Defiance County, Ohio - British Expedition Up the Maumee in 1780, 1883 (part 2 of 2)

Camp forty-one miles from Grand Oglaize, 18th August, 1794. - The legion arrived on this ground, nothing particular taking place. Five of our spies were sent out at 3 o'clock; they fell in with an advanced body of the enemy, and obliged to retreat; but May, one of our spies, fell under the enemy's hold. What his fate may be must be left to future success.

Caiup Deposit, 19th August, 1794. - Tlie legion still continued in encampment and are throwing up works to secure and deposit the heavy baggage of the troops, so that the men may be light for action, providing the enemy have presumption to favor us with an interview, which if they should think proper to do, the troops are in such high spiTits that we will make an easy victory of them.

Gamp in sight of a British garrison, on the Miami of the Lake, August 20, 1794. - One hundred and fifty miles from Greenville. This day, the legion, after depositing every kind of baggage, took up the line of march at 7 o'clock, and continued their route down the margin of the river without making any discovery, until 11 o'clock, when the front guard, which was composed of mounted volunteers, were fired on by the enemy. The guard retreated in the utmost confusirm through the front guard of the regulars, commanded by Capt. Cook and Lieut. Steele, who, in spite of their utmost exertion, made a retreat. These fell in with the left of Capt. Howell Lewis' company of light infantry and threw that part of the men into confusion, which Capt. Lewis observing^ he ordered the left of his company to retreat about forty yards, where he formed them and joined the right, which had stood their ground. They continued in this position until they were joined by part of Capt. Springer's battalion of riflemen, which was nearly fifteen minutes after the firing commenced, who drove the enemy that had attempted to flank us on the right. Nearly at the same time, the right column came up, and the charge was sounded - the enemy gave way and fired scattering shots as they ran off.

About the time the right column came up, a heavy firing took place on the left, which lasted but a short time, the enemy giving way in all quarters, which left us in possession of their dead to the number of forty. Our loss was thirty killed and 100 wounded. Among the former we have to lament the loss of Capt. MisCampbell of the dragoons, and Lieut. Henry B. Fowles of the Fourth sub-legion; and of the latter, Capts. Prior of the First, Slough of the Fourth, and Van Rensselaer of the dragoons, also Lieut. Campbell Smith of the Fourth sub- legion. The whole loss of the enemy cannot at present be ascertained, but it is more than probable it must have been considerable, for we pursued them with rapidity for nearly two miles. As to the number of the enemy engaged in this action, opinions are so various that I am at a loss to know what to say. The most general opinion is 1,500, one-third of which are supposed to be Canadians; I am led to believe this number is not over the mark. After the troops had taken some refreshment, the legion continued their route down the river and encamped in sight of the British garrison. One Canadian fell into our hands whom we loaded with irons.

Camp, Foot of the Rapids, 21st August, 1794. - We are now lying within half a mile of a British garrison. A flag came to the Commander-in-Chief, the purport of which was that he, the commanding officer of the British fort, was surprised to see an American army so far advanced in this country; and why they had the assurance to encarnp under the mouths of His Majesty's cannons! The Commander-in-Chief answered, that the affair of yesterday might well inform him why this army was encamped in its present position, and had the flying savages taken shelter under the walls of the fort, his Majesty's cannons should not have protected them.

Camp, Foot of the Rapids, 22d August, 1794. - We have destroyed all the property within 100 yards of the garrison. The volunteers were sent down eight miles below the fort, and have destroyed and burnt all the possessions belonging to the Canadians and savages. The Commander-in-Chief led his light infantry within pistol shot of the garrison to find ont the strength and situation of the place, and in hopes of bringing a shot from our inveterate but silent enemies. They were too cowardly to come up to our expectations, and all we got by insulting the colors of Britain was a flag, the amount of which was, that the commanding officer of the fort felt himself as a soldier much injured by seeing His Majesty's colors insulted, and if such conduct was continued he would be under the necessity of making a proper resentment; upon which the Commander-in-Chief demanded the post, it being the right of the United States, which he was refused. A small party of dragoons were sent over the river to burn and destroy all the houses, corn, etc. , that were under cover of the fort, which was effected.

Camp Deposit, 23d August, 1794. - Having burned and destroyed everything contiguous to the fort without any opposition, the legion took up the line of march, and in the evening encamped on this ground, being the same they marched from the 20th. It may be proper to remark that we have heard nothing from the savages, or their allies,' the Canadians, since the action. The honors of war have been paid to the remains of those brave fellows who fell on the 20th, by a discharge of three rounds f^-om sixteen pieces of ordnance, charged with shells. The ceremony was performed with the greatest ceremony.

Camp. Thirty -two Mile Tree, 24th August, 1794. - The wounded being well provided for with carriages, etc., the legion took up the line of march and halted in their old camp about 2 o'clock in the even- ing without any accident. In this day's march, we destroyed all the corn and burnt all the houses we met with, which were very considerable.

Camp Fifteen Mile Tree, 25th August, 1794. - The legion continued their march and encamped on this ground at 3 o'clock P. M. This morning a few of the volunteers remained in the rear of the army; and soon after the legion took up the line of march they saw eight Indians coming into our camp; they fell in with them, killed one and wounded two.

Camp Nine Mile Creek, 26th August, 1794 - The legion continued their march, and after burning and destroying all the houses and corn on their route, arrived on this ground at 2 o'clock, being one of our encamping places when on oui' advance.

All the wounded that were carried on litters and horseback were sent forward to Ft. Defiance. Dr. Carmichael, through neglect, had the wounded men of the artillery and cavalry thrown into wagons, among spades, axes, picks, etc., in consequence of which the wounded are now lying in extreme pain, besides the frequent shocks of a wagon on the worst of roads. The wounded of the Third sub-legion are under obligations to Dr. Haywood for his attention and humanity to them in their distress.

