Essex County, Massachusetts - Chapter 34: City of Lynn, 1922 (part 2 of 3)

High Rock Park crowns the summit of High Rock, which, with its elevation of 190 feet, affords a fine outlook over ocean, harbor, city and surrounding country. Being scarcely a ten-minute walk from the City Hall or from Central Square, it is visited by a great number. At its summit is the High Rock Tower, a landmark from sea and land for many miles around. Associated with this beautiful recreation spot will ever be the name of the Hutchinson family, of fame as singers in the anti-slavery campaign, as well as during the Civil War, and whose home was at the foot of the rock. Restrictions imposed by the city council on the height of surrounding buildings will prevent an obstruction of the view for all time. At High Rock Tower the custodian keeps a register for visitors. During Old Home Week, July 28 to August 3, 1907, about two thousand people from the length and breadth of this land, as well as from many foreign countries, recorded their names, and in many instances a sentiment.

Lynn Woods, or the Great Woods of Lynn, is the crowning glory of the park system. Acquired by gift and purchase to protect the water supply of Lynn from contamination, it has been so administered as to preserve much of the natural scenery of this region as well. While the ravines have been dammed to create storage ponds, the remainder of the 2200 or more acres retain much of their primitive beauty. The forest has been judiciously conserved, and the winding roads reveal at each turn new scenes of beauty. A drive of four or five miles from the center of the city brings one to what, but for the roads, would seem to be tKe forest primeval. While the altitudes of Burrill Hill, Mount Hermon and Mount Gilead are respectively only 285, 278 and 267 feet, yet the contour of the surrounding country is such that very broad views are obtained from their summits. The names associated with the Great Woods are sufficient to stimulate the fancy of the casual observer and to arouse pleasant memories among those familiar with the territory. Dungeon Rock, Tracy Trail, Breed's Pond, Wolf Pits, Ox Pasture, Bow Ridge, Glen Lewis Pond, Hemlock Ridge, Tomlin's Swamp, Wake, Robin Spring, Old Man's Walk, Calf Pen, Penny Brook and Aaron Burrill's Pines all have their associations and their traditions.

A recent report of the Lynn Park Commissioners contains a compilation by L. A. Wentworth of the flora of Lynn woods. Omitting the mosses and fungi, which are very abundant, he enumerates some 545 varieties of trees, shrubs, plants, flowers, grasses and ferns that are native to the Lynn woods, and seventeen species that have been introduced. Again reverting to the writings of William Wood, who was one of the first five men to settle in Lynn in 1629, and whose "New England's Prospect" was the first book to be published that was written in New England, we find there the first lines ever penned about the woods of Lynn. So applicable are they to the Lynn Woods Park of today that we cannot refrain from quoting them:

At the beginning of the struggle for Independence, there were two rival postoffice systems - the British, or Parlimentary postoflSce, operated by the deputies under Foxcroft and Finlay, and the Continental postoffice. The lastnamed was the outgrowth of the need' for independent and secret means of communication among the leaders in the opposition against British control. Paul Revere, for example, was a postrider for the Massachusetts patriots as early as 1773, and his celebrated ride of April 19, 1775, was taken in the performance of his duties. In July, 1775, Congress established a Continental postoffice department,.

with Benjamin Franklin as Postmaster-General, and a line of posts was directed to be established between Massachusetts and Georgia, with such cross posts as he might deem necessary. The town of Saugus, it would appear, was not forgotten by the Federal government in this establishment, for it is learned that on the old Newburyport road in Saugus and adjacent to it, there still remain some of these historic posts.

The first postofRce in Lynn, in 1793, was in existence ten years before the Salem turnpike and now known as Western avenue was constructed, and it was forty-five years later until the Eastern railroad was built from Boston to Salem. Mailbags in early times were usually thrown across a horse's back and so carried 'cross-country. In 1832, three mails daily were brought from Boston to Lynn and Salem, and as late as to 1872 Sunday mails were carried by John Dalton's stage, from Boston and Chelsea, Lynn and Salem, for which he received $600 per year. The Lynn office of 1868, at the comer of Market and Summers streets, was bumed, after which the postoffice was kept in the city building for a time ; later, various business houses were used, the list of which is of little general historic interest. What was styled the penny-post carrier system of free delivery in Lynn was established in 1812, with W. R. Badger as canier. Not until about Civil War days did the city of Lynn have free delivery. The postal rates were much higher back in the fifties and earlier. A letter from Lynn to New York City cost the sender or receiver eighteen and three-fourths cents; the usual way was to let the person to whom the letter was addressed pay the postage when he received the letter. From Lynn to Philadelphia and Baltimore, the rate was twenty-five cents. Now two cents carries an ordinaiy letter to any place in the United States. The mail sei-vice has kept pace with the development of civilization and discovery - first by horseback, then by boat and stage coach; next came thd steam car railway postoffice system, as used now ; and the latest innovation is mail earned by means of air-ships, the first of which successful attempts was in bringing mail to Boston; but, as it happened, the first air-ship with regular mail landed in the Lynn postal district, hence Lynn claims priority. This landing was June 6, 1918.

In 1901, the Saugus postal service was annexed to Lynn district. At an early day all the mail was brought to one central point or station, which was East Saugus, and from there delivered to the various communities. East Lynn obtained a postoffice July 1, 1909, at the comer of Essex and Chestnut streets. The Swampscott office was established in July, 1899 ; Nahant, May 1, 1901 ; West Lynn, June 1, 1903. The present postoffice building in Lynn, proper, was first occupied on the night of March 1, 1898.

The first postoffice in Lynn was located in the general store of Postmaster Colonel James Robinson, at the comer of what is now known as Boston and Federal streets, but then called "Lower street" and "Rhoades lane." The office is now one hundred and twenty-eight years old, and has had twenty-seven postmasters, with an average of about one month over four years terms of office. The following is a list of postmasters, with year of appointment: 1793, Col. James Robinson; 1802, Ezra Hitchings; 1803, Samuel Muiliken; 1807, Elijah Downing; 1808, Jonathan Batchelder; 1829, Jeremiah C. Stickney; 1839, Thomas J. Marsh; 1841, Stephen Oliver; 1842, Thomas B. Newhall ; 1843, Benjamin Mudge; 1849^ Abner Austin; 1853, Jeremiah C. Stickney; 1858, Leonard B. Usher; 1861, George H. Chase; 1869, John Batchelder; 1879, Capt. John G B. Adams; 1885, William E. Parker; 1889, Capt. A. J. Hoitt; 1894, John D. Dennis; 1898, E. K. Fogg; 1900, Fred H. Nichols; 1900, Howard K. Sanderson; 1905, William F. Craig; 1913, (Feb. 1), E. C. Mansfield; 1913, T. W. Swift ; 1913, Edmund S. Higgins, present postmaster, whose first commission is dated August, 1913, and signed by President Woodrow Wilson, as was also his second commission, dated 1918.

The present Lynn postoffice building was finished in March, 1898. It stands between Willow and Washington streets, on Liberty. It is a handsome yellow pressed brick structure, constructed at an original cost of about $125,000. The gi'ound originally was the site of the old Kimball House. There are now (1921) twenty-three mails received at this office daily and twenty are dispatched during the twenty-four hour period. There are eighty-eight carriers in the city, and one rural route, that from East Saugus branch office. The recent amount in savings deposits was $124,633. Total business transacted (outside money order business) was in the last fiscal year $374,151.64.

The present office corps is as follows: Postmaster, Edmund S. Higgins ; Assistant Postmaster, William M. Minton ; Superintendent of Mails, Frederick Frothingham; Assistant Superintendent of Mails, Thomas Emery; Foreman of Postal Accounts and Supplies, F. W. Robertson; Foreman of Money Order and Postal Savings, Minnie I. Aspinwall ; Foreliian Registry Section, George K. Poole; Foreman Mailing Division, George D. Rogers ; Foreman in charge of motor vehicles and parcel post delivery, B. Frank Ford; Superintendent West Lynn station, Henry Gamey ; of East Lynn station, John F. C. Stevens ; of Swampscott branch, Royer F. Butler; of Nahant branch, Mary T. Cusick; of East Saugus, William H. Merritt; of Saugus Centre branch, Fred E. Bramhall; of Cliftondale branch, Eniest C. Brown ; of Station No. 8, Emma G. Hutcherson.

From a city directoiy, now at the Lynn Historical Society Rooms, the following is gleaned concerning Lynn in 1840-41: The population was 9,375. Town government was in vogue and the selectmen and assessors were Stephen Oliver, Daniel Farrington, Samuel Tufts, Nehemiah Barry and Heniy Newhall. Thomas Bowler was the town clerk.

The tovvTi boasted two lav/yers, J. C. Stickney and Thomas B. Newhall. There were eight regular physicians and one dentist. The vegetable physician was Dr. James Clark, v/ho had an office at 4 , North Common street, and the botanic physician was Dr. Benjamin K. Ross, who held forth at 16 South Common street. The solitary dentist was Dr. Isaiah Haley, at 5 Exchange street, which was "near depot, upstairs." The Beach committee in 1844 was composed of Israel Buffum, James Breed, J]'., Moses Breed, Samuel Tufts and Samuel Viall. Daniel Moulton was pound-keeper, and there were two newspapers, the "Lynn Record" and the "Lynn Freeman and Whig." Amos Rhodes was town treasurer, and was also librarian of the Lynn Social Library. There were three undertakers - Benjamin H. Jacobs for the Old Burying Ground ; George Clarge for the Woodend Buiying Ground; and Asa Breed for the Friends' Society. The marr-iages in 1840 were 76. There were three persons in the town over ninety years of age, three deaf and dumb people, and one blind man. The number of dwellings was 1,037; streets, sixty; United States pensioners, twenty-one; persons between 80 and 90 years of age, o2; persons over 21 who could not read or write, 51. Communication between Lyim and Boston was by the old Eastern railroad, and there were six trains each day in the week and one on Sunday. The hotels were the Lynn Hotel, Railroad House, Dye Factory Tavern, Swampscott House, New Cove House, Mineral Spring Hotel, Ocean House, Village Hotel, Nahant Hotel, and Johnson's Tavern. Among the citizens was Moses Yell, who lived at the comer of Newhall Court and South Shepard street. The directory was published by Benjamin F. Roberts, aim printed by Perley & Stoneham, 8 Exchange street. Martin Van Buren was President of the United States and John Davis governor of Massachusetts. Saugus had a population of 1,202; Marblehead, 5,539; and Nahant had twenty-four, one-half of whom were Johnsons.

