Knox County, Ohio - Chapter 18: Archology, 1881

Chapter 18: Archology

MOUNDS IN THE COUNTY - PROFESSOR ROBERTS' ADDRESS - TRACING THE MOUND BUILDERS - MOoUNDS OF EUROPE AND AMERICA COMPARED - THEORIES REGARDING THEIR ORIGIN - MAN IN A SAVAGE STATE - THEIR NUMBERS HERE AND MANNER OF LIVING - THE HuNS - CHARACTER OF THEIR EARTHWORKS AND THEIR' PROBABLE USE - DIFFERENT CLASSES OF MOUNDS - THEIR ANTIQUITY - THE IMPLEMENTS IN USE BY MOUND BUILDERS AND INDIANS - COPPER MINING - STONE RELICS.

LTHOUGH the territory embraced in Knox county is not nearly so interesting to the archzologist as that further south and east in the valleys of the Licking and Muskingum rivers, yet archzological remains are not wanting in any part of the county. There are evidences that the Mound Builders were here in considerable numbers, a few scattered monuments of this mysterious people still remaining. There seems to be no authentic history regarding this people. The known records of the world are silent - as silent as these monuments that perpetuate their memory. Nothing of their origin or end is certainly known. They probably antedate the various Indian tribes, who anciently occupied and claimed title to the soil of Ohio; though this is only problematical - the two nations might have been cotemporaneous.

The most prominent of the Mound Builders' works will be briefly mentioned here, and a history of these and others, more in detail, will be found in the histories of the townships in which archeological remains appear.

A quarter of mile south of Fredericktown, on quite a high eminence, is a mound in an excellent state of preservation, it having been spared any mutilation. Mr. William Allen, who cleared the land, planted fruit trees over it and preserved it.

years ago, a perceptible embankment enclosing a considerable area. About four miles south of southwest of this in the southerly part of Wayne township, is a mound in the woods, not well preserved. Three miles on an air line to the west of southwest of Mount Vernon, in Green valley, is a small mound, now nearly obliterated by the plow. About sixty years ago Josiah Bonar, a boy long since dead, dug intp the centre of this mound, and found bones in a very much decayed condition.

Several stone pipes were also found in and around this mound. One hundred rods southeast of this mound is another, of similar size, which has nearly disappeared under the plow. Two miles still southwest, in the northeast corner of Liberty township, is, or was, when in woods, an embankment with gateway, enclasing a plat of ground only a few rods in diameter. The ditch inside this enclosure, having a hard-pan subsoil holding water, so as to make it marshy at the bottom.

Throughout Green valley relics of former occupants were at one time abundant, such as stone axes and tomahawks, arrow-heads, lapstones for cracking nuts, etc.

There is a mound on the summit of what is known as "Rich Hill" in Hilliar township, that is quite peculiar. Rich Hill itself is peculiar. It is mound shaped, containing about one hundred acres, and so high, that when the surrounding country was an unbroken forest, one could stand on the summit and see over the tops of the trees. all around. The elevation was perhaps one hundred feet. The hill was covered with the kinds of timber common on the richest bottom land. On the highest point of this hill stood a mound about thirty-five or forty feet in diameter at the base, and fifteen feet high, built entirely of cobblestone, which must have been brought from a distance, as no such stone is found inthe vicinity. The first settlers took the stone from this mound and used them for the purpose of walling wells, etc.

In Liberty township, on the farm once owned by Joseph Beeney, was once a mound of considerable dimensions. It was levelled for a building spot. In it was found a skull of immense size, so large that the largest man in the county could put his head into the cavity with great ease, still leaving unoccupied space.

The mound now in the Mount Vernon cemetery has attracted, and does yet attract, much attention. It is of small size but beautifully rounded and compactly built. From its sides and top trees have sprung that have grown to a large size. From its summit on a clear day can be seen the neighboring village of Fredericktown. It is now used for vaults for the dead.

in the vicinity of Fredericktown, near the head of Owl creek, are described in the journal of the Archeeological association of Ohio, with the aid of a diagram about as follows:

When the settlers first came, there were two wells only a few rods apart on the south bank of Vernon river, on the edge of the town, the origin of which remains unknown. They were built of neatly hammered stone, laid in regular masonry, and had the appearance of being overgrown with moss. Near by was a salt lick at which the Indians were accustomed to encamp. Almost immediately after the first settlement, all traces of the wells were obliterated, as was supposed by the Indians. A similar well was later brought to light, a mile and a half distant, by the plow of Philip Cosner, while plowing in a newly cleared piece of forest land. It was covered with poles and earth and was about thirty feet deep.

