Essex County, Massachusetts - Chapter 34: City of Lynn, 1922 (part 1 of 3)

Chapter 34: City of Lynn

The history of the settlement, growth and development of Lynn cannot be complete without some allusion to the conditions before the coming of the white settlers in 1629, and to the environs and the environment under which the great work of colonization was undertaken.

As showing the desirability of the land comprising the present territory of Greater Lynn, and also its habitability, it is quite sufficient to point out that the greater part of the territory settled under the Charter of the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay in New England was possessed and occupied by a powerful tribe of Indians known as the Pawtuckets. The domain of the Pawtuckets extended from the Charles river to the Piscatiqua on the ocean front and northward as far as Pennacook, now Concord. This great territory was penetrated by the MeiTimac river, and the name of the Indian nation is perpetuated in Pawtucket Falls at Lowell.

In the generation previous to the coming of the white settlers to this region, the Pawtuckets were ruled by Nanpashemet, one of the most powerful of the Indian leaders of that period. His home, in peace times at least, was on that low bluff -like eminence extending along the present ocean front of Lynn from about the junction of Newhall and Washington streets to near the Swampscott line, and set forth on the oldest local maps as Sagamore Hill. Nanapashemet, or the Nev^ Moon, was one of the most powerful Sachems of his time. He had an immediate fighting strength, according to Gookin, of three thousand warriors in the days before the pestilence of 1617 swept away such great numbers of the natives along these shores. His influence was far-reaching among the Indian tribes, and was potent even among the Nipmucs of the upper Connecticut Valley.

When Captain John Smith, in 1614, passed along these shores on a voyage of trade and exploration, he recorded many interesting facts concerning the country and its people. Of this section of the coast he says: "The Sea Coast as you pass, shows all along large corne fields, and great troupes of well proportioned people." He further says : "Wo found the people of those parts verie kinde; but in their furie no less valient."

Nearest in contact with the Pawtuckets, and occupying the teiritory south and west of the Charles river, was a tribe known as the Massachusetts, a name derived from the Blue Hills of Milton, according to Roger Williams, and signifying "a hill in the forai of an arrow" in the Indian vocabulaiy of Josiah Cotton. This tribe was governed by Chickataubut, whose village was on the Neponset river, and while occupying less extensive territory than the Pawtuckets, the Massachu- setts were about their equal in fighting strength. Smith, in 1614, speaks of their territory as "the Paradise of all those parts" ; and refers to the "many Isles planted with corn, groues, mulberries, saluage gardens and good harbors." Weymouth and Canton seem to have been the southern bounds of this tribe.

The Wampanoags occupied the country around Plymouth from Cape Cod to Narragansett Bay. They were governed by Massasoit, who ruled over 32 tribes. He was one of the most powerful of the Sachems and could have readily called three thousand warriors into the field, yet he was a peaceful man and proved a strong friend of the Pilgrims. For more than forty years he kept his i>eople from war and in tranquility. Stronger than any of the before-mentioned nations, the Narragansetts inhabited the region to the west of the Narragansett Bay in Rhode Island, and were governed by two Sachems, Canonicus and his nephew, Miantonomo. Their fighting strength was about five thousand warriors. The Narragansetts were for many years bitter enemies of the Pequots, against whom they joined with the white settlers in 1637.

The Pequots occupied territory in Connecticut adjacent to that of the Narragansetts, and their sachem was Sassacus, who commanded four thousand men, and v/ho lived at the present location of New London. The Pequots were a warlike people, and the name of Sassacus was one to spread teiTor wherever it was kno^vn.

In the region constituting the present interior of Massachusetts dwelt the Nipmucks. This tribe was without a great leader, but was inclined to listen to the council of Nanapashemet.

To the eastward of the Pawtuckets, and occupying the territory from the Piscatiqua to the Penobscot, were (according to Lewis) the Chur-Churs, who were governed by a mighty chieftain called a Bashaba. An old map of this region from Palfrey's History of New England (Map of New England, 1628 to 1651) indicates that the Abanaquis occupied a part of this territory.

Occupying the land east of the Penobscot were the Tarratines, a very turbulent people, frequently at war, and travelling hundreds of miles to carry on their depredations. Their great Sachem was Nultonanit, and their expeditions frequently led them into the territory of the Pawtuckets. Bradford, in speaking of the Massachusetts, says: "They were much afraid of the Tarratines, a people to the eastward, which used to come at harvest time and take away their com, and many times kill their persons." So great was the apprehension of an attack from the Tarratines that, we are told, a watch was constantly kept on Beacon Hill to guard against surprise by them. Coming along the coast in their war canoes, it was necessary for them to go ashore at night, and the smoke of their camp-fires was recognized as a "wireless" warning of danger.

tribes) who, according to Gookin, had a fighting strength of twenty-five thousand warriors, the Tarratines in the far east and the Pequots in the southv/est v/ere the wari-ing Indians that were constantly at war with the other tribes, and were the great source of trouble to the settlers in later years. To these must be added the Moha\vks, who, although chiefiy outside the limits of New England, v/ere never out of mind of its inhabitants. They have left the evidence of their incursions into this territory in the "Mohawk Trail," which was their gateway to the Connecticut Valley and points farther east, where we find that the Indians of the Saco Valley early employed carpenters from the white settlements to help to build forts for protection against them.

It will be seen from this brief summary that the territory of the present Greater Lynn, and, in fact, of the first settled portion of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, was located in a zone far from the territory of the warlike Indians, and that the early settlers in this section were much more exempt from the terrors and ravages of Indian wars than were their neighbors farther to the east or west, or were the early Virginia colonists.*

William Wood and John Josselyn have left us a rich legacy in their description of the Indians and their habits and customs. The contribution by Wood is of especial interest in this connection, because he was one of the first five settlers in the present territory of Lynn (then Saugus), in 1629, and his writings, which he published on his retuni to England in 1633, are a "first-hand description" and relate especially to this vicinity. The picture of the Indian savage, with feathers and war paint, breech clout and tomahawk, has often been painted; but the peaceful Indian, cultivating fields of corn, readily adopting white man's dress and customs, and living in peace with the invaders of his territory, is not so well known. Since Wood settled here in 1629, and was the first New England writer to publish a book, "New England's Prospect," published on his return to London in 1633 :

John Josselyn first came to Boston July 3, 1638, and remained in New England until October, 1639, spending most of his time at Black Point (Scarboro, Me.) Dr. Cobb speaks of Josselyn as "a good deal of a naturalist and something of a physician," and refers to Wood as "sort of a press agent for New England." ("Some Medical Practice among the New England Indians and Early Settlers," by Carolus M. Cobb, M.D.) Josselyn's description of the Indian v/omen is an appropriate corollary to Wood's general description of the Indians, and is so appropriate that we give it here :

The Men are somewhat Horse Faced, and generally Faucious, that is, -without beards, but the women m.any of them have very good features, seldome without a

*Worth states that dn none of the early settlements are there to be found so many of the earliest buildings as in this vicinity, owing to the immunity from Indian depredations.

Come to me, or Cos Amoris, in their Countenance, all of them black eyed, having even short teeth, and very white, their hair black, thick and long, broad breasted, handsome straight bodies, and slender, considering their constant loose habit. Their limbs cleanly, straight, and of a convenient stature, generally, as plump as Partridges and saving here and there one, of a modest deportment.

Their Garments are a pair of sleeves of deer, or Moose skin drest, and drawn with lines of several colours into Asiatick Works, with Boskins of the same, and short Mantle of Trading Cloth, either Blew or Red, fastened with a knot under the chin, and girt about the middle with a Zone wrought with white and blew Beads into pretty Works; of these Beads they have Bracelets for their Neck and Arms, and Links to hang in their Ears, and a fair Table curiously made up with Beads likewise, to wear before their breast, their Hair they comb backward, and tie it up short with a Border, about two handfulls broad, wrought in Works as the other with their Beads. ("New England Rarities.")

Geographically, Lynn appears to have been a convenient meeting place for the several tribes of Indians in those days, when the trail through the woods and the trackless path of the canoe afforded the only means of travel from place to place. We find in one of the school text books of almost a century ago this allusion, under the caption of Lynn: "They called the place Saugus, and the eastern part of it Swampscott, which is its present name. . . . On Lynn Beach, which joins Nahant to this town, Indians of various tribes used to assemble and engage in friendly sports and games."*

We can well believe that here in Lynn the council fires of the Pawtuckets burned, and that here the Great Sachem Nanapashemet met his advisers in dignified assemblage, and considered the weighty affairs of the Indian state. Since the white explorers, fishermen, adventurers and traders were, even before 1615, becoming known along these shores, it is entirely conceivable that here was considered the great question of the coming of the strange people, and the policy to be pursued toward them.

When the turbulent Tarratines invaded this territory, in 1615, Nanapashemet, the great leader, moved to a fort on the Mystic. There he successfully met the issues of war for two years, and survived the desolating pestilence that swept the country in 1617, reducing' strong tribes to mere handfuls. Still the foes from the eastward were insatiable in their thirst for the blood of the great chieftain, and in 1619 he fell a victim to the hate and deadly vengeance of the Tarratines, while living in his house near the fort on the Mystic. Thus passed one of the great characters in Indian history, leaving a name venerated in Indian tradition and honored in being perpetuated by the white people in many ways. His death seems to have checked the war lust of the Tarratines for a time, and a period of quiet followed. He left three sons, who were to succeed him in accord with the Indian custom, all of

attained the rank of Sagamore. Their names were Wonohaquam, Montowampate and Wenepoykin. He also left a daughter, whose name was Yawata.

