all conspired to reduce its volume of water, and bring what was <moe a great river into the category of creeks.

The Ottawa River was named after the tribe of the same name, whose hunting grounds extended' along the course of that stream. The upper* river is known as Hog Greek.

Hog Greek, the swinonia of the old lawyer, Gount Go£Snberry, was named in 1817 by the first settlers. It appears that an attempt was mad^ in 1812 by some settlers at Piqua to drive a lot of hogs to the military, posts on the Maumee, but on roaohing this creek the drovers became alarmed and fled back to the settlements, leaving the hogs at liberty tct roam through this district This stream has its source in the marshes of Hardin Gounty, and flows thence through the townships of Jackson, Batb« Ottawa, Shawnee, German and Sugar Greek, entering Paulding Gounty^ where it forms a confluence with the Auglaize.

Bilej Greek, which waters the northeast corner of the connty, has its main source on the north border of Hog Creek Marsh, with tributary feeders between Beaver Dam and Blufiton. It flows northwest to Blanchard's Fork of the Auglaize.

Sugar Greek derives its name from the numerous maple groves along its banks. This stream has its sources between Beaver Dam and Granberry, flows in a tortuous course northwest, and enters the Ottawa a few miles south of Ealida.

Granbeny Greek may be said to have its source at a point just northwest of Granberry or Eockport Village, whence it flows into the Blanchard north of Glandorf .

Dog Greek rises in Van Wert, flows through a part of Spencer and the southwest part of Marion, and thence parallel with the Miami & Erie Ganal.

Natural History

/^ EOLOGY teaches that the continents of the world were separated VIT^ from the wastes of water, then submerged, and, by the workings of nature, gradually elevated, until the great physical divisions of our globe were formed. At the close of the Gomiferous Period a great upheaval of sea bottom formed a tract of land extending from the southern old land belt of Ohio to the central line of the Lower Peninsula of Mich* igan. The great geological age, the Mesozoic, dates from this tima It was marked by activity in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, mild climates and myriads of reptiles, which rolled over the lands or swarmed in the rivers. The Tertiary period succeeded the Mesozoic - it was an age of beautiful climates and high development of mammals. The scene was changed - the Glacial period came on, robing Nature in its whiteness, and robbing the land of lifa Then came the Drift to fit the

Niagara 8T8Tsh

This conformation has been only partially explored in Allen Ooonty. In the Bontheastern part of the county it rises rapidly from its position below the water-lime, dipping northwardly. It is, in fact, a thickbedded, bluish-gray crystalline limestone from two to four inches thick, blotched with blue and gray, slightly porous and fossilif erous, yet firm, and good for building purposes as well as for the manufacture of quicklime. Prof. N. H. Winchell in his geological report on Allen County, states that 'The Niagara is quarried by Alex K Kerr, Section 80, Auglaize Township. It presents the features of the Guelph phase, in Yesicular beds of two or three inches, and lies horizontal or dips gently toward the north. It is of a bluish-gray color, and some portions of it are firm and crystalline. About eighty rods northwest from Eerr^s quarry is that of Alexander Oreps, where the stone is slightly different from Mr. Kerr's. ' There was not sufficient exposure to indicate whether it be Niagara or water- lime, although the evidence was, so far as seen, in faTor of the latter. The Niagara is again seen in the bed of a small tributary to the Auglaize, on Hay's land, northeast quarter of Section 22, and in a similar situation on Harrison Olawson's land, northeast quarter of Section 21, both of the same township. Mr. Hay has not opened his for use, but Olawson has taken a few stones from his for ordinary foundations. So far as seen, this stone is the same as that in the quarry of Kerr in Section 80."

This flag-rock is found in every division of the county varying in thickness of slate from one to nine inches. The rock is laminated^ bituminous, pyritiferous and blue or dark blue in color. The beds or layers expose themselves along the banks of the creeks, with a continuous dip toward the southwest 'They are," says ' Geologist Winchell, '*h<MnogeneouB, tough, thin, sometimes having so much bituminous matter as to appear like the great black slate. The thinnest beds are, however, streaked with alternations of dark drab and bituminous brown. When wet the brown is almost black; when dry and weathered it sometimes assumes a blue color, and if long weathered, it becomes chocolate.

There are oocasional patches of thicker, eyen drab flag-rock, which Anally become so persistent upward as to require a special designation." When the bitomiuons matter is not evenly divided, the stone is called bine slate, and gives in many instances a large, smooth flag for sidewalk nses. When the bitumen is divided equally, instead of merely showing in partings or crevices, the beds are thicker, affording a good building, stone. In any of the villages or towns of the county the flagging and building water-lime may be seen in use.

In Amanda Township the chief exposures of the water- lime are in the Auglaize near the county line. It occurs in blue layers on the land of Samuel Stewart, northeast quarter of Section 9. Oii the northeast quarter of ^Section 15 it lies in thin blue layers on the land of William Bice; and on the southeast quarter of the same section, between James Sunderland's and Samuel Anderson's farms, the following section may be taken from the bed of the river:

No. 1. Soft, porous, gray and chalky in spots; in every respect similar to No. 1 of section taken from Anderson's quarry on Section 22, Pitt, Wyandot County; eight inches.

No. 2. Hard, massive or thin bedded; dark drab, flinty; laminations irregular, sometimes coalescent This is the equivalenl o( No. 2 of Anderson's in Pitt, Wyandot County. Irregular surface exposure, showing a perpendicular section of perhaps six inches.

In Auglaize Township the water-lime appears, and has been somewhat used for general purposes and for lime, on the land of David Crall, Section 17, taken from the bed of the stream. Beds here are about two inches in thickness.

In Bath Township the quarry of Alexander Miller, southwest quarter of Section 29, supplies an even-bed flat stone of a blue color, about three inches in thickness, which is largely used at Lima and other places for flagging. The beds, however, occasionally become six inches thick, when they are valuable for walls, and command a high price for all uses. They are easily cut and broken by the usual means into such sizes and shapes as maybe needed, ttie fracture being straight and running like the fracture of glass under a diamond. The best stone is delivered at Lima for 11.50 per perch. The amount of exposure here is about three feet perpendicular, the beds lying horizontal.

