Morrow County, Ohio - Chapter 6, 1880

Chapter 6

THE occupation of the West by the American, really dates i'roni the campaign of'Clen. (,'larke in 1778, when he captured the British pests in the Illinois country, and \'incennes on the Wabash. Had he been properly supjiorted, he would have rediued Detroit, then in easy reach, and poorly defeniled. As it was, however, that post remained in charge of tlie British till after the close of the war of the Revolution. They also held other lake posts; but these were included in the terms of peace, and came into the possession of the Americans. They were abandoned by the British as soon as the different conuuanders received notice from their chiefs, and British rule and English occupation ceased in that part of the New World.

The war virtually closed by the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown, Va., October 19, 1781. The struggle was prolonged, however, by the British, in the vain hope that they could retrieve the disaster, but it was only a useless waste of men and mont-y. America would not be subdued. "If we arc to be taxed, we will be represented," said they, "else we will be a free government, and regulate our own taxes." In the end, they were free.

Provisional articles of peace between the United States and Great Britain were signed in Paris on the ;^()th of November, 1782. This was f(»llowed by an armistice negotiated at Versailles on the 20th of January, 178:^; and finally, a definite treaty of peace was concluded at Paris on the 3d of the next Septemljcr, and ratified by Congress on the 4th of January, 1784. By the second article of the defiiiite treaty of 1783, the boundaries of the United States were fixed. A glance at the maj) of that day shows the boundary to have been a.s follows: Beginning at Passaniaipioddy Bay, on the coast of Maine, the line ran north a little above the fortytilth parallel oj" latitiule, when it diverged southwesterly, irregularly, until it reached that parallel, when it followed it until it reached the St. Lawrence River. It followed that river to Lake Ontario, down its center; up the Niagara River ; through Lake Erie, up the Detroit River and through Lakes Huron and Superior, to the northwest extremity of the latter. Then it pursued another irregular western course to the Lake of the Woods, when it turned southward to the Mississippi River. The commissioners insisted that should be the western boundary, as the lakes were the northern. It followed the Mississippi south until the mouth of Red River was reached, when, turning east, it followed almost a direct line to the Atlantic Coast, touching the coast a little north of the outlet of St. John's River.

At this date, there existed the original thirteen colonies : Virginia occupying all Kentucky and all the Northwest, save about half of Michigan and Wisconsin, claimed by Massachusetts; and the upper part of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the lower part (a narrow strip) of Michigan, claimed by Connecticut. Georgia included all of Alabama and Mississippi. The Spaniards claimed all Florida and a narrow part of lower Georgia. All the country west of the Father of Waters belonged to Spain, to whom it had been secretly ceded when the family compact was made. That nation controlled the Mississippi, and gave no small uneasiness to the young government. It was, however, happily settled finally, by the sale of Louisana to the United States.

Pending the settlement of these questions and the formation of th > Federal Union, the cession of the Northwest by \'irginia again came before Congress. That body found itself unable to fulfill its promises to its soldiers regarding laiul, and again urged the Old Dominion to cede the Territory to the General (jiovernment, for the good of all. Congress forbade settlers from occupying the Western lands till a definite cession had been made, and the title to the lands in question made good. But speculation was stronger than law, and without waiting for the slow processes of courts.

the adventurous settlers were pouring into the country at a rapid rate, only retarded by the rifle and scalping-knife of the savage - a temporary check. The policy of allowing any parties to obtain land from the Indians was strongly discouraged by Washington. He advocated the idea that only the General Grovernment could do that, and, in a letter to James Duane, in Congress, he strongly urged such a course, and pointed out the danger of a border war, unless some such measure was stringently followed.

Under the circumstances. Congress pressed the claims of cession upon Virginia, and finally induced the Dominion to modify the terms proposed two years before. On the 20th of December, 1783, Virginia accepted the proposal of Congress, and authorized her delegates to make a deed to the United States of all her right in the territory northwest of the Ohio.

The Old Dominion stipulated in her deed of cession, that the territory should be divided into States, to be admitted into the Union as any other State, and to bear a proportionate share in the maintenance of that Union; that Virginia should be re-imbursed for the expense incurred in subduing the British posts in the territory; that the French and CaTiadian inhabitants should be protected in their rights ; that the grant to Gen. George Rogers Clarke and his men, as well as all other similar grants, should be confirmed, and that the lands should be considered as the common property of the United States, the proceeds to be applied to the use of the whole country. Congress accepted these conditions, and the deed was made March 1, 1784. Thus the country came from under the dominion of Virginia, and became common property.

A serious difliculty arose about this time, that threatened for awhile to involve England and America anew in war. Virginia and several other States refused to abide by that part of the treaty relating to the payment of debts, especially so, when the British carried away quite a number of negroes claimed by the Americans. This refusal on the part of the Old Dominion and her abettors, caused the English to retain her Northwestern outposts, Detroit, Mackinaw, etc. She held these till 178(), when the questions were finally settled, and then readily abandoned them.

The return of peace greatly augmented emigration to the West, especially to Kentucky. When the war closed, the population of that county (the three counties having been made one judicial district, and Danville designated as the seat of government) was estimated to be about twelve thousand. In one year, after the close of the war, it increased to 30,000, and steps for a State government were taken. Owing to the divided sentiment among its citizens, its perplexing questions of land titles and proprietary rights, nine conventions were held before a definite course of action could be reached. This prolonged the time till 1792, when, in December of that year, the election for persons to form a State constitution was held, and the vexed and complicated questions settled. In 1783, the first wagons bearing merchandise came across the mountains. Their contents were received on flatboats at Pittsburgh, and taken down the Ohio to Louisville, which that spring boasted of a store, opened by Daniel Broadhead. The next year, James Wilkinson opened one at Lexington.

Pittsburgh was now the principal town in the West. It occupied the same position regarding the outposts that Omaha has done for several years to Nebraska. The town of Pittsburgh was laid out immediately after the war of 1764, by Col. Campbell. It then consisted of four squares about the fort, and received its name from that citadel. The treaty with the Six Nations in 17G8, conveyed to the proprietaries of Pennsylvania all the lands of the Alleghany below Kittanning, and all the country south of the Ohio, within the limits of Penn's charter. This deed of cession was recognized when the line between Pennsylvania and Virginia was fixed, and gave the post to the Keystone State. In accordance with this deed, the manor of Pittsburgh was withdrawn from market in 1769, and was held as the property of the Penn family. When Washington visited it in 1770, it seems to have declined in consequence of the afore-mentioned act. He mentions it as a "town of about twenty log houses, on the Monongahela, about three hundred yards from the fort." The Penn's remained true to the King, and hence all their land that had not been surveyed and returned to the land office, was confiscated by the commonwealth. Pittsburgh, having been surveyed, was still left to them. In the spring of 1784, Tench Francis, the agent of the Penns, was induced to lay out the manor into lots and offer them for sale. Though, for many years, the place was rather unpromising, it eventually became the chief town in that part of the West, a position it yet holds. In 1786, John Scull and Joseph Hall started the Pittsburgh Guzottc^ the first paper published west of the mountains. In the initial number, appeared a lengthy article from the pen of H. H. Brackenridge, afterward one of the most prominent members of tlie Pennsylvania bar. Ho had located in Pitt.sbiiruh in 17H1. His letter >iives a most hopeful j)rospoct in store for the future eity, and is a liighly descriptive article of the Western country. It is yet preserved in the "Western Annals," and is well worth a perusal.