The youngest of these sons, Wenepoykin, is believed to have been but three years old at the time of his father's tragic death, Montowampate to have been but ten years old, and Wonohaquam probably a little older. For this reason Tehatawan, the widow of Nanapashemet, and the three sons divided the government between them. Tehatawan was a woman of unusual ability as a leader. She became known as the Squaw Sachem, and she did not surrender her authority even after she became the wife of Webbacowat, the medicine man of the tribe. According to the recollection of Rev. John Higginson of Salem, Wenepoykin lived with his mother, the Squaw Sachem, in the early days of the settlement at Salem.

The map of Southern New England prepared by William Wood in 1633, and published in 1635, shows the location of the camps of Sagamore John on the Mystic and of Sagamore James on the Saugus river (Lynn). It does not give the name of any other Sagamore between the Charles river and the Merrimac, but it does indicate the camps of many other Sagamores outside that territory. Had Wenepoykin been of the age to exercise sovereignty over Naumkeag, there is little probability that Wood should overlook that fact. On the death of his two brothers, who died from smallpox in 1633, Wenepoykin became Sagamore of Saugus and Winnisimit (Lynn and Chelsea), and was called by the English, Sagamore George. Wonohaquam was Sagamore of the Mystic river and lived at Winnisimit. He was called by the English, Sagamore John, and was "of gentle and good disposition." Mr. Dudley speaks of him as "affecting English apparel and houses."

Montowampate, a boy of ten years of age at the death of his father, became the Sagamore of the Saugus and returned to Lynn to live on Sagamore Hill. Tradition states that his home was near the present intersection of Sagamore and Newhall streets, and early visitors to his home speak of the small number of warriors in attendance upon him, owing to the ravages of the pestilence. He became known to the settlers as Sagamore James. Dudley speaks of him as "of far worse disposition than his brother John." According to Lev/is, he was Sagamore of Saugus, Naumkeag and Masabequash (Lynn, Salem and Marblehead.)

At the coming of the white settlers, Montowampate had arrived at man's estate, and gave them permission to settle in Saugus. In the same year he married Wenuchus, the daughter of the venerated Indian priest Passaconoway, who lived at Pennacock, now Concord, New Hampshire. The romance between Montowompate and Wenuchus was the inspiration of Whittier's poem, "The Bride of the Pennacook." This couple spent a few brief years on Sagamore Hill, years in which adven- ture was mixed with the affairs of every-day life. Here, always at peace with their white neighbors, they received the visitations from their friends on the Merrimac; for the companionship, the bathing, the fishing and the sports on the beach were all attractive then as now. (George H. Martin, "Lynn in the Early Indian Wars.") Here, too, their children were bom ; but the family was destined to be broken up by the death of Montawompate in 1633, and the succession of his brother Wenepoykin as Sagamore.

What may have been the influence of the white men on the Indians in the pre-settlement period we must leave to conjecture, but an influence there must have been.

Professor Horsford presents (his) evidence that this region was the place of an Icelandic settlement, and there is much to suggest that Thorwold visited these shores over nine hundred years ago. Indeed, Nahant has been by description identified as one of the various points where Thorwold had his encounter with the Skrellings (Indians), and where he afterwards died. In the absence of positive identification, it will serve to prolong the investigation and to add to the sum total of historic knowledge if we assume, for the purpose of continuing the discussion, that the "Krossanes of Thorwold is the Nahant of today." Certainly if it were to be decided by the testimony of the great adventurer, who, on going ashore, said: "Here it is beautiful, and here I should like to fix my dwelling," there could be no question as to the identity of Nahant.

The coast to the eastward, comprising the present shores of Massachusetts, New Hampshire and Maine, was well within the sphere of acquaintance and observation. The Gulf of Maine had for many years been the fishing ground for the ships of five European Nations. Explorers, traders and adventurers had coasted along these shores. Indians from various points had been taken to Europe and some had returned.

There is no doubt that previous to 1600, the shore of Essex Ounty was visited by the white men. When Gosnold visited these shores in 1602 there is very good evidence to support the claim that he anchored off Nahant, and it is accepted as more than a tradition that he was visited by eight Indians, one of whom wore a complete suit of white man's clothing, which he had obtained by trading to the eastward. Admitting the identity of Savage Rock as Nahant, then, we find that Martin Pring visited the same spot in 1603 in search of sassafras. The ships of four nations visited Plymouth between 1600 and the coming of the Pilgrims in 1620, and Pring's ship was among them. Sir Francis Poppham had established his settlement at the mouth of the Kennebec, and had built a decked-over vessel in 1607, called the Virginia of the Saggadahoc.

mate and had soon commenced to bring over settlers to the region at the mouth of the Saco. The English language and a knowledge of the white men had filtered through all along the coast. The first white settler came to New Hampshire in 1623, and the same year a fishing station was established at Gloucester, which was three years later removed to Salem. There had been a seepage northward along the coast from the Colony at Plymouth, and about 1624 Rev. William Blackstone and family had established themselves in Boston. The Indians in 1617 had been ravaged by disease and greatly reduced in strength.

Therefore it would appear that when the five white men came to Lynn in 1629, seeking homes, the Indians were prepared to welcome them, rather than to repel them; and to give them the privilege of establishing homes in this choice spot in the land of the Pawtuckets. Thus do we attempt, in few words, to i)ortray the conditions existing at the time of the coming of the first white settlers in 1629 to lay the foundation for Greater Lynn.

The lapse of almost three centuries gives perspective to the incidents of the settlement of Greater Lynn. We can be familiar with the facts of that period only as they are preserved for us in record and tradition. The work of the historian is to correlate rather than to create. He constructs a mosaic, of which he must find, not make the parts. He can add to the work of previous historians only as more extensive research may have placed him in p)ossession of historical data that may not have been accessible to previous writers. The vanguard of the Puritan migration arrived in Essex County before the Charter of the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay in New England had passed the seals, March 4, 1629. Central location, a good harbor and the advantages of a settlement of white people already established (in 1626) made Naumkeag, now Salem, the objective of this early migration.

Fi'om Salem came the first group of white settlers in 1629 to Lynn, then known by its Indian name of Saugus, and comprising the present towns of Lynn, Lynnfield, Saugus, Swampscott and Nahant. In this group of pioneers, which is estimated to have numbered about 25 persons, were five men, whose names are here given: Edmund Ingalls, Francis Ingalls, John Wood, William Wood, William Dixey. Four of these five men appear to have brought families with them.

Thiity-eight years later, William Dixey made a deposition in the Essex Court (July 1, 1657,) which sets forth that application was made, on his arrivel in Salem, "for a place to set down in; upon which Mr. Endicott did give me leave to go where we would; upon which we went to Saugus, now Linne, and there we met with Sagamore James and some other Indians, who did give and the rest leaue to dwell there or thereabouts ; Whereupon I and the rest of my master's company did cut grass for our cattell, and kept them upon Nahant for some space of time; for the Indian James Sagamore and the rest did give me, in be- half of my master Johnson, v,^hat land v/e would; wherefore we set down in Saugus, and had quiet possession of the above said Indians, and kept our cattell in Nahant the Summer following."

Thus with "Puritan simplicity" was laid the foundation for a city destined to become the twelfth largest in New England, to contain onetenth of one per cent, of the entire population of the new Nation that was in the making ; to draw its inhabitants from all parts of the world, and to become world-famous for its industrial products.

According to Woodbury, these early settlers "set out from Salem and landed at Deer Cove between Red Rock and the bastion of the Boulevard about June, 1629." (See "Historical Priorities in Lynn"). This would have been the logical place for the landing, since Montowompate occupied the long, low bluff -like elevation extending along the ocean front known as Sagamore Hill, and this landing was quite accessible to his habitation. Moreover, there are repeated references in the older writings, showing that the waters adjacent to King's Beach were used at that early date for harbor purposes. These early settlers must have brought with them all that was necessary for establishing homes, so there must have been a considerable quantity of goods, equipment and supplies. Since at that period there were no roads or facilities for land transportation even between Salem and Lynn, these goods must have come by water. From the early writers, it appears that Sagamore Hill was occupied by the Indians, so these first settlers found a "fair playne"^ for their homes. Whatever may have been the location of this plain, it is quite certain that it covered an extensive area; for the settlers of that period were a land-hungry people. Farming was a necessity in such a pioneer settlement, and other vocations were combined with it.

Edmund Ingalls established his home very near the present Goldfish Pond, and the bronze tablet erected on Fayette street, (now Lafayette Park) a few years ago, by Mr. Charles S. Viall, marks the approximate location of the original Ingalls homestead in Lynn. He was classed as a farmer, but also had a malt house near his dwelling. Malt was at that time considered a great necessity by the English, and is estimated to have constituted about one-third of the cost of living of a family in England.

Edmund Ingalls' family consisted of his wife and nine children, six of whom were bom in England. The name has been associated with Lynn through all its years of development. He was accidentally drowned in 1648, when his horse fell through the bridge known as "Lynn Bridge" across the Saugus river on Boston road. For this, the General Court paid £100 sterling to his children.

Francis Ingalls was bom in England in 1601. Apparently, he held land in common with his brother Edmund ; for in 1638 there was apportioned to "Edmund and Francis Ingalls, 120 acres." Lewis has not mentioned that he had any family ; he was a tanner, and established the first tannery in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. This was located on the brook later known as "Humphrey's Brook," where it crosses Burrill street in Swampscott; and the tannery vats were there until 1825, or later. While this was the first tannery in the Colony, it can not claim to be the first in New England.