Arrow And Spear Heads

by C. M. Roberts, of Chillicothe, Ohio. In it are advanced theories, and proofs of the same, regarding the Mound Builders, that seem at least reasonable.

From the Alleghanies on the east to the Rocky mountains on the west, we find, thickly scattered, mounds or tumuli, some of which bear evidences of very great antiquity. They extend in an unbroken line from the northern part of British America down through the Mississippi valley, Mexico, Central America, into South America as far as the southern part of Peru. The more southern mounds differ materially from those in the north, bearing evidences of much greater taste and skill, a higher state of cultivation, and a much more recent date. Their numbers and similarity of design at once divest them of all claim to be the result of natural agencies, and stamp them with indubitable marks of human workmanship. Who built these earthworks? The traditions of the oldest Indian tribes throw no light on the subject.

It is now generally conceded as a fact that Asia was the first home of the human race. Not only do sacred writings point to this country, but many other facts, some of which have been but lately brought to light; as, forinstance, the roots of those Asiatic languages which were known to have belonged to the most ancient peoples.

Assuming that the above theory - not to speak too strongly - is the correct one, it follows that the Mound Builders must have owed their origin to Asiatic races. The only part of the problem which remains to be solved is how they got here and from what race or races they took their origin.

Glancing at the geography of Asia, we find the central part of the country thickly covered with these same earthworks. They stretch out in all directions, across the whole of Europe into Britain, down through Asia into Africa, across Tartary, and northeast through the whole of Siberia.

Then since we find these mounds in unbroken extent, reaching up through Siberia to Behring's strait and from Behring's strait on through America, it is only fair to infer that this was the line of march taken up by the Mound Builders. To clinch the above theory and prove it beyond question, the contents of the mounds in Tartary are almost exactly similar to those contained in the mounds of North America. The Tartars opened a mound in Tartary, and found some vases together with the bones of men and animals, besides shells, charcoal, and weapons. Upon excavating a tumulus in Scotland, almost the same contents were found, and it is almost needless to add that they agree in the most minute particulars with the contents of mounds which have been explored in our own country. The burning of the dead was a custom in vogue among nearly all the ancient nations of Asia, and we find the same custom in use among the Mound Builders. The tradition of the intended sacrifice of Isaac is handed down among the Greeks as the intended sacrifice of Iphigenia, the beautiful daughter of Agamemnon, who was spirited away by Diana and made a priestess in her temple; among the Hindoos as the intended sacrifice of Cunacepha, who, being bound to the altar, called upon Indra for aid. As he prayed his bonds became looser and looser until they fell from his limbs, and he stood free by the power of his god; and among the Mexicans the tradition was a stern reality, for thousands of human beings perished yearly upon the sacrificial altar. It is said upon good authority that sixty thousand persons were sacrificed at the dedication of one temple.

What could have been the cause of such similarity of customs if not similarity of ancestry? Had the habits of the two peoples agreed in but one or two circumstances, the conclusion might be admissible that so much of similarity was the result of chance. But the two peoples, separated as they were by thousands of miles of ocean, agree in almost every fact known concerning their customs and habits. Beyond question the two nations were closely related.

Various have been the theories as to whom this strange people owed their origin. Some have contended, and with no little reason, that they were the descendants of the ten lost tribes of Israel. Others think that they sprang from some Polynesians who were accidently cast upon the shores of South America, and who, by a series of migrations northward, gradually peopled the whole of this vast extent of territory. Upon exploring the Mammoth cave there was found a man of this lost race wrapped ina cloth into which the feathers of birds had been so skilfully woven as to be almost as impervious to wet as the back of a bird. 'The same kind of cloth is manufactured by the Polynesians, and from this fact grew the above theory. But the fact that the more northern mounds bear unmistakable evidence of greater antiquity than those in the south, is quite sufficient to prove the falsity of any such conclusion as the above.