On the Bonihwest qaarter of Section 28 Dagae & Brothers have a quarry in the water-lime. Another oooors on the land of G. Fetter, northwest qaarter of Section 26. That of J. Caster is on the soathwest qaarter of Section 24. It famishes a roagh, dark drab-stone in beds of three to six inches, with more or less interstratification of thinner and more bitominoas layers. One mile below Castor's is Samael McCIaer's qoarry. Daniel Miller's qaarry is on Section 8 in the bed of Sagar Creek, the stone sapplied being a fair representation of the Tymochtee slate. It lies in thin, blae layers, with black, bitominoas lilms separating the beds. The edges of the bedding are sometimes horizontally streaked with blaish-drab. The best stone here is three inches thick. It brings $1 per parch for walls at the qaarry. Second grade stone for walling is sold at the qaarry for 62^^ cents per perch; the third grade for walls {^ inch to one inch), 87 cents per perch.

In G^man Township, along the coarse of the Ottawa, water-lime flags oatcrop. Formerly stone was qaarried from the banks and bed of this stream on Section 29, near Allentown.

In the township of Marion, the water-lime shows in the bed of the river, nOTtheast qaarter of Section 28, and on David Robinson's land, sootheast qaarter of Section 21. Some has been taken oat at the latter place in blocks six inches thick. The abatments of the highway bridge over the Aaglaize at this place are of water- lime blocks, twelve to sixteen inches thick, like the stone obtained from Boehmer's qaarry at Fort Jennings, in Patnam Coanty. They are capped with sawn blocks of Lower Comiferoas from Charloe, in Paalding Coanty, and angled with blae Niagara from Piqaa, in Miami Coanty. The water-lime has been slightly worked in the bed of the Aaglaize at varioas points near Cramersville (Section 8).

At Lima, in Ottawa Township, the qaarries of Dalzell and Overmyer, and of Williams and Bowers, are situated in the Ottawa, and are principally occapied in lime baming. At the former aboat foar and a half feet are seen in beds of one to two inches. Some of it is roagh and vesicalar bat in beds not over six inches. Stone has also been taken trom the bed of the Ottawa, at Lima, on the T. E. Jacobs estate.

dall, for oommon stone and for lime burning; Barney Hollinger, and J. H. Eaton. Mr. Eaton also barns lime. John Shoemaker has a working in the same stone three miles northwest from BlofiFbon, in the bed of the creek.

In Spencer Township the water-lime appears in the bed of Jennings' Creek, in Section H» where it is quarried for quick-lime. The beds are two to four inches in thicknesa

Near Gomer, in Sugar Greek Township, the bed of the Ottawa is rocky. It may be seen on the land of Isaac H. Olevenger, Section 20, where it lies in thin, horizontal beds; also on the land of David Roberts, near the county line, where the beds are three to four inches, and dip south.

Thb Dbift Vobmatioh

This conformation consists of brown clay and sand stratified, brown clay stratified, brown hard pan, blue clay and sand stratified, blue hard pan and fine blue clay, simple brown and blue clays, decomposed matter or debriSf boulders, agglutinated sand, forest remains. The surface of the drift is ashen color, stratified or unstratified, forming the soil. Prof. Winchell, in his reference to this formation in Allen County, says:

'' There is a more frequent occurrence of stratification and assortment of the drift in the eastern half of the county, where the streams all flow toward the west or southwest, than in the western half. It seems also to be arranged in a series of broad northeast and southwest ridges or swells, the intervening valleys being occupied by the streams, which necessarily conform to the direction of the main valleys. The average thickness of the drift in the county cannot be stated, but it is probably not over seventy-five feet. It seems thicker in the eastern than in the western half of the county. At Lima gravel beds are seen in the drift, and in some instances near there the gravel rises to within three or four feet of the surface. It shows the seam of tortuous glacial stratification, and is embraced within^ the St Mary's ridga It is utilized by Alexander Miller and Dr. E. Ashton for road-making, the finer parte being used for mortar. In the construction of pikes in Allen County it is largely used for surface dressing, and makes the roads more solid and less rough for travel.**

Nature has given the county a wealth of fertile soil which never can be overestimated. Apart from what the drift has accomplished in this connection, Dame Nature has not been overlavish in her bestowal of geological wealth, although liberal enough in giving what a people might actually require for small local buildings, such as Niagara and water-lime rocks, brick.clay, sand and gravel. The State Geologist fully realizes this fact, and in his report on this county, states: ''The Niagara, in the southeastern part of Auglaize Township, is of the Guelph or upper portion of that great member of the Silurian age, and is an inferior stone for building. For quicklime it is well adapted. It affords a strong white lime, whioh acts quickly and is easily burned. The quarries which have been opened in it have not been systematically prosecuted, a fact which has served not only to reduce the derivable income, but also to discourage others from similar industry. Where the overlying water-lime occurs in thick beds it would be profitably worked, but there are no considerable openings in such beds within the county. The formation is chiefly wrought in its thinner blue layers, owing to the exenness of the stone, and the ease with which it can be obtained. Much of this kind' of stone is used for flagging at Lima, Blnffton and Delphos. Some of the best quarriee are located at Lima, and afford also a handsome stone for wells and foundations. The quicklime made from water- lime at Lima not only supplies the local demand, but is used in the surrounding country. The product of- a single firm, Dalzell & Overmyer, amounts to about 20,000 buahels per year. Other kilns would increase the annual product of quicklime to at least 85,000 bushels. In the summer of 1871 the retail price per bushel was 25 cent& In wholesale amounts the price of lime delivered on the oars was 22 cents per bushel.

'In the eastern part of the county, gravel for roads and sand for mortar are not uncommon in the knolls and short ridges of the rolling tracts. Olay also, suitable for red brick and pottery, is abundant in all parts of the county. There are, probably, but few square miles, if any, within the county from which good brick could not be manufactured - a statement which is equally applicable to most of the Fourth District of the State. Brick-yards are met with at many points, the clay being taken from the surface of drift"

The springs of the county, some of which produce magnetic waters are found in Bath, Bichland and Marion Townships respectively. The water flows directly from the water-lime rock, which is charged with its current from the Niagara formation. On Sections 7 and 8, Bath Township, white sulphur springs are the'rule rather than the exception; while the artesian well at Bluffton (129 feet in depth), affords a good ^pply of water, strongly impregnated with valuable chemical properties.