Camp Ft. Defiance, 27th August, 1794. - The legion continued their route, and at 3 o'clock were encamped on the Miami, one mile above the garrison. On this day's march, we destroyed all the corn and burnt all the houses on our route; the wounded are happily fixed in the garrison, and the doctors say there is no great danger of any of them dying.

Fort Defiance, 28th August, 1794. - The Commander-in-Chief thinks proper to continue on this ground for some time to refresh the troops and send for supplies. There is corn, beans, pumpkins, etc., within "four miles of this place, to furnish the troops three weeks.

General Orders. - The Quartermaster General will issue one gill of whisky to every man belonging to the Federal army this morning, as a small compensation for the fatigues they have undergone for several days past. Maj. General Scott will direct his Quartermasters to attend accordingly with their respective returns. The Commander-in-Chief wishes it to be fairly understood that when he mentioned or may mention the Federal army in general orders, that term comprehends and includes the legion and mounted volunteers as one compound army, and that the term legion comprehends the regular troops, agreeable to the organization by the President of the United States, and by which appellation they are known and recognized on all occasions, when acting by themselves, and separate from the mounted volunteers. As the army will probably remain on this ground for some time, vaults must be dug and every precaution taken to keep the encampment clean and healthy. The legion will be reviewed the day after to-morrow at 10 o'clock. In the interim, the arms must be clean and varnished and the clothing of the soldier repaired and washed, to appear in the most military condition possible; but in these necessary preparations for a review, great caution must be used by the commanding officers of wings, not to permit too many men at one time to take their locks off, or to be engaged in washing.

This is the first fair day that we have had since we began to return to this place, it having rained nearly constantly for five days, which was the occasion of fatiguing the troops very much.

Ft. Defiance, 29th August, 1794. - We are as yet encamped on this ground; all the pack-horses belonging to the Quartermaster and contractor's department moved this morning for Ft. Recovery, escorted by Brig. Gen. Todd's brigade of mounted volunteers, for the purpose of bringing supplies to this place. It is said the legion will continue in their present camp until the return of this escort. Our spies were yesterday twelve miles up this river, and they bring information that the corn-fields continue as far as they were up the river.

Ft. Defiance, 30th August, 1794. - This day at 10 o'clock the Commander-in-Chief began to review the troops at the posts occupied by the different corps, and I am led to believe that he was well pleased at their appearance. Maj. Hughes, Capt. Slough, Oapt. Van Rensselaer and Lieut. Younghusband, obtained a furlough to go home to repair their health, being, as they pretended, very much injured by the service.

I believe the two first and the last mentioned, if they never return will not be lamented by the majority of the army. The out-guards were much alarmed this morning at the mounted volunteers firing off all their arms without our having any notice.

Headquarters, 31st August, 1794, general orders - A general court martial to consist of five members, will set to-morrow morning at 10 o'clock for the trial of such prisoners as may be brought before them. Maj. Shaylor, President, Lieut. Wade, Judge Advocate.

The disorderly and dangerous practice of permitting the soldiery to pass the chain of sentinels, on pretext of going after vegetables, can no longer be suifered. In future, on issuing day, only one man from each mess, properly armed, and commanded by the respective sub-legionary quartermasters, will be sent as a detachment for vegetables, to march at 7 o'clock in the morning.

The pack-horses shall forage daily under the protection of a squadron of dragoons; every precaution must be taken to guard against surprise. Any noncommissioned officer or soldier found half a mile without the chain of sentinels, without a pass signed by the commanding officer of wings or sub-legion, or from headquarters, shall be deemed a deserter, and punished accordingly. Every sentinel suflering a non-commissioned officer or private to pass without such written permit, except a party or command, shall receive fifty lashes for each and every violation of this order. A fatigue party of 300 non-commissioned officers and privates, with a proportion of commissioned officers, will parade at 7 o'clock to-morrow morning, furnished with 100 axes, 100 picks and 100 spades and shovels, with arms, commanded by Maj. Burbeck.

A part of this order was in consequence of three men of the first sub-legion being either killed or taken by the enemy when out a foraging, which was done some time since in a very disorderly manner, at the same time liable to attacks of the enemy, without having it in their power to make the smallest resistance.

Fort Defiance, 1st September, 1794. - This morning the fatigue party (;)rdered yesterday began to fortify and strengthen the fort and make it of sufficient strength to be proof against heavy metal; the work now on hand is a glacis with fascines, and a ditch twelve feet wide and eight feet deep; the blockhouses are to be made bomb proof.

Fort Defiance, 2d September, 1794. - Every effective man of the light troops in the redoubts round the camp were ordered this morning to make three fascines.

The foraging party that went out this day brought in as much corn, dry enough to grate, as will suffice the troops three days. The soldiery gets sick very fast with the fever and ague, and have it severely.

Fort Defiance, 3d September, 1794. - Nothing but hard fatigues going forward in all quarters. The garrison begins to put on the appearance of strength, and will in a few days be able to stand the shock of heavy cannon; the troops are very sickly, and I believe the longer we continue in this place the worse it will be.

Fort Defiance, 4th September, 1794. - The number of our sick increases daily, provision is nearly exhausted; the whisky has been out for some time, which makes the hours pass heavily to the tune of Roslin Castle, when in our present situation they ought to go to the quickstep of ' ' the merry man down to his grave." Hard duty and scanty allowance will cause an aimy to be low spirited, particularly the want of a little of the wet.

Fort Defiance, 5th September, 1794. - No news of the escort; this day the troops drew no flour; and I fear will shortly draw no beef ; however, as long as the issuing of beef continues the troops will not suffer, as there is still corn in abundance on the river.

Fort Defiance, 6th September, 1794. - The work on the garrison goes on with life, and will be completed in a few days. The wepther very wet and cold; this morning there is a small frost.

Fort Defiance, 8th September, 1794. - This day brings us information of the escort; by express we learn that it will be with us to-morrow. It will be fortunate for us should provisions arrive, as we have not drawn any flour since the 7th inst. ; nevertheless, we have the greatest abundance of vegetables.