Many communities have their own peculiar bridges and manner of constructions. Lynn has had at least two bridge structures of quite an unusual history. What had been known since its construction in 1803 up to the present year (1921) as "Floating Bridge" was over the Glenmere pond, on the old turnpike between Salem and Boston. It was built under the direction of Captain Moses Brown. In building the turnpike, it was found that the bottom and edges of the pond which it had to span were too soft and muddy to permit of piers, so Captain Brown constructed a raft or huge barge, 511 feet long by 28 feet in width, moored at either end. As the decades went by, other and heavier plank and timbers were placed on top of the original material, until when the bridge was torn down in 1921, there was at least fifteen feet of timbers on top of the old floating barge bridge built in 1803. The people of at least four different generations have passed over this unique stricture and learned to look upon it as a rare landmark. In the spring of 1921 it was found best to construct a more modern bridge, hence the old one was demolished.

The new bridge cost over $75,000. It is 115 feet long and 36 feet in width, with ample room for street car tracks, the company paying its portion of the expense. It is built on a hard pine foundation, with a concrete retaining wall six feet high and the road-way is macadamized. This connects Lynn with Salem, and is much used as a highway. It was constructed by T. Stewart & Sons Company, of Newton, Massachusetts. The new bridge was finished in the early autumn of 1921.

The Lynn Chamber of Commerce came into existence in 1913, an outgrowth of the Board of Trade, the old Shoe Manufacturers' Association and the Lynn Merchants' Association. Its purpose was to foster the industrial, commercial, educational and moral advancement of the city. It is an organization through which the best thoughts, activities and ambitions of citizenship are crystallized. It develops civic pride and business patriotism by appealing to its members to be ever mindful of their obligations to their city, their state and their country. It brings about closer relations among the citizens of our city, and through the combined efforts of its members is able to do for the individual that which he cannot do for himself.

With the great primary object of promoting the general good of the City of Lynn, and recognizing that the combined interests which make up the Chamber have individual needs which do not apply to all, the Chamber of Commerce was organized on the bureau plan. Each bureau has a separate Board of Directors chosen from the membership of the organization with due regard to the individual interests of the directors. Each board contains twenty-one members. There are four of these bureaus, the Retail Trade Bureau, the Traffic Bureau, the Civic Bureau and the Industrial Bureau. Each of these bureaus had considerable latitude in handling its allotted work, as long as they conformed to the general policy of the organization.

The governing board was and is still a Board of Directors, consisting of twenty-one elected members, plus bureau chaiiTnen, who serve as directors ex-officio. Each elected director serves a thi-ee-year term. There is also an Executive Committee, made up of five members, three of whom are chosen by the President from the Board of Directors, plus the President and Executive Secretary ex-officio. The duty of this committee is to direct the administrative work of the organization. Appointed by and under the direct supervision of this committee come all standing committees such as fire prevention, taxation, housing, legislation, etc.

The Retail Trade Bureau concerns itself with all matters which affect or concera the retail merchants of the city. It looks after all cooperative efforts, such as are manifested in the Municipal Christmas Celebration, Dress Up Weeks, Style Weeks, Dollar Days and similar special occasions. The bureau not only seeks to create an interest on the part of the citizens of Lynn in these occasions, but it endeavors to attract the favorable notice of people in outlying districts and nearby cities and towns. A most valuable adjunct to this bureau is its Credit Department, which maintains a history of the bill-paying habits of upwards of 70,000 people in Greater Lynn. In general, this bureau seeks to raise

In 1917, it was felt that some of the previous methods of handling community problems had outgrown their usefulness, consequently the Traffic, Civic and Industrial Bureaus were abolished and the work previously performed by these departments was allotted to special or permanent committees, which have performed much more satisfactory work than seemed possible under the old plan. During this re-organization, the unit method of operation was adopted, with the aim of putting actively at work in some manner or other every member. This was accomplished in the following manner: The whole membership was divided into subdivisions of trade and professional groups, corresponding to the various lines of trade, industry and profession, manufacturers of a specific line, like shoes, forming one group; retailers of a certain line, like groceries, forming another group, and so on. About fifty different groups, or units, as they are termed, were formed, each a sub-division in itself. Some groups only meet occasionally, when something special arises, while others are very active, meeting monthly or semi-monthly, to talk over those problems of common interest to their unit and solicit such co-operation as they might need from the Chamber as a whole or some particular part of it. This method has unquestionably developed a better feeling among those engaged in the same line of effort, and has permitted accomplishments which otherwise would have been impossible. Each one of these units elects annually a chairman, who automatically upon election to office becomes a delegate to the Forum. This body meets semi-monthly, and is the initiative of the organization. Every meeting develops new and diversified problems, many of which, after investigation by forum committees, are settled by that body itself ; while other problems, broad in their nature and involving a question of policy, are forwarded with recommendations, to the Board of Directors. The Forum also provides a referendum upon important matters of public policy, representing as it does every business, profession and trade. Under this plan of organization, every working element is co-ordinated, yet responsibilities and labor are systematically and judiciously segregated and placed.

In the spring of 1921, a Women's Forum was created, which, while still in its infancy, has already proved a valuable adjunct to the Chamber through its desire and proven ability to actively engage in the solution of problems affecting the every day life of Lynn citizens.

Probably but few outside of the Chamber's membership, which consists of upwards of a thousand of Lynn's leading men and women, appreciate that the organization is a big clearing house for the troubles of its members and the community. Every conceivable sort of information and advice is solicited and given daily. To handle such work promptly and efficiently a fund of authentic information must be available at all times.

The past presidents of the Lynn Chamber of Commerce are : Charles O. Blood, served during 1913-1914 ; C. Neal Barney, 1914-1915 ; Ralph S. Bauer, 1915-1917 ; Edw. S. Underwood, 1917-1919 ; Charles F. Sprague, 1919-1921. The present officers are: Ralph S. Bauer, president; Arthur K. Blood, C. Hudson Johnson, vice-presidents; Frank A. Tumbull, treasurer; William H. Day, Jr., secretary.

When operated they were in what is now known as Saugus and Swampscott, etc., as they existed before the towns named were separated from Lynn. An account of such industries will be found in the respective histories of the towns named. Other industries which have a just place within the scope of Lynn history are included in what follows :

In 1726 the Salem court awarded to Nathaniel Potter, of Lynn, £15 15s. for the manufacture of three pieces of linen. It is not clear what kind of cloth this was, but probably it was "tow cloth." Certainly, much flax was grown in this section at that time, and was rotted in large amounts at what is now known as Flax Pond. Of course such fabrics as tow-cloth have long since ceased to be in use. In pioneer days there were quite a lot of fine-wool sheep, and from their fleeces were made the choicest of clothing, but years ago this industry passed, with other pioneer customs and practices.

The making of bricks at an early time was among the paying industries of Lynn. When wood for burning clay was much cheaper than now, this was a business of importance, but in later decades nothing has been done in this line. There was a time when there were but few brick structures in Lynn; as the years passed by, and lumber became more expensive, many built of brick, but the latter were mostly shipped to the city. The manufacture of paper and wooden boxes has long been classed among Lynn's industries, occasioned, of course, by the presence of many shoe faclories.

As far back as 1885, the State reports show that the workers in Lynn received higher wages than those of many in the county. The average yearly earning of each employee were $467, this including both men and women. In Salem the average was $343. In Newburyport the average wages per year were only $268. Peabody came nearly up to Lynn, and was placed at $454. In Haverhill the yearly wages averaged $348. It will be remembered that this was thirty-six years ago. Wages have increased wonderfully with the passing decades, here, as well as elsewhere.

At one time, ship-building was carried on in Lynn. The celebrated frigate, "Constitution" was built in Boston, at the ship-yard of Edmund Hart, a Lynn man. In 1832 a yard was established in West Lynn, where a few small vessels were constructed. Salt-works were established in Lynn in 1805, but never grew to be of much consequence ; these works were situated on Beach street, near Broad. Wall paper and rubber goods were also among the industries back in the seventies and eighties. The next industry was connected with the electric works, when Lynn was first lighted by the electric current.

Of all the industries of Lynn, the manufacture of shoes has taken the lead for many years. Historian James R. Newhall, of Lynn, is the authority for the subjoined account of this industry. He should have been well posted in this matter, as he was the great-giandson of Benjamin

Edmund Bridges and Philip Kirtland are usually spoken of as the first shoemakers here. They came in 1635. But John Adam Dagyr, a Welshman, who came in 1750, seems to have raised the humble occupation almost to the rank of a fine art. He took great pains to excel; and he imported the most elegant shoes from Europe, and dissected them for the purpose of discovering the hidden mystery of their make-up. Shoemakers from all over the town went to him for instructions, and he was called in the Boston "Gazette" in 1764, "the celebrated shoemaker of Essex." From this time Lynn took front rank in the manufacture of ladies' fine shoes. Mr. Dagyr, in a financial way at least, never profited much by his skill and labor. The writer has been told, by one who knew him well, that he lived in a homely way, was not very neat in his dress and did not keep his little shop, which was on Boston street, near where Games now opens, in the neatest order; in short, that he fell into such habits as were not conducive to a thrifty life. He finally became so destitute as to make his home in the almshouse, and there he died in 1808. Kirtland street in the west part of Lynn and Kirtland block in Union street perpetuate the name of the earlier craftsman, Philip Kirtland; and so, in its way, does the Kirtland hotel in Summer street. But as yet no such honor has been bestowed on the name of Dagyr, unless a wild spot in the domain of the Free Publid Forest Association, lately consecrated to his memory, be taken as such.