In almost any portion of the county wat«r for domestic purposes may be found at a depth of from ten to thirty feet In Spencer, South Marion, Amanda, part of German and Sugar Creek Townships, a good supply of good water is found on penetrating the bed-rock; while in North Marion, on the Van Wert Bidge, water is found in the gravel above the modified drift

All the trees and shrubs indigenous to Northwestern Ohio are found in Allen County in the highest state of botanical development Among the leading trees those named in the following list attain the limit of growth here : Beach, sugar maple, white oak, sycamore, shag- bark hickory, white ash, flowering dog- wood, American elm, prickly ash, red oak, blue ash, June berry, thorn, swamp white oak, honey locust, water beech, black walnut, iron wood, black willow, mulberry, basswood, cottonwood, buckeye, burr oak, large toothed aspen, plum, swamp maple, black ash, Kentucky coffee bean, black cherry, trembling aspen, sumach, black thorn, balm of Gilead, pin oak, paw- paw, and a species of butternut In the history of Marion Township, reference is made to the lumber manufacturing industries which the hardwood forests of the county supply. In earlier years an important market for barks, roots and leaves was established at ]!>elphos - a village that must be considered the beginning of this market in the entire northwest

This oouDtj, like all others of northern Ohio, was fnlly stocked with all the animals and reptiles of the Western wilderness. In 1831 the larger animals were nomerons, as is evidenced by the fact that daring that year a deer made his appearance in the street of Lima settlement. The elk was not an inhabitant at this time, thoogh little donbt can esist of his stay here np to the close of the first quart-er of this centnry.

The bear and panther were old residents of the district, and regular Tisitants for many years after settlement The wolf continued to make tiie county his home up to a few years ago ; so also was the red deer an old and friendly neighbor of the pioneers. The wild-hog, just as wild and coarse as the name suggests, roamed through the county as late as 1833. A hundred species of fur- bearing animals could be found in the primeval wilderness, a thousand species of beautiful birds in the forests while the marsh and creek and river and forest and opening were inhabited by TenomouB reptiles. With the departure of the Indians all the large animals as well as the most dangerous of the reptile species disappeared.

It has been truly said that no portion of Ohio is without its souvenirs of that mysterious race called the Mound-Builders. In this county stone hammers, axes and chisels have been found. 'Flint spear -heads and stone figures have been unearthed.

In the excavations made in waterlime and Niagara conformations, prints of leaves, and tracks of animals unknown to our present botanists and geologists have been discovered. Fossils are found in both hard clay and rock. Bemains of the megalosaurus and lesser lizards, the megalonyx or great sloth, mastodon, dinotherium and other huge animals known to us only by their gigantic fossil remains, are discovered at long intervals.

The Indians

THE origin of the American Indian is a sabject of deep interest to the etlinologist, even as it is one of instruction and entertainment to the general reader. The era of their establishment as a distinct and insulated people must be credited to a period immediately subsequent to the division of the Asiatic people and the origin of languages. No doubt whatever can exist when the American Indians are regarded as of Asiatic origin. They are descended directly from the survivors of that people who, on being driven from their fair possessions, retired to the wilderness in sorrow, reared their children under the saddening influences of their unquenchable griefs, and, dying, bequeathed them only the habits of the wild, cloud-roofed homes of their exile. From that time forward the American Indian, as we know him, has existed.

The Bhawanoes Or Shawnees

The early history of the Chaouanons (Shawano, changed to Shawanoes, Shawanee and ultimately to Shawnee), belongs to that of the great Algonquin family of the St Lawrence country. The home of this division of the tribe, within the historic period, was the Valley of the Cumberland. Here they lived in savage grandeur until the Iroquois took the war path in 1655, when they were called upon to defend their hunting grounds. From this time to 1672 a relentless war was waged which resulted in their defeat and expulsion. They fled southward, some locating in the Carolinas, others at the head of the Mobile River in Florida, while others wandered into New Spain. After a few years, however, the remnants of the tribe were collected, and all joined in the enterprise of repossessing their ancient hunting grounds. In 1682 a peace was concluded between the Iroquois and Shawnees, and the same year the former entrusted the latter tribe with the care of thc/Treatyparchment on which their agreement with William Penn was recorded.

How well the Shawnees observed this trust is shown by the fact that during the year 1715 Opessah, a Shawnee ohief, presented the original treaty to a cpreat oonnoil held at Philadelphia. After the coonoil of reconciliation was held^ the chiefs of this itinerant tribe gave some proof of their readiness to occupy some one district, rather than continue their travels and ^icroachments. They looked westward and ^eat numbers flocked into the coxmtry of the Miamies and Wyandots, so that during Father Marquette's travels in the Lower Ohio region, they appeared so numerous that he entered in his journal -

# » » » jq gQ^li numbers that they appear as many as twenty-three vllla^8 in one district, and fifteen in another, lying quite near each other. Again during La Salle's explorations, it is related that he was accompanied by thirty Ohaonanons from the Ouibach country.

The treaty between William Penn and the Indians made in 1682, was the first treaty with white people in which the Shawnees participated. From that time up to 1832 the Quakers took a lively interest in this tribe. Li 1706 one Thomas Ohalkley was sent out by the London Society of Friends to report on the habits, customs and wants of those Indians. In his report he speaks very highly of the savages, and does not forget to point out the position of their women. He states of one of their tribal councils: '^In this council was a woman who took part in the deliberations of the council, as well as upon all important occasions. On the interpreter being questioned why they permitted a woman to take so responsible a part in their council, he replied that some women were wiser than some men, and that they had not done anything for years without the counsel of this grave woman, who spoke much in this council. '^

During the French and British wars and the wars for independence, the Quaker mission among the Shawnees did not exist. After the peace of 1814, however, the Society of Friends renewed their friendship with Uiose Indians, established a school, a saw-mill, a flour-mill and house of worship among them at Wapakonetta, with the zealous Henry Harvey in charge, which was continued down to the period of the Indian exodus. An Irish lady also presented a sum of $500 to be expended in furthering the interests of the Shawnees here by Col. Johnson.