John Wood was a farmer, and in the division of land in 1638 received a lot of one hundred acres. His location is believed to have been near the intersection of Essex and Chestnut streets. The local name of "Woodend," applied to that vicinity, has served to perpetuate the name of John Wood, the first settler.

William Wood is believed to have been the son of John Wood and to have resided with his father. He was about twenty-one years of age, and possessed a very good education for the time. To him, we are indebted for much of our information concerning the early days of the settlement and the Colony. He was the first of the Colonists to write and publish a book relating to the Colony and he also published a map of Southern New England, which showed the location of the settlements in the Colony, as well as the shore lines. He was made freeman in 1631. After spending about four years in Lynn, he returned to London, August 15, 1633, and there pubhshed his book of one hundred pages, called "New England's Prospect." This was a great addition to the Colonial literature and history, and is accepted and largely quoted to the present time. While the book bears the date of 1634, yet the work was completed before he left for London, August 15, 1633. Having completed the publication of his book and map, he returned to Lynn in 1635, accompanied by his wife Elizabeth. Soon after, he left Lynn; it is claimed by Lewis that he was one of fifty men who commenced the settlement of Sandwich. (Others think that he may possibly have gone to Concord.)

William Dixey came to Salem as an employee or servant with Mr. Isaac Johnson, who was one of the founders of the Colony. Mr. Johnson was a man of considerable wealth, owning property in four counties in England. He married Lady Arabella, daughter of the Earl of Lincoln, and sister of Lady Susan, who was the wife of Deputy Governor John Humphrey. It is not probable that William Dixey remained many years in Lynn, as we find, according to Felt, that he moved to Salem, and kept a ferry-boat across the North river. According to James R. Newhall, he had several childi'en baptized at Salem. He died in 1690, aged 82 years. Mr. Dixey's conspicuous contribution to Colonial records was his deposition of July, 1657, which we have quoted above.

The settlement period is quite devoid of momentous incidents during the first year of occupation. When, in the spring of 1630, the great wave of Puritan migration broke on these shores, the effect must have been thrilling to the little company which had been so long isolated. Eleven vessels early in the spring of 1630 left the harbor of South- ampton for New England, most of them coming to Salem. The arrival of 1700 colonists at Salem during the month of June was an event to thrill the hearts of those who had long been separated from homes and friends, but necessity compelled a speedy departure to their prospective homes. In the general distribution, Dudley says that some of them settled "upon the river of Saugus." The history of Lynn, written by Alonzo Lewis in 1829, republished in 1844, and revised by James R. Newhall in 1865, gives much space to the family history of more than fifty heads of families who came to settle in greater Lynn in 1630. Of some of them little is known; of others, volumes could be written. The appended list will give the names :

Limitation of space, rather than inclination, restricts us to only a passing comment on a few of these pioneer planters. Joseph Armitage opened the Anchor Tavern, the first hostelry in the plantation. This for 170 years was the most celebrated tavern in Essex County, being midway between Salem and Boston on the west side of the river on Boston Road. Allen Breed gave the name of "Breed-End" to the vv^estern end of Lynn, and his name has been perpetuated in the Breed School, on which a tablet was placed in 1920 by his descendants. Other settlers were:

George Burrill was one of the richest of the planters. He was the ancestor of many who have been distinguished in the history of the town and Commonwealth.

Edward Holyoke was a farmer, who possessed 500 acres of land. He was many times chosen Representative and was a member of the Essex Court. One of his descendants, Dr. Edward Holyoke of Salem, was a President of Harvard College, and lived to the age of 100 years.

Daniel Howe was a representative to the General Court five times, was one of the organizers of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company, and chosen a lieutenant at its first election.

Edward Howe, of whom Governor V/inthrop said: "a. Godly man," was several times chosen Representative, and was a member of the Essex Court in 1637.

Christopher Hussey was father of Stephen Hussey, the second white child to be born in Lynn. He removed to Newbury in 1636, was Representative in 1637 and the next year he was one of the first settlers of Hampton, and was chosen a Councillor.

Thomas Newhall was the owner of extensive lands in the vicinity of Federal street, and was the father of Thomas Newhall, the first white child to be bom in Lynn.

Timothy Tomlins was a Representative in thirteen sessions of the General Court. From him the pine forest known as Tomlin's Swamp took its name.

Captain Nathaniel Turner was a Representative to the first seven sessions of the General Court. He was made a captain of the militia in 1633 and in 1636-7 had a command in several expeditions in the Pequot war. At one time he owned Sagamore Hill, which he sold to Edward Holyoke. His name is perpetuated in Turner's Falls. His later days were spent in New Haven ; he was lost at sea while on a voyage to England in 1647.

Of the fifty- three heads of families v/ho arrived in 1630, the greater part were farmers ; they occupied from 10 to 200 acres of land each. In the agreement that had been made with the . Council, each person who advanced £50 was to receive an allotment of 200 acres of land, and each person who came at his own expense should receive 50 acres. They brought with them a large stock of horned cattle, sheep, goats and swine. Most of this stock was pastured in Nahant, and a rail fence from ocean to harbor across the beach, which now constitutes Nahant road, sei^ved to keep out the wolves and to keep the cattle secured. As a further protection against the wolves, which were very numerous, a great many wolf pits were dug around Lynn, some of which are still extant.

In 1631, provisions became very scarce. Wheat sold for 14 shillings a bushel ($3.11), Indian com from Virginia, 11 shillings ($2.44), and a good cow was valued at 25 pounds ($111.11). It is shown that there was great apprehension of invasion by the Indians, because on April 12, it was ordered "that every Captain shall traine his companie on saterday in every week." That there was reason for this alarm is shown by the record that one hundred Tan-atines attacked the village of Aggawam (now Ipswich), wounded Wonohaquam and Montowompate, killed seven Indians and captured Wenuchus, the wife of Montowampate, who was visiting in that village at the time. She was held for ransom, and in a few months was returned to her home in Lynn, but this incident must have occasioned great excitement among these settlers. In October, Governor Winthrop passed through Lynn and the note: "A plentiful crop," appears in his Journal of Oct, 28.

In 1632 Rev. Stephen Bachiler and family arrived in Boston, after a tempestuous voyage, being 88 days from London. He immediately came to Lynn and formed the First Church here, which was the fifth church in the colony, and had a membership of eight persons. Rev. Bachiler was 71 years of age at the time he came here, and one of his first duties was to baptize Thomas Newhall, the first white child to be bom in Lynn, and also to baptize Stephen Hussey, who was bom the same week. Gov. Winthrop entered in his Journal under date of August 2d, "This week they had in barley and oats at Saugus about 20 acres good com, and sown with the plough." In 1633, William Wood left the settlement August 15, to return to London. As to the health of the plantation, he makes this record : "Out of that towne from whence I came, in three years and a half, there died but three." The first com mill in the settlement was built this year along Strawberry Brook.

Late in the Fall of 1633, smallpox broke out among the Indians and Wonohaquam, Sagamore of Winnisimit, and Montowampate, Sagamore of the Saugus, and many other Indians, died. They were succeeded by their brother, W^enepoykin, as Sagamore.

In 1634 the House of Representatives for the Colony assembled May 14. Eight towns were represented by three delegates each. This action was taken, in order that the settlements might not be depleted of their men at the time of the meeting of the General Court, because Indian outbreaks were threatening. The three representatives from greater Lynn were Captain Turner, Edward Tomlins and Thomas Willis. Also in this year, the Hon. John Humphrey, who was one of the original proprietors of the Colony, and its first Deputy Governor, arrived, accompanied by his wife. Lady Susan, who was the daughter of the Earl of Lincoln. They arrived at Salem in July on the "Panther," and went to reside on his farm at Swampscott. Timothy Tomlins was appointed overseer of the "powder and shott, and all other ammunition in the Saugus plantation," according to James R. Newhall.

About thirty new families came to this plantation in 1635, among whom was Philip Kertland, the first shoemaker of record. Money was so scarce that brass farthings were prohibited, and musket bullets were ordered to pass for farthings.

Doubtless the names thus far presented do not comprise all who had come to the Third Plantation during the years 1629 to 1635 inclusive, yet in the list here presented there were the elements of constructive citizenship that not only placed this settlement at the head of those in this immediate section, which later comprised Essex county, but there were those who went out into the surrounding country, even to the distance of hundreds of miles, to establish settlements and towns.

The Virginia Colonists established in 1619 the House of Burgesses, which gave the form of Representative Government to the world. The Pilgrims, by misadventure, arrived at Cape Cod instead of the Northem part of Virginia, in 1620. They landed where they had no rights of Charter and where no government existed; therefore they wrote for themselves a Charter and formed for themselves a Government pledged to enact only such laws as were just and equal. Thus did the Mayflower Compact proclaim justice and equahty in government to the world.

The Colony of the Massachusetts Bay in New England, duly chartered and approved by King and Council, after due deliberation brought its Charter to the new world, and thus took the great step in Independence in Government. The people of the Colony elected their Governor and their Representatives to the General Court, and so breathed the air of a greater liberty than had ever before swelled the bosoms and reddened the blood of man.

Thus did the Cavalier, the Pilgrim and the Puritan contribute to that structure which we call liberty and self-government. Then did Greater Lynn feel the throb of that progress and prosperity which is founded on those impulses that create homes.