At the time of the arrival of Dagyr in 1750, there were but three men in Lynn who carried on the business to such extent as to employ journeymen; and these were William Gray (grandfather of the rich merchant, so extensively known by the inelegent sobriquet of "Billy Gray", John Mansfield and Benjamin Newhall; the latter, the writer is able and pleased to say, was his great-grandfather.

Among the more enterprising and far-seeing men of the town who helped to place the industry on its solid footing may be recalled Ebenezer Breed, a native of Lynn. In 1792 he visited England and other European countries, and from there sent over many fashionable shoes ; he also engaged numerous skilled workmen to instruct operatives at home in the art. He seemed bound to make as fine a shoe here as could be produced in Europe. But the cheap labor of Europe prohibited the shoe men here from doing a competitive business. So Mr. Breed, with others, sought Congress, and asked that body to place a duty on shoes imported to our shores, in order to protect home industry. In this they finally succeeded, after which the business took on a new life and vigor which it has kept even to the present time.

In 1810 about one million pairs of shoes were made in Lynn, and the value of the same was not far from $800,000. The earnings of the female binders was $50,000. Twenty years later (1830) the number of pairs made was, in round figures, 1,670,000, while Lynnfield and Saugus had been set off as separate towns, and shops of their own were not counted in this reckoning. Twenty-five years later, in 1855, the number of pairs made was 9,276,000, Swampscott having been set off in the meantime and Nahant the same decade. From 1865 to 1875, there were made, on an average, not less than 10,000,000 pairs a year, of the average value of $1.20 a pair.

ber of shoe factories in Lynn, 174 ; average number of employees, 10,708 ; capital invested, $4,263,000; wages paid in one year, $4,931,000; stock used, $13,000,000 ; value of product, $21,000,000 ; gi'oss profit, $3,097,000 ; average yearly product per employee, $1,956; average yearly earnings of employees, $461 ; percentage of men employed, 71 ; percentage of women employed, 29; percentage children employed, three-tenths of one per cent. It will be remembered that these statistics are for the year 1880 - forty-one years ago.

Before the introduction of machinery for producing shoes, every commum'ty had its shoemakers, and the villages and towns had many "twelve footers", as the little shoeshops were called, for they were about twelve feet in length as well as width. Here the journeymen, or "jours", as they were called for short, used to be employed. One would usually make a case of shoes per week, and received from four to six dollars for his labor. He began his work at sum-ise and worked into the late evening hours. He frequently had to take orders on the Union store, where he could get such goods as he needed at high profits. If he did not spend all, he was fortunate if he could sell his "order" for seventy cents on a dollar cash. If he refused to take "orders" as his pay, he seldom secured a job. Such a store as above mentioned was established in Lynn in 1830, and it was the property of a combination of shoe manufacturers. Every shoemaker in Lynn in the early days (if a man of family) kept a pig or two. Slaughters were quite common; shoemakers celebrated the butchering day and counted it a great holiday. In the panic of 1837, Lynn shoemakers lived mostly on pork, dandelions, and fish from the harbor.

Improvements in shoe-making machinery and tools included the edge-iron used for hot finishing edges. This tool displaced the old shoulder stick about 1834. In 1845 the Kimball last came into use. A typical shop of 1850, or just before the introduction of the McKay sewing machme, revolutionizing hand shoemaking, was that of Christopher Robinson & Co., of Lynn. It was a two-story brick building, 28 by 57 feet Its cellar was used for storing upper and sole leather stock. On the first floor was the cutting rooms and the making of turned shoes. This firm employed mne men to cut leather in its factory, and it sent out parts of shoes to 375 men and women, who made them up into shoes in their own homes. John Brooks Nichols, a Lynn shoemaker, about 1851, adopted the hand sewed machinery to sew the uppers to the soles. The first machme was set up in Lynn in 1852 by John Wooldredge. In 1858 Lyman Blake invented a machine which sewed the soles to the upper It was financed and improved by Gordon McKay, and became known the world over as the McKay Sewing Machine. The first of these machines were mtroduced in the factory of William Porter & Son, Lynn, either in 1861 or 1862. These were operated by foot power.

ney Company, shoe manufacturers, conceived the idea of a machine "with human fingers" to last shoes with. He died before his final efforts were shown to the public, yet his models and plans were taken up and gave the world a gi'eat time-saving invention. While working on his invention for a "lasting machine," young Metzeliger was told by workmen that he could not do it unless he could make a machine with "fingers like men," which gave the inventor an idea; and in following it out he achieved success. This inventor, born in Dutch Guiana, was a trained machinfst. Through this discovery, shoe-making suddenly changed its place in the world of commerce. In olden days one man could "last" only sixty pairs of shoes in a long day's time. This machine as now perfected will allow the single man to "last" from two to seven hundred pair, according to the kind of shoe. At his death, which was caused by consumption, he gave to the North Congregational Church of Lynn a large block of stock he held in the company he had formed to manufacture these machines. In a few years the dividends from this stock paid off a heavy mortgage on the church just mentioned.

The first sewing machine to do practical sewing that the world ever knew, was that invented by Elias Howe, of Worcester, Massachusetts, in 1846, and it made him veiy wealthy ; at one time his royalties amounted to $4,000 per day. In Civil War times Mr. Howe, who was a volunteer himself, finding the govermnent unable to pay off the regiment to which he belonged, came home to Massachusetts, and took a chest with his own money in it to the front, and paid off all the comrades of his command.

In 1851, John Brooks Nichols, a Lynn shoemaker, saw in a Boston paper an advertisement of a lot of Singer sev/ing machines for sale. He bought one, and in Boston established a shop in which he sewed trousers on contract for tailors. Being a shoemaker, he wondered why it could not be made to sew leather as well as cloth. He made a machine which proved his theory correct. He took in a partner, William B. Bliss, of Worcester, and they set up business in Boston. In demonstrating his machine, this inventor came in contact with a bright young lady who told him, "I'd like to see you hung on a sour apple tree. You have made a machine that will rob me of my daily bread." Men still living well recall that when youths they had to come home from school early, in order to turn the sewing machine for mother. Later, water and steam power propelled the larger sewing machines.

With the advent of the Civil War, in 1861, gi^eat was the instant demand for men's army shoes. Many of the loyal shoemakers of Lynn left their "kit" in the shop and put on the blue in defense of the flag of the Union. But what men som.etimes call "Providence" came along, in the person of Col. Gordon McKay, who brought out a sole-sewing ma^ chine, and so wonderful was it that it took the place of thousands of shoemakers at once. Moreover, it provided the people with more shoes and at a less price than ever before known in the world. This machine was invented by Lyman R. Blake, a Yankee genius, bom in South Abington, August 24, 1835. He worked in a shoe shop until of age, saved up $1,400, and purchased an interest in a shoe factory, as then styled. He set to work to make a machine to sew soles to the uppers. He whittled out his first models and patterns, and made his machine, also patented it in Washington. In 1858 he sold to Col. Gordon McKay for $70,000 ; $8,000 was paid down, the remainder to come from the profits in the company. A sj^dicate of Lynn shoe men tried to buy his machine, but they failed. Again he improved the original machine for McKay. Between 1861 and 1876, the Blake machine, its inventor testified in patent court, had made 177,665,135 pairs of shoes, and that at least eighteen cents per pair had been saved the makers by use of his invention. The Civil War period caused wages to increase, and men who had made shoes at the cobbler's bench for from four to six dollars per week (and worked fifteen hours per day) , now commanded as high as $20 per day to run one of the McKay sewing machines, in sewing the uppers to the soles of shoes. However, it should be stated that this was paid in gi-eenbacks and "shinplasters", worth thirty-three cents on a dollar. Under normal conditions, about 17,000 people find emplojniient in the business of manufacturing and shipping shoes from Lynn. In the year 1920, Lynn produced shoes to the value of $75,000,000, while in the same year the allied products reached nearly $45,000,000.

The Goodyear machine did even greater things for the shoe trade than the McKay. It multiplied the product, increased the wages and provided the people with better foot wear. The original welt-machine reduced the cost of sewing both welt and soles to ten cents a pair, four cents of which went as royalty to the patentee. The total saving on a pair of shoes of this machine was sixty-five cents. The best hand-sewed shoes used to sell at from ten to fifteen dollars, but today as good a pair may be purchased (or could before the late war) for five dollars. As to the whereabouts of these various inventors of shoe machinery, it may be stated that Blake traveled through Europe, demonstrating his machines, and died, at the age of forty-eight years, in 1883.

Colonel Gordon McKay established the royalty system still in use, and became the promoter of the United Shoe Machine Company. In his will, he left $5,000,000 to Harvard University, saying: "Inasmuch as a large part of my life has been spent in the study and invention of machinery, I instruct the president and fellows to take special care that the great subject of mechanical engineering in all its branches, and in the most comprehensive sense, be thoroughly practiced from my endowment." Mr. Metzeliger died in young manhood, even before he knew what a blessing he had been to humanity, almost as much so as he who causes "two blades of grass to grow where one grew before."

four. There were also listed six shops making heels, three shoe forms, five concerns handling shoe machinery, nine making shoe patterns, 15 shoe stock manufacturers and 28 shoe trimming houses. This gives a total of sixty-six concerns handling shoe goods, besides the one hundred and thirty-four shoe factories.

