Miami County, Ohio - The whole text, 1880 (part 2 of 23)

Present of this united nation n! - . wUdeme8s' 40 *e opulent and magnificent in action and principle. ' ^ ^ h**1* stancb' lo7al and earnest, both

French History

All through early French history, is the fact especially prominent, that in their explorations and expeditions, they united piety and business. They were zealous in sending out their missionaries, but they were always attended by traders and those who were as skilled in the world's profit and loss, as their companions were in propagating Christianity.

Prior to the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers upon Plymouth Rock, the Upper Lakes were visited by the French, and records prove that during the first half of the seventeenth century, a vagabondish set, working in the interests of the fur company of New France, understood the geographical position of the lakes and their tributary streams. M. Perrot, an intelligent explorer, made overtures of peace to the Indian tribes around these bodies of water, and effected a treaty, which, it is claimed, established the right for the French, in the name of their king, to hold the place near St. Mary's Falls. They further assert that the Mississippi was discovered by the French from Lake Superior, but this is not authenticated, and Father Marquette and M. Joliet are accepted as the first who found this large stream, in 1763. The good missionary won his way with his patient and sympathetic nature.

Ohio was, like the other portions of the West, originally in the possession of aborigines or Indians. Of their origin, many - suppositions are advanced, but no certainties sustained. From practical evidences, the Mound-Builders were active in Ohio, and here as elsewhere, their work marked retrogression rather than advancement. The territory of Ohio was claimed by the French, and included in that wide tract between the .Alleghanies and the Rockies, held by them under the name of Louisiana. Before the year 1750, a French trading-post was established at the mouth of the Wabash, and communication was established between that point and the Maumee, and Canada. Between the years 1678 and 1682, the intrepid La Salle and Father Hennepin, assisted by Fondi, an Italian, with a small band of followers, inaugurated a series of explorations about the great lakes and the Mississippi, building forts on their way and planting the French priority. In 1680, La Salle erected a stockade at the foot of the rapids of the Maumee, which was a general rendezvous for missionaries, traders and explorers, besides constituting a primitive " stock exchange."

The English colonies were at this time east of the Alleghanies, while the French were establishing themselves west of this range, gaining an entrance ' north and south, the two portions separated by hostile and barbarous foes. La Salle's spirit of adventure led him into new fields, but Father Hennepin was detailed to investigate that part of the world now known as the State of Ohio. The records assert that he published a volume containing an account of his observations " in the country between New Mexico and the frozen ocean," in 1684, together with maps of Lakes Erie, Huron and Michigan ? and a plat of the larger streams in Ohio.

trading-post, village and settlement SelTh^T WCr° St"tioned at «*«7 agriculture, while the French toot, r i fl £ ** co,omsts engaged mostly in natives, probably from their fr mi - 1'°^ ,nterest ln the fur trade with the

(he climate is advantageous for d SC,tten'ent ln Quebec and thereabouts, where (he priests, and tie ntZ. , bn8,m*8- This " the influence of (he tact and amiability of ^SI,"datlon «f Fn-nch and the Indians, through rapidly than the English or ^lianiiT' Tl F'Cnc1' P°s'?essions gained more married them. They%nga<rod L /'t their daughters and

'ham of trading, missionarv I 1 dominion wth surprising celerity. A Quebec, by wav of the At T - a'7 lM)ste ex*ended from New Oriels to Detroit to Lakes Erie Tr'01* River8' thenCe via Mackina'v and following the Ohio River ro 1 'w 'I* route was shortened thereafter by down the MaumcTto Lake Eri^'6 ^ ** ,atter aad

Ohio Company8^6 fomeo"/ ch®ck,the advancement of the French, the contest between these two not"' * f Enf lsh' This was an outgrowth of the ment or individual. After th"3 f°r * * ascemlenc.V, whether empire, settle- "King George's War " y^rs' PeaCe between these two nations, the treaty at Ah-la-Chan^l ( J** Cami>ulSn ln 1744> but terminated in 1748, of claims in America ? Th U"f°rt,UnaU'^ omittinS a settlement of any division cuter America, and the French and Spanish were the first to malc a raid into the ^a,'.11St the EnS1,sb> and they, in retaliation, would Whenever they con hi 'Z ternt0,T an<* overcome a French settlement.

ing and fight earh +k W* ' In<^ans wouI4 take the cause in their own keepghastly red undor « ^ ^ie w^e' ver4ant fields of Ohio were drenched increased numbers and wealth, but were now alarmed by the French rule in America, which gained so rapidly, unmolested as it was by Indian raids and other devastating circumstances. A constant conflict was going on between Lake Erie and the Upper Ohio. Atrocities and massacres were committed indiscriminately, which opened the way for a desperate class of marauders and villains from the colonies and European States. These people enlisted with the Indians on either side for the purpose of leadership and plunder. Every fortification, trading^post and settlement was garrisoned or deserted, and the ground between the Alleghanies and the Maumee became a conflict field, nte with thrilling deeds, sacrifice and adventures, the half never having been chronicled, and many heroes felling uncrowned by even a lasting memory, since during these times the people kept few annals, and cared less for historical memories than anything on earth. They were living, and dying, and struggling, and that was more than they could carry through safely. The French formed a road from the Ohio River to Detroit, via the foot of the Lower Rapids of the Maumee, and the foot of the Lower Rapids of the Sandusky.

The Ohio Company obtained a charter under English views, from the British Government, with a grant of 6,000 acres of land, on the Ohio. . ® English now reverted to the times of the Cabots, and protested that by rig* they held the entire country between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, boun by those parallels of latitude defining their Atlantic coast settlements. France claimed the region drained by the Mississippi and tributaries, the great lakes and their tributaries, the area being west of the Alleghanies. Ohio was thus included in the disputed tract.

The Ohio Company was formed in 1848, by a number of Virginians an Londoners, two brothers of George Washington taking conspicuous parts in the movement ; Thomas Lee was especially active. When the surveys were begun, the Governor of Canada entered vigorous protests, and indicated his displeasure by a prompt line of posts from Erie to Pittsburgh, named respectively, Presque Isle, Le Boeuf, Vedango, Kittaning and Du Quesne. The latter was begun by the English, captured by the French, and by them completed.

The first English settlement of which we can find traces was a block-house at Piqua, about the year 1752. It was attacked, and a bitter struggle ensued, resulting in the death of fourteen of the assailants. Those within the garrison suffered severely, many being burned, and the remainder captured and dispatched to Canada.

In 1753, the French and Indian war actively began. It did not extend beyond the American continent until 1756, when the home governments took an interest in its progress beyond encouraging their respective colonists to pursue the war-path to a direful finale for their adversaries. For four years, the French captured and conquered, spreading terror wherever they went, and they followed every Englishman that set his foot on Ohio soil to the death. We may state that these people had not retained their civilized habits, and w« the conquest of CanadT "when the bnUiant English achievement war assumed the character t ^ h°me governmente interfered, the Indian right, yet the tSo f * J ^ English conflict> regardless of - A certain <W * TmUed *° Particil>ate in the carnage, tie mSE^ETbI^ P°4'' a "anf, located upon associate. The'lndians *** Heckewelder consented to become hib should serve as tutor this "g the" under conditions that Post who provided for them a on , but were *" charge of the Great Spirit acceptable to the Great .duS1.Ve proof t0 them that, when divine work was the plans which dish, k^ ' were somehow sustained by other than

^himlsmtllfT edA?e'r ^ bunting-grounds. However, they during the summer oft"? remauied with them, preaching and teaching he returned to Lancaster pll en' accomPanied by one of the principal chiefe, t° his post, he was met k w Wher® a treat7 was concluded. On his return Indians had warned him tW^ 6 6^ Wh° imparted tiding* tbat friendly treaties with the n°W. excluded the French from any rights to make accession, assumed tk"*' tbe Engbsh, in their flush of victory after Pitt's not accept the sit.,.*- au*honty over Indians and lands. The savages did tion, and the Ott*. '°n auything resembling the gentle spirit of resignaagainst the intrnd W& CTle ' ^>0n^ac' ^ the several tribes into a general war English the . * T*8 n° lonSer ^ rencl1 an(* English, but Indian and failed in their hope of utterly exterminating them. Pontiac had effected a consolidation of the tribes ranging from Mackinaw to North Carolina, thus being enabled to swoop down upon all the settlements simultaneously. A deadly beginning was made in the Ohio Valley, and only two or three English traders escaped out of the one hundred and twenty located in that vicinity. The forts at Presque Isle, St. Joseph and Mackinaw, were captured amid scenes of slaughter too terrible to perpetuate in description. The years 1763 and 1764 were literally drenched in human carnage and anguish. Ohio was a great field of crime, murder, pain and horror. The expeditions of Bradstreet and Bouquet crushed the war in 1764, and Pontiac with his Ottawas removed to the Maumee and settled. English settlement now progressed with great rapidity, but this was destined to be disturbed in 1774, by the action of Lord Dunmore, who led an expedition against the tribes of the Ohio country, terminated by his treaty on the Scioto plains. At this period, the colonists were not in strict harmony with England, and the spirit of revolution was spreading every day.

When Lord Dunmore made his treaty, the affirmation was made and gained ground that he, being a thorough loyalist, had compromised under such terms as held the Indians British allies against the settlers. Directly following this treaty, was the deliberate murder of a number of Indians, near Wheeling, including the family of the great chief, Logan - which inaugurated retaliating atrocities.