In the savage state man is a migratory being. Holding no fixed habitation, recognizing no law but strength, waging war with all living things, governed only hy natural appetites, swayed by every impulse and ruled in every act by momentary caprice, he roams from place to place seeking sustenance and Even in the first stages of civilization, man loses but little of his migratory habits. Nature has made all things for man; he has but to chose, to have. It is only when he has reached the higher stages of civilization that hecasts aside his migratory habits, and begins to recognize the necessity of fixed habitation and a moral law.

We have sufficient proof to warrant the assertion that the Mound Builders had advanced far beyond the savage state. The number and beauty of the remains we have of them is proof positive that this people were here in immense numbers. Had they been ever so skilful as hunters, the produce of the chase could have sustained but a very meagre population. They must have tilled the soil and carried on commerce, both doubtless in a very rude fashion. That they understood something of the science of numbers is evident from the fact that they constructed wonderfully accurate squares, circles, elipses, crosses, besides many other mathematical figures, and this fact, is hardly compatible with the idea that they were savage. Again, the oldest trees in the Mississippi valley scarcely date back 800 A. D., while on the Pacific slope trees are still standing which must be twenty centuries older than our era. When the Lake Superior copper mines were discovered, it was found that they had been extensively worked, more so, in fact, than they have ever been since. Away back under the ground a block of pure copper weighing tons upon tons was found propped up as though it had been just got ready for removal. Everything looked as though the miners had merely gone away to dinner.

According to Chinese history, about the time of the invasion of Rome by the barbarians, a tribe of Huns migrated northeast, passing up through Siberia toward Kamschatka. The record is all the more worthy of credibility, as the attention of the Chinese was especially called to the barbarians who lived on the borders of China, and against the inroads of whom the great wall had just been built. From the time that this migra- This was probably the last of a long series of migrations, as the descendants of this one tribe could not have been the authors of all the earthworks in the New World. 'There is a tradition among the Mexicans that the Aztecs reached Mexico about the middle of the seventh century. They were in all probability this same tribe of Huns who found the northern countries already occupied.

That they were relatives of the Mound The Huns built mounds, so did the Mound Builders; the I1uns interred animals, weapons, and ornaments with the dead, so did the Mound Builders; the Huns were small in stature, heavy, with round heads, so were the Mound Builders; and we find by the most careful research that, not only were the Mound Builders the exact prototypes of the Huns ina physical sense, but also in every other. 'lo pile proof upon proof, the mode of reckoning time among the Mound Builders was exactly that of the Chinese, Japanese, and Tartars, and the Huns were a Tartar tribe. This fact becomes all the more wonderful when we consider that this mode was by far the most perfect that had been devised. In Mound City, near Chillicothe, Ohio, the latter, were exhumed from a mound, and it is a well known fact that the Iluns almost lived upon horseback. The connection of the two peoples cannot be questioned, for they have marked their way with everlasting guide posts, have stamped with their peculiar characteristics every fact known of the two nations. History stopped short, but they unwittingly took up the broken thread and wrote volumes for our perusal, not upon paper, with pen and ink, but upon tablets as eternal as the mountains. In defiance of the ravaging hand of time, the prying curiosity of the would-be antiquarian, and the carelessness of the agriculturist, they still stand silent but indubitable proofs of the identity of their builders.

We now come to the most interesting part of the problem - what were these earthworks built for? What sufficient reason could their builders have had in carrying earth, often for miles, to pile it up in any of the many shapes we now see it in? Their motives were probably almost as various as their needs. To a people so primitive in their habits as the Mound Builders must have been, owing to their rude state of civilization at its best, this was almost the only available mode of protecting themselves, and probably their religious notions largely conduced to their building many of the works which could only have been intended as places for worship.