Fort Defiance, 9th September, 1794. - The escort has not yet arrived, but will be in to-morrow. Gen. Scott, with the residue, is ordered to march to-morrow morning at reveille. The Oommander-in-Chief engaged with the volunteers to bring on the flour from Greenville on their own horses, for which they are to receive $3 per hundred, delivered at the Miami villages.

Fort Defiance, 10th September, 1794. - The escort arrived this day about 3 o'clock and brought with them 200 kegs of flour and nearly 200 head of cattle.

Capt. Preston and Ensigns Strother, Bowyer and Lewis, joined us this day with the escort. We received no liquor by this command, and I fancy we shall not receive any until we get into winter quarters, which will make the fatigues of the campaign appear double, as I am persuaded the troops would much rather live on half rations of beef and bread, provided they could get their full rations of whisky. The vegetables are as yet in the greatest abundance. The soldiers of Capt. William Lewis' company are in perfect health, the wounded excepted.

Fort Defiance, 11th September, 1794. - This day Gen. Barber' s brigade of mounted volunteers marched for Ft. Recovery for provisions, to meet us at the Miami villages by the 20th.

Fort Defiance, 12th September, 1794. - This day the pioneers were ordered to cut the road up the Miami under the direction of the sub-legionary Quartermaster; they are to commence at 7 o'clock to-morrow morning.

Fort Defiance, 18th September, 1794. - This day a general order was issued, setting forth that the legion would march to-morrow morning precisely at 7

The squaw that Wells captured on the 11th August was this day liberated and sent home. Three soldiers of the First and three of the Third sub-legions deserted last night; sixteen volunteers pursued them; they are to receive $20 if they bring them in dead or alive.

Camp Eleven-and-a-half Mile Tree, 14th September, 1794. - The legion began their march for the Miami villages at 7 o'clock this morning and encamped on this ground at 3 o'clock, after marching in the rain eight hours.

Camp Twenty-three Mile Tree, 15th September, 1794. - The legion marched at 6 and encamped at 4 o'clock. Capt. Preston, who commanded the light troops in the rear, got lost and lay out from the army all night with a large part of the baggage.

Camp Thirty-three Mile Tree, 16th September, 1794. - We encamped on this ground at 4 o'clock, after passing over very rough roads and woods thick with brush, the timber very lofty and the land generally rich and well watered.

Camp Miami Villages, 17th September, 1794. - The army halted on this ground at 5 o'clock P. M., being forty-seven miles from Fort Defiance and fourteen from our last encampment; there are nearly five hundred acres of cleared land lying in one body on the Rivers St. Joseph, St. Mary's and the Miami; there are fine points of land contiguous to those rivers adjoining the cleared land. The rivers are navigable for small craft in the summer, and in the winter there is water sufficient for large boats; the land adjacent fertile and well timbered, and from every appearance it has been one of the largest settlements made by the Indians in this country.

Camp Miami Villages, 18th September, 1794 - This day the Commander-in-Chief reconnoitered the ground and determined on a spot to build the garrison on. The troops fortified their camps, as they halted too late yesterday to cover themselves. Four deserters from the British came to us this day; they bring information that the Indians are encamped eight miles below the British fort to the number of 1,600.

Camp Miami Villages, 19th September, 1794. - This day we hear that Gen. Barber's brigade of mounted volunteers are within twelve miles of this place and will be in early to-morrow with large supplies of flour; we have had heavy rains, the wind northwest, and the clouds have the appearance of emptying large quantities on this western world.

Camp Miami Villages, 20th September, 1794. - Last night it rained violently, and the wind blew from the northwest harder than I ever knew heretofore.

All the Quartermaster's horses set off this morning escorted by the mounted volunteers for Greenville, and are to return the soonest possible; we have not one quart of salt on this ground, which occasions bad and disagreeable living, until the arrival of the next escort.

Camp Miami Villages, 22d September, 1794. - Nothing of consequence took place this day, except that the troops drew no salt with their fresh provisions.

Camp Miami Villages, 23d September, 1794. - Four deserters from the British garrison arrived at our camp; they mention' that the Indians are still embodied on the Miami, nine miles below the British fort; that they are somewhat divided in opinion, some are for peace and others are for war.

Camp Miami Villages, 24th September, 1794. - This day the work commenced on the garrison, which I am apprehensive will take some time to complete it. A keg of whisky containing ten gallons, was purchased this day for $80, a sheep for $10; $3 for one pint of salt, but it could not be obtained for less than $6.

Camp Miami Villages, 25th September, 1794. - Lieut. Blue of the dragoons was this day arretted by Ensign Johnson of the Fourth S. L. , but a number of their friends interfering, the dispute was settled upon Lieut. Blue's asking Ensign Johnson's pardon.

Camp Miami Villages, 26th September, 1794. - McCleland, one of our spies, with a small party, came in this evening from Ft. Defiance, who brings information that the enemy are troublesome about the garrison, and that they have killed some of our men under the walls of the fort. Sixteen Indians were seen to-day near this place, a small party went in pm'suit of them. I have not heard what discoveries they have made.

Camp Miami Villages, 27th September, 1794. - No intelligence of the enemy; tlie rain fell considerably last night; this morning the wind is southwest

Camp Miami Villages, 30th September, 1794. - Salt and whisky were drawn by the troops this day and a number of the soldiery became much intoxicated, they having stolen a quantity of liquor from the Quartermaster.

duty; they are ordered by the Commander-in-Chief to march to-morrow for Greenville to assist the packhorses, which I am told they are determined not to do.

Camp Miami Villages, '2d October, 1794. - This morning the volunteers refused to go on command, and demanded of Gen. Scott to conduct them home; he ordered them to start with Gen. Barber, or if they made the smallest delay they should lose all their pay and be reported to the war office as revolters; this had the desired effect, and they went off not in good humor.