ruder the act of peace in 1783, no provision was made by the British for their allies, especially the Six Nations. The question was ignored by the English, and was made a handle by the Americans in gaining them to their cause before the war had fully clo.sed. The treaties made were regarded by the Indians as alliances only, and when the- English left the country the Indians began to assume rather a hostile bearing. This excited the whites, and for a while a war with that formidable confederacy \v;i.s inmiinent. Better councils prevailed, and Congress wisely ado])ted the policy of acquiring their lands by purcha.se. In accordance with this policy, a treaty was made at Fort Stanwix with the Six Xations, in October, 178-t. By this treaty, all lands west of a line drawn from the mouth of Oswego Creek, about four miles east of Niagara, to the mduth of Buffalo Creek, and on to the northern boundary of Pennsylvania, thence west along that boundary to its western extremity, thence south to the f)hio River, should be ceded to the United States. ( They claimed west of this line by con(piest. ) The Six Nations were to be secured in the lands they inhal)ited, reserving only six miles scpiare around Oswego fort for the support of the same. By this treaty, the indefinite claim of the Six Nations to the West was extinguished, and the question of its ownership .settled.

It was now occupied by other Western tribes, wlio did not recognize the Iroquois claim, and who would not yield without a purchase. Especially was this the ca.se with those Indians living in the northern part. To get pos.session of that country by the .same i)rocess, the United States, through its commissioners, held a treaty at Fort Mcintosh on the 21st of January, 1785. The Wyandot, Delaware, (^hijipewa and Ottawa tribes were present, and, througli their chiefs, .sold their lands to the (rovc^rnment. 'I'he Wyandot and Delaware nations were given a reservation in the north part of Ohi<», where they were to be protected. The others were allotted reservations in Michigan. To all wasgiven conqtlete control of their lands, allowing them to i)unish any white man attempting to settle thereon, and guaranteeing them in their rijrhts.

By such means Congress gained Indian titles to the vjist realms north of the Ohio, and, a few months later, that legislation was commenceil that should determine the mode of its disposal and the plan of its settlements.

To facilitate the settlement of lands thus acquired, Congrc!Ss, on May 20, 1785, pa,sse(l an act for disposing of lands in the Northwest Territory. Its main provisions were ; A surveyor or surveyors should be appointed from the States ; and a geographer, and his assistants to act with them. The surveyors were to divide the territory into townships of six miles square, by lines running due north and south, and east and west. The starting-place was to be on the Ohio River, at a point where the southern and western boundaries oi' Pennsylvania intersected. This would give the first range, and the first township. As soon as seven townships were surveyed, the maps and plats of the same were to be sent to the Board of the Treasury, who would record them and pnxx'cd to place the land in the market, and so on with all the townships as fast as they could be prepared ready for sale. Each township was to be divided into thirty-six sections, or lots. Out of these sections, numbers 8, 11, 20 and 29 were reserved for the use of the Government, and lot No. 1(5, for the establishment of a commonschool fund. One-third of all mines and minerals was also reserved for the United States. Three townships on Lake Erie were reserved for the use of ofiicers, men and others, refugees from Canada and from Nova Scotia, who were entitled to grants of land. The Moravian Indians were also exempt from molestation, and guaranteed in their homes. Soldiers' claims, and all others of a like nature, were also recognized, and land reserved for them.

Without waiting for the act of Congress, settlers had been pouring into the country, and, when ordered by Congress to leave undisturbed Indian lands, refused to do so. They went into the Indian country at their peril, however, and when driven out by the Indians could get no redress from the (lovernment, even when life was lost.

The Indians on the Wabash made a treaty at Fort Finney, on the Miami, January HI, 178(!, promising allegiance to the United States, and were allowed a reservation. This treaty did not include the Piankeshaws, as was at first intended. These, refusing to live peaceably, stirred up the Shawanees, who began a series of predatory excursions against the settlements. This led to an expedition against them and other restless tribes. Gen. Clarke commanded part of the army on that expedition.

but got no farther than Vincennes, when, owing to the discontent of his Kentucky troops, he was obUged to return. Col. Benjamin Logan, however, marched, at the head of four or five hundred mounted riflemen, into the Indian country, penetrating as far as the head- waters of Mad River. He destroyed several towns, much corn, and took about eighty prisoners. Among these, was the chief of the nation, who was wantonly slain, greatly to Logan's regret, who could not restrain his men. His expedition taught the Indians submission, and that they must adhere to their contracts.

Meanwhile, the difficulties of the navigation of the Mississippi arose. Spain would not relinquish the right to control the entire southern part of the river, allowing no free navigation. She was secretly hoping to cause a revolt of the Western provinces, especially Kentucky, and openly favored such a move. She also claimed, by conquest, much of the land on the east side of the river. The slow movements of Congress; the failure of Virginia to properly protect Kentucky, and the inherent restlessness in some of the Western men, well-nigh precipitated matters, and, for a while, serious results were imminent. The Kentuckians, and, indeed, all the people of the West, were determined the river should be free, and even went so far as to raise a regiment, and forcibly seize Spanish property in the West. Great Britain stood ready, too, to aid the West should it succeed, providing it would make an alliance with her. But while the excitement was at its height, Washington counseled better ways and patience. The decisive tone of the new republic, though almost overwhelmed with a burden of debt, and with no credit, debarred the Spanish from too forcible measures to assert their claims, and held back the disloyal ones from attempting a revolt.

New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut ceded their lands, and now the United States were ready to fulfill their promises of land grants, to the soldiers who had preserved the nation. This did much to heal the breach in the West, and restore confidence there; so that the Mississippi question was overlooked for a time, and Kentucky forgot her animosities.

The cession of their claims was the signal for the formation of land companies in the East; companies whose object was to settle the Western country, and, at the same time, enrich the founders of the companies. Some of these companies had been formed in the old colonial days, but the recent war had put a stop to all their proceedings. Congress would not recognize their claims, and new companies, under old names, were the result. By such means, the Ohio Company emerged fi'om the past, and, in 1786, took an active existence.

Benjamin Tujjper, a Revolutionary soldier, and since then a government surveyor, who had been west as far as Pittsburgh, revived the question. He was prevented from prosecuting his surveys by hostile Indians, and returned to Massachusetts. He broached a plan to Gen. Rufus Putnam, as to the renewal of their memorial of 1783, which resulted in the publication of a plan, and inviting all those interested, to meet in Fel)ruary in their respective counties, and choose delegates to a convention to be held at the " Bunch-of-grapes Tavern." in Boston, on the first of March, 1786. On the day appointed, eleven persons appeared, and by the 3d of March an outline was drawn up, and subscriptions under it began at once. The leadingfeatures of the plan were : » A fund of $1 ,000,000, mainly in Continental certificates, was to be raised for the purpose of purchasing lands in the Western country; there were to be 1,000 shares of $1,000 each, and upon each share $10 in specie were to be paid for contingent expenses. One year's interest was to be appropriated to the charges of making a settlement, and assisting those unable to move without aid. The owners of every twenty shares were to choose an agent to represent them and attend to their interests, and the agents were to choose the directors. The plan was approved, and in a year's time from that date, the Company was organized."*

By the time this Company was organized, all claims of the colonies in the coveted territory wei-e done away with by their deeds of cession, Connecticut being the last.