told. In 1701 the conference between Wapatha, representing the Indi. ana, and Penn, representing the whites, was held at Philadelphia. No treaty was under consideration. It was rather a friendly meeting, called under peculiar circumstances, each to pledge his party to carry out the principles of peace and friendship. In 1715 the Chief Opessah represented this tribe at Philadelphia in the inter-tribal council He was, xmdoubtedly, the first chief of the Shawnees inhabiting northwestern Ohio, where, by this time, they pretended to have a title to some of the Wyandot and Miami hunting grounds. Through his diplomacy his nation attained strength and an aggressive name, which rendered the tribe remarkable among the Western savages. The Shawnees encroached not only upon the hunting grounds, but also upon the personal rights of the Miamies and Wyandots. Indeed, wherever the impudent Shawnee found enterance, there he made his home. Dr. George W. Hill, in his dealings with the history of this tribe, says: "The depredations of the Shawnees upon the settlements in Virginia ^ caused Gov. Dnnmore in 1774 to send an army for the invasion of the Indian tribes on the Scioto and Little Miami in Ohio. In September, 1774, a great buttle was fought at the junction of the Great Kanawha with the Ohio, in which the Shawnees and their alliee were defeated and compelled to beat a hasty retreat across the Ohio Biver. The Shawnees were led by Oomstalk, a great chief, aided by the celebrated chief and warrior Blackboof, equally distinguished for his bravery, oratory, shrewdness and generosity. In the fall of 1774 Gov. Dunmore held a treaty, being the last English Governor of Virginia, with the Shawnees and their allies, not far from the present site of Giroleville, Ohio, in which Cornstalk, Blackhoof, Logan, the Grenadier Squaw, and other noted Indians participated. Peace was proclaimed, but was of short duration. The arrival of Boone, the McAfees, the Harrods, the Hendersons, the Bullets, Hancocks, Floyds, and others in Kentucky from 1773 to 1776 again inflamed the jealousy of the Shawnees, and repeated raids were made against the new settlers to exterminate them. British agents fomented the discontent of the Ohio Indians, and in some instances planned and headed their expeditions against the white settlementa

' ' In 1777 the Shawnees became somewhat divided on the policy of continuing the war against the revolted colonies then seeking independence from the mother coantrj. Cornstalk, celebrated as ohief and leader, headed the anti-war party, and visited an American block-house at the month of the Great Kanawha to warn the Virginians of the approaching storm, and if possible avert the calamity of border invasion. He was aooompanied by another chief called Bed-Hawk. Those messengers of peace w^re immediately seized and confined in the block-honse as hostages, to prevent the expected depredations of the Shawnees. While thus oonfined his son, Ellinipsico, who had also fonght in the great battle at Point Pleasant in 1774, came to the fort to learn the fate of Oomstalk, his father. He had become nneasy at his long absence, and prompted by filial affection had come to seek him out in his exila While in the fort a few soldiers, who had crossed the Kanawha to hunt, were attacked by strange Indians, and a soldier by the name of Gilmore was killed. The result was that a party of soldiers, in revenge for the death of Gilmore, proceeded to the block-house and shot Oomstalk, Bed-Hawk and Ellinipsico ! This act - barbarous and unjustifiable - terminated all uncertainty, and precipitated the Shawnees upon the borders of Virginia and Kentncky, and was the occasion of repeated invasions from 1777 to the peace of 1795, under Gen. Wayne, at Ghreenville."

There were present at the treaty of Ghreenville in the fall of 1795 the following-named speakers from among the Shawnees: Blue Jacket, Bed Pole, Pock-se-kaw, * Black Wolf, Lame Hawk, Blackhoof, Kee-a-hah, Kekia-pil-athy, and Captain Johnny; among the Delawares, Buck-onga-he-las and three others. Captain Pipe, who cruelly caused the torture and death of Col. Crawford, on the Tymochtee, in 1782, is believed to have died just before the treaty, though his death is a mystery. It is o(Hitended that he lived as late as the war of 1812, on the Mohican.

After the treaty, in the years 1807-^9-10, the Shawnees l)egan to fall back on their reserves. Prior to the treaty of 1795 they were scattered pretty much all over Ohio, and along the streams in Indiana. Up to that treaty they had been induced to sell portions of their hunting grounds in exchange for lands in the West, and certain sums of money to be paid yearly. When the chiefs and warriors attended such treaties, they were often made drunk and badly cheated by the agents sent out by the Government It was easily to be seen that the Indian title to all their lands in Ohio would soon be extinguished. Their Ohio hunting grounds were the choicest upon the continent, and their leading chiefe found it necessary to take proper steps to prevent the whites from getting all such landa

While residing on Mad Biver, the Shawnees were divided into four tribes or bands: the Mequachake, the Chillicothe, the Eiskapocoke and the Piqua. The priesthood was confided to the Mequachake, and the ofiSce of chief was hereditary. In other tribes the office of chief was bestowed from merit or achievements in war. Their towns were scattered alpng the banks of the Scioto, the Mad Biver, and the Little Miami, in southern Ohio. Cornstalk, the great chief, so cruelly assassinated at Point Pleasant, resided east of the Scioto Biver,^on Sippo Greek, in what is now Pickaway County, and his sister, the Grenadier Squaw, who was six feet high, resided near him on the opposite side of the stream, in Squaw Town. The principal town, Old Chillicothe, was located near the mouth of Massie's Creek, three miles north of the present site of Xenia. Piqua, memorable as the birthplace of Tecumseh and Elsqua-ta-wa, was situated on the north bank of Mad Biver, seven miles west of the present site of the city of Springfield, in Clark County. Upper and Lower Piqua, in Miami County, were not far from the present site of the city of Piqua.

When the troops under Gen. Logan destroyed the Mequachake towns on Mad Biver in 1786, the Shawnees fled toward ttie wilderness at the head of the Auglaize and Ottawa Bivers, where game abounded, and where they would have time and protection to concoct their plans. This was the time of their iirst settlement in what is now Allen County.