"THE TOWN SAUGUST IS NOW LIN" The function of town government became operative in the Colony of the Massachusetts Bay in New England when, on March third, 1636, the Great and General Court decreed that each town should have the power to regulate its own affairs. While the date of 1830 seems usually accepted as that of the incorporation of the town, yet its affairs were in the hands of the General Court until the passage of the above-mentioned act. The vital part of the provision consisted in authorizing each town to choose a number of "prudential men" not to exceed seven in number, to order their municipal concerns. The right to set fines on offenders, not to exceed twenty shillings, was of secondary consideration and designed largely as a matter of convenience, to avoid long trips to court to settle small matters. The action of March third was the legal authorization of those officers so necessary to carry on the affairs of towns, and now usually called selectmen. Lynn (Saugus) elected seven men to serve in this capacity and continued to do so until the year 1755, when the number was reduced to three. The tenn of service was only three months in the beginning. Tything men were also chosen, one for each ten families, "to observe their conduct and report any violation of public order."

The year 1636 was important for greater Lynn, yet some of the incidents that gave zest to life at that time seem much out of focus now. Historic values change with years or periods. Events of thrilling and vital interest then appear now as mere incidents viewed through the perspective of centuries. Also, things at that time scarcely mentioned stand out now like the writing of destiny.

The wolf pits dug in 1630 were a vital necessity at the time. Those which remain are now a reminder of the exigences of that stem period of peril and privation. Yet the Pine Tree coinage, for which the dies were so quietly made in Lynn, marks an epoch in the progress of liberty. In 1636 the Quarterly Court was established at Salem for the benefit of that and adjoining towns, and Captain Nathaniel Turner and Mr, John Humphrey were among those selected by the Court to assist the Magistrate. The licensing of Mr. Timothy Tomlins "to draw wine for the town of Saugus" and also "to keep a house of intertainment," indicated something of the growth of the town. Mr. John Humphrey built a wind-mill on the easterly mound of Sagamore hill, and Capt. Nathaniel Turner was appointed one of a valuation committee in preparation for a tax levy on the several plantations. Mr. John Humphrey and Captain Nathaniel Turner were appointed by the Court to lay out the bounds of Ipswich. So there was plenty of work for busy men to do.

The affairs of the Rev. Stephen Bachiler having culminated in his removal from town in February, there came from England in June, 1636, the Rev. Samuel Whiting, who was installed pastor of the First Church at Saugus (Lynn), the 8th of November. This church was composed of only six members, besides the minister, even after the council had remained here two days to complete the organization. Among other things, the Rev. Samuel Whiting brought with him the first fruit trees to be brought to this town. (Woodbury, "Historical Priorities in Lynn"). Was it prophetic of the fruit of his labors, which endure to the present day?

them. Governor Henry Vane ordered out four companies of Volunteers in August, 1636, and they proceeded ag-ainst the Indians at Block Island, where they destroyed considerable property and killed one Indian, and later at New London, where more damage was inflicted. Captain Nathaniel Turner commanded one of the companies of volunteers. The expedition returned in September, but the trouble was only delayed. In April, 1637, it became necessary to send another expedition against the Pequots, and the soldiers from Massachusetts and Connecticut, with Indian allies, proceeded against them, attacked Sassacus, the Pequot Sachem, and killed about 700 of his followers, thus breaking his power. Toward this campaign, known as the Pequot War, the quota of Boston was 26, Saugus (Lynn) 21, Cambridge 19, Salem 18, and smaller numbers from the remaining ten towns from the Colony. The Lynn troops did not arrive in time to take part in the massacre, according to Lewis and Newhall. Indian troubles and antinomian disturbances caused the churches to call a fast, June 20th. Three days later Governor Winthrop visited Lynn, and was escorted by the inhabitants to Salem, returning at night, on account of the extreme heat, which caused many deaths. John Humphrey and Edward Howe were members of the Quarterly Courts; the tax for Lynn was £28.16 in a total levy of £400. Corn was legal tender at 5 shillings the bushel.

The first burial in the Old Burying Ground at the west end of the Common, according to James R. Newhall, took place in 1637, being the remains of John Bancroft, ancestor of George Bancroft, the historian. In this year also a committee, consisting of Daniel Howe, Richard Walker and Henry Collins, was chosen to divide the lands. The land suitable for cultivation was divided; and the woodlands were held as common property until sixty-nine years later. This was not the first allotment of lands to be made, for to cite one case, the General Court allotted 500 acres to Mr. John Humphrey in Swampscott in 1633, although he had not arrived in the Colony, but was active in managing its affairs in England.

The Pequot war and other threatened disturbances caused the Colonists to organize for more adequate defence, and in 1638 the organization now known as the Ancient and Honorable Artilleiy Company was formed in Boston. Daniel Howe, William Ballard, Joseph Hewes, Richard Walker, Edward Tomlins and Nathaniel Turner were members of the company from Lynn, and Daniel Howe was chosen lieutenant. The organization has always been popular with Lynn men, and many have been members of it.

An earthquake caused considerable damage to property and alarm to people on June first, and lasted about four minutes, and was followed by less severe shocks during the succeeding weeks. The division of lands was accomplished in 1638, but only a part of the records are available. To the Right Honorable, the Lord Brook was allotted eight hundred acres, which was the largest grant. To Mr. Thomas Willis and to Mr. Edward Holyoke were allotted 500 acres each. Edward Holyoke was also authorized to manage the estate for Lord Brook. Saddler's Rock, a landmark to the present time, was allotted to Richard Sadler, in addition to his 200 acres. Lewis and Newhall present the names of 102 persons to whom land was allotted, this being a list taken from the original Town Book of Records by Andrew Mansfield, town recorder, March 10, 1660.

The establishment of a ferry across the Saugus river between Needham's and Ballard's Landings and the building of a bridge across the same river at the Boston street (road) crossing were important accomplishments of the year 1639. This matter was under the jurisdiction of the Colony, and the Court granted to Garret Spencer "the ferry at Linn for two years." The fare was fixed at 2 pence for a single person to the farthest place, and one penny for each additional person. To the nearest place the fare was one penny, thus indicating that there were two stopping places on each passage. The Court allowed the town for the building of the bridge over the Saugus river the sum of £50, and an additional sum of fifty shillings yearly for keeping it in repair. The building of bridges in the settlement days followed the building of roads. Travel in the early days of the settlement was a serious undertaking. A tradition is recorded in Felt's Annals that certain persons traveling between Salem and Boston were four days on the road, and the following Sunday thanks were returned at the church service for their safe delivery from the perils and hardships of the journey. Traveling by land between Boston and Salem, it was necessary to ford the Saugus river at a point near the present location of Pranker's mills at Saugus Center.

The old map reproduced bearing notations by Governor Winthrop, and now in the British Museum, was evidently drawn in 1633-4. It shows the trail lines radiating from Lynn, one to Salem, another to Ipswich and yet another to Medford, which would have been along the line of land travel to Boston. The building of the bridge over the Saugus river, in 1639, on the Boston road, determines where the heaviest travel flowed between Salem, Lynn and Boston. The establishment of settlements and towns was for a long time only in places easy of access by water communication. Until 1803, Boston street remained the great thoroughfare between Boston and Salem and points farther east. Then the opening of the turnpike between Boston and Salem somewhat changed the tide of travel. The turnpike was opened September 22, 1803, as a "toll road." It cost $189,000 and was to become the property of the Commonwealth "when the proprietors shall hava received the whole cost, plus twelve per cent, interest." The same year the Lynn Hotel was built, and was for many years the relay station, where horses were changed on the stage lines running through Lynn.

Lynn was never the scene of Indian hostilities, although frequently disturbed by Indian alarms. Andover and Haverhill were the nearest points to feel the ravages of Indian warfare directed against the white settlers, but this town was always ready to contribute its quota toward the common defense. The reported determination of the Indians in 1642 to exterminate the English caused gi-eat alarm among aU the settlers of the Colony. The General Court established a code of signals to be observed "for the better direction of watch and alarums." In addition to the "county alarum," the Court ordered that "One musket discharged shall be an alarum to all the sentinels at the severall quarters of each towne, who shall answer said alarum by going and awakening the several houses within their quarters, by crying 'Arme! Arme!'" Then followed directions as to conducting the defense. Lynn was so much disturbed by the general apprehension that two block houses were built, one for the soldiers and one, about forty feet long, for a place of safety for the women and children. These houses were built, not at the present center of the city, or on High Rock, as might have been exi)ected under the present geographical lines, but on Vinegar Hill, within the limits of Saugus and near Walnut street, the site of which now belongs to the Lynn Historical Society. In the same year the Court ordered that every house should aid in the "breeding of salt peeter", and ita enforcement in Lynn was placed in the hands of Sergeant Tomlins. Three years later a renewal of the alarms caused a provision to be made for drilling all the boys between ten and sixteen years of age in the use of "small arms, half-pikes, bows and arrows." (See Massachusetts Records, II, p. 99). Thus was preparedness a cardinal virtue in the Colony.

Volumes have been written concerning the history of Lynn, and each passing year gives new contributions to the recorded annals of the town and city. The participation of Lynn in the Indian wars has been exhaustively studied by George H. Martin, A.M., Litt.D., and his research has been preserved in the archives and published in the Register of the Lynn Historical Society. Fortunately, Lynn was not a frontier town, and did not suffer directly from Indian warfare, nor does it jkjssess the scene of battles in any of the wars within its borders. While Lynn participated in all the Colonial wars, yet her part in the French and Indian War, that war which drove the French from American soil and made possible the American revolution (which could never have been successful with frontiers to guard against two nations,) has never been exhaustively written.