While troubles were still existing south of the Ohio River, regarding the navigation of the Mississippi, and many urged the formation of a separate, independent State, and while Congress and Washington were doing what they could to allay the feeling north of the Ohio, the New England associates were busily engaged, now that a Company was formed, to obtain the land they wishes! to purchase. On the 8tli of March, 1787, a meeting of the agents chose Gen. Parsons, Gen. Putnam and the Rev. Mannasseh Cutler, Directors for the Company. The last selection was quite a fitting one for such an enterprise. Dr. Cutler was an accomplished scholar, an excellent gentleman, and a tinu believer in freedom. In the choice of him as the agent of the (\)mpany, lies the fact, though unforeseen, of the beginning of anti-slavery in America. Through him the famous " com])act of ITS", " the true corner-stone of the Northwest, originated, ami by him was safely passed. He was a good -' wiri'-imller,"' too, and iji this had an advantage. Mr. llutchins was at this time the geographer for the United States, and was, probably, the best-posted man in America regarding the West. Dr. Cutler learned from him that the most desirable portions were on the Muskingum River, north of the Ohio, and was advised by him to buy there if he couki.

Congress wanted money badly, and many of the members favored the plan. The Southern members, generally, were hostile to it, a.s the Doctor wouhl listen to no grant which did not embody the New England ideas in the charter. These members were finally won over, some bribery being used, and some of their favorites made officers of the Territory, whose formation was now going on. This took time, liowever, and Dr. Cutler, becoming impatient, declared they would purchase from some of the States, who held small tracts in various parts of the West. This intimation brought the tardy ones to time, and, on the 23d of July, Congress authorized the Treasury Board to make the contract. On the 2Gth, Messrs. Cutler and Sargent, on behalf of the Company, stated in writing their conditif)ns; and on the 27th, Congress referred their letter to the Board, and an order of the same date wa.s obtained. Of this Dr. Cutler's journal says:

''By this grant we obtained near five millions of acres of land, amounting to $:->,5(l0,(»()() ; ] ,500,- 000 acres for the Ohio Company, and the remainder for a private speculation, in which many of the principal characters of America are concerned. Without connecting this peculation, similar terms and advantages for the Ohio Company could not have been obtained."'

Messrs. Cutler and Sargent at once closed a verbal contract with the Treasury Board, which was executed in form on the 27th of the next October.*

By this contract, the vast region bounded on the south by the Ohio, west by the Scioto, east by the seventh range of townships then surveying, and north by a due west line, drawn from the north boundary of the tenth township from the Ohio, direct to the Scioto, was sold to the Ohio associates and their secret copartners, for $\ per acre, subject to a deduction of one-third for bad lands and other contingencies.

The whole tract was not, however, paid for nor taken by the Company - even their own portion of a million and ahalf acres, and extending west to the eighteenth range of townships, was not taken ; and in 1792, the boundaries of the purchase proper were fixed as follows: the Ohio on the south, the seventh range of townships on the east, the sixteenth range on the we.st, and a line on the north so drawn as to make the grant 750,000 acres, btv sides reservations ; this grant being the portion which it was originally agreed the Company' might enter into at once. In addition to this, 214,285 acres were granted as army bounties, under the resolutions of 1779 and 1780, and 100,000 acres as bounties to actual settlers; both of the latter tracts being within the original grant of 1787, and adjoining the purchase as before mentioned.

While these things were progressing. Congress Wiis bringing into form an ordinance for the government and social organization of the Northwest Territory. Virginia made her cession in March, 1784, and during the month following the plan for the temporary government of the newly acquired territory came under discussion. On the 19th of Apiil, Mr. Spaight, of North Carolina, moved to strike fr(im the plan reported by Mr. Jefferson, the emancipationist of his day, a provision for the prohibition of slavery north of the Ohio after the year 1800. The motion prevailed. From that day till the 23d, the plan was discussed and altered, and finally passed unanimously with the exception of South Carolina. The South would have slavery, or defeat every measure. Thus this hideous monster early began to assert himself. By the proposed plan, the Territory was to have been divided into States by parallels of latitude and meridian lines. This division, it was thought, would make ten States, whose names were as follows, beginning at the northwest corner, and going southwardly : Sylvania, Michigania, Cheresonisus, A.ssenispia, Metropotamia, Illinoia, Saratoga, Washington, Polypotamia and J*elisipia.*

A more serious difficulty existed, however, to this plan, than its catalogue of names - the number of States and tht'ir boundaries. Theroot of the evil was in the resolution pa.ssed by Congress in October,

Histoky Of Ohio

1 TSO, which fixed the size of the States to be formed from the ceded hinds, at one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles square. The terms of that resolution being called up both by Virginia and Massachusetts, further legislation was deemed necessary to change them. July 7, 1786, this subject came up in Congress, and a resolution passed in favor of a division into not less than three nor more than five States. Virginia, at the close of 1788, assented to this proposition, which became the basis upon which the division should be made. On the 29th of September, Congress having thus changed the plan for dividing the Northwestern Territory into ten States, proceeded again to consider the terms of an ordinance for the government of that region. At this juncture, the genius of Dr. Cutler displayed itself A graduate in medicine, law and divinity ; an ardent lover of liberty ; a celebrated scientist, and an accomplished, portly gentleman, of whom the Southern senators said they had never before seen so fine a specimen from the New England colonies, no man was better prepared to form a government for the new Territory, than he. The Ohio Company was his real object. He was backed by them, and enough Continental money to purchase more than a million acres of land. This was augmented by other parties vmtil, as has been noticed, he represented over five million acres. This would largely reduce the public debt. Jefferson and Virginia were regarded as authority concerning the land Virginia had just ceded to the General Government. Jefferson's policy was to provide for the national credit, and still check the growth of slavery. Here was a good opportunity. Massachusetts owned the Territory of Maine, which she was crowding into market. She opposed the opening of the Northwest. This stirred Virginia. The South caught the inspiration and rallied around the Old Dominion and Dr. Cutler. Thereby he gained the credit and good will of the South, an auxiliary he used to good purpose. Massachusetts could not vote against him, because many of the constituents of her members were interested in the Ohio Company. Thus the Doctor, using all the arts of the lobbyist, was enabled to hold the situation. True to deeper convictions, he dictated one of the most compact and finished documents of wise statesmanship that has ever adorned any statute-book. Jefferson gave it the term, "Articles of Compact," and rendered him valuable aid in its construction. This " Com]mct" preceded the Federal Constitution, in both of which are seen Jefferson's master-mind. Dr. Cutler followed closely the constitution of Massachusetts, adopted three years before. The prominent features were : The exclusion of slavery from the Territory forever. Provision for public schools, giving one township for a seminary, and every sixteenth section. (That gave one thirty-sixth of all the land for public education. j A provision prohibiting the adoption of any constitution or the enactment of any law that would nullify pre-existing contracts.

The compact further declared that " Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, scliools and the means of education shall always be encouraged."