In the fall of 1811 a good deal of uneasiness existed among the Shawnees, Delawares, Wyandots, and other western tribes, and British agents were very active in their endeavors to seduce the Ohio Lidians into the British service, in case of a war with the United States. Tecumseh, Blue Jacket, and the Prophet employed all their arts to induce the Little Turtle, Blackhoof, Buck-ong-a-he-las, and other noted chiefs, to join the league; but the Turtle, having been over-ruled by the Blue Jacket, in the battle of "Fallen TimbelB,'' refused to follow the lead of the wily Shawnee again. /

Duncan MoArthar, the Sbawnees were given a reservation around Wapakonetta, in the name of Blaokhoof , and along Hog Creek, of ten miles square; and in 1818, at the treaty of St. Mary's, twenty-five square miles, to be so laid out that Wapakonetta should be the center. At the same treaties, the Sbawnees and Seuecas, in what is now Logan CountjfC, in and around Lewistown, received a reservation of forty square miles. The founder of the latter village is believed to have been the Chief John I/ewis, who married Mary, the Indian sister of the captive Jonathan Alder. The Sbawnees continued to reside on these reservations until their final removal west of the Mississippi. None of the band of Tecumseh was ^included in the schedule of names appended in the treaty of 1817, at the Maumee Bapids, nor at St. Mary's. They had forfeited all right to protection by the Government of the United States, having joined the British in 1812.

As the Wapakonetta band was at the time of removal within the limits of Allen County, the names of the Sbawnees of that reservation are as follows : '' Qua- tu-wa- pee, or Captain Lewis, of Lewistown, forty square miles. Tracts at Wapakonetta divided among the following^: Blackhoof,Pam-thee or Walker, Pea-se-ca or Wolf, Shem-an-ita or Snake, Athel-wak-e-se-ca or Yellow Clouds, Pem-thew-tew or John Perry, Ca-calawa or End of the Tail, Que- la- we. War Chief, Sa-ca-cbew-a, We rewe-la, Wa-sa-we-tah or Bright Horn, Otha-ra-sa or Yellow, Tep-e-te-seca, New-a-be-tucca, Ca-awar-icho, Tha-cat-chew-a, Silo-cba-be-ca, Tapea or Sanders, Me-she-raw-ah, To-lea-pea, Poc-he-caw, Alawe-meta-buck oar Lullaway or Perry, Wa-wel-ame, Ne-me-cashe, Ne-ru-pene-sbe-qual or Cornstalk, Shi-che, Sbe-a-law-he, Nam-ska-ka, Tha-cas-ka or David Mo- Nair, Sha-pu-ka-ha, Qua-co-wawnee, Neco-sbe-cu, Thu-cu-sen or Jim Blue Jacket,^ Cho-welas-eca, Qua-ha-ho, Kay-ketcb-be-ka or William Perry, Sew-a-pen, Peetah or Davy Baker, Ska-poa-wab or George Mc- Dougal, Che-po-cu-ra, She-ma or Sam, Che-a-has-ka or Capt. Tommy, Gen. Wayne, The-way, Ghawee, We-a re-cab, Capt. Reed, Law-ay-tucheh or John Wolf, Te-cu-tio or Gnrge, Ske-ka-cump-ske-kaw, Wisb-emaw, Mug-way-mano-treka, Quas-kee, Thoe-wa, Bap-tis-ta, May-we-aliape, Perea-cumme, Choch-ke-lake or Dam, Kewa-pea, Ega-ta-cum-sbequa, Wal-upe, Aqua-sbe-qua, Pemata, Nepabo, Tape-sbe-ka, La- tho- wayno-ma, Saw-a-co-tu or Yellow Clouds, Mem-bis-he-ka, Asb-e-lu-kab, O-

The following are the names of the Shawnees to whom the Hog Creek Reservation was assigned, many of whom resided at the village where the council-house was built, afterward the Ezekiel Hover fann. Each Indian owned about 500 acres of land : Pe-aitch-tha, Orero-i-mo or Little Fox, On-a-was-kine, Pama-thaw-wah or George Williams, WapeS'ke-ka-ho-thew, Pa-haw-e-ou, Shin-a-gaw-ma-she, Ne-qua-ka-buchka, Pe-lis-ka, Ee-tu-che-pa, La-wet-che-to, E-paun-nee, Ea-nak-hih, Joso or Joseph Parks, Law-noe-tu-chu or Billy JParks, Shaw-na-ha, Wayma-tal-ha-way, Ee-to-aw-sa, She-she-co-pea, Le-cu-seh, Quil-na, Quedas-ka. These were the males residing on Hog Greek in 1817, and numbered about twenty-one at the time of their removal in 1882.

The treaty of Maumee Rapids further provided that 640 acres should be set off for the children of Spamagelabe, Capt. Logan, on the east side of the Auglaize, adjoining the ten mile reservation at Wapakonetta.

In negotiating this treaty of 1831 the services of Francis Deuchoquette were dispensed with, and in his place was appointed a man who would not fail to misrepresent the true meauing of the written worda As a result, the Indians found themselves the victims of Gardner's treachery. A deputation visited Washington to seek redress, but failed to receive justice. During the journey thither Deuchoquette died, and the Indians lost their most disinterested and true friend. The story of this treaty is told in Dr. Hill's relations of Indian history as follows: ''In the year 1831, Hon. John Mcllvaine, Indian agent for the Shawnees and Senecasof

Ohio, was instracted by the Department at Washington to approach tiioee tribes on the qaestion of disposing of their reservations, and re* moval west of the Missouri, and it* was done through James B. Qardner, as special commissioner. The Shawnees had but little confidence in the integrity of Mr. Gardner, and entered into the proposed consultation with reluctance. OoL John Johnston, of Piqua, the old agent, who had served the Shawnees and other tribes included in his agency for over thirty years, had been removed by the Piresident in consequence of his political opinions. In the midst of their prosperity and peace Commissioner Qardner sent a message to the Shawnees at Wapakonetta, informing them that he would be there in a few days to make propposals for the purchase of their lands. This was the first intimation of the kind that had reached their ears since ihey had entered upon their reservations, which the Gtovemment had declared they should occupy for an indefinite term of years. The message greatly surprised and alarmed them, for they had always dreaded such a contingency, guided by the history of the past, though they did not expect it so soon, having been so repeatedly assured by the Government that they shpuld forever remain upon and own their lands without being molested by any one. Having full faith in the guarantees of the Government, they had been induced to improve their lands, and change their mode and manner of life. The message of Gardner produced great confusion of mind and uncertainty of purpose. The chiefs consulted their Quaker friends as to the proper steps to be taken. It seemed almost incredible that the Gbvemment intended to thrust aside the plighted faith of the nation, and dispossess this handful of helpless Indians of so small a tract of land. Their Quaker friends advised them to refuse to sell or part with their lands. In the mean time the traders, and others having claims on the Indians, demanded immediate payment, and commenced offering the chiefs large bribes to induce them to sell, expecting to get their dues in that way, regardless of the fate of the poor Indians. In this way the advice of the Quakers was overlooked, and the Indians induced to part with their improvements and wild lands. In a few days, Gardner notified the chiefs to meet him on a fixed day at Wapakonetta, and from that time until his arrival the utmost confusion, grief and alarm prevailed among the Shawnees. The head men met him in general council, when, through a new interpreter, G^ordner delivered a