To the late Honorable Howard K. Sanderson we are indebted for the publication of his exhaustive study of the participation of Lynn in the American Revolution. His research shows that the city has 196 known graves of Revolutionary soldiers, the largest number recorded in any city, and that with a population of 465 polls in 1774, Lynn furnished 483 soldiers. The records of the church at Lynnfield show that the first death to occur in the American Revolution was that of Joseph Newhall of Lynn, on March 9, 1775, resulting from exposure at the encounter at the North Bridge, Salem, the 26th of the previous February ; this being the first arm.ed resistance which the British encountered. A part of Arnold's forces marched through Lynn on the expedition to Canada. The War of 1812 came closer to the doors of Lynn than any other, for the encounter between the "Chesapeake" and the ''Shannon" took place off the shores of Nahant, and at times the ships cam.e within less than a mile of the shore. It is also cited by Woodbury that the "Constitution" was built by Edmund Hart of Lynn at his shipyard in Boston where Constitution Wharf is novv^ located. ("Historical Priorities in Lynn," Woodbury.) He further calls attention to the fact that it was Captain Joseph Floyd of Lynn, a pump maker, who devised the "Quaker guns" at the Charlesto\vn Navy Yard. The Mexican War, the Civil War, the Spanish-American War and the World War drew heavily from the resources of Lynn.

Settlement extension, or the establishing of new towns, early proved attractive to the pioneers of Greater Lynn. In 1636, Rev. Stephen Bachiler, having removed from Lynn, went first to Ipswich, from which place he, with some of his friends, went on foot, in the very severe winter of 1637, to Yarmouth, a distance of about one hundred miles. It was his intention, we are told, to plant a town and build a church. Unforeseen difficulties prevented him from doing this, but in 1639 he and his son-in-law, Christopher Hussey, sold their possessions in Newbury and removed, with 14 others, mostly from Lynn, to Hampton, New Hampshire, where they built a town and formally established a church. In 1637 permission having been obtained from the Plymouth Colony, a large number of people removed from Lynn and commenced the settlement of Sandwich. Settlements were begun by Lynn people in 1639 at Yarmouth and at Barnstable. In 1638 Nathaniel Turner "removed with others to Quilipeake, where a new settlement was begun and called New Haven.'" He gave his name to Turner's Falls, and in 1640 he purchased the tract which is now Stamford, Connecticut. He was also, with others, largely interested in the purchase of land on both sides of the Delaware river, which was intended for development. About 1640 there was an extensive movement to settle towns on Long Island. In this migration Captain Daniel Howe appears quite prominently. Some difficulty was experienced with the Dutch, but eventually Southampton and several other towns were founded. In 1733 Lynn people settled Amherst, New Hampshire. On March 13, 1638, Lynn was granted "six miles into the country." This land was called Lynn End for many years, and constitutes the present town of Lynnfield, September 9, 1639, a tract of land four miles square was added to the territory of Lynn. This was settled and became known as Lynn Village, until it was set off March 17, 1653, as a separate town and called Reading. It now comprises the towns of Reading, North

Reading and Wakefield. This tract v/as purchased from the Indians for £10.16, and the deed was signed by Sagamore George, his sister Abegaile, and several other Indians.

Therefore we find that in the days of its pioneer struggles, Lynn was the parent town of Sandwich, Yarmouth, Barnstable, Massachusetts ; Amherst and Hampton, New Hampshire ; Nev/ Haven and possibly Stamford, Connecticut; Southampton, Gravesend, Jamaica, Hempstead and Oyster Bay on Long Island. By separation Lynn was the parent tov/n of Reading (now divided into Reading, North Reading and Wakefield) in 1653 ; Lynnfield, which was set off in 1814, Saugus in 1815, Swampscott in 1852 and Nahant in 1853. Doubtless there are many other towns besides the eighteen mentioned that owe allegiance to Lynn in the same way.

Of the various industries associated with the early days of Lynn, none became of more immediate importance than the establishing of the iron works. In 1642 Mr. Robert Bridges took some iron ore from the bog near the Saugus river to England, and in London he formed the "Company of Undertakers for the Iron Works." Eleven men of wealth in and around London financed the undertaking, and advanced the sum of one thousand pounds for the beginning. Land was bought of Thomas Hudson, and a foundry erected near the present site of Pranker's Mills in Saugus.

John Winthrop, Jr., was connected with the enterprise. Several came from England to engage in the work, and the village that sprang up around the iron works was called Hammersmith, from the village in England from which the workmen came. For several years the history of Lynn contains much pertaining to the matters of the iron works. Richard Leader was the general agent for the company and Joseph Jenks was the superintendent. He was an able and important man in the Colony, for he superintended the affairs at the iron works, made the first dies for coining money, received in 1654 the order from Boston for "an Ingine to carry water in case of fire" - the first fire engine in this country - took out the first patent to be issued on this side of the water, produced a scythe of such a design that the length of former scythes was doubled, and made improvements in the machinery of his industry that materially increased its efficiency. At his foundry was cast the first iron kettle in America, which is preserved at the Ljnin Public Library. He was a widower when he came to this country, and married Elizabeth - , who died in July, 1679. He had two sons born in England: Joseph, Jr., resided some time in Lynn. He removed to Pawtucket, where he built a forge, v/hich was destroyed by the Indians. In 1681 he was an assistant in the government of Rhode Island, and he had a son, Joseph Jenks, who was Governor of Rhode Island from 1727 to 1732.

The many other industries of Lynn have been exhaustively studied by Mr. Warren M. Breed. They consisted of tanning, iron works, salt works, shipbuilding, fisheries ; mills for various branches of industry, as com mills, chocolate and spice mills, "tide mills", saw and shingle mills, mills for the grinding of snuff, spice, tobacco and coffee, mills for hair pulling, silk working, bleaching, dyeing and fabric printing; silk industry, India rubber manufacture, bakery, wall paper printing, whaling, steam heating and power, falming, malting, glue making, friction matches, stove jwlish, lead pencils, stoves, sash blinds, bedsteads, artificial stone, spinning, weaving, making soap and candles, and many other industries, which have all or largely passed by, leaving a city that has earned the reputation of being "first in shoes and second in electrical equipment" among the cities of the world. (Some Abandoned Industries of Lynn, Lynn Historical Society Register, 1910) .

Many instances are recorded of arbitrary regulations established by town and colony. Smoking was prohibited out of doors within five miles of a habitation. In 1633 it was ordered that no one should "take any tobacco publiquely, under pain of punishment," and the penalty was set at "one penny for every time he was convicted of taking tobacco in any place." In 1637 it was ordered that no person should make any cakes or buns "except for burials, marriages, and such like special occasions." 1639. "No [woman's] garment shall be made with short sleeves; and such as have garments already made with short sleeves shall not wear the same, unless they cover the arm to the wrist ; and hereafter no person whatsoever shall make any garment for women with sleeves more than half an ell [221/2 inches] wide."

Antinomianism and the teachings and beliefs of Mistress Ann Hutchinson found an echo in Lynn, as was shown by the fasts ordered by the churches, and in 1642, Lady Debora Moody, who resided in Lynn, and retained her church affiliation in Salem, together with Mrs. King and the wife of John Tillton, was presented at the Court "for houlding that baptising of Infants is noe ordinance of God." Sleeping in church or being a "common sleeper" was a punishable offence which often came before the Quarterly Court.

In 1642 Edwin Tomlins was arraigned before the Court for expressing an opinion against singing in the churches ; but having recanted, he was discharged. In 1652 Esther Jenks, the wife of Joseph Jenks, Junior, was presented at Quarterly Court "for wearing silver lace." The witchcraft delusion only touched the borders of Lynn, when in 1680 Dr. Philip Read of Lynn complained at the Court in Salem of Mrs. Margaret Giff ord as being a witch. Nothing materialized of this complaint ; but some persons were cast into prison and others "cried out against" as witches during the period of excitement.

Momentous in the history of the onward progress of independence and liberty was the first act of rebellion, or of treason, which occurred in Lynn. The scarcity of small currency in the Colony led to the establishing of a mint in Boston, in 1652, for coining silver. Again quoting from Woodbury's "Priorities": "The first act of independence was not by resolution or rebellion, but by the issuance of coinage without the essential reference to the King by Grace of God." The dyes for the Pine Tree coinage were made at the Saugus Iron Works, from designs furnished by Esther Jenks, the wife of the Superintendent."* This coinage bore on one side the word Massachusetts, with a pine tree ; on the other side the letters N. E. Anno. 1652, and HI, VI or XII, denoting the number of pence. The dies were made by Joseph Jenks, superintendent of the Saugus Iron Works. Of such precarious nature was the coining of the Pine Tree currency that the date was never changed on the dies, although the coining continued for some fifty years.

In a community whose population was approximately 2000 people, where there were no newspapers, no places of entertainment in our modem acceptance of the word, few books, only primitive schools, where travel was slow and perilous, and settlements and neighbors were far apart, small matters assumed the importance of large affairs. A whale 75 feet long cast up on King's beach December 9, 1655, a 400 pound bear killed in Lynn Woods a year later, and a catamount killed there in 1658, became matters of historic record. Now such events would receive a headline and a short write-up in the daily press, and become "dead matter" in a day or two.

The ordering of a fire engine by the town of Boston in 1654, to be built by Joseph Jenks at the Saugus Iron Works, is a record of importance, as marking the beginning of certain progress in community life; and the purchase of a fire engine in 1796 for public use in Lynn shows the growth and the growing necessities of the town. The rending of Dungeon Rock by an earthquake in 1658, and the entombing of Thomas Veal, the pirate, with treasure, afforded thrills that lasted through many years.