The Doctor planted himself firmly on this platform, and would not yield. It was that or nothing. Unless they could make the land desirable, it was not wanted, and, taking his horse and buggy, he started for the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. His influence succeeded. On the 13th of July, 1787, the bill was put upon its passage and was unanimously adopted. Every member from the South voted for it ; only one man, Mr. Yates, of New York, voted against the measure ; but as the vote was made by States, his vote was lost, and the " Compact of 1787 " was beyond repeal. Thus the great States of the Northwest Territory were consecrated to freedom, intelligence and morality. This act was the opening step for freedom in America. Soon the South saw their blunder, and endeavored, by all their power, to repeal the compact. In 1803, Congress referred it to a committee, of which John Randolph was chairman. He repoi'ted the ordinance was a compact and could not be repealed. Thus it stood, like a rock, in the way of slavery, which still, in spite of these provisions, endeavored to plant that infernal institution in the West. Witness the early days of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. But the compact could not be violated ; New England ideas could not be put down, and her sons stood ready to defend the soil of the West from that curse.

The passage of the ordinance and the grant of land to Dr. Cutler and his associates, were soon followed by a request fi-om John Cleve Symmes, of New Jersey, for the country between the INIiamis. Symmes had visited that part of the West in 178G, and, being pleased with the valleys of the Shawanees, had applied to the Board of the Treasury for their purchase, as soon as they were open to settlement. The Board was empowered to act by Congress, and, in 1788, a contract was signed, giving him the country he desired. The terms of his purcluuse wore similar to those of the Ohio Compuny. His ajijiliration was followed by others, whose sueei'ssor failure will appear in the narrative.

The New Kiiirland or Ohio Company was all this time busily t'n«;aiied perfeetiui: its arrangements t(» oeeupy its huuls. The Directors agreed to reserve "j.TlJO aeres near the eonflueiue of the Ohio and Muskingum for a city and commons, for the old ideius of the Enj;lish plan of settlin,<r a country yet prevailed. A meeting of the Directors was held at Bracket's tavern, in Boston, November 23, ITST, when four surveyors, and twenty-two attendants, boat-builders, carpenters, blacksmiths and common workmen, numbering in all forty persons, were engaged. Their tools were purch;ised, and wagons were obtained to transport them across the mountains. Gen. Rufus Putnam was made superintendent of the company, and Kbenezer S])rout, of Rhode Island, Anselm Tupper and .Joliii Matthews, from 3Iassachusetts, and R. J. Meigs, from Connecticut, as surveyors. At the .same meeting, a suitaltle person to instruct them in religion, and prepare the way to open a school when needed, was selected. This was Rev. Daniel Storey, who became the first New England minister in the Northwest.

The Indians were watching this outgrowth of affiiirs, and felt, from what they could learn in Kentucky, that they would be gradually surrounded by the whites. This they did not relish, by any means, and gave the settlements south of the Ohio no little uneiu^iness. It was thought best to hold another treaty with them. In the mean time, to insure peace, the Governor of Virginia, and Congress, placed troops at A'enango, Forts Pitt and Mcintosh, and at Miami, Vincennes, Louisville, and Muskingum, and the militia of Kentucky were held in readiness should a sudden outbreak occur. These measures produced no results, save insuring the safety of the whites, and not until January, IT^^O, was Clarke able to carry out his plans. During that month, he held a meeting at Fort Ilarmar,* at the mouth of the Muskingum, where the New England Colony expected to locate.

*Fort H.irmar waBlmilt in 1785, by a detachment of United States aoldiere, undi;rcuinriiand of Maj. Jnhn Doughty. It was named in honor of Col. Josiiih liiiiiimr, to whosn- rcgimi'iit Maj. Douglity was attached. It was tlie first niilitwry post erected by the Americans wit'iin th.' limits of Ohio, exci'iit Fort I.auren8, a temporary structure liiiilt in 1778. When Marii-ttii was foundiMl it was tlie military post of that part of the country, and was for many years an important station.

nam and forty-seven pioneers advanced to the mouth of the Youghiogheny River, and began building a boat for transportation down the Ohio ill the sj)riiig. The boat was the largest craft that had ever descended the river, and, in allusion to their Pilgrim Fathers, it Wiis called the Mayflower. It was 45 feet long and 12 feet widt'. and estimated at 50 tons burden. Truly a formidable affair for the time. The bows were raking and curved like a galley, and were strongly timbered. The sides were made bullet-proof, and it was covered with a deck roof. Capt. Dt'vol, the first ship- ,builder in the West, was placed in command. On the 2d of April, the Mayflower was launched, and for five days the little band of pioneers sailed down the Monongahela and the Ohio. and. on the 7th, landed at the mouth of the Muskingum. There, opposite Fort Harmar, they chose a location, moored their boat for a temporary shelter, and began to erect houses for their occupation.

Thus was begun the first English settlement in the Ohio Valley. About the 1st of July, they were re-enforced by the arrival of a colony from Massachusetts. It had been nine weeks on the way. It had hauled its wagons and driven its stock to Wheeling, where, constructing flat-boats, it had floated down the river to the settlement.

In October preceding this occurrence, Arthur St. Clair had been appointed Governor of the Territory by Congress, which body also appointed Winthrop Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel II. Parsons, James M. Varnum and John Armstrong Judges. Subsequently Mr. Armstrong declined the appointment, and IMr. Symines was given the vacancy. None of these were on the ground when the first settlement was made, though the Judges came soon after. One of the first things the colony found necessary to do was to organize some form of government, whereby difliiculties might be settled, though to the credit of the colony it may be said, that during the first three months of its existence but one difference arose, and that was settled by a compromise.* Indeed, hardly a better set of men for the purpose could have been selected. Washington wrote concerning this colony :

" No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has commenced at the jMuskingum. Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know many of the settlers personally, and there

On the 2d of July, a meeting of the Directors and agents was held on the banks of the Muskingum for the purpose of naming the newborn city and its squares. As yet, the settlement had been merely " The Muskingum ; " but the name Marietta was now formally given it, in honor of Marie xVntoinette. The square upon which the blockhouses stood was called Campus Martins; Square No. 19, Capitolumi; Square No. 61, Ceci'lia, and the great road running through the covert-way, i^acra I7«.* Surely, classical scholars were not scarce in the colony.

On the Fourth, an oration was delivered by James M. Varnum, one of the Judges, and a public demonstration held. Five days after, the Governor arrived, and the colony began to assume form. The ordinance of 1787 provided two distinct grades of government, under the first of which the whole power was under the Governor and the three Judges. This form was at once recognized on the arrival of St. Clair. The first law established by this court was passed on the 25th of July. It established and regulated the militia of the Territory. The next day after its publication, appeared the Governor's proclamation erecting all the country that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto River, into the county of Washington. Marietta was, of course, the county seat, and, from that day, went on prosperously. On September 2, the first court was held with becoming ceremonies. It is thus related in the American Pioneer:

''The procession was formed at the Point ( where the most of the settlers resided), in the following order: The High Sheriff, with his drawn sword; the citizens; the officers of the garri.son at Fort Harmar; the members of the bar; the Supreme Judges; the Governor and clergyman ; the newly appointed Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, Gens. Rufus Putnam and Benjamin Tupper.

''They marched up the path that had been cleared through the forest to Campus Martins Hall (stockade), where the whole countermarched, and the Judges (Putnam and Tupper) took their seats. The clergyman. Rev. Dr. Cutler, then invoked the divine blessing. The Sherift", C(j1. Ebenezer Sproat, proclaimed with his solemn ' Oh yes! ' that a court is open for the administration of even-handed justice, to the poor and to the rich, to the guilty and to the innocent, without respect of persons ; none to be punished without a trial of their peers, and then in pursuance of the laws and evidence in the case.