Itfkig harangue, 'desoribiDg the difficalties in the way of taxation, making roads and the like, that were about to overtake them, adverting to the fact, also, that mean white men would soon ruin them with bad whiskey, that white men would collect debts from them under their laws by seizing property, while an Indian's oath would amount to nothing; that white men would turn their horses in the Indian's grain field, and Indians be beaten by white men without remedy; and in this way continued to alarm their fears, until he had produced a desire in his hearers to remove to the wilds of Kansas, where they could feast on buffalo, elk, and other wild game, without working, as the whites did. If they would consent to sell their lands and go West, the great Father, President Jackson, would make them rich in a new and splendid country, which would never be within the limits of any State, where they could live by hnntingl (How fallacious!) If they would sell their reservations in Ohio, the Government would give them 100,000 acres of beautiful land, adjoining the tract of fifty miles square which Gov. Clark of Missouri had ceded to their Shawnee brethren in 1825, and upon which they were living.' "

Bemoval To Kansas

As the time for the removal of the tribe to Kansas came nearer and nearer, the Shawnees were observed to grow more dull and listless. With the arrival of David Bobb and D. M. Workman among them, they realiaasd truly that they must leave their old hunting grounds forever, and with this realization, each lodge entered on a special method of making the occasion memorable. Many surrendered themselves to despair, and plunged into a course of dissipation ; others, with more regard to the legends of the tribe, collected their trophies, articles of the chase, domestic utensils, and even leveled the mounds of the burial grounds of the tribe. This accomplished, the sub-agents, Bobb and Workman, gave the order to proceed on that long Western journey, and 700 members of the Shawnee family, with half that number of Senecas, moved toward the West in September, 1832, and traveled until Christmas of that year, when they camped on their Kansas reservation. Joseph Parks, a Quaker half-breed, conducted them from the Mississippi westward. John Mcllvaine and James B. Oardner accompanied them to the Mississippi. In 1883 fifiy left for Kansas. A large number of the Indians visited

Many references have been made In the first part of this chapter to the Indian chie& who were once masters of this county and neighborhood. Again in the first part of this book, devoted to a history of Ohio, such names as Pontiac, Tecumseh, Logan, Blaekhoof - find a very full mention. For these reasons the following personal notices of Indians who were at once famous or notorious, are given in a most concise form, each sketch containing only some important point or points not credited in the first part of the history.

So much has been, written regarding Tecumseh (pp. 69 to 78), it is only necessary here to make one reference to the man. Few there are who have not read of the barbarity of the English troops during the whole war of the Revolution, as well as the war of 1812; fewer still are ignorant of the premium offered by the English commanders to their soldiers and Indian allies. Who does not remember the massacres of Fort Meigs and of the Biver Baisin ? Who has not heard of Oen. Proctor's infamous doings there, of his order to kill all prisoners, of his enttiusiasm in witnessing, for two hours, how ably his own troops and kis Indiana carried out his diabolical command ? Tecomseh came on the scene too late to save all, yet in time to cast a ray of light on his own character, and save his Indian brothers from the obloquy which, to this day, attaches itself to the white man. According to the chronicler, he said: ^He sprang from his horse, caught one Indian by the throat and the other by the breast, and threw them to the ground; then, drawing his knife and hatchet, and running between the Indians and prisoners, brandished his weapons wildly and dared the attack on another prisoner. Maddened by the barbarity which he loathed, he sought Gen. Proctor, and demanded why this massacre was allowed.

"Begone !" answered the chief with a sarcastic sneer, "you are unfit to command; go, you are not a man.** Let the rebuke be the reproach of a savage; it is worthy of recognition to-day, for in the humanity of manhood is the philosophy of life.

Elsqnatawa, the twin brother of Tecomseh, is known in history as the Prophet. This false friend accompanied the renegade Shawnees under the lead of Tecumseh, to the British service in Canada; returned after the war to Wapakonetta; went west of the Mississippi with a large number of his tribe in 1828, and died of cholera in 1883 in Kansas. In a reference to him Jonathan Alder savs: ,^ I was very well acquainted with the Prophet. He was not a warrior, but a low, cunning fellow. He prophesied many things that did not come to pass. He was a vain man, with a great amount of show, but with little sense. His powers of prophecy were not well sustained by the Indians in general; in fact, they had but little faith in him." After the treaty of Ft. Wayne in 1809, it is related by Dr. Hill that the Prophet ordered the execution of Leatherlips, a noted Wyandot chief, for pretended witchcraft, but really to get rid of his influence. Six Wyandot warriors were sent to put him to death. The warriors and their leader. Roundhead, went directly from Tippecanoe to execute him. They found him encamped on a stream about twelve miles above the present city of Columbus. When the warriors arrived, and their purpose was ascertained, several white men made an ineffectual effort to save his life. A council took place, and the warriors resolved to kill the chief, as ordered. An Indian, with much warmth, accused him of magic or witchcraft; but Leatherlips denied the charge. When the sentence of death was passed upon him, he returned to his camp, ate a dinner of jerked venison, washed and dressed in his best Indian clothing, and painted his face. He was tall and dignified, and his hair quite gray. When the time of his execution arrived, he shook hands with those present, and turned from his wigwam and commenced to chant his death song. He then moved toward the point where the warriors had dug a grave. When he got to the grave, he kneeled down and prayed to the Great Spirit. When he finished, Roundhead also knelt and prayed. Leatherlips again knelt and prayed, and when he ceased, one of the warriors drew from his skirts a keen, new tomahawk, stepped up behind the chief and struck him on the head with his whole strength. The chief fell forward in the agonies of death. The executioner struck him again, once or twice, and finished his suffering. The body was buried with all his Indian ornaments, and the warriors and whites disappeared. An attempt has been made to fix the reeponsibilily of this great crime upon the Wyandot chief Crane. Crane was the friend of the whites, and opposed to the schemes of the treacherous Prophet, and it is clear never could have authorized the execution of a fellow Wyandot chief.