Reaching back to 1918, the more prominent and extensive shoe manufactures in Lynn included the following: J. S. Bamet & Sons, calf and cowhide shoes; the A. G. Lewis Leather Company, organized in 1906; Milliard & Merrill, organized in 1883; J. L. Libbey & Son; Williams, Clark & Co., organized in 1891 ; J. J. Grover's Sons, organized in 1865, the oldest concern in this country ; the Cotter Shoe Company, organized, 1905 ; A, M. Creighton, organized 1878 ; the Harwood Counter Company (biggest in the world), organized in 1869; Littlefield & Moulton, box makers, established! in 1818; G. W. Herrick Shoe Company, makers of heels, plant now covers ten acres ; Bartlet, Somers Company ; the Thomas A. Kelley & Co., makers of kid leather, established in 1885. Other concerns of gi'eater or less magnitude are John L. Walker & Co., the Adams Shoe Company, incorporated in 1911; Mitchell-Gaunt Company, organized in 1910; Tufts & Friedman, Young & Sampson, C. P. Stanbom & Co., established in 1883, shoe machine makers; T. J. Kiely & Co., The Watson Shoe Company, etc. The Federal and State Bureau of Labor Statistics give the following figures concerning the shoe trade in Lynn for the dates indicated :

Lynn leather was evidently a very early commodity. One of the first five men who settled in what is now Lyim was Francis Ingalls ; he was a tanner and carried on the trade on what is now Burrill street, Swampscott. By many it is claimed his was the first tannery within the Massachusetts Colony. George Keysar was among the next to operate a tannery, which he did from 1649 till he removed to Salem in 1680. He had sons in both Salem and Haverhill in the tannery business. In 1635 a child by the name of Elizabeth Newhall was drowned in one of the tanvats of the Keysar tan-yards on Boston street. Robert and Nicholas Potter, father and son, were also pioneers in the business. Deacon John Lewis, Samuel Lewis, his son, and Daniel Newhall, were all early in this line, in Lynn. Joseph Moulton bought these premises in 1844. There was a fine spring of water, and hard by was Strawberry brook, running through the tan-yard. In the latter part of the eighteenth century Benjamin Phillips had a tanyard and mill at Waterhill. There he had good water power and operated a fulling mill for the hides he tanned. Wmthrop and Sylvanus Newhall had tan-yards on Market and Broad streets, then called Blackmarsh. Likely Winthrop was the last of the old-time tanners of leather here, the morocco trade having supplanted the other business in tanning. Salem and Danvers, from that time on, took the lead in this industry. The morocco business was commenced in Lynn by William Rose, on the same spot where the Burrills once operated their tannery. Later he had a tannery where now stands St. Stephen's Church on South Common street. Another early tanner of goat and sheep skins was Daniel Collins on Boston street. He was followed by Levi Robmson, and later this developed into a large establishment. The U. S. census'report for 1880 gave these figures concerning the business in Lynn: Number of establishments, 23; employees, 768; wages paid during the year, $409,000; capital invested, $910,000; stock used, $1,658,000; value of product, $2,309,000. .

It may be added that morocco was first manufactured m this country in about 1809, by William Rose, of Lynn. The leather industry, hide tannings, etc., began in New England in 1630. At present, the leather mdustry in Lynn consists of the business transacted by the following tanners: J. S. Barnett & Sons, Consolidated Tanning Company, and Kistler, Lesh & Co., and the following engaged in the production of morocco: Thomas A. Kelley & Co., A. B. Hoffman & Son, Donohue Brothers Leather Co., Benz Kid Factory Co., Agoos Leather Company.

The world-wide-known Lydia E. Pinkham Medicine Company, one of the firmly established institutions of Lynn, was founded in a small way in 1873-74, and through liberal advertising in all the newspapers of this and foreign lands, Mrs. Pinkham's remedies have become known throughout the world. The founder of these family remedies died a number of years since, but the well-founded business goes on as extensively as ever. Their laboratory and beautiful residence are passed on the street cars by tens of thousands annually. As now organized, the company comprises the following officers; William H. Gove, president and general manager; Arthur W. Pinkham, vice-president and secretary; Mrs. Aroline P. Grove, treasurer.

It has been remarked that the prosperity of any industrial community can be measured by the success of its printing business. In the Perry & Elliott Company alone, both the* city of Lynn and the county of Essex have a satisfactory symbol of their own progress. Founded more than twenty years ago, this concern has steadily developed on its own well-earned reputation for quality, intelligence, and service, until it now embraces one of the largest and finest organizations in all New England. The plant itself at present consists of its original and unusually complete shops at No. 17 Stewart street, Lynn; its newer subsidiary shop at No. 72 Loring avenue, Salem ; and the offices of its sales and service department at No. 146 Summer street, Boston. The Lynn plant especially handles that most difficult of all branches in printing - advertising, which includes high grade catalogues, booklets, and folders of an unusual or special nature. Here are produced the most artistic half-tone work and color reproductions. The machinery is all propelled by individual electric motors and automatically fed presses. All presses and heavy machinery are set on solid cement bases, thus eliminating all vibration. The entire plant at Salem is devoted to publication printing - magazines, periodicals, books, etc., where long runs are required. Every known improved press, with other machinery, is employed in these offices. Besides the printing business, this company deals extensively in fine grades of printing papers, and is known as one of the most liberal buyers of paper in New England. The sales department, with the service corporation, aids the customer in producing the best results in advertising campaigns. Here are developed the best, most effective types of printed matter, the main object being not merely to accept orders for printing, but to create printed matter that will produce orders for customers. This company by its skill and scientific plans is well-known throughout all the Eastern States. Throughout the printers' "strikes," this concern stood the test and was running full force, doing its own work and also helping out neighboring cities where labor trouble existed. The present officers of this company are William H. Perry, president and general manager ; and Frank S. Elliott, treasurer.

From such sources as the historian has been able to obtain, the history of the great General Electric Company, now employing in busy seasons about fifteen thousand persons (in the Lynn division alone), the importants facts are here given :

The foundation of the Lynn electric industry was the arc light and the appliances that produced the light. In the winter of 1879, Prof. Elihu Thompson, a teacher in chemistry in the Philadelphia high school, with his fellow professor, E. J. Houston, of the same school, invented the three-coil arc dynamo, which formed the basis of the arc lighting system introduced by the Thompson-Houston Company. It was first installed in a Philadelphia bakery. Wisely, these two inventors sought capital, and a stock company was formed, the American Electric Company, which operated in Philadelphia, and later in New Britain, Connecticut. After this company was formed, it was proposed to Professors Houston and Thompson that they abandon school work and devote their time exclusively to the development of this new enterprise due to their inventions. Professor Houston failed to comply, but Professor Thompson yielded, and now enjoys a world-wide fame. In 1880 and 1884 more than sixty applications for patents were granted him. In

1882 the Brush Light Company, feeling that the competition was too strong, bought a controlling share of the stock of the American Electric Company. About this time, some Lynn shoe men visited the plant, and became interested. As a result, a small arc light plant was brought to Lyrm and installed in the Lennox building, on Market street. This plant convinced some Lynn investors of the value of the patents, and they soon purchased a controlling interest in the American Electric Company, the name of which was changed to the Thompson-Houston Electric Company. The plant was moved to Lynn in the summer of 1883, to a place on Western avenue, now known as "Factory A." The first officers of the reorganized company were: H. A. Pevear, president; C. A. Coffin, vicepresident; S. A. Barton, treasurer; J. J. Skinner, secretary; and Elihu Thompson, electrician. B. F. Spinney and J. N. Smith were among the directors. In 1884 there were working in the shops of this concern 144 men; by 1892, the number had reached 3,492 ; in 1913 it was 12,000 ; and in 1916 the number of persons employed was 14,000 in the Lynn division of the General Electric Company.

This company was incorporated in 1892, acquiring at its formation all the capital stock of the Edison General Electric Company and that of the Thompson-Houston International Electric Company. More than five hundred different types of apparatus were here produced in 1916, including practically every class of industrial power application, lighting systems, mining and street railway appliances, ship propulsion, central station systems, etc. The products of these works include everything from a 50,000 horse-power turbine to the miniature Mazda lamp, and each article is tested to make sure of its being perfect. This vast industry at Lynn is now worked out day by day, by the energy and brains of about 15,000 persons. The ground area of the Lynn plant is about two hundred acres ; floor space, three million square feet. It has the largest building in the world devoted to the manufacture of electric motors.

The works at Ljnin are second only in size to the same company's plant at Schenectady, New York, where their main offices are located. The Lynn plant of this company makes thousand upon thousands of different electric appliances, by which heat, light and power are made to serve the best interests and convenience of the public. They light the six months' long night-time of the years and drive the wheels of industry through their motors. It requires five thousand motors to drive the machinery in use at these factories. The current for these motors is supplied from the great power plant on the Saugus river, where fuel is landed by barges at the coal pockets of the company. The plant is also situated on the line of the Boston & Maine steam railroad.

For the benefit of the thousands of employes, the company usually styled the "G-E", (General Electric), has provided several restaurants nearby, where the workers may secure their meals and lunches at a reasonable cost. There are also a public hall, with picture shows, and a training school for the young men who expect to follow the electric business ; as far as possible, the company is developing the co-operative plan. It issues stock for services rendered, in small denominations, ever looking to the interests of the army of employes.

The Campbell Electric Company was founded in, Lynn in 1900 by two brothers, Fred A. and Charles E. Campbell, who began in the basement of the Keith building at No. 54 Central Square. The first business engaged in was wiring and construction work. Soon the demand for certain new appliances caused them to expand, and among other enterprises they commenced to make in large quantities a very simple and cheaply constructed electric switch, known as the "time switch". It was designed to turn off the current, at any given time of day or night, and was much used for turning off the street lights and signs using electricity. Many United States patents were granted this company. Hospitals, doctors and dentists in many parts of the country demanded certain novelties made by this enteri^rising company. Then came the manufacture of motors for street raihvays and also transformers. The quarters soon became too small, and the brothers bought the old site of the Electric Light and Power Company, at No. 17 Stewart street. The business was incorporated in 1909 by the tv/o Campbells. Their sales were large five years ago. The marine and army hospitals of the United States; the field hospitals on the Mexican border-land, as well as the hospitals of France, England, Russia, Germany, Japan and China, all gave large orders for the various electric devices made in these works. In the Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco in 1915, awards were made this concern for the best in their line. They have kept pace with the years and are today one of the leading industries in Lynn.