The-earthworks of the New World may be separated into two principal divisions, mounds (conical and animal shaped), and enclosures (for defence and religious purposes). The conical mounds are by far the most numerous of the remains. There are thousands upon thousands of them in the broad valley of the Mississippi, and they stand like hoary sentinels guarding the silence of the past. I have stood upon one and counted twenty others. 'Trees already ages old strike their roots deep into their tops, while the rain of centuries have ribbed their sides in a hundred places. Judging from internal as well as external evidences, the tumuli seem to have been constructed for at least three purposes. Their close resemblance to the Teocalli of Mexico would 'warrant us in saying that they were places of sacrifice; evidences of fire on their tops indicate that they were used as telegraph stations ; while the presence of human remains prove that they were monuments erected over the dead. They were probably used for all three purposes, though no one was perhaps used for more than two. Mounds used for either sacrificial purposes or places of observatory were generally either inside, or contiguous to, some enclosure, though the latter do sometimes extend from one fortification to another. Those tumuli which ought to be classed as sacrificial are sometimes conical, sometimes sided, sometimes animal shaped. 'The most there is a work shaped like a ''cross" which could only have been built for sacred purposes. The uses of these structures cannot be questioned. Their very shape would warrant the assertion that they were temple mounds, and gives us a deep

The general inner structure of the sepulchral mounds was always the same. At the bottom of the mound rests the body, sometimes covered with bark, sometimes built over with logs, sometimes enclosed by stones, in a manner closely resembling the Kislvaen of English antiquities. Tumuli of this order are generally isolated, or in small groups, one always appearing to be the central figure. 'They rarely contain the remains of more than one. From the very manner of the disposal of the mounds we could scarcely help concluding that here slept some eminent family. Over their ashes a grieving nation erected monuments more lasting than brass. Upon excavating such a mound, some mica, a vessel probably at one time containing food or water, some pearl beads, a copper implement, an ornament or two, a tobacco pipe, and some human remains, are probably all that would be found. Yet in honor of these remains this great lasting monument was reared, and even now, when the winds of ages have whistled round their hoary tops, when the snows and flowers of a thousand winters and summers have come and gone in the ceaseless march of Time, they are still a noble record of a nation's honor to a nation's dead. When the last vestige of civilized life shall have passed away, when the beautiful and fertile America becomes as barren as the site of Babylon, these simple monuments will still stand a lasting testimony of a nation's love.

The last two classes of works to be noticed are works of defence and sacred enclosures. The fortifications are in every case situated in the highest and most impregnable places. The shape was always governed by utility alone. 'They were sometimes built of stone, sometimes of earth, always close to a stream of water. The wall was always surrounded by a ditch. Here the nations collected in times of danger to defend themselves and their country. What thrilling scenes have been enacted behind these walls! Here stood the warrior armed for battle, here the trembling wife surrounded by her offspring, yonder, upon that mound the gray-haired priest, his long white beard sweeping down to his waist, while at his feet is extended the human victim. Outside, up the hill, in myriads comes the foe. These people, isolated as they were from their brethren in the old world, still acted out the same old scenes in the drama of life.

Last of all, we come to the sacred enclosures, probably the most interesting of all. , To the antiquarian, the unraveling of the religious dogmas and practices of a people Is the most aborbing of all work; for when once you are acquainted with a people's religion, you have lifted the veil from a people's moral life. The facts, that certain enclosures are placed in the broad, low, level, river bottoms; that they are in many cases small in size; that the walls range only from three to seven feet in height; that the ditch was inside the walls; that they were often commanded by high hills; is sufficient, not only to prove that they were not places of defence, but to stamp them with that religious character which is, evidently, the purpose of all of them. It was here that the nation assembled on solemn occasions - to celebrate solemn games and festivals - to make prayers to and worship their awful deities.

There are three hundred millions of people in China. The nation is probably four thousand years old. If by some chance that people were suddenly swept from existence, a few centuries would be sufficient to blot out every token of them. Yet China is known to be the most ancient and populous nation on the globe. Here we have a country, far larger than China, abounding in remains, some of which for extensiveness and beauty are scarcely equaled anywhere. From one end of the continent to the other we find them by thousands. There is a structure on the Scioto river which was built upon a hill extending down to the water, Part of the hill and fortification has been washed away by the river which now flows a quarter of a mile off. There is a line of fortifications beginning at Cataraugus creek and extending along what was once the shore of Lake Erie. Now the structure nearest the lake is at least three miles off, while the farthest is about five. Decomposed vegetable. matter is found upon this old bed of the lake to the depth of a foot, while no perceptable difference can be noticed between the vegetation inside and the vegetation outside the old shore. What shall we say then as to their numbers and date? These hills, these valleys, from the Arctic ocean to the gulf, from mountain range to mountain range, must have swarmed with human beings before the time of Homer. No puny colony could have built these-vast fortifications, these numberless mounds, these great sacred enclosures. They could only have been the work of a mighty nation whose numbers were almost beyond computation. You cannot ride a day's journey without meeting some huge remains of a nation which probably appeared more than twice two thousand years ago. Yes, when David was playing before Saul they were here; ere the Greeks were a nation they were here; while Nineveh was in her palmy days, before a dwelling marked the now long forgotten site of. Troy, they must have been here in countless thousands. In this land they lived, tilled the soul, herded their flocks and carried on commerce, before the mighty nations of the old world were born. Rivers have changed their channels, and lakes receded for miles since their first arrival here.