The Wyandot chief. Roundhead, had a village on the Scioto in the southwest comer of Hardin County, where the town of Bound Head was subsequently laid out. At what precise date the Indians started this village is not known, but about the year 1800 Maj. James Galloway, of Oreene County, visited them at this point, and says that there was then quite a number of apple trees in the village, and that the Indians raised many swine. Some of those trees, said to have been planted by this old chief, are yet standing. Roundhead, whose Indian name was Stiahta, was a fine looking man. He had a brother named John Battise, a man of great size and personal strength. He was well remembered by the pioneers of the Miami and Scioto Valleys on account of possessing an enormous nose, which resembled in size and hue an immense blue potato full of indentations, and when he laughed it shook like jelly. He lived at a place called Battisetown some miles west of his brother's village, joined the English in 1812, and was killed at the siege of Fort Meigs. In 1807 Roundhead was present with Tecumseh and other chiefs at a council held at Springfield, Ohio, between the whites and Indians to settle a difficulty which arose over the killing of a white man named Myers, a few miles west of Urbana. The execution of Leatherlips, a wellknown Wyandot chief, which took place twelve miles north of Colum- *bus, Ohio, in 1810, on the charge of witchcraft, was intrusted by Tecumseh to Roundhead, who at the head of six braves came from Tippecanoe and did the deed.

The celebrated Mingo chief, Logan, with a band of followers, had a village in the southeastern part of Hardin County as early as 1778. It is probable that he moved from the lower Shawnee towns on the Scioto, where his cabin stood in 1774, to this point, soon after Lord Dunmore's campaign. The exact location of this village is not known, some old settiers claiming that it stood in the vicinity of ^ Grassy Foint.^

CoL John McDonald, in his biography of Simon Kenton, when telling of his capture in 1778, says: ^ As the Indians passed from Wapatomika to Upper Sandusky, they went through a small village on the

Biver Scioto, where then resided the celebrated chief, Logan, of Jefferson memory. Logan, unlike the rest of his tribe^ was hmnane as he was brave. At his wigwam, the party who had the care of the prisoner, stayed over night. ^ From this account it seems they also remained the succeeding day and night, not leaving for Upper Sandusky until the second morning after their arrival at Logan's village. The old Shawnee trail crossed the Scioto near the residence of the late Judge Fortius Wheeler, several miles northeast of Ghrassy Point, and as the Indian village was on the Scioto, it is safe to infer that the wigwams of Logan and his band were in the vicinity of the Shawnee ford and not at Grassy Point The main reason why the latter place has been thought to have been the site of the Mingoe camp, is that the Indians had cleared and cultivated some land in that locality, which, upon subsequent abandon* ment, had grown up in blue grass, hence the name, Ghrassy Point It is more probable that the land i^eferred to was cultivated by the Shawnees and Wyandots, who owned this territory in common, while the Mingoee occupied it only by consent of these tribes, who loved it as one of their favorite camping grounds, and a saored depository of their dead in bygone ages.

One of the most noted chiefs was the venerable Blackhoof - Gul-the-we-ka-saw - in the raids upon Kentucky sometimes called Blackfoot He is believed to have been born in Florida, and, at the period of the removal of a portion of the Shawnees to Ohio and P^uisylvania, was old enough to recollect having bathed in the salt water. He was present, with others of his tribe, at the defeat of Gen. Braddock, near Pittsburgh, in 1755, and was engaged in all the wars in Ohio from that time until the treaty of Greenville, in 1795. He was known far and vride as the great Shawnee warrior, whose cunning, sagacity and experi* ence were only equalled by the force and desperate bravery with which he carried into operation his military plana He was the inveterate foe of the white man, and held that no peace should be made nor negotiation attempted, except on the condition that the whites should repass the mountains, and leave the great plains of the West to the sole occupancy of the red men. He was the orator of the tribe during the greater part of his long life, and is said to have been an excellent speaker. Col. John Johnston says he was probably in more battles than any living man of his day, and was the most graceful Indian he had ever seen, and possessed the most nataral and happy faculty of expressing his ideas. He was well versed in the traditions of his people, and no one understood better their relations to the whites, whose settlements were gradually pressing them back, and could detail with minuteness the wrongs inflicted by the whites on his people. He remembered having talked with some of the aged chiefs who had been present at the treaty with William Penn in 1682. He fought the battles against Harmar, St. Clair and Wayne, hoping to retain his country; but when finally defeated in 1794, he decided that further resistance was useless, and signed the treaty of Greenville in 1795, and continued faithful to its stipulations until his decease, which oc<^urred in the smnmer of 1881 at Wapakonetta, at the advanced age of one hundred and twenty years I Blackhoof is said to have been opposed to polygamy and the practice of burning prisoners. He lived forty years with one wife, raising a large family of children, who both loved and respected him. He was small in stature, not more than five feet eight inches in height He was favored with good health and unimpaired eye-sight to the period of his death.

Quasky, his elder son, was the successor to Blackhoof. He possessed many of the qualities of his distinguished father. He went West with his people in 1882, and was living in 1858. He, like his father, was a fine speaker.

' La-wa-tu-cheh, John Wolf, was a Shawnee of some nota OoL John Johnston hired of him a trading house at Wapakonetta, and he often accompanied the Oolonel on his trading trips in the forest, among the different tribes. He died at Wapakonetta.

Wa-the-the-wela, or Bright Horn, was another noted chief, who was present when Logan was mortally wounded in the contest with Winemac in 1812, and was severely wounded in the thigh in the same fight, but recovered and lived at Wapakonetta He was, with Blackhoof, the especial friend of Gen. Harrison, in the war of 1812. He was a brave man, and of sound integrity. He fought like a hero for our cause in the war of 1812. He was a large and commanding Indian in appearance, and was quite shrewd and intelligent. He died in 1826, at Wapakonetta.

assassinated at Pt. Pleasant, Ya. This Peter was a fine specimen of the Indian, and a true friend of the settlers in the Auglaize country. He moved to Kansas in 1828 with the Prophet

Henry Clay, son of Capt. Wolf, was educated under the supervision of Col. John Johnston, at Upper Piqua, at the expense of the Quaker friends. ' ' He afterward became a leading chief and married the daughter of Jeremiah McLain, formerly a member of Congress from the Columbus district, in 1835.