In 1919 the City Directory reported the following concerning its various interests : Value of manufactured products, $200,000,000 ; sixteen solid banking houses with assets amounting to $75,000,000 ; 32,000 people employed in various industries ; 55 churches ; 4 hospitals ; 5 public libraries; 48 public schools; 5 parochial schools; has the largest amount of women's shoes made of any city in the world.

The following paragraphs will tell the story, in brief, of many fires within the city of Lynn since Civil War days, the first of which was in May, 1865, when the fine mansion on Ocean street belonging to the widow of William H. Prescott, the celebrated historian, and where he had performed much of his work as an author, was destroyed.

Christmas night, 1868, occurred the greatest fire to that date from Vx^hich Lynn had ever suffered. It started in the Lyceum building, on Market street, corner of Summer. The Central National Bank was in that building, and the vaults and safes proved to be indeed fire proof.

The postoffice was also destroyed, as well as Frazier's Block, which had cost $60,000 and Bubier's, valued at $65,000. All told, the fire cost Lynn

Sunday evening, Christmas Day, 1870, the large frame church edifice of the First Church, on South Common street, was totally burned. So great was the light from this fire that it was easily seen from Lawrence. February 20, 1871, a fire occurred on Walnut street, near the Saugus line. It started in the house of Mr. and Mrs. M'Kenney. The loss included the life of Mr. M'Kenney, who perished in the flames.

In 1874, morning of January 10th, fire broke out in the barns of the Glenmere stage line, on Chatham street. The building was destroyed, along with ten fine horses. ,^ , ^ ^ ^ mu

July 26, 1876, there occurred a serious fire on Market street, ihe greatest loss was the store of R. A. Spalding & Co., Mrs. Lancey's millinery shop, and W. T. Bowers' store. ^ ^ j ^ ^

April 7, 1877, Sweetser's block. Central avenue and Oxford street, was burned. It was fitted up for the shoe business ; the loss of property amounted to $115,000. . ^

September 3, 1885, the large brick building owned by Lucius Beebe & Son, Western avenue, corner of Federal street, used as a glove-kid shop, was burned at a loss of $75,000.

July 8, 1887, was the date of the burning of the old Saugus River Mill, at the Boston street crossing. For generations this had been an historic mill. Here were ground not only flour and meal, but also snuff and spices. It was this mill that really started the famous Childs Chocolate article, which had a world-wide market.

In 1887 Thomas Green & Company lost their factory by fire on May 15th. Loss $21,000. A fire about that date at Lamper's wharf burned nineteen horses.

In the whole history of L>Tin, no greater calamity ever overtook her than the conflagration of November 26, 1889. To this day, it is styled the "great fire." At noontime on that bright, sunny autumn day the fire broke out in the boiler-room of the large wooden building on Almont street, known as Mower's Block. The wind was blowing a stiff gale, and it was not very long before the numerous adjoining buildings were in flames. The firemen were powerless in their every effort. Telegraphic mssages were sent to Boston, Chelsea, Salem, Gloucester, Newburyport and other nearby places, imploring speedy aid. These towns and cities responded quickly, and joined forces with the Lynn fire department, in doing all they could to stay the fire so rapidly destroying the city. In less than two hours, a number of four and five story brick structures had been destroyed, together with numerous less valuable buildings. The fire still swept on, in its relentless course, taking all before it. The First National, Central National, National Security and the LjTin Institution for Savings banks were in ruins and homeless, so far as banking building property was concerned. The two city daily newspapers - the Bee, and the Item, - ^were destroyed. The Lynn Press, which had announced its initial publication, was wiped out of existence on the day of its birth. The enterprise was never revived.

This fire covered an area of thirty-one acres, including streets and squares, and was in the heart of the business portion of the city. The Chief Engineer's report and that of the State Commissioner fixed the loss at $4,959,911. It was also stated that the amount of insurance carried on the property destroyed was $4,133,516. The number of buildings destroyed was 334, some of them huge brick and stone buildings, along with wooden structures, such as factories and frame dwellings.

The good people making up the rank and file of Lynn citizenship have ever been generous and mindful of the sufferings of those in other sections of the country, in times of calamity and distress. As examples, one may refer to the Chicago, Portland and Boston fires, a half century ago ; to the Johnstown, Pennsylvania, flood, the Marblehead fire, etc. So, in the time of her need, these municipalities came to her rescue. Little did Salem think when she was aiding Lynn that twenty-six years later Lynn would be assisting her in the great fire of 1914.

The great fires in the winter of 1868-69 brought about a new sentiment in favor of providing some adequate system of water supply. Large reservoirs had been built in many sections of the city at no little expense, but did not prove satisfactory. The water was then taken from Flax Pond. Pipes were laid along the principal streets and the supply was first set flowing on the 8th of December, 1869, the first that Lynn had ever received water from any sort of an aqueduct. This was found insufficient for the growing demand for a water supply. An engineer was engaged to survey the situation, and he examined several water sources including Flax Pond, Sluice, Humphrey's and Breed's Ponds. Land was finally purchased around Breed's Pond and the work of construction pushed rapidly forward. The first cost of the Breed's Pond property was $21,500, exclusive of laying the pipes. Extensions were later made, pumps and reservoirs installed, and by 1880 the supply of water from Breed's Pond reached a million gallons daily. In January, 1885, it was shown that the expense thus far for the water works then in use had cost the city of Lynn $1,343,000; the average consumption was then about two million gallons a day. There were then seventy-four miles of pipe line in the city. The water department was then paying all expense of maintenance, the interest on the water debt, and had a surplus of $27,- 000 on hand. At present (1921) the city is using seven million gallons of water daily, the population of Lynn and Saugus being supplied with water of the purest kind. The building of dams and huge retaining walls created great reservoirs in Walden, Breed's and Birch Ponds, and in 1893 a greater supply of water was obtained from Saugus river. In 1913, the construction of a thirty-six inch main from the Ipswich river was begun and pushed to completion. This assures Lynn a sufficient water supply for many years to come. There are now over 140 miles of main pipe from four to thirty-six inches in size. There are many more miles of service and court pipe ; fifteen thousand services and nine thousand meters ; twelve hundred fire hydrants on main pipes. The rates for water are reasonable. The present meter rate to consumers using less than 10,000 gallons daily is fifteen cents per hundred cubic feet (700 gallons) , while the flat rate runs as low as $4 per year.

The Lynn Fire Department was orginally formed in 1797, with Relief Company No. 1, organized and supplied with a hand-tub and tools such as were then used in fighting fires. Then came the Despatch No. 2, in 1806; Reliance No. 3, in the same year; Perseverance No. 4, in 1807. The city's first steam fire engine arrived in September, 1863, and the change from hand power to steam apparatus was completely brought about in 1886. The first motor apparatus was used in the city in July, 1910, after which the faithful horses of the department were set aside for the good they had done. The present department has twenty-four pieces of motor-apparatus and three "chief cars." These modem appliances were more than paid for in two fires soon after the change was made.

During 1920 the department responded to 1,064 calls, including 259 bell alarms, 45 telephone calls, 196 automatic and 114 still alarms. The number of actual fires were 738, of which 582 were extinguished by chemicals. Hydrant streams were used at 89, engine streams at 6 and other means at 61. There were two two-alarm fires in the year. The property loss was $252,748.86. The value of property where fires occurred was $7,789,848. Insurance carried on same, $6,983,940. Insurance loss, $221,036.51. Loss on uninsured property, $31,712.35.

Lynn now has a $100,000 automatic and box-alarm system in use. There are sixteen fire companies, with 173 permanent members. The apparatus includes six fire engines, four ladder trucks, six chemicals, one combination chemical and hose engine ; five hose wagons, two motor pump engines. There is also an extra chemical engine, in case of emergency. The present amount of workable hose is twenty-one thousand feet. Of late, the department has an automobile mechanic and a woman clerk at the general offices. With the city water supply so great, and 1500 hydrants, the city is well protected from the ravages from sweeping fires.

Among the later fire-chiefs or city engineers of this department have been A. C. Moody, who went out of office in 1890 ; C. H. Downing, who served from 1890 to 1900 ; Thomas A. Harris, from 1905 to 1912 ; present chief, Edward E. Chase, who took the position in 1912, but who has been connected with the department since March 10, 1885, when he went in as a substitute fireman. Of the fifty-five active firemen who served through the great fire of 1889, only twenty-four still survive. With the return of the anniversary of that never-to-be-forgotten fire (November 26, 1889) the survivors hold their annual reunion and banquet, which has come to be a very interesting affair to the firemen of the community. The present roster of the fire department includes the following: Edward E. Chase, chief engineer; William F. Welch, deputy chief; John H. Roberts, district chief; Herbert W. Robinson, district chief; Henry A. Brannan, district chief; Charles A. Harraden, district chief; Miss Mary J. Scanlon, clerk of the department.

It appears that for the first three years after the settlement of Lynn there was no regular minister settled as pastor of a parish, but doubtless religious services were held on the Lord's Day, at least.