Camp Miami Villages, 3d October, 1794. - Every officer, non-commissioned officer and soldier belonging to the square are on fatigue this day, hauling trees on the hind wheels of wagons; the first day we got an extra gill per man, which appears to be all the compensation at this time in the power of the Commander-in-Chief to make the troops.

Camp Miami Villages, 4th October, 1794. - This morning we had the hardest frost I ever saw in the middle of December; it was like a srnall snow; there was ice in our camp kettles three-quarters of an inch thick; the fatigues go on with velocity, considering the rations the troops are obliged to live on.

Camp Miami Villages, 5th October, 1794. - The weather extremely cold and hard frosts; the wind northwest; everything quiet and nothing but harmony and peace throughout the camp, which is something uncommon.

Camp Miami Villages, 6th October, 1794. - Plenty and quietness the same as yesterday; the volunteers engaged to work on the garrison, for which they are to receive three gills of whisky per man per day, when their employment is digging the ditch and filling up the parapet.

Camp Miami Villages, 7th October, 1794. - The volunteers are soon tired of work and refuse to labor any longer; they have stolen and killed seventeen beeves in the course of these two days past.

Camp Miami Villages, 8th October, 1794. - The troops drew but half rations of flour this day. The cavalry and other horses die very fast, not less than four or five per day.

Camp Miami Villages, 11th October, 1794. -A Canadian (Eozelle) arrived with a flag this yvening; his business was to deliver up three prisoners in exchange for his brother, who was taken the 20th August; he brings information that the Indians are in council with Girty and McKee, near the fort of Detroit, that all the tribes are for peace except the Shawnees, who are determined to prosecute the war. Camp Miami Villages, 12th October, 1794. -The mounted volunteers of Kentucky marched for Greenville, to be mustered and dismissed the service of the United States Army, they being of no further service therein.

Camp Miami Villages, 13th October, 1794. - Capt. Gibson marched this day and took with him a number of horses for Ft. Recovery to receive supplies of provisions.

Camp Miami Villages, 15th October, 1794. - The Canadian that came in on the 11th left us this day, accompanied by his brother; they have promised to furnish the garrison at Ft. Defiance with stores at a moderate price, which, if performed, will be a great advajitage to the officers and soldiers of that post.

Camp Miami Villages, 18th October, 1794. - Capt. Springer and Brock with all the pack-horses, marched with the cavalry this morning for Greenville, and the foot for Recovery, the latter to return with the smallest delay with a supply of provisions for this post and Defiance.

Camp Miami Villages, 19th October, 1794. - This day the troops were not ordered for labor, being the first day for four weeks, and accordingly attended divine service.

Camp Miami Villages, 20th October, 1794. - An express arrived this day with dispatches to the Commander-in-Chief; the contents are kept secret.

Camp Miami Villages, 21st October, 1794. - This day were read the proceedings of a general court martial, held on Lieut. Charles Hyde (yesterday), was found not guilty of the charges exhibited against him, and was therefore acquitted.

Camp Miami Villages, 22d October, 1794. - This morning at 7 o'clock the following companies, under the command of Lieut. Col. Commandant Hamtramck, of] the First Sub-legion, took possession of this place, viz.: Capt. Kingsbury's First; Captain Greaton's Second, Capt. Spark's and Capt. Reed' s Third, Capt. Preston's Fourth, and Capt. Porter's of artillery, and after firing fifteen rounds of cannon, Col. Hamtramck gave it the name of Ft. Wayne.

Camp Miami Villages, 23d October, 1794. - The general fatigue of the garrison ended this day, and Col, Hamtramck, with the troops under his command, to furnish it as he may think fit.

This evening Capt. Springer, with the escort, arrived with a supply of flour and salt. A Frenchman and a half Indian came to headquarters, but where they are from or their business we cannot learn, but that it is of a secret nature.

Camp Miami Villages, 27th October, 1794. - Agreeable to general orders of this day, we will march for Greenville to-morrow morning at 8 o'clock

Camp nine miles from Ft. Wayne, 28th October, 1794. - The legion took up the line of march at 9 o'clock, and arrived here without anything particular occurring.

Camp twenty- one miles from Ft. Wayne, 29th October, 1794. - The troops proceeded on their march at sunrise, and arrived on this ground at 3:30 o'clock; our way was through rich and well-timbered land ; the weather cold and much like for rain.

Camp southwest side of St. Mary's River, 30th October, 1794. The legion proceeded on their march at 7 o'clock and arrived here at sunset; continual heavy rain all day.

Camp Girty's Town, 81st October, 1794. - The troops took up their line of march at sunrise, and arrived here three hours after night, through heavy rain.

We were saluted with twenty-four rounds from a six-pounder. Our absence from this ground amounted to three months and six days. And so ends the expedition of Gen. Wayne's campaign.

Gen. Wayne

Gen Anthony Wayne was born in Chester Coun - ty, Penn., January 1, 1745. After leaving school, he became a smweyor, and paid some attention to philosophy and engineering, by which he obtained the friendship of Dr Franklin, who became his patron. He entered the army of the Revolution in 1775, and was made Brigadier General in 1777. He was in the army through the war, and particularly distinguished himself in the battlf s of Brandywine, Germantown and Monmouth. His attack upon Stony Point in July, 1779, an almost inaccessible height, defended by 600 men and a stronsf battery of artillery, was the most brilliant exploit of the war. At midnight, he led his troops with unloaded muskets, flints out, and fixed bayonets and without firing a single gun, carried the fort by storm and took 543 prisoners. He was struck in the attack by a musket ball in the head, which was momentarily supposed to be a mortal wound; he called to his aids to carry him forward and let him die in the fort. The crowning acts of his life were his victory over the Indians on the Maumee, and the treaty of Greenville in August, 1795.