Waywel-ea-py was the principal speaker among the Shawnees at the period of their removal. He was an eloquent orator, grave, gay or humorous as occasion required. At times, his manner is said to have been quite fascinating, his countenance so full of varied expression, and his voice so musical, that surveyors and other strangers passing through the country listened to him with delight, although the words fell upon their ears in an unknown languaga During the negotiation for the sale of their reserve, he addressed his people and Mr. Oardner several times. His refutation of Gardner's assumed superiority over the Indian race was complete and full of irony. Col. George C. Johnston often met this chief at his trading post in Wapakonetta, and says he was a fine looking Indian, and cultivated the friendship of the pioneers. He was the principal speaker of the Shawnees, and delivered the opinions of the tribe at treaties and[ in public assemblies. He removed West with his tribe, where he died in 1843.

Lullaway, John Perry, head chief of the Shawnees, often traded at the station of Col. Johnston. He signed the treaty of 1881, at Wapakonetta. He could converse fluently in English. He was a man of influence with his tribe, and of good habits. He was much grieved when he learned that the Shawnees had been deceived as to the value of their reservations. He went West in 1882, and died in 1848.

The chief Oxonoxy resided where Charloe village now stands. About the year 1827 this savage killed his son-in-law and grandson; he was tried by a council of chiefs, sentenced to be beheaded, but instead of carrying out the sentence one of deposition was substituted. His daughter was brought to Dr. John Evans, father of Dr. S. A. Evans, of Del-

Buck- ong-a-he- las, a noted old Delaware chief, mixed much with the Shawnees. He is supposed to have been bom near Philadelphia, Penn., a few years after the treaties with Penn, and, when he lived on the Auglaize, was well advanced in age. In colonial days, with Jacobs and other leading Delawares, he resided in western Pennsylvania, and is believed at that time to have been identical with the "Shingess" who entertained Washington, when a young man, in 1758. Shingess was an active warrior when Fort Du Quesne was taken in 1759. Heckewelder speaks of meeting him at the Tuscarora town on the Muskingum, as early as 1760. As early as 1764 King Beaver, who was a brother of Buck-ong-a-he-las, is met by Gen. Gibson at the mouth of Big Beaver. Just what time he settled in western Ohio is not known. At the capture of Ool. Hardin, Maj. Truman and others in 1792 as bearers of a flag of trace from Washington, after having treacherously murdered Hardin, the Indians arrived near the Indian town of Auglaize, and reported to the old chief, ''who was very sorry they had killed the men, and said, instead of so doing, they should have brought them along to the Indian towns, and then, if what they had to say had not been liked, it would have been time enough to have killed them. Nothing could justify them for putting them to death, as there was no chance for them to escape." This chief fought against Harmar, St. Glair and Wayna He signed the treaty of 1795. He must have been over one hundred years old. He died at the Ottawa village on the Auglaize in 1804.

The chief Blue Jacket, it will be remembered, commanded the Indian army at the battle of '* Fallen Timber " in 1794, and with much reluctance signed the treaty with Wayne at Ghreenville in 1795. He was very bitter in his feelings toward the ** Long Knives," who were rapidly settling upon the lands that formerly belonged to the red man. His feelings were quite as intense as those of Tecumseh, though he did not possess his abilities for organization. As a matter of prudence, he did not join Tecumseh in the war of 1812. He is supposed to have died at the Ottawa village, down the Auglaize, just prior to the treaty at Maumee Rapids in 1817. It appears that Gens. Cass and McArthur, in that treaty, made provision for his family at Wapakonetta, in which James,

Quilna, another chief, was actually popular among the white pioneers. He shared in all their sports and industries; was as good a workman as he was a hunter.

Little Fox, a brother of Pht, was an irreconcilable. Up to the departure of this Indian for Kansas he could not believe that he was doomed to leave Ohio.

Torkeyfoot, a peculiar formation, just as broad as he was long, was a savage capable of entertaining and practicing the most diabolical ideas. At times he would reduce himself to believe that he was on good terms with the whites, and while in such a mood he would make a circuit of all the white settlements.

Tu-taw was one of the first mail-carriers in the Northwest, having been employed by Mad Anthony to carry letters and dispatches between Piqua and Defiance. Smith Baxter relates the following story respecting him: *' Old Tutaw was one day, in 1830, passing down the Auglaize in his canoe loaded with bark, which grounded near Sam Baxter's cabin. In an effort to float the canoe he got into the water and made such a splash and dash therein that young Baxter ventured to have a laugh at his expense. In 1846 he met Tutaw, who looked at him for an instant and said, ' You bad boy, you laugh at old Tut when he got his canoe fast' "

Pht or Fallen Timbers, the last chief of his tribe in Ohio, was as peculiar in many respects as his name - which, by the way, is pronounced Pe-aitch-ta. Under him the Council House was built in 1831, but not completed. The wigwam or cabin of the old chief stood but a few rods northwest of the council-house. Here the chief, after a long sickness, died and was buried a short time before the removal of the tribe, in 1832. He was buried near his cabin in his garden. John F. Cole, now residing in Lima, states that he was present at the burial of this old chief. His grave was dug by his wife and daughter. Puncheons (d proper size and thickness were split, and these substituted for a coffin. They were placed on their edges at the bottcon of the grave, which was not over two feet deep, and a third one placed over the corpse, thus forming a rude coffin. There were many Shawnees present, and many little trinkets were deposited with the body. All seemed to be deeply a£feoted. After the burial of the chief, according to an old custom, the Shawnees slanghtered a beef, cooked and prepared the meat, and held a sort of feast. The old council-house was not fully completed until about 1882. The Shawnees with their bitter feuds, their wars of extermination, their alliances with the British, their invasions, their revenges, their hates, are all gone. Seldom do the thoughts of the higher people, who now own and cultivate their lands, turn toward the West in sympathy with the aborigines. How different with the exiles? In their daydreams, far away in Kansas, they look toward the rising sun, and long to return to the land where they passed their youth, to surround themselves again with the memoried scenes. May we not hope that in coming years these children of Nature may learn from the Past; may arrive at a high state of civilization and then come among uh to realize the barbarous condition of their fathers, and conceive the littleness of their tribal glories?