Their government was probably by the priesthood. Can we account for the tens of thousands of sacred enclosures which dot our continent on any other hypothesis? The very number of the remains they have left is proof positive, not only of the immensity of their numbers, but that they were fully organized, and religious to fanaticism. That they carried on some commerce may be seen from the fact that in the same mounds we find copper from the Lake Superior mines, mica from the Alleghany mountains, shells from the gulf, green lava from Mexico, walrus tusks and sharks' teeth from the Arctic ocean. Yet, if we allow that they are commercial, we must acknowledge that they had risen above the savage state, that they were a regularly organized nation or nations. That they worked copper mines has been already shown. In a mound near Marietta were found some ornaments rudely covered with a thin coating of silver, which is the only evidence we have that they understood the use of that metal. They were exceedingly good potters, some of their pottery being very beautifully finished. Their implements of war were mostly made of greenstone, flint, and occasionally sandstone. A three-headed vessel was discovered near Nashville, Tennessee, which forcibly reminds one of the Triune god-head of India. Near the same place a vessel in the shape of a woman's head was found standing upon a rock over a spring, about twenty feet below the surface of the earth. The features of the face are Asiatic. I have seen several faces, heads and animals, carved from stone - all of which were exceedingly well done. When we reflect that their tools must have been very rude, being of stone, or at best of copper, we cannot help admiring the perfection of execution which they reached in their sculpture.

Here then we must leave them, for time will not allow us to study the subject more carefully. I close this brief discussion with a feeling of regret. It is in truth a large field for inquiry and research, and the antiquarian will yet make discoveries in this long-forgotten age that will be of great interest and importance to mankind. What more impregnable fortress could be constructed than some of theirs? What more awe-inspiring altar could they have reared than some they have left us? What simpler, yet more sublime monuments could a nation raise over a nation's dead? We trample beneath our feet the dust of more heroes than ever graced the annals of Greece or Rome. Though their names be forever lost in the silence of death, though no Homer has ever swept the harp strings to immortalize their names and their deeds, yet they will ever be known as the loved and honored of a dead nation.

It may be well to notice briefly in this connection the implements made and used by this people, as well as those in use by the Indians, so far as investigation has revealed their character in this

Very few copper implements have been found in this part of Ohio, owing partly to the fact of the unexplored condition of the mounds, and also to the fact that little, if any, copper exists in this part of the country. What does exist is in loose fragments that have washed down from the upper lake region. When mounds are explored great care is necessary lest these small utensils be lost, as they are commonly scattered through the mass, and not always in close proximity to the skeletons. The copper deposits about Lake Superior furnished the pre-historic man with this metal, and judging by the number of relics made of this metal now found it must have been extensively mined. The population must have been large, as occasional copper implements tempered to an exceeding hardness, are still found about the country. These implements are small, generally less than half a pound in weight, and selddm exceeding three pounds..

There were millions of these in use during the period of the ancient dwellers, which may have been of hundreds of years duration. The copper implements left on the surface soon disappeared by decomposition, to which copper is nearly as liable as iron. Only part of the dead Mound Builders were placed in burial mounds, and of these only a part were buried with their copper ornaments and implements on or about them. Of those that were, only a small part have been discovered, and in many instances, the slight depth of earth over them has not prevented the "decay and disappearance of the copper relics.

Articles of bronze or brass are not found with the builders of the mounds. It is evident they knew nothing of these metals in the Ohio valley, nordid they possess any of the copper that had been melted or cast in moulds.