Making Lynn a market town in 1646, the order of the court in 1681 allowing Lynn to have two licensed public houses, the building of the Old Tunnel Meeting-house in 1682, were indications of growth and development. The Old Tunnel Meeting-house, built in 1682, was the successor of the first meeting-house, built in the early days of the settlement at the present north-east comer of Summer and Shepard streets. That earlier structure was typical of the primitive buildings, as the floor was below the level of the ground, and entrance was gained by descending several steps. The "Old Tunnel" was a more pretentious structure, fifty feet long by forty-four feet wide, and was erected upon the Common, op- posite the present location of Whiting street. It was not only the religious, but the civic center for many years, and in it were held the townmeetings until 1806 - long after the separation of the Church and the town had taken place.

The deed given by the Indians in 1686 to confirm the act of Sagamore James in granting land to the settlers was of importance to the Colony and the town, and is set forth in detail by Lewis and by Newhall in their histories; the second division of the land in 1706 gave title to the settlers in the lands that had been held in common.

The first mill on the Saugus river, built at Boston Road crossing, in 1723, denoted industrial progress, and the award of £13.15 to Nathaniel Potter as a premium or bonus for three pieces of linen manufactured in Lynn indicated further industrial development. The dark day of 1716 and of 1780, when the houses were lighted during the day as at midnight, have been fruitful causes of conjecture as to their cause. Potato rot, plague of grasshoppers, comets, northern lights, earthquakes, snow in July (1804), severe winters, dry summers, terrific storms, all serve to fill the pages of the history of the town. Repeated epidemics of small pox were a real peril to the community. The coming of John Adam Dagyr, skilled shoe-maker, in 1750, marks an epoch in the industrial history, not only of Lynn, but also of the Colony. The estabUshing of a church in 1635, the building of a town house and establishing a bank in 1814, the holding of the first dancing school in 1800, the establishing of the first Masonic lodge in 1805 (Mt. Carmel), the chartering of the Light Artillery in 1808, with two brass field pieces, and the formation of the Lynn Light Infantry in 1812 - all are steps in the stair of progression. The linking of centuries and events was well illustrated in 1830 in the death of Donald McDonald at Lynn, October 4th, at the age of 108 years. Bom in Scotland in 1722, he was present at the battle of Quebec, when Wolfe fell, was with Washington at Braddock's defeat, passed through the period of the French and Indian War, the Revolution and the War of 1812. Born at the time that Lynn was a little hamlet, he died when her population v/as 6,138. During the period of his life, Massachusetts as a Colony and a Commonwealth had been under the administration of twenty-four governors.

Having narrated something of the progress and development of Lynn through nearly two centuries, it seems appropriate that we present the pen picture of the town as seen about one hundred years ago by Timothy Dwight, S.T.D., LL.D., once president of Yale College. In 1821, he published his obsei-vations gathered in his extensive travels through the Eastern States. These journeys of observation commenced in 1796, and were continued through a series of years, and were given to the public in the form of a series of letters. Some of the letters indicate that the place was visited more than once. Passing through Essex county, he says: "Essex (County) may be considered as an ancient settlement, and no county in Massachusetts except Suffolk, which is composed almost wholly of Boston, is equally populous. In 1790 it contained 7644 dwelling-houses, 10,883 families and 57,913 inhabitants. There are about 453 square miles in the county * * * . Of every thousand pounds raised by a State tax, this county pays £193 13s 7d ; almost a fifth part of the whole ; * * * . No County in the United States is believed to be more friendly to literature ; and perhaps none is more distinguished for its morals." Referring to Lynn, he writes:

On Friday, October 14th, at 11 o'clock, we set out from Salem for Charkstown, through Marblehead, four miles; Lynn, eleven; to Charlestown, eighteen. By turnpike road, since made, the distance is thirteen miles. The road, which we travelled, was tolerably good * * * . Lynn is a pretty town, situated about nine miles from Boston, at the head of a bay. That part of it, which borders upon this piece of water, is a beautiful slope, limited on three sides almost entirely by hills, and open on the fourth to the ocean. The smooth surface, and elegant declension, of this ground, its cheerful meadows, and neat habitations, form a very pleasant contrast to the rougher scenery of the neighborhood. In another view, this town became still more interesting. The houses, with scarcely an exception, appear to be the abodes of industry, competence and thrift. Few of them were large, or expensive; but almost all were tidy, and well- repaired. At the sight of them a traveller could scarcely avoid concluding, that a peaceful and comfortable fire-side must be found within the walls. By the side of almost every house stood a small, neat shoemaker's shop. These boxes originate the prosperity of Lynn; and usually contain two hundred master-workmen, and six hundred apprentices, employed continually in manufacturing women's shoes. The number, annually made, is calculated at three hundred thonsand pair; and has amounted to four hundred thousand. These are sold in the neighbouring commercial towns; particularly, in Boston; and probably yield to the inhabitants from $200 to $250,000 a year. Few towTis through which we passed left a more pleasing impression on our minds, than Lynn. A beach, extending a mile from the shore, called Lynn-beach, connects Nahant point, the northern extremity of the harbour of Boston, with the main. This beach is a favorite resort for parties of pleasure from the surrounding country. It has, also, been employed as a race-ground; and is one of the only two spots, which, so far as my knowledge extends, is used for this purpose in the State of Massachusetts. Lynn includes two Presbyterian Congregations, a society of Friends, and another of Methodists. It was incorporated in 1637 (?) and in 1790 contained three hundred houses, and two thousand two hundred and ninety-one inliabitants; in 1800, 2,837 inhabitants; and, in 1810, 4,087. (From Travels in New England and New York.)

Dr. Dwight further stated: "From Lynn to Maiden the road is good." From these observations it is evident that he traversed the entire extent of the town from east to west and his pen picture is an illuminating supplement to the description of the same territory given by William Wood nearly two hundred years earlier, in the days of the first settlers and quoted in an earlier section of this narrative. This journey was taken, evidently, before the building of the Boston-Salem Turnpike in 1803.

The observations of Doctor Dwight, made over one hundred years ago, are worthy of repeating today. Relative to the religious aspect of New England, he says : has always been established by law, and for a long time, without the communication of peculiar privileges to any class of Christians. Here only, in the history of man, has this experiment been made. The first practical answer, therefore, to the great question, whether such a thing is consistent with the public peace, good order, and safety, has been given in these States. Speculations on this subject have never satisfied the understanding, or the fears, of inquisitive men. An experiment was absolutely necessary. Here the experiment has been extensively made; and to say the least, has gone far towards proving, that Christians of different classes can live together harmoniously under a government which confers on them equal privileges.

The same conclusion had evidently been reached by the citizens of Lynn nearly a century earlier, when on March 5, 1722, there was an amicable separation of the affairs of the town and the parish. This is believed to be the first record of the separation of church and State in history to be carried out without struggle or controversy, and its farreaching eifect was presented in masterly form by Judge Nathan Mortimer Hawkes at the two hundred and seventy-fifth anniversary of the First Church of Lynn.

There are twenty-one beaches along the shore of Greater Lynn. Of these, commencing at the east, are Phillips', Whale, Swampscott (Fisherman's) and Humphrey's (King's) in Swampscott; Lynn, Nahant, Stoney, Bass, Canoe, Bathing, Pea Island, Joseph's, Curlew, Crystal, Dorothy's, Pond, Lewis, Coral, Reed, Johnson's and Black Rock. The above is the enumeration given by Lewis and Newhall, and the extent of the beaches is about nine miles. The most of the beaches are of smooth sand and well adapted to the sea bathing for which this section of the "North Shore" is famous in summer. King's Beach is, in part, within the limits of Sv/ampscott and in part in Lynn, but its entire length, as well as a part of Lynn Beach, forms the outer border of the Lynn Shore Drive, which borders the ocean front of Lynn and is famous for its beauty. Interspersed between the beaches are sections of rock bound shore, precipitous, picturesque and wonderfully attractive, and adorned vidth names to appeal to the fancy and the imagination: Black Will's Cliff, Red Rock Point, Sliding Rock, Dread Ledge, Shag Rocks, Pulpit Rock, Irene's Grotto, Swallow's Cave, East Point, Natural Bridge, The Cauldron, Castle Rock, Cedar Point, Roaring Cavern, Pea Island, Swallow's Cliff, Castle Rock, Spouting Horn, Iron Mine, Dashing Rock, John's Peril; and out in the Bay, its cliffs of dark rock rising 86 feet above the water, yet so proportioned that it bears a striking resemblance to a crouching lion, Egg Rock bears aloft at night its flashing beacon and keeps watch over all.

The establishment of the first post office in Lynn on Boston street, near the junction with Federal street, indicated the central part of the town in 1793, and the building of the turnpike and the opening of the Lyim Hotel in 1803 indicated that the vicinity of Federal street was still central. The opening of the Eastern railroad in 1838 brought about a change in the center of population and the business center. The rail road was opened for travel from Boston through Lynn to Salem, August 28, 1838, and it rapidly supplanted the stage coaches that had furnished transportation along its line. Travel v/as stimulated to the extent that for the first three months the road had an average patronage of 348 persons each day. Following this successful demonstration of its practicability, it was rapidly extended to Portland. The stage coach business, which accommodated the traveling public previous to the opening of the railroad, may be summed up at the figures given by James R. Newhall,. who says: "In 1836, twenty-three stages left Lynn Hotel for Boston daily, and there were likewise numerous extras." The Lynn Academy was opened in 1805 and appears to have been the first school in Lynn of superior grade. Lyim had been settled almost 200 years before its first newspaper was published. It was called the "Lynn Weekly Mirror," was first issued September 3, 1825, by Charles Frederick Lummus, and bore only nineteen lines of editorial matter.