On his return to Philadelphia, Wajne was rew ceived by the people with open arms, and by thanks both public and private. His entry into the city was triiimphant; business was suspended and he was met on his approach by the militia, and conducted through the streets amid martial music, the ringing of bells, the firing of cannon and the acclamations of a grateful people. And Congress then in session, passed resolution of thanks highly complimentary to him and his victorious army.

The following year Wayne was appointed sole Commissioner on the part with the United States to treat with the Indian tribes of the Northwest, and to receive from the British the forts they had now consented to give up. After promptly and eflficiently discharging this last and important duty for his country, in whose service his manhood had been spent, he started to return by the way of Lake Erie, but it was not granted him to again see his home. He died at Erie, Penn., and was buried on the shore of the lake, December, 1796.

Thus ended the career . of one of our country' s bravest and most successful Generals - one to whom fortune had assigned difficult and laborious tasks, but whom she never abandoned in the hour of trial. Here a life of peril and of glory was ended. He took up arms in his country's defense in the beginning of her struggle for independence, and bravely fought in nearly every battle of that long and doubtful contest against a superior power until the tinal triumph. If a difiicult or hazardous enterprise was commenced, Wayne was ordered to execute it, or if an opportunity was aiforded he volunteered to do it. Of this, his campaign in Georgia, in which he delivered that State from the double affliction of British supremacy and Indian cruelty ; his brilliant attack on the army of Cornwallis at James River ; the holding of Chadsford at the battle of Brandywine ; the success of the division under his command at Germantown, and the never to be surpasse'd assault and capture of Stony Point, are incontestable evidences. But the last and crowning glory of his illustrious career was preparing the way for the settlement of the Maumee Valley, and liberating the frontier from the murderous tomahawk, and the bloody scalping knife which the savages were using indiscriminately against men, women and children, and where the cries of murdered infancy mingled with the dying shrieks of age arose with the smoke of a thousand burning houses called to heaven for protection and revenge.

His public services began in the infancy and poverty of his country. He aided to raise her to an equality with the other nations of the earth, and died leaving her happily in the enjoyment of peace - rich in the arts, and triumphant in arms.

Tbeaty Of Greenville

On the 2d of November, 1794, Gen. Wayne returned with his legion to Ft. Recovery, after an absence in the Indian country of nearly four months. In that raid, the most successful ever undertaken, Wayne humbled the pride of the Indians, broke their power, asserted the authority of the United States, and assured security to the scattered settlements. During the succeeding winter, the Indians made proposals for a general peace, and, after conferring with Gen. Washington, a treaty was authorized and concluded at Greenville, Darke County, between Gen. Wayne, on the part of the United States and the representatives of tribes known as the Wyandota, Delawares, Shawnees, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Kaskaskias, Piankeshaws, Kickapoos, Weas and Eel Rivers - signed August 5, 1795.

All matters in dispute were comprehended in the terms of the treaty and all controversies settled. The boundary line was established, ceding without reserve to the United States all lands east of the Cuyahoga River and south of a line extending from the head-waters of that stream westwardly to the State line at Ft. Recovery, in Mercer County, and thence south to the Ohio River. In the remainder of the Indian Territory, over which the United States claimed jurisdiction, extending to the Mississippi River, sixteen grants for military or commercial purposes were made by the Indians, varying from one to twelve miles square. The fourth in the list is thus described " One piece six miles square, at the confluence of

This reservation was never specially surveyed as were many of the others. It remained^ until the title to the whole State was acquired, and was then "run out" uniform with the other lands. That of twelve miles square at the foot of the rapids was surveyed and sold separately from the other lands of the Government, as possibly were others.

"Free passage by land or by water," was by this treaty allowed to the people of the United States, and the right to use certain streams and portages particularly mentioned; among these are " St. Mary's and down the same to Ft. Wayne, and then down the Miami to Lake Erie. Again from the commencement of the portage at Loramie's store (Shelby County), along the portage to the Auglaize River and down the same to its junction with the Miami at Ft. Defiance."

In 1807, Gen. William Hull, afterward so unfortunate at Detroit, made a treaty for the session to the General Government of five millions of acres, comprising all the lands not previously acquired east of the Auglaize River and of a line drawn due north from the mouth ol' that stream to Lake Huron. This line is the meridian of surveys in Michigan - townships reckoned east and west therefrom. ' Surveys in Ohio, being reckoned from the Indiana State line east, do not quite correspond with this line - those in Ohio being easterly of the Michigan lines about one mile. The lands in this region west of that line were acquired after the war of 1812, at the time the Indian title to North Indiana was extinguished.

In this purchase Gen. Hull said he was annoyed by the opposition of the British, the squatters on the lands without titles or persons who had purchased from the Indians unlawfully. The negotiation lasted from July until November. It was declared a most advantageous purchase for the United States, the land being of excellent quality and all capable of improvement, besides giving control of several lakes and rivers indispensable to the commerce and development of the resources of the country.

Ohaptee Yiii

THE opening scenes of the war of 1812 were enacted in the Northwest, of which the Maumee Valley was a conspicuous part. Prior to the declaration of war, the border on the northwest had witnessed the repeated efforts of British agents to provoke hostilities between the Indians and the United States. In order to secure the neutrality or favor of the Indian tribes, one of the first measures taken by the Government in anticipation of war with Great Britain was to arrange for the conquest of Upper Canada and the consequent command of the Upper Lakes. The disastrous opening of the warfare by the disgraceful surrender of Hull's army gave the possession of Michigan and Canada to the British, and shifted the scene of hostility for a time to Ohio soil. Gen. Hull had been Governor of Michigan Territory, and secured the command of the Northwest army He left Dayton, Ohio, with 2,000 troops, June 1, 1812, before war was declared, marched through the Maumee country, -and reached Detroit. His weak invasion of Canada, and immediate retreat without striking a blow, and his surrender at Detroit, August 16, 1813, followed in quick succession.