" Although this scene was exhibited thus early in the settlement of the West, few ever equaled it in the dignity and exalted character of its principal participators. IMany of them belonged to the history of our country in the darkest, as well as the most splendid, period of the Revolutionary war."

Many Indians were gathered at the same time to witness the (to them ) strange spectacle, and for the purpose of forming a treaty, though how far they carried this out, the Pioneer does not relate.

" The progress of the settlement is sufficiently rapid for the first year. We are continually erecting houses, but arrivals are constantly coming faster than we can possibly provide convenient covering. Our first ball was opened about the middle of December, at which were fifteen ladies, as well accomplished in the manner of polite circles as any I have ever seen in the older States. I mention this to show the progress of society in this new world, where, I believe, we shall vie with, if not excel, the old States in every accomplishment necessary to render life agreeable and happy."

The emigration westward at this time was, indeed, exceedingly large. The commander at Fort Harmar reported -4,500 persons as having passed that post between February and June, 1788, many of whom would have stopped there, had the associates been prepared to receive them. The settlement was free from Indian depredations until January, 1791, during which interval it daily increased in numbers and strength.

Symmes and his friends were not idle during this time. He had sebured his contract in October, 1787, and, soon after, issued a pamphlet stating the terms of his purchase and the mode he intended to follow in the disposal of the lands. His plan was, to issue warrants for not less than one-quarter section, which might be located anywhere, save on reservations, or on land previously entered. The locator could enter an entire section should he desire to do so. The price was to be 60f cents per acre till May, 1788 ; then, till November, SI ; and after that time to be regiilatetl by the demand for land. Each piircliaser was bound to begin im- |>n)vement.s within two yeiirs, or forfeit one-sixth of the hind to wliocver would settle thereon and remain seven years. Military bounties might be taken in this, as in the purchase of the associates. For himself, Symmes reserved one township near the mouth of the Miami. On this he intended to build a great city, rivaling any Eastern port. He offered any one a lot on which to build a house, providing he would remain three years. Continental certificates were rising, owing to the demand for land created by these two purchases, and Congress found the burden of debt correspondingly lessened. Symnies soon began to experience difficulty in procuring enough to meet his payments. He had also some trouble in arranging his boundary with the Board of the Treasury. These, and other causes, laid the foundation for another city, which is now what Symmes hoped his city would one day be.

In January, 1788, IMathias Denman, of New Jersey, took an interest in Symmes' purchase, and located, among other tracts, the sections upon which Cincinnati has since been built. Retaining one-third of this purchase, he sold the balance to Robfcrt Patterson and John Filson, each getting the same share. These three, about August, agreed to lay out a town on their land. It was designated as opposite the mouth of tlie Licking River, to which place it was intended to open a road from Lexington, Ivy. These men little thought of the great emporium that now covers the modest site of this town they laid out that summer. Mr. Filson, who had been a schoolmaster, and was of a somewhat poetic nature, was appointed to name the town. In respect to its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed races that were in after years to dwell there, he named it Losantiville,* " wliich, being interpreted," says the " Western Annals," "means tv'ZA^, the town; a7iti, oppo.><ite to ; O.S-, the mouth ; X, of Licking. This may well put to the blush the Campus Martinii of the ^Llrietta scholars, and the Fort Solon of the Spaniards."

^I<'anwliil<', Symmes was bu.sy in the East, and, by .July, got thirty people and eight four-horse wagons under way for the AVest. These rtjached Limestone liy September, where they nutt Mr. Stitcs, with .several persons from Redstone. All

- Jiuigp B\imetf, in his notes, disputes the above account of the origin of tbo city of Cincinnuti. Hi- Bays the name "Losantiville" wa8 iloterniiiied on, Ijut not adopted, wlieu the town was laid out. This version is jirMlialily the correct one, and will be found fully given In the detail' d histi ry of the settlements.

Symmes' mind was, however, ill at rest. He could not meet his first payment on so vast a realm, and there also arose a difference of opinion between him and the Treahury Board regarding the Ohio boundary. Symmes wanted all the land between the two Miamis, bordering on the Oliio, while the Board wished him confined to no more than twenty miles of the river. To this proposal he would not agree, as he had made sales all along the river. Leaving the bargain in an unsettled state, Congress considered itself released from all its obligations, and, but for the representations of many of Symmes' friends, he would have lost all his money and labor. His appointment as Judge was not favorably received by many, as they thought that by it he would actjuire unlimited power. Some of his associates also complained of him, and, for awhile, it surely seemed that ruin only awaited him. But he was brave and hopeful, and determined to succeed. On his return from a visit to his purchase in September, 1788, he wrote Jonathan Dayton, of New Jersey, one of his best friends and associates, that he thought some of the land near the Great Miami "positively worth a silver dollar the acre in its present state."

A good many changes were made in his original contract, growing out of his inability to meet his payments. At first, he was to have not less than a million acres, under an act of Congress passed in October, 1787, authorizing the Treasury Board to contract with any one who could pay for such tracts, on the Ohio and Wabash Rivers, whose fronts should not exceed one-third of their depth.

Dayton and Mar.sh, Symmes' agents, contracted with the Board for one tract on the Ohio, beginning twenty miles up the Ohio from the mouth of the Great Miami, and to run back for quantity between the Miami and a line drawn from the ()hio, parallel to the general course of that river. Tn 1791, three years after Dayton and Marsh made the contract, Symmes found this would throw the jnirchase too far back from the Ohio, and ajiplied to (yongress to let him have all between the IMiamies, running back so as to include 1,000, (KM) acres, which that body, on April 12, 17!>2, agreed to do. When the lands were surveyed, however, it was found that aline drawn from the head of the liittle Miami due west to the Great IMiami, would include south of it less than six hundred thousand acres. PiVen this Symmes could not pay for, and when his patent was issued in September, 1794, it gave him and his associates 248,540 acres, exclusive of reservatious which amounted to 63,142 acres. This tract was bounded by the Ohio, the two Miamis and a due east and west Une run so as to inckide the desired quantity. Symmes, however, made no further payments, and the rest of his purchase reverted to the United States, who gave those who had bought under him ample preemption rights.

The Government was able;, also, to give him and his colonists but little aid, and as danger from hostile Indians was in a measure imminent (though all the natives were friendly to Symmes), settlers were slow to come. However, the band led by Mr. Stites arrived before the 1st of January, 1789, and locating themselves near the mouth of the Little Miami, on a tract of 10,000 acres which Mr. Stites had purchased from Symmes, formed the second settlement in Ohio. They were soon afterward joined by a colony of twenty-six persons, who assisted them to erect a block-house, and gather their corn. The town was named Columbia. While here, the great flood of January, 1789, occurred, which did much to ensure the future growth of Losantiville, or more properly, Cincinnati. Symmes City, which was laid out near the mouth of the Gi'eat Miami, and which he vainly strove to make the city of the future. Marietta and Columbia, all suffered severely by this flood, the gi'eatest, the Indians said, ever known. The site of Cincinnati was not overflowed, and hence attracted the attention of the settlers. Denman's warrants had designated his purchase as opposite the mouth of the Licking; and that point escaping the overflow, late in December the place was visited by Israel Ludlow, Symmes' surveyor, Mr. Patterson and 3Ir. Denman, and about fouiteen others, who left Ma^'sville to "form a station and lay ofi^ a town opposite the Licking." The river was filled with ice "from shore to shore;" but, says Symmes in May, 1789, '-Perseverance triumphing over difficulty, and they landed safe on a most delightful bank of the Ohio, where they founded the town of Losantiville, which populates considerably." The settlers of Losantiville built a few log huts and block-houses, and proceeded to improve the town. Symmes, noticing the location, says: "Though they placed their dwellings in the most marked position, yet they suffered nothing from the freshet." This would seem to give credence to Judge Burnett's notes regarding thp origin of Cincinnati, who states the settlement was made at this time, and not at the time mentioned when

Mr. Filson named the town. It is further to be noticed, that, before the town was located by Mr. Ludlow and Mr. Patterson, Mv. Filson had been killed by the Miami Indians, and, as he had not paid for his one-third of the site, the claim was sold to Mr. Ludlow, who thereby became one of the original owners of the place. Just what day the town was laid out is not recorded. All the evidence tends to show it must have been late in 1788, or early in 1789.