In the year 1781, April 16, the first white child was bom within the present limits of Ohio, and was christened Mary Heckewelder, daughter of a Moravian missionary. All the settlers of these Moravian towns on the Muskingum were made prisoners in September of the same year. Heckwelder was transported to Detroit, but English tyranny failed to find any evidence against him or his oolaborers, and they were reluctantly released, and returned to their families in Sandusky. Poverty added to their sufferings, and in the forlorn hope of finding a remnant of their property at the old settlements, which might assist in mitigating their necessities, they wearily went thitherward. They began gathering their grain, but the Wyandots attacked them, and many lives were lost. Frontiersmen had also grown jealous of them, and a body of about ninety marched out together, for the fiendish purpose of pillaging, slaughtering and laying waste all Moravian towns and posts. With the wily insidiousness of savages, they went about their diabolical plan. The Moravians were cordial and bade this band welcome, when they reached their towns in the guise of friendship. Williamson, the leader, and the gleaners, were called from the fields, when, to the dismay of these trusting and frank people, they were all bound, and only fifteen out of the marauding band of ninety were in favor of even sparing the lives of these hapless men, women and children. Forty men, twenty-two women and thirty-four children were then cruelly and heartlessly murdered, their sufferings laughed to scorn, and the last sound that fell on their

6% who lived with and influenced 88 he r^nested bterview with Simon «>rd implored the aid of Girt! , ^ Acconnte that Crawto obtain the Colonel's pard^f' ^ at Mt fecared a Promise to use his power fol whether Girty was ** WaS °f "° avail> "d * * doubt-

P« to death, 3 JmwftTl ^ pri*>nere tortured and Knight managed to disable theTd^ P^otracted M long as possible. Dr. ^Pe to the settlements wher/l^ Wj°,had him in charge, and made his tortures of the captured.' * r6ated the result of 'he expedition and the Od October 27 1 7 c j. * ^ fr1. 41001)8 Were en8a«ed 6884 of the mounselv« ^ th«T! T frontier people were left alone to defend them- The Indian against encroachments and attacks, lakes and the Mim.- ** - W6re s4a4ioned in the old French strongholds on the dom between iv I?S11,1>*' ^h® unscrupulous whites and Indians ranged at ranundary and the Cuyahoga, thence southerly to the Ohio,

Gen/ Clarke's expedition, although chiefly confined to Indiana and Illinois, greatly influenced the settlement of Ohio. His exploits and the resolution of his troops were chiefly instrumental in holding the country west of the Alleghanies, and insuring its possession by the United States during the Revolution. The British had been emphatic, in the Paris treaty, at the time of the settlement of the French and English difficulties, in demanding the Ohio River as the northern boundary of the United States. The American Commissioners relied upon Gen. Clarke's valor and energy in holding the country west of the Alleghanies, which he had conquered, and the British Commissioners were compelled to give their consent, under civil and military measures. In 1783, by the treaty of Paris, at the close of the Revolutionary war, the English relinquished all rights to the fertile territory between the Alleghanies and the Mississippi, and the United States held undisputed possession.

January 10, 1786, Gens. Rufus Putnam and Benjamin Tupper circulated a pamphlet, proposing the formation of a oompany for the purpose of settling the Ohio lands, and soliciting the attention and consideration of all those desiring a future home and prosperity. A meeting was also called, to assemble during the following February, and select delegates to represent each county in Massachusetts. These dignitaries should convene during the month of March, at the " Bunch of Grapes " tavern, in Boston, for the purpose of definitely forming the association, and adopting such measures as would benefit all directly interested. The meeting and " convention " followed, and the subscription books were opened. One million dollars, chiefly represented by Continental certificates, was the price of the land. The shares were valued at 81,000 each, and there was a division of a thousand shares. The first payment was to be 810 per share, this money to be set aside for such expenses as might accrue. A year's interest was to be devoted to the establishment of the settlement, and those families who were unable to incur the expense of moving were to be assisted. Those who purchased shares to the number of twenty were entitled to a representation by an agent, who was permitted to vote for Directors. This plan matured and was acted upon during the following year. It may be that the action of Connecticut, in ceding her territorial claims to the General Government, with few exceptions, greatly encouraged this new undertaking. That tract was, until recently, designated the "Western Reserve" - an extent 170 miles from the western boundary of Pennsylvania, and parallel thereto, being reserved.

On October 27, 1787, a oon tract was made between the Board of the Treasury, for the United States, and Manasseh Cutler and Winthrop Sargent, agents for the Directors of the New England Ohio Company, for the purchase of a tract of land, bounded by the Ohio, and from the mouth of die Scioto to the intersection of the western boundary of the seventh townships, then surveying; thence by said boundary to the northern boundary of the tenth township from river. The French and Indi a^ement was formed on the Ohio side of the colonial conquests, and mistrusting ti, * 1 4116 English to be jealous of her ment then attached this wt t!Z v settle Jwithln the prescribed limits. Pariiathat the thirteen colonies wor ^®bec> and the English Government felt assured The result of the war h ® reStn®ted and beId secure east of the Alleghanies. an Indian treaty. ^AlIh^^Y^ colonies and England did not constitute ges held the Snd T** ^ her Me and rigK the sava- ckims, which ^ a U"Settled debate regarding State Previous to the war and anti, P^"jUS; A treaty> si«ned at Eort McIntosh,

'he sources of fr JnZJ ^ *° the Maumee> and *om the lake to 8^^ IIS 1 T" J*"' *«* trib« M *o ^e United tory south and west o/thiTd' deed> and by quit-claim, the terri-

If the stormy times were supposed to be of the past, that composure was rudely broken by the utter disregard of the Shawnee and other Indian tribes, who soon induced the Delawares and Wyandots to repudiate their consent in the matter of settlement. The miseries of frontier horrors were repeated. The British commandant at Detroit instigated many of these hostilities, yet the American Government took honorable action in assuring the English representative that American military preparations in the West was not an expedition against Detroit, or other British possessions, although the possession of Detroit by that nation was in direct opposition to the treaty of 1783. Gov. St. Clair, to avert j;he direful consequences of a border war, dispatched a Frenchman, Gameline, to the principal Indian towns of the Wabash and Maumee countries, to request them to meet the United States agents, and make a compromise for the benefit of both parties, at the same time reiterating the desire of the General Government to adhere to the Fort Harmar treaty. The Miamis, Shawnees, Ottawas, Kickapoos and Delawares received this representative kindly, but declined the wampum sent by the Governor, and deferred giving an answer until they had considered the subject with the " father at Detroit."

Blue Jacket, chief of the Shawnees, informed the Frenchman that the Indians doubted the sincerity of the Americans. The new settlement on the Ohio was a proof that the whites intended to crowd further and further, until the Indians were again and again robbed of their just right. He then emphatically asserted that unless the north side of the river was kept free from these inroads there could be no terms of peace with the Shawnees, and many other tribes.

Blue Jacket was unusually intelligent and sagacious, and expressed himself eloquently. He was persistent in his determination to engage in the war of extermination, should the white settlements continue north of the Ohio.

Congress called upon Kentucky and Pennsylvania to lend the aid of their militia. Gen. Harmar was instructed to destroy the Miami villages at the head of the Maumee. Late in the fall of 1790, he executed this order.

The Indians had stored a large quantity of provisions, in expectation of a campaign, and this dependence was devastated. Without authority, and with undue carelessness, he divided his army and attempted to achieve other victories. He more than lost what he had gained. Two raids upon the Wabash Indians, thereafter, proved successful, but the campaign under Gov. St. Clair was not calculated to establish peace or obtain power, and was deemed but little less than a failure.

The year 1792 was a series of skirmishes, so far as a settlement was concerned, but 1793 suoceeded well enough to convene a meeting of United States Commissioners and representatives of the hostile tribes, at the rapids of the Maumee. It is highly probable that a satisfactory treaty might have been arranged, had it not been for the intervention and malicious influence of the

«0 to begin the battle "arched fr°m F°rt Washington (Cincinthe army wenTk^tilter'o!.6^0"' and' before an7 progress had been made, Miami. quarters at Greenville, on a branch of the Big ment plan/'^thoud.^6^10 C°mpany had not matured its practical "settlereceived a clear titled 750 000°U8 graD,t,had been obtained. In 1792, they

5? »f 'ke district ZZ JT'^1 " " f"U f°r" al,ered ^ *ba Wiand aaiates in said ° and Judges shall adopt laws as hereinafter wit"e,lIetl b* him or her in whom^h ^ ** .devised or tequeathed by wills in writing, signed «*<*; and real estate mav be ^ "! ""7 ^ (being of m ***'>- and "tested by three

- and delivered by the n» 0nye'Ved by '"a® and release, or bargain and sale, signed and rson ( emg in full age) in whom the estate may be, and attested by two witnesses, provided such wills be duly proved, and such conveyances be acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly proved and be recorded within one year after proper magistrates, courts and registers shall be appointed for that purpose. And personal property may be transferred by delivery, saving, however, to the French and Canadian inhabitants and other settlers of the Kaskaskias, St. Vincent's and the neighboring villages, who have heretofore professed themselves citizens of Virginia, their laws and customs now in force among them, relative to the deeoent and conveyance of property.

Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid , That there shall be appointed from time to time, by Congress, a Governor whose commission «»ha31 continue in force for a term of three years, unless sooner revoked by Congress. He shall reside in the district and have a freehold estate therein, of a thousand acres of land while in the exercise of his office.

There shall be appointed from time to time by Congress, a Secretary whose commission shall continue in force for two years, unless sooner revoked. He whaJl reside in the district, and shall have a freehold estate therein in 600 acres of land, while in the exercise of his office. It shall be his duty to keep and preserve the acts and laws passed by the Legislature, and the public reoords of the district, and the proceedings of the Governor in his executive department, and transmit authentic copies of such acts and proceedings every six months, to the Secretary of Congress. There shall also be appointed a court to consist of three Judges, any two of whom to form a court, who shall have a common law jurisdiction and «»ha31 reside in the district and have each therein a freehold estate in 600 acres of land, while in the exercise of their office, and their commissions shall continue in force during good behavior.

The Governor and Judges, or a majority of them, nha.ll adopt and publish in the district such laws of the original States, criminal and civil, as may be necessary and best suited to the circumstances of the district, and report them to Congress from time to time, which laws shall be in force in the district until the organization of the General Assembly therein, disapproved

The Governor, for the time being, shall be commander-in-chief of the militia, appoint and commission all officers in the same, below the rank of general officers. All general officers shall be appointed and commissioned by Congress.

Previous to the organization of the General Assembly, the Governor shall appoint such magistrates and other civil officers in each county or township, as he shall find necessary for the preservation of the peace and good order in the same. After the General Assembly shall be organized, the powers and duties of magistrates and other civil officers shall be regulated and defined by the said Assembly, but all magistrates and other civil officers not herein otherwise directed, shall, during the continuance of this temporary government, be appointed by the Governor.