The distribution of surplus United States revenue in 1837, whereby Lynn received $14,879, was an example of the frugality then practiced in the affairs of the National Government, and must have gladdened the citizens of Lynn, as it was applied to reducing the indebtedness of the town. At the commencement of the Mexican War in 1846 Lynn furnished twenty volunteers. In the same year Congress boots were first manufactured in Lynn. The carriage road over the harbor side of Long Beach was built in 1848, giving better access to Nahant, and Lynn Common was fenced. In 1849 occurred the gi'eat exodus to California, in which about two hundred from Lynn joined in the frenzied rush for the gold fields, some by water and some overland. In the same year the Lynn Police Court was established, a step toward making Lynn a municipality. Thus briefly do we attempt to portray some to the steps of progress which Lynn took in passing through its township days, in preparation for assuming the civic responsibilities of a city.

Lynn is unique among the commercial cities of the Atlantic seaboard. While other cities are sheltered at the bottom of harbors or on navigable rivers, the residential part of Lynn is upon the direct ocean front, where the waves of the broad Atlantic break unimpeded along the magnificent Lynn Shore Drive, which forms the ocean border of thi* "Jewel of the Third Plantation." Back of the Shore Drive is the long, low elevation of Sagamore Hill, which has been, since the remote days of Indian occupation, the chosen dwelling place of Sachems, Sagamores and citizens appreciative of the beauties of nature. Indeed, Sagamore Hill has been interpreted by some as "the Hill of Kings."

While the glories of sunrise have never been so popular with poets or people as the beauties of sunset, yet from this hill the beauty of the morning is quite as inspiring as the glow of declining day. We seldom associate New England with the Mediterranean, yet the same parallel of latitude cuts both. One who has viewed the sunrise from the Lynn Shore Drive, or has witnessed such gorgeous sunsets as that of November 20, 1921, from the shores of Lynn, and has seen the wonderful colors of the sky reflected in the waters of the bay, cannot wonder that the compai'ison has often been drawn between the waters adjacent to Lynn and the Bay of Naples. Longfellow, in his extensive travels, often alluded in his joumal to the sunsets in the lands where he sojourned, but never in a descriptive manner in any other place than at Nahant, his summer home, where he viewed the sunset across the waters of Lynn harbor. Into his "Departure of Hiawatha" he has written the glories of a sunset seen across the harbor and the low-lying hills of Lynn and Saugus. The peculiar miragelike effect so frequently seen here at sunset is also beautifully portrayed:

And the evening sun descending Set the clouds on fire with redness, Burned the broad sky, like a prairie, Left upon the level water, One long track and trail of splendor, Down whose stream, as down a river. Westward, westward Hiawatha Sailed into the fiery sunset, Sailed into the purple vapors, Sailed into the dusk of evening. And the people from the margin Watched him floating, rising, sinking, Till the birch canoe seemed lifted High into that sea of splendor, Till it sank into the vapors Like the new moon slowly, slowly, Sinking in the purple distance.

Allusion has frequently been made to the fact that Lynn possessed no deep harbor for maritime commerce, and no iiishing water courses to give power for manufactures, yet in its first four years of settlement it outstripped Salem in population, and has maintained its position as the metropolis of Essex county. The lack of the natural advantages of deep harbor and water power brought to Lynn in the beginning a class of people who were seeking desirable locations for homes. The same attractions have brought in later years the same class of people to a great extent. Homes were first established and the industries grew up around the home. Edmund Ingalls, the first settler, built his malt house near his home. In later years, the home makers of Lynn built their shoe shops adjacent to their houses, and established the reputation of Lynn as the City of Shoes long before the days of the concentration of industry and the building of great factories. In later years, when a great industry seemed on the point of withdrawing from Lynn, many of its employees and some of its ofiicials refused to leave their homes.

Therefore, whatever may be said of Lynn's great industries, the fact remains that this is a City of Homes, and that the industries have followed the homes rather than that the homes been made to follow the industries.

While the adoption of the charter making Lynn a city brought about changes in political affairs, the adoption in the same year of "the ten-hour day" was revolutionary in its economic significance. The presence of small pox in the to\vn, fires in the city and in the woods, one hundred days of east wind, the fixing of physician's fees at seventyfive cents per visit instead of fifty cents, a tornado, a robbery, the potato-rot, and the drowning of thirteen members of a picnic party from Lynn at Humphrey's pond in Lynnfield furnished thrills of excitement and material for convei-sation, yet the incorporation of tha city, adoption of the "ten^hour system" and the strong opposition to the "Fugitive Slave Law" passed by Congress stand out as the three salient points of general public interest. The consecration of Pine Grove Cemetery and the first burial therein, the dedication of the Central Congregational meeting-house on Silsbe street, and the anti-slavery discussion, have left their impress. October fifth a large and enthusiastic meeting, at which Mayor Hood presided, and Jonathan Buffum, Daniel C. Baker, Charles Merrie and William Bassett were vice presidents, passed strong resolutions condemnatory of the Fugitive Slave Act, which was quite in keeping with the liberty-loving sentiments inherited from pioneer ancestors who had sought these shores for liberty and for homes. With a population of 14,257, the total number of deaths in the year was 262, of which forty-three occurred from tuberculosis.

In 1850 Lynn became a city. A charter was granted by the Legislature on the tenth of April, and on the 19th of the same month the inhabitants voted to accept it. The population had reached 14,357, of which 3,379 were pupils in the thirty-four public schools, and there were nine male and thirty-four female teachers employed. The organization of the first city government was effected Tuesday, May 14, 1850, at Lyceum Hall. Before a large assemblage of men and women of the nev/ly-chartered city, George Hood took the oath of office as mayor, Daniel C. Parker as president of the Common Council, and William Bassett as city clerk. The inauguration of the new city government was followed in the evening by a banquet at the old Town Hall, which was enjoyed by the city officials and citizens. The progress of Lynn as a miunicipality is indicated by the accompanying tabulation in decades :

In 1910 the commission form of government was adopted, and five commissioners replaced the mayor, board of aldermen and common council. The following named served as mayor and commissioner of public safety: 1911-12, William P. Connery; 1913-17, George H. Newhall. In 1917 the city again made a change in its charter, returning to a government of mayor and council, and Walter H. Creamer served as mayor from 1918 to the present time, 1921.

The incorporation of Swampscott as a separate town in 1852, which was followed in 1853 by similar action on the part of Nahant, reduced both the area and the population of the newly-chartered city of Lynn. Owing to the operation of the law requiring a majority of votes cast to elect, there was no choice for mayor in 1852, at the regular election; and when the city government was organized, on the 5th of April, Eidward S. Davis vv^as elected president of the common council. George Hood continued to act as mayor until his successor, after eight trials, was elected by a small majority on June 12, and took the oath of office four days later.

The visit of Louis Kossuth was a notable event in May, 1852, and the Lynn City Guards were for a time called the Kossuth Guards. Illuminating gas was first introduced in the city January 13, 1853, the price being fixed at $3.50 -per thousand cubic feet; the Lynn Light Infantry was chartered and the Saugus Branch railroad opened the same year. The city charter was amended in 1855, making the first Monday in January the beginning of the municipal year. The incoi-poration of the Lynn Library Association and the Lynn Musical Association the same year showed a development of the literary and musical taste of the city, and the opening of the Five Cents Savings Bank indicated thrift. The passing by the Legislature of the plurality law in 1854 was important, as had been demonstrated in the Lynn election of 1852. The great strike of the shoemakers of Lynn in 1860 is still remembered. the passing of the Prince of Wales through the city is recorded his-

Lynn was ready and generous in response to the call for troops in 1861. In five hours after the call came, two full companies were armed and ready for duty, the Lynn Light Infantry, Company D, and the Lynn City Guards, Company F, both a part of the famous 8th Massachusetts Regiment. Enlistments followed rapidly. War filled the minds of all through the following years of struggle and the War Mayor, Peter M. Neal, won high regard by his devotion to the welfare of the troops.

Following the war came the great industrial development of Lynn, which is portrayed elsewhere in this work, the calamity of the great Lynn fire in 1889, and following that the building up of a new industrial Lynn. The war with Spain and the World War brought the same ready response that had been given from the earliest days of the settlement, when danger threatened or need required. Being a city of varied industries, Lynn has suffered less from industrial catastrophies than have those cities of a single industry. Her growth has been remarkable and the standard of her citizenship high. With all her proximity to Boston and the metropolitan district, the abundant tran spoliation facilities and moderate fares to the commuter, and the attractiveness of the city as a place of residence have all helped to increase the prosperity of the city.

The State has si>ent millions of dollars in improving the ocean front and m.aking it a reservation open for all time to the enjoyment of the people. The Lynn Shore Drive ranks among the most beautiful boulevards of the country, and the State bath house at Lynn Beach, together with the supervision of the beaches and reservation by the Commonwealth, has gone far to make our shore unsurpassed for its beauty of scenery, its availability for recreation and its safety as a pleasure resort.