What was known as the First Church later became known as the First Congregational Church (Trinitarian). Founded in 1632, it was the fifth in the Bay Colony, and "was gathered" in 1632. There was said of it, more than forty years ago, that it was one of the three or four of the early church organizations to presei-ve their fidelity to the ancient Puritanic faith. Nearly all of the other churches departed from the faith of their fathers, and became either Unitarian or Universalist. As a matter of fact, this church was not organized after the regular manner, but such irregularities were finally overcome. The founder was Rev. Stephen Bacheler, who, with his family, arrived from England in June, 1632. The chief inducement that brought him hither was that he had a daughter residing here, the wife of Christopher Hussey. With him came six other persons,. who had belonged to his church in England. He commenced to minister to their spiritual wants, without regular installation. He v/as then about seventy-one years of age. Serious trouble arose between him and his little flock, and after a number of scandals, and when three years had passed, he found it for his best interest to move, which he did, first to Newbuiy and to Hampton later. He returned to England in 1651, aged about ninety years. He married a fourth ^vife, his third wife still living here. Rev. Bacheler died in London in 1660 in the one hundredth year of his age. It is affirmed that no less personages than Hon. Daniel Webster and J. G. Whittier traced their ancestry back to the lines of this family.

The second pastor was Rev. Samuel Whiting, installed in November, 1686. He had taken orders in the Church of England, and became a non-Conformist, by reason of which he had to resign, after which he settled in Lynn. He came from a family of note, and his descendants have made a brilliant record in America, as an example, Hon. William Whiting of Boston.

The first real meeting-house was the "Old Tunnel," so called. It was erected in 1682, under the pastorate of Rev. Mr. Shepard. It will be remembered that in those days the church and state were so closely allied that a church building could not be built unless the town so voted; nor could changes in the building or its fixtures be made without a permit from the town authorities, as will be observed by the following: Town Meeting, 1692. "January 8. It was voted that Lieutenant Blighe should have liberiy to set up a pew in the northeast comer of the meeting-house, by Mr. King's pew, and he to maintain the windows against it."

The pulpit of the "Old Tunnel" was capacious enough to contain ten persons. A small bell swung in the little tower, and in the northeast comer of the gallery was a "negro pew," quite elevated and well boarded near the top. The colored brothers and sisters were required to sit there, where they might hear, but neither see nor be seen. It is not now practicable to enter into further detail about church buildings. It may be added, however, that June 8, 1882, this church celebrated its 250th anniversary, at its edifice on South Common street, when an historical address was made by Rev. Walter Barton, pastor. The present (1921) total membership of this church is 477, and of the Sunday school 282.

The Unitarian Church, for nearly ninety-seven years known as the Second Congregational Society in Lynn, when by legislative enactment (March 5, 1919.) the name was changed to the Unitarian Church of Lynn, was founded in 1822. Its promoters, restive under the shackles of the Calvinistic doctrine, and no longer disposed to assent to its principles, withdrew from the old First Church. On Febmary 13, in the year above named, a meeting for the purpose of foiming a new society was held at the home of William Badger. He acted as moderator, while James Homer was chosen secretary. The others present were Joseph Lye, William Chadwell, Benjamin Clifford, James Phillips, Jr., and Edward Rhodes. A week later, at the adjourned meeting, it was formally voted to form a new society. William Chadwell, William Badger and James Homer were appointed a committee to "draw up a declaration, setting forth our separation from the established societies of this town and the reason of our forming a new society." On February 28th the committee reported, at which time the declaration then submitted to the little band was unanimously accepted. At the period in question, religious controversies were taking on a highly-spirited phase (mildly to express conditions), not only in various parts of New England, but also in other sections of the country. In Eastern Massachusetts the new movement, generally referred to as "liberal Christianity," was decidedly active. Because of the peculiar conditions then existing in respect of religious beliefs, as well as of the consequent defence of reason and private judgment by repudiators of the Calvinism of the day, extracts from the declaration in question will not be without significance to readers in this second decade of the twentieth century. After declaring, in the preamble, that "God has endowed every man with the right of worshipping Him in such a manner as shall best suit the dictates of his own conscience," protests against the Calvinistic scheme, along with affirmation of new principles, took form as follows:

The dictates of our consciences will not let us join with the established societies, for we can not from all the knowledge that we have been able to obtain from Scripture, nature and reason, conceive that there is more than one Supreme

We can not acquiesce in the doctrine of total depravity, which, if true, would teach us to shun mankind as wretches, and which, we trust, is refuted by every-day experience We can not believe in the doctrine of predestination, which makes our Maker the author of sin, and which, if true, would take

We must also protest against the doctrine of election and reprobation, which is repulsive to every feeling of justice and equity. . . And there are many other doctrines with which we can not join - doctrines which we conceive are a libel upon the wisdom and goodness of God. We therefore do hereby form ourselves into a society by the name of the Second Congregational Society of Ljmn. ... In forming this society, we shall endeavor to do it in a manner that is consistent with Christian charity and forbearance. Sensible that good men may differ in their belief, we shall always endeavor to treat all other societies with that respect and charity with which we should wish to be treated. As we claim for ourselves the right of private judgment, so shall we be willing that all others may enjoy the same privileges; as we acknowledge no one's right to dictate to us, so neither shall we presume to dictate to others.

On the 5th of April, 1822, the society was formally organized. June 5 following, a petition for an act of incoi-poration was presented to the General Court, sixty-six signatures being appended thereto. Ten days later the act of incorporation was approved by the governor. In the meantime the new society had been active in preparations for the purchase of a site and the erection of a meeting house. A lot of land on the south side of the Common, South Common street, was purchased of Timothy Alley. On November 5th of the same year the cornerstone was laid with appropriate ceremonies, and on April 30, 1823, the structure was dedicated. The site thus chosen continued to be occupied by the society until the close of 1910, the church edifice, as the decades succeeded one another, undergoing those improvements and renovations common to the demands of new conditions. (Subsequently, the old edifice was sold to the Greek Orthodox Conmiunity.) Meanwhile, an agitation had started with reference to the purchase of a new site and the erection of a more commodious church edifice, in keeping with the progress of the society. Land was subsequently purchased at the comer of Atlantic and Baltimore streets. The cornerstone of the present beautiful stone structure was laid October 30, 1909. On December 29, 1910, the formal dedication took place, and January 1, 1911, the society occupied its new home for the first time. The church and parish house, together with appointments, represent an expenditure of approximately $130,000, including the land. Both from the standpoint of architecture and of fitness, the society, the sole local examplar of broad Unitarianism, possesses a splendid property. The present membership is about 300. Miss Marguerite Emilio is superintendent of the church school, and Miss Elsie Anderson, the secretary-treasurer. At the end of the first month of the 1921 school year, the number of enrolled children was 121. The pulpit has been filled in the following order: James D. Green, 1824-28; David H. Barlow, 1829-33; Samuel D. Robbins, 1833-39; William G. Swett, installed Jan. 1, 1840, died Feb. 15, 1843; John Pierpont, Jr., 1843-46 (during whose pastorate a new church covenant was adopted); Charles C. Shackford, 1846-64; Samuel B. Stewart, pastor emeritus, now resident of Schenectady, N. Y., from Oct. 4, 1865, until April 23, 1905, the longest pastorate in the history of the society; Alert Lazenby, 1906-15; Maxwell Savage, 1916-19; and Dudley Hays Ferrell, A. M., the present minister, who was installed March 1, 1920. The society has been the recipient of various bequests from sundry parishioners, and these funds are separately invested. There are the usual organizations, all of which are at this writing in a flourishing condition. The board of trustees, as chosen at the annual meeting in the spring of 1921, is composed of the following: Benjamin F. Arrington (chairman), C. Fred Smith, Miss Annie L. Newhall, Samuel H. Holhs, Edwin W. Ingalls, Miss Blanche L. Merritt, John C. Clendenin. Secretary of the parish, Fisher Keeler Rice; treasurer, Alfred E. Chase; collector, L. W. Whittredge.

The Second Parish Church was founded in 1720, the year in which Rev. Shepard died, and became the First Church of Lynnfield, and subsequently became a Universalist society.

The Third Parish Church was "gathered" in 1732, and later became the First Church of Saugus. Rev. Joseph Roby was settled as pastor here for more than fifty years. He was learned, pious and patriotic.

Of the Trinitarian Congregational Churches, the "History of Essex County" by Lewis, in 1887, gives the following paragraph: "Of the Trinitarian Congregational - or, as they are usually called, the Orthodox - Societies, there are now four, namely : The First Church, already spoken of, and whose present place of worship is a fine brick edifice on South Common street, built in 1872 ; the Central Congregational, founded in 1850, and whose present house of worship is also a fine brick edifice, on Silsbee street, built in 1868; the Chestnut Street Congregational, commenced in 1857 as a Congregational-Methodist, and becoming distinctly Calvinistic in 1860, their house of worship being a frame structure on Chestnut street, built in 1857; the North Congregational, founded in 1869, and worshiping in their neat wooden church on Laighton street, built in 1870."

The North Congregational Church was founded in 1869 and a building erected on Laighton street, near Washington, in 1870. It has a total membership of 347, with a Sunday school attendance of 324; the present superintendent is W. Fred Haskell. The church and parsonage, together with the grounds, are valued at $40,000. The following have served as pastors: James W. Whiton, 1869-75; James L. Hill, 1875- 1886 ; George B. Hatch, 1887-93 ; Willis A. Hadley, 1893-97 ; Arthur J. Covell, 1898-1908 ; Daniel Emory Burtner, 1908, and still serving.

Central Congregational Church (Trinitarian) was founded in 1850. Its first two pastors were Revs. Abijah R. Baker and Jotham Sewall. The beautiful edifice is situated on Broad street. The present membership is 417 ; the Sunday school has an average attendance of about 225. The 1921 superintendent is E. B. Redfield. The church buildings include the present $75,000 stone edifice at 97 Broad street. Two former buildings on Silsbee street were destroyed by fire, one was of brick and one of wood. The present church was dedicated December 29, 1892. It seats 558, and is centrally located at Washington Square. The pastors have been A. R. Parker, 1850-54 ; J. B. Sewall, 1855-65 ; A. H. Currier, 1865-1881; A. W. Moore, 1892-1900; C. F. Weeden, 1901-09; C. Thurston Chase, 1910-1921. The last-named pastor resigned May 14, 1921.