For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted or made «h*n have force in all parts of the district, and for the execution of prooess, criminal or civil, the Governor shall make proper divisions thereof, and he shall proceed from time to time as circumstances may reqmre, to lay out the parts of the district in which the Indian titles shall have been extinguished, into counties and townships, subject, however, to such alterations as may thereafter be made by the Legislature. So soon as there shall be 6,000 free male inhabitants of frill age in the district, upon giving proof thereof to the Governor, they shall receive authority with time and p , to eiectrepre^ataUves from their counties or townships, to represent them in the General A»embly. PronUd .That for every 600 free male inhabitant*, there ahall be one representative, U^n^Z^>gre!?!t y nUmber °f mde inhabitants, shall the right of representanld^,' ^ repre8enUtWea »1"U * twenty-five. After which, the at! "®U^ed bj; 1,16 Legislature. Provid'd, That no person be eligible or qualified veare and a* 9h4U ha7e b*en a dtieen of one of the United States three

As soon os representatives shall he oW* 1 #1. ^ appo,nted in the following manner, to wit : them to meet together, ami when met * N ^ G°Vern°r sha11 appoint a and place for and each person in a freehold in 500 icres of 1 ten persons' in the district,

»l»om Congress shall appoint and commW a°d' and return their names to Congress, five of Pen in the Council by death or removal f ^ k af°,res,lld- And whenever a vacancy shall hap- ^0 persons, qualified T ^ ** H°USe °f Representatives shall nominate

W|'»<U Congress shall appoint and cum and re,urn their names '» Congress, one of f°"r months at least 2£ u??* TZ T reaidu° °f the tera' And «v«y five years, ">« *i<i House shall nominate ten * °f servic0 of U,e member8 of 'h« Council,

'W>^refe^,Mto^orbL^0ri'y If»""-"d by a majority in the Council, of any force without his assent Th aS8ent* But no blU or legislative act whatever, shall be 8olve tho General Assembly when in 7 G°Vernor. 8,,a11 liave Power to convene, prorogue and dis- The Governor Jud r * °Plni°n rt sha11 * «P«Ken«- have a seat in Congress withal n ^ d°I"t . 1x11101 to elcct a delegate to Congress, who shall ernment. g 1 of debating, but not of voting, during this temporary govbasis whereon thwe repubh^Th^i pnnciples of civiI and religious liberty, which forms those principles as the basis nf n , kW8 .and constitutions, are created ; to fix and establish 8hall be formed in said COnstUutions and governments, which forever hereafter governments therein and rnr n T° provide for Gie establishment of States, and permanent with the original States nt ^ mission to a share in the Federal Council on an equal footing It » kZy " ' Peri0ds - «V be consistent with the generul interest, he considered as articles ^ ^ ^Aonfy aforesaid, That the following articles shall

^id Territoiy, and forever ®°m?act betwecn <he original States and the people, and States in Article II. Th - t. , .main unaRered unless by common consent, to wit: dt of habeas ^erritory ahaH ^ be entitled to the benefits of the foe Legislature and nf - v*- i dUry ; °f a ProPortionate representation of the people shall be bailable e J"Ulflal procedure according to the course of common law. All peremption great. AH fin *111^ offen8es' where the P^of slmll be evident or the premflicted. No man shall^e^ - ai°derate,- and no cruel or unreasonable punishment shaU be °r the law of the land A bis Bberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers shall be made for the same. And in the just preservation of rights and property, it is understood and declared that no law aught ever to be made or have force in the said Territory, that shall in any manner whatever interfere with or effect private contracts or engagements bona fide and without fraud, previously formed.

Art. III. Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged. The utmost good faith shall always be observed toward the Indians; their lands and property shall never be taken from them without their consent; and in their property, rights and liberty they shall never be invaded or disturbed, unless in just and lawful wars authorized by Congress. But laws founded in justice and humanity, shall from time to time be made for preventing wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship with them.

Art. IV. The said Territory and the States which may be formed therein, shall ever remain a part of the confederacy of the United States of America, subject to the articles of confederation, and to such alterations therein as shall be constitutionally made, and to all the acts and ordinances of the United States in Congress assembled conformable thereto. The inhabitants and settlers in said Territory shall be subject to pay a part of the federal debts contracted or to be contracted, and a proportional part of the expenses of the Government, to be apportioned on them by Congress, according to the same common rule and measure by which apportionments thereof shall bo made on the other States, and the taxes for paying their proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and directions of the Legislature of the district or districts or new States, within the time agreed upon by the United States in Congress assembled. The Legislatures of those districts or new States, shall never interfere with the primary disposal of the soil by the United States in Congress assembled, nor with any regulations Congress may find necessary for securing the title in such soil to the bona-fide purchasers. No tax shall be imposed on lands the property of the United States, and in no case, shall non-residents be taxed higher than residents. The navigable waters leading into the Mississippi and St Lawrence, and the carrying places between the some, shall be common highways, and forever free as well to the inhabitants of the said Territory as to the citizens of the United States and those of any other States that may be admitted into the confederacy, without any tax, impost or duty therefor.

Art. V. There shall be formed in said Territory not less than three, nor more than five, States, and the boundaries of the States, as soon os Virginia shall alter her act of cession and consent to the same, shall become fixed and established as follows, to wit : The western State in the said Territory shall be bcunded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, the Wabash Rivers; a direct line drawn from the Wabash and Post St. Vincent, due north to the Territorial line between the United States and Canada ; and by the said Territorial line to the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi. The middle State shall be bounded by the said direct line, the Wabash from Post St. Vincent to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direct line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami to the said Territorial line. The eastern State shall be bounded by the last-mentioned direct line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania and said territorial line. Provided , however, and it is farther understood and declared, that the boundaries of those three States shall be subject so far to be altered, that, if Congress shall hereafter find it expedient, they shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said Territory which lies north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And whenever any of the said States shall have 60,000 free inhabitants therein, such State shall be admitted by its delegates into the Congress of the United States on an equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever, and shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitution and State government. Provided, The constitution and government so to be formed, shall be represented, and in conformity to the principles contained in these articles ; and so far as it can be consistent with the general interest of the confederacy, such admission shall be allowed at an earlier period, and when there may be a less number of free inhabitants than 60,000.

Art. VI. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, otoerwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. Provided always. That any person escaping into the same from whom labor or service is lawfully builders- On the 1st of January^ ml ^f°"' a°COmpanied b? 8« boat Hartford, Conn. They arri JT?' nl- twent7's,x surveyors followed, from active energy founded ^ " °^° °" **" 7tb of APril* 1788, and their ^enweSewAelterSr '**"** °f ** «"* Western State" of the Alleghanies fhe hon^TTTk I** h"Ve been made> in **»» land «an faintly realize the stalwart en ^ overwhelmed every attempt, we

Marietta. SitotedlrlVwJh* |d of May, and the little town was named to build and equip a fortified ' an * ""u- dan^er' tbey bad used precaution for superior excellence of abilities Pata^e^^alre^7atWnedrePUtation8 Possessed a foundation tb.f - -Patriotic and brave, the settlement certainly greased over a path which h ,C°nstltuted an imposing spectacle, as they pro- Hall, the edificTofhw and^e^** ^ thr°Ugh the forest *° Campus Martins

This ceremonial was, perhaps, made all the more impressive by the presence of several powerful Indian chiefs, who had journeyed to Marietta for the purpose of making a treaty.

The settlement now increased rapidly, new cabins were erected constantly. On the 17th of December, a society event occurred, in the form of a grand ball, fifteen ladies being present.

John Cleves Symmes had contracted for 2,000,000 acres of land, and succeeded in obtaining his grant, but circumstances prevented him from meeting his part of the obligations, and the specification was reduced to 1,000,000. After vain attempt to make his payments, a settlement was finally effected for 248,540 acres, and Symmes was prepared to dispose of dear titles to new-comers. In 1788, a town was established within the boundaries of his grant, at the mouth of the little Miami, known as Columbia, and in the early part of 1787 another was formed opposite the mouth of the Licking River, by name Losantiville, analyzed by a frontier scholar - vtlle, the town ; anti, opposite to ; os, the mouth of ; L, Licking.

Judge Symmes had projected building his main town at North Bend. This plan was frustrated by reason of Ensign Luce - who had been commissioned by Gen. Harmar to erect a fort - deciding that North Bend was not suitable for the purpose. He selected Losantiville for the purpose, and Fort Washington was the result. In 1790, Gov. St. Clair was called to inspect the settlement, and proceeded to organize Hamilton County, at the same time calling the town Cincinnati.

It will be remembered that Connecticut ceded most of her western lands to General Government, retaining, however, a minor portion. As the settlements began to increase on the " Virginia Reserve" and between the Scioto and Miami Rivers, all those holding claims were not disposed to part with them, while others were anxious to secure grants for the purpose of speculation, rather than the advancement of civilization. The Scioto Company was a questionable adherent of the Ohio Company, and began operations, which resulted well, whatr ever their purpose may have been.

Gen. Putnam cleared the land and directed the building of 100 dwellings and six block-houses. During 1791, the colony arrived, consisting of 500 persons. Only ten of these were tillers of the soil. Viscount Malartie ventured into the wilderness, but instead of settling, joined Gen. St. Clair's army, and was ultimately his aid-de-camp. Indian conquests were not to his taste, and he soon returned to France. This new colony was essentially French, and its location was Gallia County. The name " Gallipolis " was selected.