While the settlements on the north side of the Ohio were thus progressing, south of it fears of the Indians prevailed, and the separation sore was kept open. The country was, however, so torn by internal factions that no plan was likely to succeed, and to this fact, in a large measure, may be credited the reason it did not secede, or join the Spanish or French fiiction, both of which were intriguing to get the commonwealth. During this year the treasonable acts of James Wilkinson came into view. For a while he thought success was in his grasp, but the two governments were at peace with America, and discountenanced any such efforts. Wilkinson, like all traitors, relapsed into nonentity, and became mistrusted by the governments he attempted to befi-iend. Treason is always odious.

It will be borne in mind, that in 1778 preparations had been made for a treaty with the Indians, to secure peaceful possession of the lands owned in the West. Though the whites held these by purchase and treaty, yet many Indians, especially the AV abash and some of the Miami Indians, objected to their occupation, claiming the Ohio boundary as the original division line. Clarke endeavored to obtain, bj' treaty at Fort Harmar, in 1778, a confirmation of these grants, but was not able to do so till January, 9, 1789. Representatives of the Six Nations, and of the Wyandots, Delawares, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pottawatomies and Sacs, met him at this date, and confirmed and extended the treaties of Fort Stanwix and Fort Mcintosh, the one in 1784, the other in 1785. This secured peace with the most of them, save a few of the Wabash Indians, whom they were compelled to conquer by arms. When this was accomplished, the borders were thought safe, and Virginia proposed to withdraw her aid in support of Kentucky. This opened old troubles, and the separation dogma came out afresh. Virginia offiered to allow the erection of a separate State, providing Kentucky would assume part of the old debts. This the young commonwealth would not do, and sent a remonstrance. Virginia withdrew the proposal, and ordered a ninth convention, which succeeded in evolving a plan whereby Kentucky took her place among the free States of the Union.

North of the Ohio, the prosperity continued. In 17S1), llev. Daniel Story, who had been appointed missionary to the West, came out as a teai-her of the youth and a preacher of the Gospel. Dr. I'utler hud preceded him, not in the capacity of a minister, though he had j)rcached ; hence Mr. Story is truly the iirst missionary from the Protestant Church who came to the Ohio Valley in that capacity. When he came, in 1789, he found nine associations on the Ohio Company's purchase, comprising two hundred and fifty persons in all ; and, by the close of 1790, eight settlements had been made: two at Belpre (belle prairie), one at Newbury, one at Wolf Creek, one at Duck Creek, one at the mouth of Meigs' Creek, one at Ander- .sons Bottom, and one at Big Bottom. An extended sketch of all these settlements will be found farther on in this volume.

Symmes had, all this time, strenuously endeavored to get his city - called Cleves City - favorably noticed, and filled with people. He saw a rival in Cincirmati. That place, if made military headquarters to protect the Miami Valley, would out> rival his town, situated near the bend of the Miami, near its mouth. On the 15th of June, Judge Symmes received news that the Wabash Indians threatened the Miami settlements, and as he had received only nineteen men for defense, he applied for more. Before July, Maj. Doughty arrived at the "Slaughter House" - as the Miami was sometimes called, owing to previous murders that had, at former times, occurred therein. Through the influence of Symmes, the detachment laniled at the North Bend, and, for awhile, it was thought the fort would be erected there. This was what Symmes wanted, as it would secure him the headrjuarters of the military, and aid in getting the headquarters of the civil government. The truth was, however, that neither the proposed city on the Miami - North Bend, as it afterward became known, from its location - or South Bend, could ccmipete, in point of natural advantages, with the plain on which Cincinnati is built. Had Fort Washington been built elsewhere, after the close of the Indian war, nature would have asserted her advantages, and insured the growth of a city, where even the ancient and mysterious dwellers of the Ohio had reared the earthen walls of one of their vast temples. Another fact is given in relation to the erection of Fort AVashington at Losantiville, which partakes somewhat of romance. The Major, while waiting to decide at which place the fort should be built, happened to make the acquaintance of a black-eyed beauty, the wife of one of the residents. Her husband, noticing the aftair, removed her to Losantiville. The 3Iajor followed ; he told Symmes he wished to see how a fort would do there, but promised to give his city the preference. He found the beauty there, and on his return Symmes could not prevail on him to remain. If the story be true, then the importance of Cincinnati owes its existence to a trivial circumstance, and tlie old story of the ten years' war which terminated in the downfall of Troy, which is said to have originated owing to the beauty of a Spartan dame, was re-enacted here. Troy and North Bend fell because of the beauty of a woman ; Cincinnati was the result of the downfall of the latter place.

About the first of January, 1790, Grovernor St. Clair, with his officers, descended the Ohio Biver from Marietta to Fort Washington. There he established the county of Hamilton, comprising the immense region of country contiguous to the Ohio, from the. Hocking River to the Great Miami; appointed a corps of civil and military officers, and established a Court of Quarter Sessions. Some state that at this time, he changed the name of the village of Losantiville to Cincinnati, in allusion to a society of that name wliich had recently been formed among the officers of the Bevolutionary army, and established it as the seat of justice for Hamilton. This latter fact is certain; })ut as regards changing the name of the village, there is no good authority for it. With this importance attached to it, Cincinnati began at once an active growth, and fi-om that day Cleves' city declined. The next sunmier, frame houses began to appear in Cincinnati, while at the same time forty new log cabins appeared about the fort.

On the 8th of January, the Governor arrived at the falls of the Ohio, on his way to establish a government at Vincennes and Kaskaskia. From Clarkesville, he dispatched a messenger to Major Hamtramck, commander at Vincennes, with speeches to the various Indian tribes in this part of the Northwest, who had not fully agreed to the treaties. St. Clair and Sargent followed in a few days, along an Indian trail to Vincennes, where he organized the county of Knox, comprising all the country along the Ohio, from the Miami to the Wabash, and made Vincennes the county seat. Then they proceeded across the lower part of Illinois to Kaskaskia, where he established the county of St. Clair (so named by Sargent ), comprising all the country from the Wabash to the Mississippi. Thus the Northwest was divided into three counties, and courts established therein. St. Clair called upon the French inhabitants at Vincennes and in the Illinois country, to show the titles to their lands, and also to defray the expense of a survey. To this latter demand they replied through their priest, Pierre Gibault, showing their poverty, and inability to comply. They were confirmed in their grants, and, as they had been good friends to the patriot cause, were relieved fi'om the expense of the survey.