Stone relics are very numerous and well preserved. Stone axes, stone mauls, stone hammers, stone chisels, etc., are very plentiful yet, and were the common implements of the pre-historic man in this part of the west. None were made with holes or eyes for the insertion of a helve or handle, but were grooved to receive a withe twisted into the form of a handle. Under the head of axes, archeologists include all wrought stones with a groove, a bit and a poll. They are found unpolished, partly polished, and polished. The bit was made sharp by rubbing, and the material is hard and tough, generally of trachyte, greenstone, granite, quartz, or basalt. Most of them are straight on one edge. In Ohio it is very rare that stone axes are found in the mounds, indicating that they are modern, or were not so much prized by the Mound Builders as to be objects of burial, or they may have been in use only among the Indians at a later period. Occasionally axes of a softer material are found, such as slate, hematite, and sandstone, but these are small in sizeandnotcommon. They appear to have been manufactured from small, oblong bowlders, first brought into shape by a pick, or chipping instrument, the marks of which are visible on nearly all of them. They were made more perfect by rubbing and polishing; probably done from time to time after they were brought into use. A handle, or helve, made of a withe or split stick, was fastened in the groove by thongs of hide. The bit is narrower than the body of the axe, which is generally not well enough balanced to be of much value as a cutting instrument. It is very seldom the material is hard enough to cut green or sound timber. The poll is usually round, but sometimes flat, and rarely pointed. Itis much better adapted to breaking than cutting, while the smaller ones are better fitted for war-clubs than tools. Asa maul to break dry limbs, they were very efficient, and this was probably the use made of them. In weight they range from half a pound to sixteen pounds, but are generally less than three pounds. The very heavy ones were probably kept at their camps, as they were too heavy for constant use. Such axes are occasionally found in the Indian towns on the frontier, as they were found in Ohio among the aborigines. The Mound Builders, apparently, did not give them as much prominence among their implements, even if they used them at all, as did their savage successors. Double-headed hammers have the groove in the middle. They were made of the same material as the axes, so balanced as to give a blow with equal force at either end. Their mechanical symmetry is often perfect. As a weapon in war they were indeed formidable, and for this purpose are yet used among the Indians on the Pacific coast.

Implements known as "'fleshers" and "skinners," chisel-formed, commonly called "celts," were probably used as aids in pealing the skins of animals from the meat and bones. For the purpose of cutting do not show such use excepting in a few flint chisels. They may have been applied as coal scrapers where wood had _ been burned, but this could not have been a general thing without destroying the perfect edge most of them now exhibit. The grooved axes were much better adapted to this purpose.

Stone pestles are not plentiful in this county, while stone mortars are rare, indicating that they were made of wood, which is lighter and more easily transported. Most of the pestles are short, with a wide base tapering toward the top. They were probably used with one hand and moved about in a circle: in the mortar. The long round instrument, usually called a pestle, does not appear to be fitted for crushing seeds and grain by pounding or turning in the mortar. It was probably used as a rolling-pin, perhaps upon a board or level log, not upon stone. It is seldom found smooth or polished, and varies from seven to thirteen inches in length. In outline they taper toward each end which is generally smooth, and circular in form, as though it had been twirled in an upright position.

There is almost an endless variety of perforated plates, thread-sizers, shuttles, etc. They are usually made of striped slate, most of which have tapering holes through them flat-wise, the use of which has been much discussed. 'The accompanying plate exhibits several specimens of these; but there are, doubtless, many other formsand styles. 'They are generally symmetrical, the material fine grained, and their proportions graceful, as though their prin- or ornaments. Some partake of the character of badges or ensigns of authority; others, if strung together on thongs or belts, would serve as a coat of mail, protecting the breast or back against the arrows of anenemy. A number of them would serve to twist twine or coarse thread made of bark, rawhide or sinew. ing their use is, however, lacking in one important feature - none of them show signs of wear by use. 'The edges of the holes through them are sharp and perfect. This objection applies equally well to their use as suspended ornaments. are shuttle-form, through which couarse threads might have been passed, for weaving rude cloth of bark or of fibrous plants, such as milk-weed or nettles. There are also double-ended and pointed ones, with across section about the middle of which is a circle, and through which is a perforation.