These settlers, being unaccustomed to severe toil, and disinclined to learn its hard lesson, soon became demoralized, through deprivation and absolute want. Congress came to their aid with a land grant of 24,000 acres, but few of them cared to enter claims, and soon all traces of the old town were lost, and its inhabitants scattered.

not advocate the adjustment of m** nfkfchfUlness ln th* trust, since he did "mir rights and wrongs and offeLT °" "J g?'U1<k The reiterated provided the actual settlers wn u r^ceive the half of the purchase money, r loo rejected, SSL?, \mere frac4i°" «f territory. This 'heir father, and they would TT 7 the Americans to go back to Tbe council ° their tribes' settlement might v 14 " %% Probable that some hohalf of the Envh7 Lord D°rchester addressed the Commissioners in war, again made TL** *7 tlme' Gen- Wayne' to avoid the terrors of ^din, aU initiated in B ertnres of Peace, dispatching Freeman, Trueman and Va8e tactlcs» on errands of mercy - and the three men were inhumanly murdered. The English went so far as to order Gov. Simcoe to erect a fort, in April, 1794, on the Rapids of the Maumee, thus rousing the Indians by a bold proof that they had espoused their cause. In May, the Spanish, who were ever jealous of colonial encroachments, were willing to aid in a general raid against the Americans.

In June, a scouting party from Fort Recovery, fell into an Indian ambush and suffered severely, their foes following them to the very entrance. The siege continued for two days. It was plainly evident that white men augmented the Indian force ; ounce balls and buck-shot surely came from their rifles. Again, the Indians immediately began a search beneath the logs where pieces of artillery were hidden during the great battle of St. Clair, but fortunately, Fort Recovery had the use of them and they accomplished much.

On July 26, Scott joined Wayne at Greenville, with 1,600 mounted Kentuckians, and on the 28th, the legion took up its line of deadly march. Halting at Girty's Town, they built Fort Mary's, later on Fort Adams. Throwing the enemy off their guard by feints and counter-marching, the troops surprised the Indians, and without the slightest resistance took possession of their villages at the confluence of the Auglaize and Maumee. They found provision in abundance, and tarried a week building Fort Defiance.

Again Gen. Wayne would have made terms of peace, on the principle of the Government to arrest bloodshed, but the Indians were rendered cruelly intent on war by an addition of a body of British militia from Detroit, and by regulars stationed at a fort they had built on the left bank of the river, below the rapids, called Fort Miami. The " Fallen Timber" ground was selected as the field fbr a battle by the savages, in the expectation that the trees cast down by a tornado and there remaining, would seriously impede American progress.

August 15th, Wayne marched down the river, and at Roche de Boeuf, erected a fortification for their stores and luggage, naming it " Fort Deposit." On the 20th, the American army began the attack. Maj. Price and Maj. Gen. Scott were heroic in their assistance, and after a sharp, deadly conflict, the enemy was routed, fleeing in confusion, and leaving their dead and wounded strewn thickly over the field. The savages were pressed to the front always, and when the carnage was painful, the British troops not engaged looked on coolly from the fort and offered no assistance, aiding their own, however, when possible. Gen. Wayne being an ardent soldier, was apt to forget his position, and impetuously place himself constantly in danger. Lieut. Harrison is reported to have requested the General not to forget to give him field ordens, in his own participation in the battle, and to have received the reply that the standing order was always to charge bayonets.

Notwithstanding the treaty of 1878, and the fact that the British were trespassing, they encroached upon the Ohio soil, and essayed to vindicate their action by discarding American claims and recognizing the Indian rights, whereby they might seek their own colonization and make treaties.

Historv Of The State Of Ohio. U3

V1%es, captured them with nrnt^ ^ of Member, they attacked the Miami it m charge of Lieut fnl n P* 181?D8 ""I1 atores, and erected a fort, leaving was named Fort Wayne. T^"tramck- With cheers «md rifle-shooting, this post winter quarters. mam army marched into Greenville and went into a^e that the mCLvoZ^ * "T *£** G°V' Simcoe> * Detroit, was home, and that the term If ^ ""der Wayne bad beea allowed to return expire. of of a portion of the " Legion " was about to

%hting for the glory o/the r conference, but the latter were weary with P'an- The winter wovedH °t Fatber at Detroit' and did not enter into the ^PPly them, and their 8tricken *° tbem> 48 E"gliah failing to

They soon influenced other tribes to consider the question. As a mass, they were convinced of their inability to overcome the Americans, and had become impatient and disgusted with the duplicity of their British friends, who had not hesitated to sacrifice them in every instance, and who deserted them in their hour of distress. United, they sued for peace. Terms were made, and about the 1st of August, the famous Greenville treaty was ratified and established, and the old Indian war in Ohio terminated.

The Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Chippewas, Ottawas, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws and Kaskaskias were thus conciliated. The old Indian boundary line, settled upon at the Fort McIntosh treaty, was retained, and the southwestern line was prolonged from old Fort Recovery, southwest of the Ohio River.

" The general boundary lines between the lands of the United States and the lands of the said Indian tribes shall begin at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and thence run up the same to the portage between that and the Tuscarawas Branch of the Muskingum ; thence down that branch to the crossingplace above Fort Laurens ; thence westerly to a fork of that branch of the Great Miami River (running into the Ohio), at or near which fork stood Laramie's store - Mary's River, which is a branch of the Miami that runs into Lake Erie ; thence a westerly course to Fort Recovery, which stands on a branch of the Wabash ; thence southwesterly on a direct line to the Ohio, so as to intersect that river opposite the mouth of the Kentucky or Cuttawa River."

This boundary line has, ever since this memorable treaty, been a prominent landmark, and may now be traced as the southern boundary line of Stark, Ashland, Richland and Marion Counties, and the northern line, in part, of Tuscarawas and Knox. Old Fort Recovery was located in Mercer, near the Indiana line. Laramie's store was in Shelby.

Within the Indian Reservation, the United States held sixteen distinct sections of land, for the purpose of military posts, so arranged that the Government had full right of way north and west.

The "Joy treaty " between England and the United States was ratified early in 1796, and the British were obliged to vacate Detroit and Fort Miami, and recall the fact that they had no claim or right to either points. Gen. Wayne received them, and accompanied by Gov. St. Clair, proceeded to Detroit. Here the latter laid out a county, calling it Wayne, and designated Detroit as its seat of justice. This was the fifth county in the Northwest Territory, north of the Ohio River. Washington County, with Marietta as a seat of justice, was first established ; next Hamilton, with Cincinnati as a county seat. Wayne County was organized in 1796, and included about twenty-six of the present counties, in the northwest part of the State, covering about a quarter of its area, besides parts of Indiana and Michigan.

In other parts of the State, the population was rapidly increasing. In May, 1795, the Legislature authorized a committee to institute measures for the

ITO^XriumTcuyahot0 ^TlT in 1796' "d b? tbe close of The agent of the CormecticufLand p** ^ °Ut t0wnahlPs> five "Res square, his honor the leading city in the WaS Gen' ^oses Cleveland, and in retained for private sale and others em,*aS Some townships were

Company. A land comnfnv 1769' th® protection of tbe Connecticut out forty-three survevoreTf . " ,°rgamzed ,n Hartford, Conn., in 1795, sending Hoserre, east of the Cuyaho^ fid° ^ t0Wnsbil,s of that °f the Western of Cleveland was Ur ^ 8quare' 1116 first resident of tbe town

Manchester, offenn.rjT1118 "* **" efforts to advance the West, and laid out Ehenezer Zane* ducTents tbat could not fail to attract settlers, from the Ohio River grMt in cooo'deration of opening a bridle path

The comparatively tranquil condition of the country and the inducements it had to offer encouraged a rapid settlement of the Territory. A prominent feature of the early growth of Ohio was the general prevalence of reliable, stanch principle. The people were of the good colonial stock.

In 1800, Chillicothe was denominated the seat of the Territorial government, and the first stone edifice in the State was begun in this town, soon after this appointment. About this time, a serious difficulty suddenly occurred to those individuals who had taken lands on the Western Reserve of Connecticut. That Eastern power had, it is true, ceded a part of her claim to the General Government, and had stipulated for the sale of certain other tracts. At the same time, the State had not signed away her jurisdiction over some sections of her claim, and those unfortunate people in and about Dayton found themselves without any government upon which they might depend in a case of emergency. The matter was, accordingly, presented to the Territorial government, which interceded with the Eastern State, and, sanctioned by the Assembly at Congress, Connecticut relinquished her jurisdiction in 1800.

Cleveland was an important point, and was growing in the mean time. However, it had suffered exceedingly from the ravages of fever and ague. For a period of two months, there was not an individual, but a boy thirteen years of age, able to procure food for the others. Flour was out of all rational consideration, and the meal upon which they lived was pounded by hand. In 1799, Williams and Myatt erected a grist-mill at the falls, near Newbury.

A startling agitation occurred in 1801, which in these days would cause but a ripple in the political sea, but happening during a time when legislative dignify and state authority were regarded with reverential awe, it created the most intense feeling. Great indignation was openly expressed.

The Governor and several legislators felt that they had been insulted in the performance of their respective duties, at Chillicothe, while the Assembly was in session in 1801. No measures being taken by the authorities at the capital to protect the Executive, a law was passed removing the seat of government to Cincinnati.

This circumstance led to a general consideration of the advantages of a State government, and a popular desire was expressed for a change in this respect. Gov. St. Clair had fallen into disfavor through his failure as a military leader and his failures in the Indian campaigns, and from his assuming powers which were not vested in him, especially the subdivision of counties. He was also identified with the Federal party, which was not popular in Ohio. The opposition was strong in the Assembly, but was in the minority in the House of Representatives. The boundary question was agitated at the same time. The intention was to thus effect the limits of Ohio that a State government would necessarily have to be postponed. Against this measure, Tiffin, Worthington, government until the original H ^V1Sed the Postponement of the State JW *° demand this S XT P°rt,°n off the ** was sufficiently pop! the Governor in these K,'. * °U' °f voted to susZ

Jobjj^ 8nd John W^n ' emiahM0rr0w, ^bn Paul, John Biley, UP^ff ^ Be^eelRW^h B,Mr' Ge°rge Humph'7' John Mdligan, Nathan W°rthing^rty~'MiChael BaWwin' Jam6s Grubb, Nathaniel Massie and F

The first Legislature of the State, under the new constitution, created eight new counties, viz., Gallia, Scioto, Franklin, Columbiana, Butler, Warren, Greene and Montgomery.