Before the surrender of Hull took place, extensive preparations had been made in Ohio, Kentucky, Virginia and Pennsylvania to bring into service a large and efficient army. Three points needed defense - Fort Wayne, the Maumee Valley and the Wabash and the Illinois country. The troops destined for the Maumee were to be under command of Gen. Winchester, a Revolutionary officer, resident in Tennessee, and but little known to the frontier mun.

Sir : I am thus far on my way to assume the command of the army on your Northwestern frontier. I shall leave this place to-morrow for Piqua, where I shall be extremely glad to see you, in order to consult with you relative to the best possible means of protecting the exposed frontier of the State of Ohio, without losing sight at the same time of Upper Canada. I am authorized by the Secretary of War to call on Your Excellency for re-enforcements of militia. On this subject also a personal interview is desirable.

Should it, however, be inconvenient to you, sir, to meet me at Piqua, or at some other place on my route, you will be good enough to communicate to me in writing your ideas on the subject of the protection of your frontier inhabitants, as well as the extent of militia you can furnish upon my requisition.

Sir : I had the honor last night of receiving Your Excellency's dispatch of the 16th instant, covering a communication from Gen. Wadsworth, for which I beg you will accept my sincere thanks. With you, I rejoice at the prospect of regaining lost territory, and at the determination of the President on a vigorous course of measures; and I still hope to winter in Detroit or its vicinity the ensuing winter.

To enable me in part to effect this purpose, I avail myself of the authority given me by the Secretary of War to call upon Your Excellency for such re-enforcements as I may deem necessary. You will please to furnish two regiments of infantry, to join me at the rapids of the Miami of the lake about the 10th or 15th of October next, well clothed for a fall campaign. Arms and ammunition can be drawn from Newport, Ky. It is extremely desirous to me that no time may be lost in supplying this requisition. The cold season is fast approaching, and the stain on the American character at Detroit not yet wiped away.

If you could furnish one other regiment, to rendezvous at Piqua, and proceed to open and improve the road by causeways, etc., to Defiance, it would greatly facilitate the transportation of supplies to this army, which is imperatively requisite to its welfare. This latter regiment might then return, or proceed on after the army, as circumstances should dictate.

Camp Defiance, Mouth of the Auglaize, ) October 15, 1812. f Sir : Capt. Wood, commanding a small party of spies, came into this camp yesterday, and reports that he was detached from Urbana to visit the rapids, etc. ; that he fell in with other spies, who had just returned from that place, and had obtained all the information that he possibly could. I therefore have directed him to return and report, deeming it unnecessary that he should proceed, as the information required had been obtained, and being desirous, too, to communicate to Your Excellency that this' army could immediately march and take possession of the rapids if supplies of provisions, etc., could certainly reach us a few days after our arrival. Many days' provisions could not be carried with us, because it is not here. Neither have we the means of trans-

At this place, a picketed post with four block-houses, two store houses and a house for the sick will be finished this day. Then I shall turn my attention to building pirog-ues, for the purpose of transporting heavy baggage and provisions down the river, and anxiously await your answer with relation to supplies. I shall remain in readiness to march as soon as it is received.

If Gen. Harrison is at TJrbana, you will communicate the contents of this letter to him. If I knew where he could be found I should address a ktter to him on the same subject.

Gen. Harrison was appointed Commander-in- Chief of all the forces in the West and Northwest, September 17, 1812, and the appointment was officially ratified on the 24th of that month. His entire force was 10,000 men, consisting of the regular troops and rangers of the Northwest, the volunteers and militia of Ohio and Kentucky and 3,000 detached militia from Pennsylvania and Virginia. He was instructed to retake Detroit and penetrate Upper Canada. Fort Wayne had already been relieved and the line of the Maumee secured. The main objects of Gen. Harrison were to drive the hostile Indians from the western side of the Detroit Eiver; second, to take Maiden; and then, having secured his communications, to recapture the Michigan Territory and its dependencies.

The plan adopted by Gen. Harrison was to collect troops at four points - Wooster, Urbana, Fort Defiance and St. Marys - and then concentrate them at the Eapids of the Maumee. The forced expedition at first adopted against Detroit was abandoned because the infantry was not in readiness to secure and return the acquisition should it be made. The base line of the new campaign was one drawn from Upper Sandusky ' along the southerly side of the swampy district to j St. Marys. These two places, with Fort McArthur ' between them, were intended as the depots for provisions, artillery and military stores. The troops at Defiance were intended to act as a corps of observation, and when the artillery should be brought to Upper Sandusky they were to advance to the rapids. At Lower Sandusky, a corps of observation was also stationed, which, with that at Defiance, would form the extremities of the new military base, when the army should have reached the advanced position on the Maumee. These arrangements covered the frontiers by the different corps, and kept the troops within the bounds of the ordinary contractors, while the Quartermasters were accumulating provisions farther in advance, and procuring means of tr.ansportation across the difficult district of country so well termed the '

Black Swamp. Gen. Winchester was in command of the troops at Fort Wayne, and Gen. Harrison proceeded to St. Marys, where aboul 3,000 men were collected, for the purpose of the now abandoned expedition against Detroit. While here, he was informed that a large force of British and Indians with artillery was passing up the left bank of the Maumee toward Fort Wayne. Knowing that it would be met in front by Gen. Winchester on his way to Fort Defiance, he determined by a forced march to the confluence of the Auglaize with the Maumee to intercept them with two regiments and some cavalry. He set out, but after one day's march, finding that the infantry would greatly retard his progress, he ordered the two regiments to return, and proceeded with the cavalry only. The rain fell in torrents; the fiat beech woods were covered with water and were so swampy that the horses sank half leg deep at every step. At the close of the second day's march, the troops encamped irj a bottom of the Auglaize. By daybreak the next morning, the march was resumed. In the course of the next day, the General was met by an ofiicer from Gen. Winchester, who informed him of the latter's arrival at Fort Defiance and of the retreat of the British down the Maumee. With a small escort, Gen. Harrison continued on to Winchester camp, arriving late that night, leaving his troops to come up more at leisure.