The Friends, or Quakers, commenced worship in Ljnm as early as 1677. The strict laws against them which defamed the statute books of Massachusetts, and the story of their rigid enforcement, are all too well recorded in previous histories to here be reiterated. This sect in Lynn has ever embraced some of the most excellent people within the county of Essex. They still worship in a plain, large, well-preserved frame meeting-house, on the comer of Friend and Silsbee streets, the same having at first stood on Broad street, built in 1816, but in 1853 was removed to its present site. The lot of land upon which it stands contains the meeting-house and graveyard, besides a large and handsomely-cared-for lawn, with a high iron fence surrounding the property. The Friends also have another meeting-house in Lynn, on Eastern avenue, where there is a fair-sized congregation.

The Second Universalist Church was formed in 1837. It worshiped in a wooden structure on South Common street, comer of Commercial, the same that was orginally used by the First Church (Congregational), and subsequently by a small society of another denomination. Some of the material in this building was at first used in the now famous old "Tunnel" building. From 1837 to and including 1863 the pastors were: Revs. Dunbar B. Harris, 1836 ; Edward N. Hams, 1839 ; Henry Jewell 1840 ; John Nichols, 1843 ; O. H. Tillotson, 1845 ; John Moore, 1848 ; J. R. Johnson, 1850; E. Winchester Reynolds, 1852; Henry Jewell, 1858; William P. Payne, 1859 ; N. R. Wright, 1863.

The Christian Church, now known as the First Christian Church of Lynn, was fomied in 1835, and is now situated at No. 270 Chestnut street. From 1835 to 1862 the ministers were Revs. Philemon R. Russell, 1835; Josiah Knight, 1841; David Knowlton, 1842; Warren Lincoln, 1843 ; Nicholas S. Chadwick, 1851 ; Seth Hinckley, 1853 ; William Miller, 1854 ; John Burden, 1860 ; Joseph Whitney, 1862 ; John A. Goss, 1862. The names of the pastors since then have not been furnished the compiler, with other required data.

The Universalists held their first meetings in the Woodend Village, when Rev. Sylvanus Cobb of Maiden was invited to deliver lectures on the faith just beginning to be styled "Universalist" by the orthodox denominations. The date was October 12, 1831, the place Mechanics' Hall, comer of Chestnut and Mason streets. These lectures were continued both at Swampscott and in Lynn for a year or two. In January, 1833, the meetings were transferred to the Town Hall, and in that historic old building, March 25, 1833, the first Universalist Society was organized for Lynn, The resolutions adopted stated that the society should embrace those of the faith of the "sect everywhere spoken against." James M. Sargent was elected clerk, George Todd, moderator; Joseph Anderson, treasurer; Harris Nichols, collector and sexton.

The first meeting-house owned by this society was built on the lot on Union street, where now stands the East Baptist Church. The contract price was $3,775, but before completion the structure had cost $4,- 625. The building was dedicated December 5, 1835 ; in 1850 it was enlarged, as more audience room was needed. In 1864, in the midst of the Civil War, it was found necessary again to enlarge the church. Many changes were made, and when completed more than $8,500 had been spent before dedication took place. Only four years later there was a demand for a better and larger church building; the question was agitated until 1870, when it was decided to build a new church. March 20, 1871, the society sold the old church to thd Union Street Free Baptist denomination for $20,000, and later the present East Baptist Church society purchased the property. In January, 1871, the William S. Boyce estate on Nahant street was purchased by the Universalists, at a cost of $30,000. Other grounds were subsequently purchased, so that now the beautiful edifice, together with the parish house, is centrally located on Nahant street, at Washington Square. The corner-stone of the present building was laid May 27, 1872. The building was dedicated September 11, 1873. The structure is a handsome brick, trimmed in free-stone. The church, furnishings and land cost about $145,819, including the $90,000 donated by three young business men of the parish - Benjamin F. Doak, Joseph Davis, and Benjamin F. Spinney. Three hundred and eighty-six persons subscribed to this building entei-prise. The seventyfifth anniversary of this church took place March 22, 1908, and its program was exceptionally interesting in church circles of Lynn.

The substantial parish-house adjoining the church on Nahant Place was the gift of the late Earl A. Mower, the same having been his home. The church now has invested benevolence funds amounting to $34,000. The investment fund income for current expenses is $25,000. There has been a Sunday school connected with this church ever since its organization, and today it has an active membership of about 500 pupils and teachers. The pastor is now acting superintendent. The church has fully maintained its high position in the religious and civic life of the community. The board of management includes Fred H. Nichols (chairman), Harry M. Read, Arthur H. Stiles, Samuel T. Patterson, George H. Ball, Edward F. Breed, Charles E. Rolfe, Samuel L. Fisher, Arthur W. Pinkham, Harrison P. Burrill, clerk. The pastors have been: Revs. Josiah C. Waldo, 1833-38 ; Lemuel Willis, 1839-42 ; Horace Gardner Smith, 1843-44; Merritt Sanford, 1844-48; Darwin Mott, 1848-50; Eldredge Gerry Brooks, D.D., 1850-59 ; Sumner Ellis, 1860-62 ; Charles Wesley Biddle, D.D., 1862-79; John Colman Adams, D.D., 1880-84; James Minton Pullman, D.D., 1885-1903 ; Henry Blanchard, D.D., 1903- 05 ; Frederick Williams Perkins, 1905, and still serving as pastor in 1921.

The First Baptist Church was founded in Lynn in 1816. No doubt the interference with State affairs created more opposition to this denomination at an early day than did their religious doctrines and teaching. However, that may have been, they were greatly persecuted, as were the Friends of that date. But long before the church was organized in Lynn, persecutions had ceased. They formed their society and erected a good frame church building on North Common street, but not until 1867 was this building completed and worshiped in. On the same spot the church still worships. Among the pastors prior to the Civil War were Revs. George Phippen, 1816; Ebenezer Nelson, Jr., Daniel Chessman, commenced in 1830; L. Stillman Boilers, came in 1833; Joel S. Bacon in 1837 ; Hiram A. Graves came in 1840 ; Thomas Driver in 1843, and William C. Richards in 1849. The writer is not in possession of the pastors' names from 1849 to 1884, when Rev. Francis T. Hazelwood came and re- mained until 1891; Tillman B. Johnson, 1891-1902; James A. Braker, 1903-11; Addison B. Lorimer, 1912-20; Rev. Eben F. Francis, present pastor. The present membership is 651 ; the Sunday school attendance ;s large. The superintendent is W. W. Wass. The present value of the church edifice is estimated at $65,000; value of the parsonage and lot, $10,000.

From this, the parent church of the Baptist denomination in Lynn, has sprung numerous church organizations, including the following: East Baptist Church, of which see later description by the pastor, Rev. Arthur E. Harriman, D.D. ; the Essex Street Union Baptist Church, Rev. Thomas Cain, pastor; the Lynnfield Baptist Church, Rev. Lewis Malvern, D.D. ; the Washington Street Baptist Church, Rev. Chester J. Underhill, and the Zion Baptist Church, at Meadow Park, Rev. Jerome W. Miller, pastor. What was known as the Third Baptist Church was founded in 1858, of which organization Rev. Charles H. Cole was pastor in 1861. The High Street Free-Will Baptist Church was organized in 1858, and had for its first pastors. Revs. J. H. Tilton and Alfred Owen.

On Tuesday evening, April 21, 1874, the East Baptist Church of Lynn was regularly organized with sixty-five constituent members. At this meeting the so-called "New Hampshire Confession of Faith," prepared by the Rev. J. Newton Brown, was adopted and a call was extended to the Reverend John S. Holmes. The first public service for worship was held on Sunday, April 28, the sermon being preached by the Reverend E. Benjamin Andrews, a student in the Newton Theological Institution, and, later. President of Brown University. For some weeks, until Mr. Holmes was able to enter upon his pastoral duties, Mr. Andrews continued to supply the pulpit and to his wise, enthusiastic leadership the church is greatly indebted.

A council, called in accordance with Baptist usage, met in Lynn on Thursday, May 14, and voted "to recognize the East Baptist Church of Lynn as a regular and independent church of Christ." The public service of recognition was held on Tuesday, May 19y the preacher being the Reverend Wayland Hoyt, D.D., then pastor of the Warren Avenue Baptist Church of Boston. Dr. Hoyt took for his text, Galatians 6:2, "Bear ye one another's burdens, and so fulfil the law of Christ." It was a strong, eloquent and stimulating discourse and, in church anniversary meetings, it is still referred to by those who were present nearly half a century ago.

In the present meeting-house, the church was formed and launched upon its prosperous career, thought at that time the property was owned by the Free Baptist Church. After renting the edifice for about a year and a half, the East Church purchased the land and building for $18,000.

Mr. Holmes entered upon his pastoral labors on Sunday, July 5, 1874, and had the privilege, at his initial service, of administering the ordinances of Baptism and the Lord's Supper. Under the pastor's direction, the needful auxiliary societies were organized and all possible steps were taken to make the work of the new church efficient and fruitful. Congregations and church school attendance rapidly increased in numbers, and many persons united with the church. It was with deep regret that the church parted from its first pastor. Deeming it his duty to accept a call to the Baptist church in Adrian, Michigan, Mr. Holmes closed his labors on the fourth anniversary of his settlement over the East Church. Mr. Holmes was a man of winsome personality, wise in counsel, and skilful in his conduct of parish work. On his occasional visits to Lynn, he was always given an ovation by his old parishioners. His recent death is lamented by many. Through the generosity of the Misses Sawtell, the church has been presented with a trust fund to be known as "The Reverend John S. Holmes Memorial Fund." The gift is made in memory of the late Miss Lena Holmes Sawtell, a namesake of the first pastor and a sister of the donors.