The first State officers were : Michael Baldwin, Speaker of the House ; Nathaniel Massie, President of the Senate ; William Creighton, Secretary of State ; Col. Thomas Gibson, Auditor ; William McFarland, Treasurer ; Return J. Meigs, Jr., Samuel Huntington and William Sprigg, Judges of the Supreme Court ; Francis Dunlavy, Willis Silliman and Calvin Pease, Judges of the District Court.

The General Assembly held a second session in December, at which time the militia law was revised, also giving aliens equal proprietary rights with native citizens. The revenue system was modified and improved. Acts authorizing the incorporation of townships were passed, and for the establishment of counties. Furthermore, Jacob White, Jeremiah Morrow and William Ludlow were authorized to locate a township for collegiate purposes, according to previous specified terms of Congress. The Symmes grant and the college specification collided materially, but the irregularity of the former was not to create any inconvenience for the latter. Mr. Symmes had in good faith marked off this township, but circumstances preventing the perfection of his plans, that lapsed with the others, and the original township was now entered by settlers.

Ohio was under a system of government which guaranteed the best improvements; her Legislature being composed of her best statesmen, and the laws passed having the general interest of the people embodied in them.

A bill was passed, appropriating the net proceeds of the land lying within said State, sold by Congress after the 20th day of June, 1802, after deducting all expenses incident to the same, to be applied to the laying-out of roads, leading from the navigable waters emptying into the Atlantic to the Ohio, to the said State, and through the same ; such roads to be laid out under the authority of Congress, with the consent of the several States through which the road shall pass. In conformity with these provisions, steps were taken, in 1805, which resulted in the making of the Cumberland or National road.

Burr, at this time, began an organization for the ostensible purpose of making a settlement on the Wachita, but his party being armed and his plans not being frankly disclosed, an investigation proved that his real design was a mutinous revolt against Governmental powers, and to gratify his ambition by founding his own kingdom in Mexico, and defeating the Spanish. If success crowned his efforts, his ultimate victory was to rupture the Union by forcing the Western States to withdraw from their allegiance. By gaining an influence over the noble but misguided Blennerhasset, he established his headquarters on his island in the Ohio. The history of Burr's expedition is already well known.

^0 of the deterioration 0fS tJfw t f °f ^uor ^ main Revolution. Again, manv un«e / tHUtS °f th® Indian character, after the ^ to commit dta most m^? PU °US "P°n the frontier ^d not hesi- Prejudice against them Jd *&*'** India"8. was .the atrocities. This error' on failed to indict them for these the same, however. Horace Gunn was the carrier. Benoni Adams brought the news from Cleveland to the same point, his trip requiring a fortnight. It must be remembered that this journey was mostly made on foot. The Blaek Swamp could not be traversed in any other manner.

The war of 1812 can be called a continuation of the Revolution, with all justice. Although rumors had reached Ohio, that active preparations were being made for general action, no official tidings had been sent to Hull, commander-in-chief of the Western forces.

The Secretary of War, instead of sending a special messenger directly to Hull, communicated with the post adjacent, depending upon a continuation of the news from that point. At the same time, advices were sent the British post at Malden and Detroit. Hull sent out a packet with official papers, stores, etc., the day previous to that on which the official intelligence arrived that an open rupture existed between the two powers, and this was of course captured.

The Western forces marched to Detroit and crossed over to Sandwich, preparatory to attacking Malden, a post most favorable for the transportation of stores, troops, etc. which was therefore considered valuable.

Peter Minard first gave the news to the settlers of the Maumee. He had heard from a Delaware chief, who assured him a general massacre was to take place in the valley. Maj. Spafford paid no heed to this "idle fear," until a few days thereafter a messenger came to his quarters, reporting a band of fifty Pottawatomies on the march to join the hostile tribes near Malden. They had plundered and burned Monclova, and had nearly reached the rapids.

The Major, with his family and settlers, immediately launched a barge on tiie river and were able to reach old Fort Miami just as the savages reached Maumee City. They could plainly witness the flames that devoured their old homes. They kept on their way in their miserable craft, until they reached Milan, where they learned that the entire country was in danger.

Although the Indians were defeated in the battle of Tippecanoe in the fall of 1811, they plotted vigorously with the English for the invasion of Ohio.

Gen. William Hull marched from the southwestern part of the State directly north, crossing the counties of Champaign, Logan, Hardin, Hancock and Wood, establishing military posts along the route and cutting a way through the wilderness of the unsettled portions. He crossed the Maumee on the 1st of July, and marched to Detroit.

Hull was evidently actuated in his succeeding disgraceful failures by two fears lack of confidence in the ability of his troops, and the belief that they might desert him in action. He proclaimed freedom, and a necessity of submitting to the Canadians under existing circumstances. He held out inducements to the British regulars to desert their cause and essayed to pacify the savages, but he accomplished nothing beyond jeopardizing the American cause

In January, 1815, Winchester had reached the rapids, where he received tidings that Frenchtown was menaced and exposed. Without orders, he sent a party to the rescue, which defeated the enemy. The weather was intensely cold, and the company lay within eighteen miles of Malden, where the enemy was collected in full force, consequently re-enforcements must be dispatched immediately or the town again left to its fate.

Winchester then marched with a force of 259 men, and upon arriving at nightfall, insisted upon remaining on open ground, although warned repeatedly that this would be a most dangerous experiment.

In the morning, he was surprised by the enemy, massed directly before him, with a battery within three hundred yards of his camp, and a shower of bombs, balls and grape-shot foiling among his exposed troops, and the yells of Indians reminding him of his fatal error. Lewis, who led the party out in the beginning and had apprehended the danger, bravely defended himself behind garden pickets. Winchester was defeated on the 22d of January, 1818, and the Indians were permitted to massacre the prisoners and the settlers.

Harrison fell back to the foot of the rapids. On the 1st of February, he began the construction of Fort Meigs. On the 27th of April, Proctor and Tecumseh attacked this fort, and laid siege with the full expectation of success. The stipulation was that Gen. Harrison was to be delivered to Tecumseh. While the balls and bombs were making havoc with the fort, the Indians were climbing trees and pouring a galling fire down upon the troops. Gen. Proctor invited Harrison to surrender, which was politely declined, with the assurance that the British General would have the opportunity to distinguish himself as a soldier before such a proceeding was enacted

Gen. Clay was descending the Maumee with 1,200 Kentuckians in flat boats. Orders went from Harrison that 800 men should land on the left bank, take and spike the British cannon, and then to enter the fort, from which soldiers were to issue to assist the re-enforcements.

Capt. Hamilton was to pilot Gen. Clay to the fort, cutting their way through. All succeeded, Col. Dudley taking the batteries and spiking the cannon. But his men, too much elated by their success, against orders, and against the repeated expostulations of Col. Dudley, insisted on pursuing the Indians. Col. Dudley would not desert them. This act proved their ruin. By a decoy, they were led into a defile which proved an ambush, and the men found themselves surrounded by savages, without means of escape.

A most frightful massacre began, and every man would have fallen had not Tecumseh sternly forbidden the cowardly carnage. One of his principal chiefs ignored this order, and the next instant the great warrior buried his hatchet in his head. The brave Col. Dudley was, however, tomahawked and scalped.

There were no immediate signs that the fort would be surrendered, and the siege was raised on the 9th of May. It was renewed on the 20th of July, and abandoned a fow days later. The enemy decided this stronghold was invulnerable.

evacuate the fort from Gen Halrism, SjT ^ Previously received orders to merited Harrison's reprimanded ^ detenninatio" to hold the position erity of military law. ml and remand of commission. Such was the sev- "Pon him by the President for hiZ "n* °f C°l0nel Was immediately conferred rented him with an eWnt^ti The ladies of ChillicoA? pre-

Northwestern Territory and Lm d^ effectnal in the recovery of the ,0«TPeny'8 8uperviBi7n' and eccordmgly vessel-building began underCommo- the Lawrence. The frightful and desperate battle that ensued is so familiar that it is not necessary for us to repeat its details. It forever remains in history as a prominent, desperate struggle that turned the tide most decisively in favor of the Americans. Hand to hand, for three hours, this furious struggle surged, resulting in a pronounced victory for the Americans.

Commodore Perry immediately requested parole for his severely wounded antagonist, Commodore Barclay. Capt. Elliott was at this engagement highly commended by Perry for his bravery.

Proctor had retreated to Sandwich, and thence Harrison followed him, overtaking the enemy on the 9th of October, on the bank of the Thames. An engagement ensued, which was not particularly marked in its events, but which practically terminated the war in the Northwest.

Tecumseh fell during this battle, and his death disheartened the savages to such an extent that they were willing to make terms of peace. Accordingly a treaty was concluded on the 22d of July, 1814, with the Wyandots, Delawares, Shawnees, Senecas and Miamis, the tribes engaged in hostilities.

Agam Ohio was able to turn her attention to the improvements within her own boundaries. Weary and disabled though she was, her ambition and energy were unimpaired. The struggle had been severe, but a grand reward had been won, and peace and independence belonged to these sturdy, earnest, pioneers.

Barking

Up to the year 1817, Ohio had no banking system, and on the 28th of January of that year, the United States Bank opened a branch at Cincinnati, and yet another during the following October at Chillicothe. These branches found a large amount of business to transact, and while being of assistance in various ways to the State, also received a fine revenue themselves. The State therefore resolved upon a tax levy, and, in 1819, the branches were to pay $50,000 each, and the State Auditor was authorized to issue his warrant for the collection of the same.