While the Governor was managing these affairs, Major Hamtramckwas engaged in an effort to conciliate the Wabash Indians. For this purpose, he sent Antoine Gamelin, an intelligent French merchant, and a true friend of America, among them to carry messages sent by St. Clair and the Government, and to learn the^ sentiments and dispositions. Gamelin performed this important mission in the spring of 1790 with much sagacity, and, as the

French were good friends of the natives, he did much to conciliate these half-hostile tribes. He visited the towns of these tribes along the Wabash and as far north and east as the Miami village, Ke-ki-ong-ga - St. Mary's - at the junction of the St. Mary's and Joseph's Rivers (Fort Wayne).

Gamelins report, and the intelligence brought by some traders from the Upper Wabash, were conveyed to the Governor at Kaskaskia. The reports convinced him that the Indians of that part of the Northwest were preparing for a war on the settlements north of the Ohio, intending, if possible, to drive them south of it; that river being still considered by them as the true boundary. St. Clair left the administration of affairs in the Western counties to Sargent, and returned at once to Fort Washington to provide for the defense of the frontier.

The Indians had begun their predatory incursions into the country settled by the whites, and had committed some depredations. The Kentuckians were enlisted in an attack against the Scioto Indians. April 18, Gen. Harmar, with 100 regulars, and Gen. Scott, with 230 volunteers, marched from Limestone, by a circuitous route, to the Scioto, accomplishing but little. The savages had fled.

The Indian War Of

A GREAT deal of the hostility at this period was directly traceable to the British. They yet held Detroit and several posts on the lakes, in violation of the treaty of 1783. They alleged as a reason for not abandoning them, that the Americans had not fulfilled the conditions of the treaty regarding the collection of debts. Moreover, they did ill they could to remain at the frontier and enjoy the emoluments derived from the ftir trade. That they aided the Indians in the conflict at this time, is undeniable. Just hoic, it is difficult to t;ay. But it is well known the savages had all the ammunition and fire-arms they wanted, more than they could have obtained from American and French renegade traders. They were also well supplied with clothing, and were able to prolong the war some time. A great confederation was on the eve of formation. The leading spirits were

Cornplanter, Brant, Little Turtle and other noted chiefs, and had not the British, as Brant said, "encouraged us to the war, and promised us aid, and then, when we were driven away by the Americans, shut the doors of their fortresses against us and refused us food, when they saw us nearly conquered, we would have effected our object."

McKee, Elliott and Girty were also actively engased in aidino; the natives. All of them were in the interest of the British, a fact clearly proven by the Indians themselves, and by other traders.

St. Clair and Gen. Harmar determined to send an expedition against the Maumee towns, and secure that part of the country. Letters were sent to the mihtia officers of Western Pennsylvania, Virginia and Kentucky, calling on them for militia to co-operate with the regular troops in the campaign. According to the plan of the campaign,

.'U)() militia were to rendezvous at Fort SteUben 1 JeffV'rsonville), inarfli tluMui' to Fort Knox, at \'iutounos, and join Maj. Uauitranu-k in an expedition up the Wabash ; 7<><» were to rendezvous at Fort Washington to join the regular army against the Maiinur towns.

While St. Clair was forniing his army and arranging for the eanjj)aign, three expeditions were si'ut out against the Miami towns. One against the .Miami villages, not far from the Wabasli, was led by (Jen. llarmar. He had in liis army about fourteen hundred men, regulars and militia. These two parts of the army eould not be made to affiliate, and, as a eousecjuenee, the expedition did little l)ey(>nd burning the villages and destroying corn. The militia would not .submit to discipline, and would not serve under regular officers. It will be seen what this spirit led to when St. Clair went on his march soon atlor.

The Indians, emboldened by the meager success of Harniar's command, continued their depredailations against the Ohio settlements, destroying the comnuinity at Big Bottom. To hold them in check, and also punish them, an army under Charles Scott went against the Wabash Indians. Little was done here but destroy towns and the standingcorn. In July, another army, under Col. Wilkin- .son, was sent against the Eel Iliver Indians. Becoming entangled in ext«n.sive morasses on the river, the army became endangertid, but was finally I'Xtricated, and accomplished no more than either the other armies before it. As it w;us, however, the three expeditions directed against the Miamis and Shawanees, served only to exasperate them. The burning of their towns, the destruction of their corn, and the captivity of their women and children, only aroused them to more desperate eiforts to defend their country and to harass their invaders. To accomplish this, the chiefs of the Miamis, Shawanees and the Delawares, Little Turtle, Blue Jacket and Buckongahehis, were engaged in forming a confederacy of all the tribes of the Northwest, strong enough to drive the whites beyond the Ohio. Pontiac had tried that befon;, even when he had open allies aiuong the French. Tlu> Indians now had secret allies among the British, yet, in the end, they did not succeed. While they were ])reparing for the contest, St. Clair was gathering his forces, intending to erect a chain of forts from the Ohio, by way of the Miami and -Maumee valleys, to the lakes, and therel)y effectually hold the savages in cheek. Washington warmly seconded this plan, and designated the junction of the St. Mary's and St. Joseph's Rivers as an important post. This had been a fortification almost from the time the English held the valley, and only needed little work to make; it a formidable fortress. Grcn. Knox, the Secretary of War, also fav(,)red the plan, and gave instructions concerning it. I'uder these instructions. St. Clair organized his forces as raj)idly as he could, although the numerous drawbacks almost, at times, threatened the defeat of the campaign. Through the summer the arms and accouterments of the army were put in readiness at Fort Washington. Many were found to be of the poorest quality, and to be badly out of repair. The militia came poorly armed, under the impression they were to be jirovided with arms. While waiting in camp, habits of idleness engendered themselves, and drunkenness followed. They continued thidr accustomed freedom, disdaining to drill, and refused to submit to the regular officers. A bitter spirit broke out between the regular troops and the militia, which none could heal. The insubordination of the militia and their officers, caused them a defc;at afterward, which they in vain attempted to fasten on the busy General, and the regular troops.

The army was not ready to move till September 17. It was then 2,300 strong. It then moved to a point upon the Great Miami, where they erected Fort Hamilton, the first in the proposed chain of fortresses. After its completion, they moved on forty -four miles farther, and, on the 12th of October, began the erection of Fort Jeffers(m, about si.x: miles south of the present town of Greenville, Darke County. On the 24th, the army again took up its line of march, through a wilderness, marshy and boggy, and full of savage foes. The army I'apidly declined undisr tlu; hot sun ; even the commander was suffering from an indisposition. The militia deserted, in companies at a time, leaving the bulk of the work to the regular troops. By the 3d of November, the army reacdied a .stream twelve yards wide, which St. Clair supposed to be a branch of the St. Mary of the jMaumee, but which in reality was a tributary of the Wabixsh. Upon the banks oi' that stream, the army, now about fourteen hundred strong, encamped in two lines. A slight protectictn was thrown up as a safeguard against the Indians, who were known to be in the neighborhood. The General intended to attack them next day, but. about half an hour before sunrise, just after the militia had been dismissed from parade, a sudden attack was made upon them. The militia were thrown into confusion, and disregai'ded the command of the officers. They had not been sufficiently di-illed, and now was seen, too late and too plainly, the evil effects of their insubordination. Through the morning the battle waged furiously, the men falling by scores. About nine o'clock the retreat began, covered by Maj. Cook a"nd his troops. The retreat was a disgraceful, precipitate flight, though, after f lur miles had been passed, the enemy returned to the work of scalping the dead and wounded, and of pillaging the camp. Through the day and the night their dreadful work continued, one squaw afterward declaring "her arm was weary scalping the white men." The army reached Fort Jefferson a little after sunset, having thrown away much of its arms and baggage, though the act was entirely unnecessary. After remaining here a short time, it was decided by the officers to move on toward Fort Hamilton, and thence to Fort Washington.