A great variety of wands or badges of distinction are found. 'They are nearly all fabricated from striped and variegated slate, highly finished, very symmetrical and elegant in proportion, evidently designed to be ornamental. If they were stronger and heavier, some of them would serve the purpose of a hatchet or battle-axe. The material is compact and fine grained; but the eyes or holes for handles or staves, are quite small, seldom half an inch in diameter. Their edges are not sharp,

The form of badges known as "double-crescents" are the most elegant and expensive of any yet brought to notice. 'They were probably used to indicate the highest rank or office. The single crescent perhaps signified a rank next below the double. In the collection of Mr. John B. Matson, of Richland county, there is a rough-hewn double one in process of construction, the horns of which turn inward. In nearly or quite all the finished ones the points turn outward. The finish around the base of all winged badges and the crescents is the same; and the size of the base about the same - from two-fifths to three-fifths of an inch. On one side of all is a narrow ridge; on the other a flat band, lengthwise, like a ridge that has been ground down from one to two-tenths of an inch. Badges and crescents are invariably made of banded slate, generally of a greenish shade of color. The other forms of wands or badges, such as those with symmetrical wings or blades, are also made of green striped slate, highly polished, with a bore of about one-half inch in diameter, apparently to insert a light wooden rod or staff. They were probably emblems of distinction and were not ornaments. Nothing like them is known among the modern tribes, in form or use, hence they are attributed to the Mound Builders.

In addition to stone ornaments, the pre-historic man seems to have had a penchant, like his savage successors, to bedaub his body with various colors, derived from different colored minerals. These compounds were mixed in hollow stones or shallow mortars - "paint-cups" - in which the mineral mass of colored clay was reduced to powder and prepared for application to the body. Such paint-cups are not common; in fact are quite rare - the only one known to exist in this vicinity being in the possession of Dr. J. W. Craig, of Mansfield, Ohio.

The comparative rarity of aboriginal smokingpipes is easily explained by the fact that they were not discarded, as were weapons, when those by whom they were fashioned entered upon the iron age. The advent of the whites in no way lessened the demand four pipes, nor did the whites substitute a better implement. 'The pipes were retained and used until worn out or broken, save the few that were buried with their dead owners. What was the ultimate fate of these can only be conjectured, In very few instances does an Indian grave contain a pipe. Ifthe practice of burying a pipe with its Owner was common, it is probable that the graves were opened and robbed of this coveted article by members of the same or some other tribe.

It only remains to notice the "'flints" in addition to which a few other archeological relics of minor importance are found about the country, but none of sufficient import to merit mention, or to throw additional light on the lost tribes of America. Arrow- and spear-heads and other similar pieces of flaked-flints are the most abundant of any aboriginal relics of the United States. They are chiefly made of hard and brittle siliceous materials; are easily damaged in hitting any object at which they are aimed, hence many of them bear marks of violent use. Perfect specimens are, however, by no means rare. The art of arrow-making survives to the present day among certain Indian tribes, from whom is learned the art practiced that produces them.

A classification of arrow-heads is not within the scope of this work; indeed, it is rarely attempted by archeologists. The styles are almost as numerous as their makers. In general, they are all the same in outline, mostly leaf-shaped, varying according to the taste or skill of their makers. The accompanying cut exhibits a few of the common forms, though the number is infinite. They may have been chipped - probably most were - and some may have been ground. Spear-heads exhibit as large a variety as arrow-heads; like the latter they were inserted in wooden handles of various lengths, though in many tribes they were fastened with thongs of untanned leather or sinews.

Their modes of manufacture were gererally the same. Very often, perhaps always, tribes contained '"'arrow-makers," whose business it was to make these implements, selling them or exchanging them for wampum or peltry. When the Indian desired an arrow-head he could purchase one of the arrowmaker, or make one himself.

The common method was to take a chipping implement, generally made of pointed rods of a deer horn, from eight to sixteen inches in length, or of slender, short pieces of the same material bound with sinews to wooden sticks resembling arrowshafts. The arrow-maker held in his left hand the flake of flint or obsidian, on which he intended to operate, and pressing the point of the tool against its edge, detatched scale after scale, with much ingenuity, until the flake assumed the desired form.