The bank branches demurred, but the State was decided, and the banks accordingly filed a bill in chancery, in the United States Circuit Court, setting forth reasons whereby their prayer that Ralph Osborn, State Auditor, should

. . ^orn being counseled not to appear on the day designated in the writ, an injunction was obtained, with the security given in the shape of bonds from the bank, to the amount of $100,000. On the 14th of September, the bank sent a commissioner to Columbus, who served upon the Auditor a copy of the petition

Papers did not actually amounr^aZniunc?16 't ^ ^ advice' and if the *>on of the warrant. '"junction, to give orders for the execuwit for coUeSnTas^ttlefore^e^ "* injunction- State to enter the banking-house and dfman/tT J°hn L' Harper> with Sections the vault wfs 0, b " JT "J *e * *e tax. In case of a No violence was to be used and if f* ^ made Up°n the amount required.

given of the granting of the injunction wr* pro"ptI^ refused> and a notice «uaed $98,000 in gold silver!^ , ^7" disregarded- a"d the officer the Supreme Court and the m ^ tbe. bank' 1116 ^ was reviewed by State, therefore, submitted °f tbe.Circuit Court were sustained. The and^ed a resolution, "s 'follow.6 mea" tm,e' *he Le«islature had prepared

. ,a.Temment' this General Assembly do^ h* Amenc®n Union' an(1 the powers of the Fedndj ^ of Kentucky and Virginia in th ,®mte *"d aPProve the dootrines asserted by the c and bind them in cares contrived barren - TT ?"'* °f "'e °cited Sute°' 80 as to cont-es direct. nml be,W6en individuals, and where they are, no one of them, dues <SfoXttretibarredr^0," *h* "d °f State laws in the ^Pection of in the Ferinral Wn. °f.Its nghts- An attempt was made to effect a ited States Courts ^n8t;tut,on> which would take the case out of the -Uhs, however, proved ineffectual.

The banking system in Ohio has, by reason of State surveillance, not been subjected to those whirlwind speculations and questionable failures which have marked many Western States, in the establishment of a firm basis upon which a banking law could be sustained, with mutual benefit to the institution and the people.

The Canal System

In the first part of 1817, the Legislature considered a resolution relating to a canal between Lake Erie and the Ohio River. No action was taken and the subject was not again agitated until 1819. Gov. Brown appointed three commissioners in 1820, for the purpose of employing an efficient engineer and such assistants as he deemed necessary, for the purpose of surveying a practical route for this canal. The commissioners were restricted in their actions until Congress should accept a proposition in behalf of the State, for a donation and sale of the public lands lying upon and near the route of the proposed canal. A delay was thus occasioned for two years.

In 1822, the matter was referred to a committee of the House of Representatives. This committee approved and recommended the employment of the engineer. They furthermore added illustrations to prove the feasibility of the project.

James Geddes, a skillful engineer of New York, was in due time appointed to the position and instructed to make the necessary examinations and surveys.

^ In 1825, an act was passed providing for the internal improvement of the State by navigable canals. Directly thereafter, the State set vigorously about the work of constructing two canals, one leading from the Ohio to Lake Erie, by way of the valleys of the Scioto and Muskingum, the other from Cincinnati to Dayton.

The first canal-boat from Cincinnati to Dayton, reached her destination in 1829, on the 25th of January. This outlet of communication was extended to Lake Erie, and was completed in 1845. The largest artificial lake now known is on the elevation between the Ohio and the lake, in Mercer County, an supplies the St. Mary s feeder of the Miami Canal, about three miles distant, eastwardly. This reservoir is about nine miles long, and from two to four broad. °

18 - comp ainec* lest this overflow should tempt miasma. So great -+_j ex^ltem^nt5 that over one hundred and fifty residents of the county tic 8fl. W1 8 °vels and spades, made a breach in the embankment, y o ng prominent positions in the county were engaged in this work.

been higgy **£ 1^7 ,°^ °f "e timber tha destroyed. However, an ad^L ^ bmlding'<>f bridges, etc., were Prosecuted with the entire approve! 7th 7 and the was of the young continent At that period, European knowledge of American geographical positions and limits was exceedingly meager, which occasioned several wars and more discussions. These Old-World sovereigns also assumed the authority to sell or present tracts of land to their subjects, in those territories they deemed their own.

King Charles II of England granted to his loyal subjects the colony of Connecticut, in 1062, placing with them a charter of right to all lands within certain prescribed boundaries. But these " boundaries " frequently conflicted with those of others, and sometimes extended to the Pacific Ocean, or " South Sea," as it was then termed. Connecticut, by her original charter rights, held all lands between the forty-first and forty-second parallels of north latitude, and from Providence Plantation on the east, to Pacific Ocean on the west, excepting the New York and Pennsylvania colonies. As late as the establishment of the United States as an independent government, those colliding claims frequently engendered confusion and warm discussion between the nation and Connecticut, regarding the original colony claim. This was compromised by the national claims being relinquished in regard to the territorial claim in Ohio, and Connecticut holding the 3,800,000 acres described as the u Western Reservation." The Government held the right of jurisdiction.

In 1796, Congress set aside a certain division of land, to satisfy the claims of officers and soldiers of the Revolutionary war. It includes the 2,500,000 acres between the Greenville treaty line and the Congress and refugee lands, and " VII ranges of townships," on the east, and the Scioto River, west. This constitutes the " Military Tract." The " Virginia Military Tract " lies between the Scioto and Little Miami Rivers, and extends south to the Ohio.

James I, in his authorized charter to the Virginia colony, in the year 1609, made rather visionary boundary lines, sweeping over the continent, west of the Ohio River, " of the north and south breadth of Virginia." Virginia reconciled the matter by relinquishing all her claims northwest of the Ohio River, with the exception of a tract for the purpose of donating the same to her troops of the Revolution - their claims demanding such a return in some section. Unfortunately, this tract was not regularly surveyed, and conflicting "lines have given rise to litigation ever since that stipulation was made.

The Refugee Tract covers an area of 100,000 acres, extending eastwardly from the Scioto River forty-eight miles, in a strip of country four and one-half miles broad, north to south. Columbus, the capital of the State, is situated in the western portion. This land was donated by Congress to those individuals who left the British dominions and rule, during the Revolution, and espoused the American cause.

3and Marion Counties.7 Th^ ' T &6 ea8tern Parts of Seneca, Crawf5'. troops and other United StateT de8Igned/or the transportation of mail |e m 1827. *" States Property, free from toll. The grant was order to secure tracts which would prove available, and thus insure returns, they were selected in small lots. No. 16 was designated as the sectional portion, in each township of Congress lands, the Ohio Company's and Symmes Purchases, the United States Military Lands, the Connecticut Reserve, and a number of quarter townships. These school lands Were selected by the Secretary of the Treasury.

The college townships are thirty-six miles square. A section, thirty-six miles square, in the center of Jackson County, in the vicinity and containing the Scioto Salt Licks, was also reserved by Congress, together with a quartermile township in Delaware County. This swept over 27,040 acres. In 1824, Congress authorized the State to sell these lands. The proceeds were to be devoted to literary requirements, such as might be specified by Congress.

We have heretofore briefly alluded to the canal system of Ohio, which in the beginning caused considerable anxiety to settlers directly in the course of its survey. The Legislature passed the " Internal Improvement by Navigable Canals " act, in 1825, and the work was immediately inaugurated and hastened. The " Ohio Canal " extends from the lake to the Ohio, and the " Miami " connects Cincinnati with Dayton. The latter was completed to Toledo in 1844, a length of 493 miles. Its total cost, including reservoir cutting and feeders, was $7,500,000. The Ohio Canal was finished in 1833.

During the construction of these canals, the curiosities which have attracted antiquarians and scientists, in the State of Ohio, were found in various places. Relics were discovered that must have belonged to a giant race. Nearly 3,000 graves were found, of the " mound type."

A third canal was begun in 1836, reaching from Walhonding, in Coshocton County, to Roscoe, its length being twenty-five miles, involving an expense of $610,000. This was completed in 1842. The Hocking Canal, between Carroll, in Fairfield County, and Athens, in Athens County, a distance of fifty* six miles, was also cut, about the same time, at a cost of nearly $1,000,000.

The Muskingum improvements were also being carried forward. Locks and dams were requisite for the perfection of navigation in this water-course, from Dresden to Marietta, a distance of ninety-one miles. This added an expense of $1,630,000 to the call for improvement appropriations. To the Miami Canal was added a feeder, known as the Warren County Canal - extending from Franklin to Lebanon, which was not completed, although over $250,000 were expended in its construction as far as it went.

Railway transportation was a subject which engrossed the attention of those interested in State perpetuity and general prosperity. About the year 1831, the Legislature received applications for railway charters. The first one granted was the " Cincinnati, Sandusky & Cleveland Railroad," on June 5, 1832. The " Sandusky, Mansfield & Newark Railroad " obtained a charter in 1836, March 11, followed,

^ act of 1829, increased the tafto T^r "J *he 8Upport of the *«oetownships were instructed to Zt Z - three'fourths of - mill. Trustees of tnct8> Householders were to e£t th^0^ and locate convenient school dis- «. Privileges a»dt£0^ ^ * clerk treasurer

&k° appointed. SectioZZf fZ! "*?**- City Boards of Examiners ,e *he territory anTexeS to V °f 1873' WM *"** " «T, which !rs of the village and tribntarv "C0rP0»ted village, at the option of the 88 one school district or I ^ Bectl0^> whether it be included with the winded, in iZbS, ' efta8tWO8Ch0oldistrict8- Section 56 of the law was ve "ills on the doUar rf^tZaW °f 30'000 to 75,000 inhabitants, by limiting ng schools, for nurcbna- -* ° PJopert^' tbe devdes in 8uch cities for con- >H »4 for 1 - fag,

Ohio not only sustains her public schools on a broad, liberal basis, but she encourages educational pursuits in superior universities and colleges throughout the State. These institutions are not aided by State funds, but are sustained by society influence, added to their self-supporting resources. Ohio also possesses a large number of normal schools, academies, seminaries and business colleges. These are not entitled to the privileges of the school fund. Scientific, professional, theological, legal and medical instructions are in no manner limited in their facilities. Industrial and reformatory schools are especially thorough. Institutions for the instruction of the deaf and dumb, and blind, and feebleminded, are under the best discipline.

W e may add, many female seminaries have been established which are entirely sustained by other than State aid. Ohio has, from its inception, been solid and vigorous in whatever tended toward improvement and enlightenment.