Immediately following the departure of Mr. Holmes, the Reverend Henry Hinckley, Hai'vard '60, entered upon his fruitful pastorate of fifteen years' duration. Coming to the church after two years of study in the Newton Theological Institution, and sixteen years of pastoral work, he brought a set of matured convictions and a disciplined practical judgment, which helped to make him a rare leader. He was a man of studious habits and a clear and forceful writer. He brought eternal truth to bear upon human lives in a strong, positive and unforgetable manner. His sermons are still bearing fruit in the lives of those who waited upon his ministry. He was a good pastor and cherished the conviction that *'a house-going minister means a church-going people." Taking a deep interest in the spiritual welfare of young men, Mr. Hinckley was successful in directing several of them into the work of the ministry. One of Mr. Hinckley's "boys" is the Reverend Arthur W. Cleaves, D.D., editor of "The Baptist," the official organ of the Northern Baptist Convention. During this pastorate, also, there was founded in the East Church one of the strongest C. E. Societies in this part of the country. Mr. Hinckley was privileged to lead great numbers of people into the baptismal waters and, in every way, the church prospered under his leadership. Beginning his ministry on October 3, 1878, he took a letter of dismission, September 22, 1893, in order to enter upon the pastorate of the Roslindale Baptist Church of Boston.

The third pastor of the church was the Reverend Edwin A. Hainer, whose ministry of four years extended from 1894 to 1898. He came to Lynn from the pastorate of the First Christian Church of Haverhill, Massachusetts. Warm-hearted, sympathetic, approachable, Mr. Hainer soon won a strong hold upon the affection of his Lynn parish. He had a firm grasp upon the essential truths of Christianity and proclaimed them simply, clearly and persuasively. He was pre-eminently an evangelist, and he had the joy of hearing many ask, "What must I do to be saved?" One of the notable achievements of this pastorate was the founding of the "Hainer Class," an organization of men for Bible study. Mr. Hainer left Lynn to accept a pastorate in New Jersey. Later, he was called to a pastorate in Providence, and, while in the active discharge of that fruitful ministry, he was called to the Church Triumphant. About a year ago the Hainer Class established a permanent fund, which will be henceforth known as "The Reverend Edwin A. Hainer Memorial Fund." This memorial will perpetuate the name and labor of a man loved and honored during his life and deeply mourned in his death.

For its next pastor, the church called the Reverend Neil Andrews, Jr., pastor of the Baptist church in Shelbume Falls, Mass. Mr. Andrews graduated from Brown University in the class of 1892, and from the Newton Theological Institution in the class of 1895. Ke served the church from 1899 to the latter part of 1901. Soon after leaving Lynn, Mr. Andrews entered upon the study of medicine. He is now a practicing physician in the Middle West.

On December 1, 1901, Rev. Arthur E. Harriman of Leominster, Massachusetts, became pastor of the East Church, and, with the exception of one year, has continued in the discharge of the duties of the pastorate. The present membership of the church is 620 and the, church school has a total enrollment of 1145. The value of the church lot and edifice is estimated at $40,000.

The Board of Deacons is as follows : Joseph H. Cochey, Warren M. Breed, Robert O. Bent, George Walker, Lester B. Strout, Frank Strickland, Harry D. Brown, Lester J. Crawford, William L. Hatfield and Ralph M. Wade. Church Clerk, Harrie R. Bean; treasurer, Harry D. Brown ; Director of Religious Education, Lester B. Strout ; Auditor, Miss Caro R. Leiand.

A Catholic historian declared some time ago, "Religious statistics in our country have been at all times in a misty, unsatisfactory condition." This is, for Catholics of our time, and will be still more for those of the future, a deplorable fact; and yet, we can blame no one. In the busy lives of our first priests, - the only ones whom we expect to have kept records of those interesting days - there was little leisure for anything of the kind. Now, however, circumstances are more favorable ; and, in many parishes, a calendar or something similar is used to record important parochial affaiis, which, though briefly told, as needs must be, will still serve as interesting reminders of the past. As a foundation for these future records, the following brief sketch may be presented.

In 1790 the whole United States was one diocese, under Bishop Carroll. 1796, first record of visit of Catholic priests to eastern coast of Massachusetts, outside of Boston. 1808, Rev. John Cheverus consecrated Bishop of Boston, his diocese being all New England.

No doubt the Holy Sacrifice of the Mass was celebrated for the few Catholic families in Lynn ; but we have no record of those days. There is a record that the first Mass celebrated in Lynn was in a house on Waterhill street, in the westem part of the city, in the year 1835 ; and the room of that house was sufficiently large to accommodate all the Catholics of the city.

In 1841 Rev. Charles Smith, pastor of Chelsea, took charge of the Catholics of Ljmn and its immediate vicinity ; and he made it a mission of Chelsea. In 1848 the Catholics purchased a frame building which had sewed m turn for a Methodist church, a Baptist church, and for a schoolhouse. This church, forty feet by forty feet, accomodated the people for several years. It was situated in the Arcade on Ash street. Father Smith died in January, 1851. Shortly after the death of Father Smith, Father Strain was appointed pastor of Chelsea by Most Rev. Archbishop Williams. During the pastorate of Father Strain at Chelsea, Lynn remained a mission to Chelsea. The Catholics of Lynn at that time numbered about three hundred, and they attended their little church on Ash street until it was burned down on the 28th of May, 1859. It was generally believed that the fire was of incendiary origin. Meanwhile, in 1858, Father Strain purchased land on Lynnfield street for a cemeteiy which is now called Old St. Mary's Cemetery to distinguish it from the New St. Mary's which adjoins the old, and which was laid out in 1908. The old cemetery was blessed November 4, 1858, and its lots are all taken up.

After the destruction of the first church, the Catholics, with Father Strain at their head, secured the use of Lyceum Hall, comer of Market and Summer streets, where now stands Odd Fellows Hall, for divine and other devotional services. In 1860 the site for the present St. Mary's Church was purchased, and immediately Father Strain opened negotiations with P. C. Kirby, a Brooklyn, New York, architect, and set about the building of the magnificent Gothic structure, St. Mary's Church, a monument to his zeal and piety. This structure, located in City Hall Square, was completed and dedicated in 1862. In 1867 Father Strain took up his residence in Lynn, and Lynn ceased to be a mission of Chelsea.

In 1872 Father Strain turned his attention to the mission of Nahant. In that year he secured land on the main street, ad built upon it the present church, which was dedicated to St. Thomas Aquinas. During all these years Father Strain, with one assistant, administered to the wants of the people of his parish, which comprised all of the city of Lynn, Nahant, Swampscott and Saugus.

In June, 1874, a new parish was formed in the eastern section of the city. To it Rev. J. C. Harrington, who was at that time assistant to Father Strain, was appointed by Most Rev. Archbishop Williams. Father Harrington, while building his beautiful church on Union street, comer of West Green street, hired for the time being the Christian meeting house on Silsbee street for the accomodation of his people, in which he had regular srvices on Sundays and days throughout the week. As soon as his church was roofed, he fitted up the basement and made use of it as a church until the building was completed. The cornerstone of the new church was laid by Most Rev. Archbishop Williams July 4, 1875. The church, dedicated to St. Joseph, was opened in the basement for divine service Christmas Day, 1875. In June, 1884, St. Joseph's Church was completed and dedicated, June 21st of the same year.

In 1879, Father Harrington purchased a large tract of land in Wyoma, thirty-two acres, for a cemetery, had it surveyed, and laid out in lots. At the present time most of these lots are taken.

In 1880 the parochial residence on Green street was purchased by Father Harrington, and is still occupied by the pastor and assistants, though at the present writing a new one is being built.

In 1886 the number of French Canadians had become considerable in the city. The pastor of the French Canadians of Salem, Rev. N. Gadoury, since deceased, under the instruction of the Archbishop, secured land for the building of a parish church on the comer of Franklin and Endicott streets. The church was commenced in March, 1886, and was completed in 1887 under the supervision of Father Gadoury. It was dedicated under the patronage of St. Jean Baptiste, by Archbishop Williams, December 4th, 1887. Rev. J. B. Parent was appointed pastor of St. Jean Baptiste, December 9, 1887. He took up his residence at Lynn December 18th of the same year. The following year he built the parochial residence in which he and his assistants lived up to the time of his death, and which is now occupied by his successor.

During Father Parent's thirty-three years pastorate in Ljnin he did extraordinary work for his people. He bought two large lots in the rear of the church. In 1892 he extended the sacristy of his church on one of these and in the extension established a temporary school which was taught by two lay teachers. In May, 1899, he commenced the erection of the large parochial school on Endicott street. This magnificent school was opened in September, 1900, under the direction of the Sisters of St. Ann, from Canada, who took up their residence in a portion of the school building. The school opened with 620 pupils. At the present time (1920), the school has 850 pupils. Father Parent did all the work of the parish without any assistant up to the year 1892. Shortly after the completion of the large school house, Father Parent bought an estate adjoining the church property on Endicott street, and converted the building on it into a convent for the Sisters, where they still reside. A few years before his death he purchased land on Boston street, opposite St. Joseph's Cemetery, for a parochial cemetery, and laid it out for the burial of his deceased parishioners. Father Parent was in bad health a few years previous to his death. He died January, 1919, beloved by his people and honored by the citizens of Lynn. Father Parent left a complete parish to his successor.

In the year 1880 Monsignor Strain crowned the whole of his magnificent work in Lynn by the building and establishing of a large and commodious parochial school close to St. Mary's Church, a school capable of containing nine hundred scholars. This school was opened in September, 1881, with five hundred children, the Sisters of Notre Dame of Namur having been engaged as teachers. A house on Tremont street with a large lot of land in the rear of the school building, was purchased and converted into a convent, the large lot of land serving as recreation ground for the Sisters. The Sisters were aided in their educational work by two lay teachers for the larger boys.