At Fort Defiance, a revolt in the Kentucky regiment of Col. Allen took place, which from its honorable termination as well as from motives of historical fidelity, requires to be mentioned:

Soon after Gen. Harrison arrived in camp and after he had retired to enjoy some little repose, so welcome to any one who had been exposed on the preceding comfortless and forced expedition, he found himself suddenly awakened by Col. Allen and Maj. M. D. Hardin. These officers were the bearers of the mortifying news that Allen's regiment, exhausted by the hard fare of the campaign and disappointed in the expectation of an immediate engagement with the enemy, had, in defiance to their duty to their country and all the earnest, impassioned remonstrances of their officers, determiaed to rettu-n home. These officers assured Gen. Harrison that they could do nothing with their men; that their representatives were answered by insults alone. They begged the General to rise and interfere, as the only officer who had any prospect of bringing the mutiners back to their duty. He refused to interfere at that time, but assured the gentlemen that he would attend to the serious object of their request in his own way and at his own time. The officers retired. In the meantime Gen. Harrison sent one of his aids to direct Gen. Winchester to order the alarm or point of war to be beat on the following morning instead of the reveille. This adroit expedient brought all the troops to their arms the first thing in the morning. It diverted the spirits of the discontented troops into a new channel of feeling and prepared them for the subsequent event.

On the parading of the troops at their posts, Gen. ^^' inch ester was ordered to form them into a hollow square. Gen. Harrison now appeared upon parade, much to the surprise of the troops, who from his late arrival were unapprised of his presence. If the sudden and unexpected arrival of their favorite commander had so visible an effect upon his men, his immediate address to them fully preserved the impression. He lamented that there was, as he was informed, considerable discontent in one of the .Kentucky regiments ; this, although a source of mortification to himself, on their account, was happily of little consequence to the Government. He had more troops than he now well what to do with at the present stage of the campaign; he was expecting daily the arrival of Pennsylvania and Virginia quotas. It is fortunate, said this officer, with the ready oratory for which his native Virginia is so famed, that he had found out this dissatisfaction before the campaign was further advanced when the discovery might have been mischievous to the public interests as well as disgraceful to the parties concerned. Now, so Ear as the Government was interested, the discontented troops who had come in to the woods with the expectation of finding all the luxuries of home and of peace, had full liberty to return. He would, he continued, order facilities to be furnished for their immediate accoiamodation. But he could not refain from expressing the mortification he anticipated for the reception they would meet fi-om the old and the young who had greeted them on their march to the seat of war as their gallant neighbors.

What must be their feelings, said the General, to see those whom they had hailed as their generous defenders, now returning without striking a blow and before their term of plighted service had expired. But if tliis would be state of public sentiment in Ohio, what would it be in Kentucky? If their fathers did not drive their degenerate sons back to the field of battle to recover their wounded honor, their mothers and sisters would hiss them from their presence. If, however, the discontented men were disposed to put up with all the taunts and disdain which awaited them wherever they went, they were, Gen. Hai-rison again assiu-ed them, at full liberty to go back.

The influence of this animated addi-ess was instantaneous. This was evidenced in a manner most flattering to the tact and management of the commander. Col. J. M. Scott, the senior Colonel of Kentucky, and who bad served in the armies of Harmar, St. Clair and Wayne, in the medical staff, now ad- ('ressed his men. These were well known in the army as the " Iron Works," from the neighborhood from which they came. " You, my boys," said the generous veteran, " will prove your attachment for the service of your country and your General, by giving him three cheers." The address was attended with immediate success, and the air resounded with the shouts of both officers and men.

It now became the turn of the coble Allen again to try the temper of his m^n. He begged leave of the General to address them, but excess of emotion choked his utterance; at length he gave vent to the contending feelings of his heart, in a broken, but forcible address, breathing the fire which had ever burned so ardently in his breast. At the close of it, however, he conjured the soldiers of his regiment to give the General the same manifestation of their patriotism and returning sense of duty, which the other Kentucky regiments had so freely done. The wishes of that high-spirited officer were complied with; and a mutiny was nipped in the bud, which might, if persisted in, have spread dissatisfaction through the Kentucky troops, to the disgrace of that gallant State and the lasting injury of the public cause. No troops, however, behaved more faithfully or zealously through the remainder of their service, till the greater part of them offered up their lives in defense o. their country on the fatal field of Raisin.

Gen. Harrison at once made arrangements with Gen. Winchester for the full command of the left wing, assigning him the regulars under Col. Wells, the regiments of Scott, Lewis and Allen, already alluded to, and the three regiments under Culs. Poague, Barber and Jennings, which had assembled at St. Marys.

While Gen. Winchester was encamped at Fort Defiance, Capt. Logan, a noted Indian spy and scout in the American service, was placed in charge of a small party of scouts by Gen. Harrison, with instructions to reconnoiter in the directi'm of the Maumee Rapids. Near this point they met a superior force of the enemy and were compelled to retreat. Logan, in company with his favorite companions, Capt. ' Johnny and Bright Horn, escaped to the left of the army under Gen. Winchester and recounted their adventure. A subordinate officer without provocation chai'ged Logan with infidelitv to the .American cause and sympathy with the enemy. Stung with indignation, the chief called a friend to witness that he would refute the foal charge the next dav by either bringing back a scalp or losing his life. Accordingly on the 22d-of November, 1812, with his two friends, Capt. Johnny and Bright Horn, he started down the Maumee. About noon they were surprised by seven savages, among whom were the Pottawatomie chief, Winnemac, and young Elliot, bearing a British commission. Seeing they were outnumbered, Logan professed friendship. The suspicions of Winnemac, however, were aroused, and he disarmed his prisoners, but subsequently restored them, having coafidence in their story of deserting the Americans. In the evening they encamped on Turkey Foot Greek, aboiit twenty miles from the American camp. At a given signal, Logan's party fired and two of the enemy fell dead and a third mortally wounded. At the second fire two of the surviving four were wounded, but Capt. Logan and Bright Horn had also been pierced by the enemy's balls. Capt. Johnny hastily mounted his comrades on two of the enemy's horses and started them for Winchester's camp, where they arrived about midnight. After securing the scalp of Winnemac, he proceeded on foot, and reached the camp by daylight. Logan's wound proved mortal. He lived two days iu agony, which he bore with uncommon fortitude and died at the camp below Defiance with the utmost composure and resignation. " More firmness andconsumate bravery," said Winchester, in his letter to the commanding General, " has seldom appeared on the military theater." There was but one horse in the entire camp at that time, and a rude sled was constructed upon which the body of Logan was placed and dragged over the snow by six officers to Fort Defiance, where " he was buried with all the honors due to his rank, and with sorrow as sincerely and generally displayed as I ever witnessed," wrote Maj. Hardin in a letter to Gov. Shelby.