We have also referred to the banking system of this State, as being first established on a basis through a contest between the State and the General Government. Authorities differ regarding the exact date and location of the very first house established in the State for the purpose of transacting banking business. It is highly probable that Marietta is more directly associated with that event than any other town. There are at present over one hundred and sixty-seven national banks, with an aggregate capital of 827,794,468. It also has eighteen banks of deposit, incorporated under the State banking laws of 1845, representing an aggregate capital of 8539,904. Twenty-three savings banks, incorporated under the State act of 1875, with an aggregate capital of 81,277,500. Of private banks it has 192, with an aggregate capital of 85,663,898. The State represents in her banking capital over 836,275,770. The First National of Cincinnati has a capital stock of over 81,000,000. The others fell below that sum, their capital diminishing from 10,000 shares of 8100 each. The valuation for taxation is 8850,000 - Merchant's National of Cincinnati - to the valuation of a tax of 85,000 on the First National of Beverly.

Boundary Lines

, Y® not omit the subject of the State boundaries. Ohio was especially e held for most animated discussions, relative not only to State limits but county es and township rights. In 1817, a severe controversy arose, which was se only after violent demonstrations and Government interference, in primitive times, the geographical position, extent and surface diversities * mea®er^y comprehended. In truth, it may be asserted they could not k at variance ^ actual facts had they been laid out "haphazard. The ordinance of 1787 represented Lake Michigan far north of its prehensire letter to'thfSraor * clw> wmboundary lines 0f Ohio. Several uL°t? °" 8"bjeCt' to the couree, but either Michigan or Ohio JSLiT* **" laid 0ut 88 4te tot culminated in 1835, wheTthe oartvW? dlsaPProval " every case. This at the northwest corner of the State7 f "g a "Permanent" survey began settlers who sent them JLt£ tZ ^ * 8 *"- of Michi^ return to the work until the State and vari^ ^^'i. N° effort was made to and finally the interposition of the To Ptrtles had weighed the subject, excavating power of the Ohio Rive! j - ^ ?* lne<lualities produced by the of to State was on *L f ^ pinorthwestern sectionf some DJ|Z althou«h " the central and between the waters of Lake Erie a 7!T f°"r d' ^ Cre8t or watershed « New York or Penney ^ 0hi° is ,888 ^vated than to be mountainous, bluffs risinir to rh ^^11 0bl° tbe C0lmtry appears hundred feet above the valleys* Asctn^'^l °f 7° hUndred and to six Precipitous hills gradually ^ ijjSj? tn)bu'8fie8 of *0 Ohio, these md toward the sources of th^WA t *"*""*"* "to gentle undulations, Although Ohio hZ ! , n;f'b6 land 18 low and marshy. ' hilly and broken, and the eastern part is not fertile. It produces com, wheat, oats and pork. Beds of iron are found in the eastern part. Its hills are composed of aluminous shale. The barren hills afford a range for cattle and hogs. A sort of vagrant class derive a support by collecting stones, hoop- poles and tanners' barks from these hills.

Ashland County is one of the finest agricultural sections. It was formed February 26, 1846. Wheat comprises its principal crop, although large quantities of oats, com, potatoes, grass and fruit are raised. Ashland is its county 8eat, *nd was laid out by William Montgomery in 1816. It was called Uniontown for several years. Daniel Carter raised the first cabin within the county limits in 1811.

Ashtabula County was formed June 7, 1807, and was organized January * ' _ ® surface is level near the lake, while the remainder is undulating- e soil is mostly clay. Very little wheat is raised, but considerable corn an oats. Butter and cheese are the main marketable productions. This xi*8 v 6 county settled on the Western Reserve, and also the earliest in .°, 6111 *0' ^ July? 1796, the first surveying party arrived

>"107. %, while beef and wool ^dfe^7and Produce8"heat, corn, oats, 'onnty seat, was laid out in 18oTk w-,v g6Deral weaJth- Urbana, the f the land and donatS i WUIiam Ward- He was chief o^er

History Op The State Of Ohio

Springfield, the county seat, is situated on the National road. It has convenient transportation facilities, is handsomely laid out, and is noted for its cultured citizens. It is near Mad River, and Buck Greek runs through it.

Clinton County was formed in 1810. It produces chiefly wheat, oats, wool and pork. Its surface is undulating, in some parts hilly, and the soil fertile.* Its streams furnish desirable water-power. The county was settled in 1808. Wilmington is the county seat, and was laid out in 1811. The first log house was built by William Hobsin.

Clermont County was the eighth formed in the Northwest Territory, by proclamation of Gov. St. Clair, December 9, 1800. The soil is exceedingly rich, and the surface is broken and, near the Ohio, hilly. Wheat, corn, oats, hay, potatoes, tobacco, barley, buckwheat and' rye form the *nain crops, while beef, pork, flour, hay and whisky constitute its main exports. Its streams furnish good water-power. Batavia, its county seat, is situated on the Little Miami River, and was laid out in 1820, by George Ely.

Columbiana County was formed March 25, 1808, from Jefferson and Washington. Its soil is very fertile, producing wheat, corn, oats and potatoes. It is wealthy in mineral deposits, coal, iron ore, lime and freestone being abundant. t Its water-lime stone is of superior quality. Salt water is found on Yellow and Beaver Creeks. This is also the great wool-producing county of the State. It was settled in 1797. New Lisbon, its county seat, is well built.

Coshocton County was organized April 1, 1811. Its principal products are wheat, com, oats and wool. Hills and valleys alternate along the Muskingum River. Abrupt changes are strongly marked - a rich alluvum being overhung by a red bush hill, while directly beside it may be seen the poplar and sugar tree. Coal and iron ore add to its general importance, while salt wells have proven remunerative.

Cuyahoga County was formed June 7, 1807, from Geauga. Near the lake, the soil is sandy, while a clayey loam may be found elsewhere. The valleys oL TT w^eat' Parley and hay. Fruit is successfully grown, thfi ' U!!er' bf!f and wo01 are fergely exported. Bog iron is found in from rt, 111 part> ^ ®ne 6rind8t°ne quarries are in operation. The sandstone these quarry is now an important article of commerce. As early, as

History Op The State Op Ohio

Defiance County was inaugurated March 4, 1845, from Williams, Henry and Paulding. The Maumee, Tiffin and Auglaize flow through it. The Black Swamp covers much of its area.

Defiance, the county seat, is situated on the Maumee. It was laid out in 1822, by B. Level and H. Phillips. A large Indian settlement occupied its site in very early times. Wayne arrived here August 8, 1794, captured the place, finding about one thousand acres of corn, peach and apple orchards, and vegetables of all varieties. Here he built Fort Defiance.

Erie County was formed in 1838, from Huron and Sandusky. The soil is alluvial, and yields large crops of wheat, corn, oats and potatoes. It possesses inexhaustable quarries of limestone and freestone. Immense quantities of bog iron are also found. The Erie tribe is said to have once occupied the land, and were extirpated by the Iroquois. As early as 1754, the French had built settlements. In 1764, the county was besieged. Pontiac came here with warlike demonstrations, but made peace with the whites. Erie was included in the "fire lands" of the Western Reserve.

Sandusky City is the county seat, and was laid out in 1817, then termed Portland. At that time it contained two log huts. The town is finely situated, wid is based upon an inexhaustible quarry of the finest limestone. In the patriot war with the Canadians, this city was the rendezvous for the "patriots." J

Franklin County was formed April 30, 1803, from Ross. It contains much low wet land, and is better adapted to grazing than agricultural purposes. It was in early times occupied by the Wyandot Indians. Its first white setement was made in 1797, by Robert Armstrong and others. Franklinton was laid out in 1797, by Lucas Sullivan. Worthington was settled by the cioto ompany in 1801. Col. Kilboum, who was interested in the work, ^nettu the first map of Ohio during his explorations, by uniting sectional

Geauga County was formed in 1805 from Trumbull. It exports sheep, cattle, butter and cheese. It is situated at the head of Chargrine, Cuyahoga and a part of Grand Rivers, on high ground, and is subjected to snowstorms more frequently than any other part of the Reserve. Its first settlement was made in 1798, at Burton. Chardon is fourteen miles from Lake Erie, and is 600 feet above it. It was laid out as the county seat in 1808.

Gallia County was formed April 30, 1808, from Washington. Its principal crops are wheat, com, oats and beans. The surface is generally broken. Its first settlement was made in 1791, by a French colony, at Gallipolis. This oolony was sent out under the auspices of the Scioto Company. This town is now the county seat.

Hamilton County was the second established in the Northwestern Territory by proclamation of Gov. St. Clair, January 2, 1790. Its surface is generally rolling. It produces the ordinary farm products, and a great variety of fruits and vegetables for the Cincinnati market. Vineyards thrive well within its limits, and the manufacture of wine is carried on to a considerable extent.

This county was the second settled in Ohio, and the first within the Symmes purchase. Settlers arrived at the spot now occupied by Cincinnati, and three or four log cabins were erected. Gen. Arthur St. Clair arrived here in January, 1790. The army of Wayne encamped here later, at Fort Washington. Mr. Maxwell established in 1793 the Sentinel of the Northweetem Territory , the first newspaper printed north of the Ohio River. In 1796, Edward Freeman became its proprietor, and changed the name to Freeman' % Journal.

anuary 11, 1794, two keel-boats sailed from Cincinnati to Pittsburgh, making regular trips every four weeks. In 1801, the first sea vessel built at Marietta came down the Ohio.

_^incmnftl' county seat, was incorporated January 2, 1802. It was chartered as a city in 1819. The cily is beautifully laid out and delightfully situ- . to public buildings are elegant and substantial, including the court house and many literary and charitable institutions.

cents to 90^ente a wwk "tJ'c*-*6 ^t76"' board ran«e8 fr0" cinnati T, w , 6 Cincinnati Law School is connected with CmrhaniC8' ***** chartered in 1828, and is in all

[t is one of the important wool U"dl.IIg m °°al and iimestone. Its soil is clayey' (aantities ot ^T^ZZ^T'1"3 " ^ * produces ** attle and swine. m> °ate and hay, besides a considerable number of horses,

Highland County was formed in May, 1805, from Ross, Adams and Clermont. It is a wealthy, productive county. Its wheat commands a high market price. The crops consist of wheat, corn, oats, maple sugar, wool, swine and cattle. Its first settlement began in 1801, at New Market, by Oliver Ross, Robert Keeston, George W. Barrere, Bernard Weyer and others. Simon Kenton made a trace through this county in early times. Hillsboro is the county seat, and was laid out in 1807, by David Hays, on the land of Benjamin Elhoott. It is situated on the dividing ridge, between the Miami and Scioto. The Hillsboro Academy was founded in 1827.