Lynn has had her experiences in various forms of city administration, and for a time turned to the Commission form of government. That form has now been replaced by a mayor and city council. Through all she has prospered. Quick to feel depressions, her industries are prompt to recover. And after all, the same attractiveness that caused families to come here to make homes, almost three centuries ago, is a great asset today in the balance sheet of social and industrial Lynn. Shorn of much of her original territory by the creation of Nahant, Swampscott, Lynnfield, Reading, North Reading, Wakefield and Saugus, Lynn still retains her lead as the metropolis of Essex county, largely from her attractiveness as a city of homes. Her industries and her attractions go hand in hand in her progress. Each supplements the other in making a desirable community for a home and the city is developing her varied resources judiciously.

serving of it in a narrative of this length, yet we glean from Woodbury's "Priorities" and other sources a few names of persons of accom plishment who owe allegiance to Lynn:

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, summer home for many years in Nahant while it was a part of Lynn. He wrote many of his best works while there. In about twenty of his poems are found allusions to Nahant and Lynn. His "Bells of Lynn" is distinctly a Lynn poem.

Colonel Carrol D. White, statistician, head of departments of Commonwealth and Nation ; president of Clark College ; president of Drexel Institute. Resided and practiced law in Lynn.

Mary Baker Eddy (Mrs.), founder of Christian Science, lived in Lynn many years, and much of her most important work done here. Red Rock being a favorite spot for her meditations.

Hon. Elihu Burritt Hayes, mayor of Lynn and member of Legislature. Framed and introduced the secret ballot law in 1888, which was adopted, and became the basis of similar laws throughout the nation. Also author of the Massachusetts Public Library law, which made it possible for eveiy town to have a public library. (In reply to my question, several years ago, as to what he considered to be his greatest public service, he replied that he was uncertain which of the above laws that he had sponsored had been productive of the most far-reaching good). Also active in introducing books for the blind and instruction for the adult blind into the public libraries.

Elihu Thomson, eminent in science. Now acting for the second time as president of Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Long the head of the engineering department of the Thomson-Houston Oo., merged into the General Electric Company.

William Gray, greatest New England merchant in Colonial days. Bom in Lynn, business in Salem. His estate is said to have been the largest ever probated in this country at time of his death, being slight-

John Thornton Kirkland, president of Harvard College 1810-1828, biographer and author, son of Samuel Kirkland, missionary to the Oneida Indians and the founder of Hamilton College, was a descendant of Philip Kirtland, the first shoemaker of record who came to Lynn in 1633.

In 1907 Lynn extended her hospitality for a week, beginning July 28 and ending August third, to former residents in particular and to all comers, through the medium of an Old Home Week observance. HospitaHty was the keynote of the entire observance, and at the same time the city took the opportunity to demonstrate in various ways its resources and its progress. With the opening of the observance on Sunday, all the churches held special Old Home Week services. The city, through its mayor and city government, gave receptions from day to day, the clubs, lodges, churches and business and social organizations extended hospitality and kept open house. The streets and public and private buildings were profusely decorated and entertainment was provided for each day and evening.

To show the progi-ess of the city, an Industrial Exhibit was opened in the newly erected Vamp building (the largest building in the world devoted entirely to the manufacture of shoes), where more than one hundred exhibits by firms and individuals were displayed, and the shops and factories were open for inspection. Thousands of former residents of Lynn visited the city during the week, and many thousands of incidental visitors came to see the city and its sights. Mayor Charles Neal Barney appointed a citizen's committee, and a committee from the City Government was also appointed. These committees worked together in the utmost harmony, and can-ied out a programme that was a model in its arrangement. Its results were a revelation, alike to visitors and citizens, of the great strides the city had made socially and industrially in the period of fifty-seven years following its incorporation.

Vice-President Charles W. Fairbanks, with several members of his family, was the guest of the city one day, as was former Governor Frank W. Rolhns of New Hampshire, the father of the Old Home Week movement. Mayor Barney also tendered a luncheon to the mayors of the New England cities, which was attended by many. The growth of the city departments was shown by a parade of all the city employees, with the equipment of their various departments, so far as it could be utilized. Nothing could have more fully demonstrated the progress from tythingmen to a police department, from fire buckets to fire towers, from trail makers to street pavers and builders, with their great equipment of men and machinery, from prudential men to mayor, aldermen and city council, from primitive schools to complete educational equipment for over 10,000 pupils. The illumination of the city was one of the most striking demonstrations of the progress in electrical lighting in less than a generation.

From a personal familiarity with the celebrations of a simple chai'- acter in the various great cities of the east, we feel justified in saying that never has been presented a better programme to entertain and instruct visitors in the progress and resources of a city, nor has there ever been a more cordial co-operation between citizens and city government in carrying out a programme of which hospitality and social and industrial progress was the keynote. The seal of the occasion had for its center a shoe, with the legend 'The Shoe Center" around it. Surrounding this was a grouping of the emblems of the two great industries of the city, the awl and hammer of the shoemaker and the dynamo and the electric light of the electric industry. Outside these were High Rock, with its tower, symbolizing the tradition of the city; the Lynn Shore Drive, with its beautiful residences, symbolizing the homes and the beauties of Lynn; while the two great chimneys of the General Electric Company, with sections of buildings on one side and the Vamp building on the other, indicated the two great industries that have made Lynn industrially famous.

The following editorial, which appeared in the Lynn "Daily Evening Item," following the Old Home Week celebration, furnishes an analysis of the population of the city. While the present population of Lynn is approximately one hundred thousand, instead of 68,513, as at the time the editorial appeared in 1907, the relative proportions are probably not materially changed :

Dr. Charles H. Bangs, one of our well known and highly esteemed physicians, has performed a public service in his compilation of the birth statistics of Lynn, which we give below. A reading of the facts arranged by Dr. Bangs will convince any one that Lynn has a pretty full line of native citizens. Dr. Bangs says :

The recent discussion of Old Home Week has apparently given many the impression that Lynn is a city largely made up of foreign population. This is not a fact; for, while our city has very nearly doubled her population in the past 20 years and her diversified industries have given employment to those from almost every civilized country, yet it is a fact that a little better than five out of every seven of our people are of native birth, and, moreover, that about half of them trace their descent through several generations of American ancestry.

According to the latest statistics 50,771 of the 68,513 inhabitants of Lynn are of native birth, and over 30,000 of these are removed at least two generations from a foreign allegiance.

Maine, 2920 in New Hampshire, 2030 in New York, 614 in Vermont, 514 in Connecticut, and the remainder represent every State and Territory except Arkansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Indian Territory, and Hawaii.

The 17,742 of our population who are of foreign birth are distributed as follows: Over one-half of them, or 9889, were bom in Canada, 5306 in Ireland, 1527 in England, 812 in Sweden, 434 in Scotland, 306 in Italy, 288 in Russia, 261 in Germany, 164 in Turkey, 55 in China, 54 in France, 51 in Greece and the remainder from nearly every country except Spain, Japan and Mexico.

When we compare the analysis of the population of Lynn with that of other cities of the State we find that, while Fall River has but 52.3 per cent, of native bom population, Holyoke, Lowell, Lawrence and New Bedford less than 60 per cent., Boston, Cambridge, Chelsea, Fitchburg, Gloucester, Salem and Worcester less than 70 per cent.. Maiden, Newton Somerville and Taunton a little over 70 per cent, yet more than 74 per cent, of the population of Lynn was bom in this country, a percentage only slightly exceeded by Brockton, Haverhill and Springfield.

Charles H. Bangs

We have no doubt that the foregoing statement will surprise a good many readers. The nature of our industries, calling as they do upon young people as employees, gives the impression that the population is not permanent. The presence of large bodies of foreign-bom workmen strengthens the idea that our people are not native to the soil. Dr. Bangs has set this matter in a different light, and is deserving of the thanks of Lynn people. It would be interesting to know what proportion of the 37,990 who v/ere bom in Massachusetts are natives of Lynn, and we believe that were the statistics available they would cause as much surprise as the facts which are now brought forward by Dr. Bangs.

Lynn is particulai'ly fortunate in the matter of playgrounds. In addition to several miles of beaches, and to many hundred acres of parks, playgrounds have been acquired by purchase or reclamation to sei-ve all parts of the city, and the summer months find the sports of these fields supervised by trained instructors. In the western part of the city, Little River Playground has an area of 9.5 acres, fronting on Boston street, and of five acres on Summer street. The most of this is reclaimed land, tumed to a good purpose. Nearer the center is the Elm street ground of two acres and in the eastern district is the Sanderson avenue playground of three acres. With this the Meadow Park adds area and facilities for many sports.

Lynn is also blessed in the number, size, variety and distribution of her parks and playgrounds. In the division of the public lands in 1706, a training ground was reserved, easily accessible to the people. That gi'ound today constitutes Lynn Common, a beautiful strip of ten acres, extending from City Hall Square westward to Market Square,, and plentifully adomed with trees, and in parts with shrubs and plants. It is very centrally located for the western half of the city, and furnishes a delightful breathing spot for the people during the hot weather and a convenient place of assemblage. From the band stand near its center are rendered frequently in summer programmes of choice music by the excellent bands of Lynn, while close by the Shute memorial fountain, the first electrically illuminated fountain to be erected in the east, lends color to the evening festivities.

Goldfish Pond and Park (Lafayette Park), in the easterly section of the city, is a most attractive spot at approximately the location which Edmund Ingalls selected for his home, when he came here, in 1629. In area the park is only 21/2 acres. In its center is Goldfish Pond, which derives its name from the great number of gold fish that spontaneously breed there. In the center of the pond is an island, the entire effect of which is most pleasing. On the northerly border of the park a tablet wias recently placed to mark the approximate location of the Ingalls homestead, and much of the land adjacent still remains in the possession of descendants of Edmund Ingalls, the pioneer.

Meadow Park, with an area of over 30 acres, is becoming both a beautiful park and a roomy and accessible playground. It is a reclaimed swamp, where a generation ago grew the wild flags and other swamp vegetation.