Among the many interesting documents bearing on early history, which have been brought to light recently, is the original record of " General Orders," issued by Gen. Winchester during the march from Kentucky to the River Raisin, from early in September, 1812, to January 20, 1813, and which was no doubt left behind when the army retreated. It was found, and for many years remained in the family of Col. John Anderson. It is a weather-stained volume, bearing unmis'akable signs of frequent battles with the elements. The paper is yellow with age, but the writing is perfectly legible, the ink, in most places, being as black and brilliant as though written yesterday. Through the courtesy of Mr. Anderson

General Orders

I have the honor of announcing to this army the arrival of Gen. Harrison, who is duly authorized by the Executive of the Federal Government to take command of the Northwestern army. This officer is enjoying the implicit confidence of the States from whose citizens this army is and will be collected, and possessing himself great military skill and reputation. The General is confident in the belief that his presence in the army, in the character of its chief, will be hailed with unusual approbation. J. Winchester,

The narrative of the march of the army through Ohio is very interesting and contains many details of the hardships and privations of the little army, through woods and streams, snow, ice and mud, the sleds and baggage vans often being drawn by the men. Occasional desertions took place, and these offences were severely punished. One young man, Frederick Jacoby, was sentenced to be shot for sleeping upon his post while on sentry. An order was issued by Gen. Winchester, dated at Camp Defiance on the 9th of October, 1812, instructing theOfficer of the Day in all necessary preparations for the execution of Jacoby, which were duly made, and the army drawn up to witness the first scene of the kind. The young man was placed at the distance of about twenty paces from the platoon of men constituting the firing party. They were waiting in painful suspense for the order to fire, when a reprieve from the General was received and the fortunate young man released. The effect was not lost upon the command, and no further cases of a similar kind ever were known.

The weather began to be very cold (November) and the supplies which were ordered from Philadelphia, had not made their appearance. The General endeavored to appease the clamors of the soldiers by issuing the following order:

With grestt pleasure the General announces to the army the prospect of an early supply of winter clothing, amongst which are the following articles, shipped from Philadelphia on the 9th of September last : 10,000 pair of shoes, 5,000 pair of blankets, 5,000 round jackets, 5,000 pair of pantaloons, woolen cloth to be made up, besides the underclothing for Col. Wells' regiment, 100 watch coats, 5,000 blankets and 10,000 yards of flannel, 10,000 pair shoes, 10,000 pair wool socks and 10,000 of wool hose.

This bountiful supply evinces the constant attention of the Government to the comforts of its armies, although the immense distance this wing hath been detached into the wil- derness has prevented its receiving those comforts in due season, owing to causes not witliin the control of human foresight; yet a few days and the General consoles himself with the idea of seeing those whom he has the honor to command clad in warm woolen, capable of resisting the Northern blasts of Canada; either from the bellows of Boreas or the muzzles of British cannon.

The rejords close at a date when they begin to be the most interesting, just before the arrival of the army at the River Raisin, the last entry being as follows :

As ordered yesterday, the line of march shall be kept well closed, every officer in his proper place, and no non- commissioned officer or private suflEered to straggle from the lines except from urgent necessity, and then with leave to return to his place. Perfect silence is enjoined during the march, being in the immediate neighborhood of the enemy. J. Winchester, Brigadier General Commanding Left Wing Northioeatern Army.

Winchester's depahtuke. Early in January, 1813, Gen. Winchester left Fort Defiance, or Fort Winchester, as it had been renamed, with his troops, and on the 10th of that month reached the Rapids. Here, learning the danger of the inhabitants of Frenchtown on the Raisin River, on the 17th instant Winchester sent Col. Lewis with 550 men to their relief, followed by Col. Allen with 110 men. They encountered and repulsed the enemy, gained possession of the tov\n and wrote for re- enforcements, as the whole British force was only eighteen miles distant, at Maiden. Winchester on the 19th marched with 259 men, all he could spare from the Rapids, and reached Frenchtowa the following evening. He suffered his troops to remain in open ground, and during the night of the 21st the entire British force erected a battery within 300 yards of the American camp and early in the morning opened upon Winchester a destructive fire; his troops broke and fled, but the force of Lewis who were posted behind pickets, stood firm. Col. Lewis himself had gone to Winchester's assistance, and both these officers were taken prisoners. The troops of Col. Lewis did not surrender until they received an order from the captured Winchester to do so, which Proctor, the British General, induced him to send under threats of an Indian massacre in case of continued resistance and a promise of protection if his wishes were complied with. His faith was infamously broken, for the following night and day the Indians perpetrated horrible outrages upon the wounded prisoners. Of the American Army, of about 800 men, one-third were killed in the battle and massacre which followed, and but thirty-three escaped.

Fort Defiance was several times threatened by the British forces during the struggle for the possession of Northwestern Ohio, but lilb attack was ever made upon it .