Hocking County was formed March 1, 1818, from Ross, Athens and Fairfield. Its principal products are corn, wheat, tobacco and maple sugar. Its surface is broken and hilly, but is level and fertile beside the streams.

The Wyandots onoe occupied this tract, and built a large town herein. In 1798, a few white families ventured to settle. Logan is its county seat, and is situated on the Hocking River.

Holmes County was formed from Coshocton, Tuscarawas and Wayne, January 20, 1824. It produces wheat, corn, oats, potatoes, maple sugar, swine, sheep and cattle. The southwestern portion is broken. Thomas Butler was lSSO**8^ ^ttler, h* 1810. Millersbnrg is the county seat, and was laid out in

_ ^uron County was organized in 1815. It produces hay, wheat, corn, oats, barley, buckwheat, flaxseed, potatoes, butter, cheese, wool and swine. Norwalk is the county seat

JackBon County was organized March, 1816. The country is rich in mine and abounds in coal and iron ore. The exports are cattle, wool, swine, orses, um r, millstones, tobacco and iron. Jackson, the county seat, was nL* °? i .' ^le Scioto salt-works were among the first worked in , . ° e v ^or to this period, the Indians came some distance to

The surface if Vli*11416^ tbe P*®*6- Its resources in coal are also extended old "Mintro" t y 80 * e soil fertile, producing wheat, com and oats. Th Daniel Potter ** pre8ent fenns of Jeremiah Hallock and Mi until the abominable and unDrnvokJl H' A * .StancI' friend of the whites which occurred in 1774 near tke 6f °f fa4,ler> brother and sister, cry and sought revenge. ' U°W °reek' He 4hen ^ed 'be battle

Speculation in lots began in 1884. The Wabash & Erie Canal interest arose in 1836. Mr. Mason and Edward Bissel added their energies to assist the growth of the town. It was incorporated as a city in 1836. It was the center of the military operations in the " Ohio and Michigan war," known as the "boundary conflict.* *

The Ordinance of 1787 provided for the division of the Northwestern Territory into three or five States. The three southern were to be divided from the two northern by a line drawn east and west through the southern point of Lake Michigan, extending eastward to the Territorial line in Lake Erie. The constitution of Ohio adds a provision that if the line should not go so far north as the north cape of Maumee Bay, then the northern boundary of Ohio should be a line drawn from the southerly part of Lake Michigan to the north cape of the Maumee Bay.

When Michigan became a Territory, the people living between the " Fulton and Harris lines found it more to their wishes to be attached to Michigan. They occupied disputed ground, and were thus beyond the limits of absolute law. In 1835, the subject was greatly agitated, and J. Q. Adams made a warm speech before Congress against the Ohio claim. The Legislature of Ohio discussed the matter, and an act was passed to attach the disputed section to Ohio, according to the constitutional decree. An active campaign opened between Michigan and Ohio. Gov. Lucas came out with the Ohio troops, in the spring of 1835, and Gov. Mason, of Michigan, followed the example. He marched into Toledo, robbed melon-patches and chicken-houses, crushed in the front oor of Maj. Stickney s house, and carried him away prisoner of war. Embassadors were sent from Washington to negotiate matters - Richard Rush, of Pennsy vania and Col. Howard, of Maryland. At the next session of Congress, the matter was settled. Samuel Vinton argued for Ohio, in the House, and Thomas ® Senate. Michigan received an equivalent of the large peninsula een es Huron, Michigan and Superior. Ohio received the disputed were destooyed in 1786, by a bod/of Kent 1® ^ River' These "wne *\ 7*16 wIdtes surprised the towns. How a"8' under Gen. Benjamin work of destruction had been completed Jd 7 ' ^ returned after the it was a rendezvcL for ttOTdty°]bJh® ^ *806' During the war of 1812, hud out March 18 1820 m. 1 yIndlanfl- Bellefontaine, the county seat was Joseph Gordon ^£^7* * *** "d Will iT^wI dwelling. bl"' aDd Anthony Ballard erected the first frame md in the war of 1812 ini' ed^® W"elected Brigadier General of 320, he removed to Mad River Gen V G®"' H,ar^son's army- 111 'he year PeMion, of J20 per month ' G V<m0e Judge Buraet 8ecured him fro" ^frfield March 1, 1808. The surfece is t;1®- Producing wheat, com j£ " the eutm P°rtion. The sod is "% add to the wealth of the ^ g7f8' CoaJ and iron ore of good Pies. Newark is the county sorted W<?>1 dail7 productions are also ee Principal branches of th^lief' d tW Sltnated at the confluence of the George W. £££/ * T la* out by Gen. William C.

The county was settled in 1797 by the Dutch and Irish. The iron region extends through the west part of this county. Lawrenoe County produces a superior quality of iron, highly esteemed for castings, and is equal to Scotch pig for furnace purposes. Burlington is the county seat.

Lake County was formed from Geauga and Cuyahoga March 6, 1840. The soil is good and the surface rolling. It produces wheat, corn, oats, buckwheat, barley, hay and potatoes. Dairy products, cattle and wool are also staples. Its fruits - apples, peaches, pears, plums and grapes are highly prised. As early as 1799, a settlement was formed at Mentor. Paineeville, the county seat, is situated on Grand River, in a beautiful valley. The Paineeville Academy is a classical institution for the education of both sexes. Near the town is the Geauga furnace. Paineeville was laid out by Henry Champion in 1805. At Fairport, the first warehouse in this section, and probably the first on the lake, was built by Abraham Skinner in 1808. This town has a fine harbor, and has a light-house and beaoon. Kirtland, southwest from Painesville, was, in 1834, the headquarters of the Mormons. At that time, they numbered about three thousand. The old Mormon temple is of rough stone, plastered oyer, colored blue, and marked to imitate regular courses of masonry. As is well known, the Mormons derive their name from the book of Mormon, said to have been translated from gold plates found in a hill in Palmyra, N. Y.

Madison County was organised in March, 1810. The surfeoe is generally level. It produces grass, com, oats and cattle - the latter forming a chief staple, while wool and pork add to the general wealth.

Jonathan Alder was much interested in the settlement of the county. He, e some other whites, had lived with the Indiana many years, and had formed a lasting affection for them, and had married a squaw, with whom he became dissatisfied, which caused him to desire finding his own family. He suo-

This county was first settled in 1795. Benjamin Springer made a clearing and built a cabin. He settled near Alder, and taught him the English lan- Mr. Joshua Ewing brought four sheep to this place, and the Indians >d great astonishment over these +1.* ^.utilities cultural products rank , - , f^ ®886® reniarkable water-power facilities. Itsagriftion about theye^mi7^^^^^ J°hnKnoop came into £ the county seat is situ.* A ' dltsfirst settlement began about this time. Troy Own. iS^i SI "P? * Grea' Miami. Diqua is another S Monroe County wITf deIlghtful sceneiy at this point. 7

At this time, wolves were numerous, and caused much alarm. Volney entered this county, but was not prepossessed in its favor. One township is settled by the Swiss, who are educated and refined. Woodsfield is the county seat.

Montgomery County was formed from Roes and Hamilton May 1, 1808. The soil is fertile, and its agricultural products are most excellent. Quarries of grayish-white limestone are found east of the Miami.

Dayton is the county seat, situated on the Great Miami, at the mouth of Mad River. It was settled in 1788, but the Indian wars prevented a rapid growth. After Wayne's treaty, in 1795, a new company was formed. It advanced rapidly between the years 1812 and 1820. The beginning of the Miami Canal renewed its prosperity, in 1827. The first coal-boat from Cincinnati arrived at Dayton on the 25th of January, 1829. The first one arrived from lake Erie in June, 1845. Col. Robert Patterson came to Dayton in 1804. At one time, he owned Lexington, Ky., and about one third of Cincinnati.

Morgan County was organized in 1818, March 1. The surface is hilly and the soil strong and fertile, producing wheat, com, oats and tobacco. Pork is a prolific product, and considerable salt is made. The first settlement was made in 1790, on the Muskingum. McConnelsville is the county seat. Mr. Ayres made the first attempt to produce salt, in 1817. This has developed into a large industry.

Morrow County was organized in 1848. It is drained by the Vernon River, which rises in it, by the East Branch of the Olontangy or Whetstone River, and by Walnut Creek. The surface & undulating, the soil fertile. The staple products are com, wheat, oats, hay, wool and butter. The sugar maple abounds in the forests, and sandstone or freestone in the quarries. Mount Gilead, the county seat, is situated on the East Branch of the Olentangy River.

Muskingum County was formed from Washington and Fairfield. The surface is rolling or hilly. It produces wheat, com, oats, potatoes, tobacco, wool sad pork. Large quantities of bituminous coal are found. Pipe clay, buhrstone or cellular quartz are also in some portions of the State. Salt is made in large nquantitiee--the fine being obtained from a stratum of whitish sandstone.

e yan ots, elawares, Senecas and Shawanoese Indians once inhabited this section. An Indian town occupied the site of Duncan's Falls. A large Shawaaoese town was located near Dresden.

*7 C°Tered h? shrub oaks, and when S ^ "d praWe- 316 barrel "J 'f*8- The Pickaway plains are!! ! are adapted to the wising of corn and this tract is said to contain the - u* *7 * ba^ md*es west of Circleville miles distant, from which is obtained a beautifully clouded gray stone. Fort St Clair was built near Eaton, in the winter of 17 91-92. Gen. Harrison was an finsign at the time, and commanded a guard every other night for three weeks, during the building. The severe battle of November 6, 1792, was fought under its very guns. Little Turtle, a distinguished chief of the Miamis, roamed over this county for a time. He was witty, brave and earnest, and, although engaged in several severe contests with the whites, he was inclined toward peace. But when his warriors cried for war he led them bravely.

Putnam County was formed April 1, 1820, from old Indian territory. The soil is fertile, its principal productions being wheat, corn, potatoes and oats. Large quantities of pork are exported. Kalida, once the county seat, was laid out in 1834. Ottawa is the county seat.