The defeat of St. Clair was the most terrible reverse the Americans ever suffiired from the Indians. It was greater than even Braddock's defeat. Ilis army consisted of 1,200 men and 86 officers, of whom 71-4 men and 63 officers were killed or wounded. St. Clair's army consisted of 1,400 men and 86 officers, of whom 890 men and 16 officers were killed or wounded. The comparative effiicts of the two engagements very inadequately represent the crushing eff"ect of St. Clair's defeat. An unprotected fi-ontier of more than a thousand miles in extent was now thrown open to a foe made merciless, and anxious to drive the whites from the north side of the Ohio. Now, settlers were scattered along all the streams, and in all the forests, exposed to the cruel enemy, who stealthily approached the homes of the pioneer, to murder him and his family. Loud calls arose from the people to defend and protect them. St. Clair was covered with abuse for his defeat, when he really was not alone to blame for it. The militia would not be controlled. Had Clarke been at their head, or Wayne, who succeeded St. Clair, the result might have been different. As it was, St. Clair resigned ; though ever after he enjoyed the confidence of Washington and Congi'ess.

Four days after the defeat of St. Clair, the army, in its straggling condition, reached Fort Washington, and paused to rest. On the 9th, St. Clair wrote fully to the Secretary of AVar. On the 12th, Gen. Knox communicated the information to Congrciss, and on the 26th, he laid before the President two reports, the second containing suggestions regarding future operations. His suggestions urged the establishment of a strong United States Army, as it was plain the States could not control the matter. He also urged a thorough drill of the soldiers. No more insubordination could be tolerated. General Wayne was selected by Washington as the commander, and at once proceeded to the task assigned to him. In June, 1792, he went to Pittsburgh to organize the army now gathering, which was to be the ultimate argument with the Indian confederation. Through the summer he Wiis steadily at work. "Train and discipline them for the work they are meant for," wrote Washington, '-and do not spare powder and lead, so the men be made good marksmen." In December, the forces, now recruited and trained, gathered at a point twenty-two miles below Pittsburgh, on the Ohio, called Legionville, the army itself being denominated the Legion of the United States, divided into four sub-legions, and provided with the proper officers. Meantime, Col. ^^'ilkinsc)n succeeded St. Clair as commander at Fort Washington, and sent out a force to examine the field of defeat, and bury the dead. A shocking sight met their view, revealing the deeds of cruelty enacted upon their comrades by the savage enemy.

While Wayne's army was drilling, peace measures were pi'essed forward by the United States with equal perseverance. The Ii'oquois were induced to visit Philadelphia, and partially secured from the general confederacy. They were wary, however, and, expecting aid from the British, held aloof. Brant did not come, as was hoped, and it was plain there was intrigue somewhere. Five independent embassies were sent among the Western tribes, to endeavor to prevent a war, and win over the inimical tribes. But the victories they had won, and the favorable whispers of the British agents, closed the ears of the red men, and all propositions were rejected in some form or other. All the embassadors, save Putnam, suffered death. He alone was able to reach his goal - the Wabash Indians - and effect any treaty. On the 27th of December, in company with Heckewelder, the Moravian missionary, he reached Vincennes, and met thirty-one chiefs, representing the Weas, Piankeshaws, Kaskaskias, Peorias, Illinois, Pottawatomies, Mascoutins, Kickapoos and Eel River Indians, and concluded a treaty of peace with them.

The fourth article of this treaty, however, contained a provision guaranteeing to the Indians their lands, and when the treaty was laid before Congress, February 13, 1793, that body, after much discussion, refiised on that account to ratify it.

A groat council of the Imliaiis was to be held at Auulaizc (luiiii-;- the autumn of 171»2, when the assemlilod nation.s were to discuss fully their iiieaus of defense, and determine their future line of action. The council met in October, and was the lartj;est Indian gathering of the time. The chiefs of all the tribes of the Northwest were there. The representatives of the seven nations of Canada, were in attendance. Cornplanter aiul forty-eight chiefs of the New York (Six Nations) Indians repaired thither. " Besides these," said Cornplanter, "there were so many nations we cannot tell the names of them. There were three men fi'om the Gora nation; it took them a whole season to come; and," continued he, "twenty-seven nations fi'om beyond Canada were there." The (|uestion of peace or war was long and earnestly debated. Their future was solemnly discussed, and around the council fire native eloquence and native zeal shone in all their simple strength. One nation after another, through their chiefs, presented their views. The deputies of the Six Nations, who had been at Philadelphia to consult the "Thirteen Fires," made their rej)ort. The Western boundary was the princij)al question. The natives, with one accord, declared it must be the Ohio River. An address was prepared, and st'ut to the President, wherein their views were stated, and agreeing to abstain from all hostilities, until they could meet again in the spring at the raj)ids of the Maumee, and there considt with their white brothers. They desired the President to send agents, "who are men of honesty, not proud land-jobbers, but men who love and desire peace." The good work of Penn was evidenced here, as they desired that the embassadors "be accompanied by some Friend or Quaker."

The armistice they had promised was not, however, faithfully kept. On the Gth of November, a detachment of Kentucky cavalry at Fort St. Clair, about twenty-five miles above Fort Hamilton, w;is attiicked. The commander, INIa). Adair, Wits an excellent officer, well versed in Indian tactics, and defeated the savages.

'i'liis infraction of their promises did not deter the Cniti'd States from taking measures to meet the Indians at the rapids of the Maumee " when the leaves were fully out." For that })urpose, the President selected as commissioners, Charles Carroll and Charles Thomp.son, but, as they declined the nomination, he appointed Benjanun Lincoln, Heverly Uandoli»h and Timothy I'ickering, the 1st of March, ITIKJ, to attend the convention, which, it was thought best, should be held at the Sandusky outpost. About the last of April, these commissioners left I'liiladclphia, and, late in May, reached Niagara, where they riiinained guests of Lieut. Gov. Simcoe, of the British Government. This officer gave them all the aid hi; could, yet it was soon made plain to them that he would not object to the confederation, nay, even rather favored it. They speak of his kindness to them, in grateful terms. Gov. Simcoe advised the Indians to make peace, but not to give up any of their lands. That was the pith of the whole matter. The British rather claimed land in New York, under the treaty of 1783, alleging the Americans had not fully complied with the terms of that treaty, hence they were not as anxious for peace and a peaceful settlement of the difficult boundary (question as they sometimes re])rescnted.

By July, "the leaves were fully out," the conferences among the tribes were over, and, on the 15th of that month, the commissioners met Brant and some fifty natives. In a strong speech. Brant set forth their wislies, and invited them to accompany him to the place of holding the council. The Indians were rather jealous of Wayne's continued preparations for war, hence, just before setting out for the Maumee, the commissioners sent a letter to the Secretary of War, asking that all warlike demonstrations cease until the result of their mission be known.

On 21st of July, the embassy reached the head of the Detroit River, where their advance was checkiid by the British authorities at Detroit, compelling them to take up their abode at the house of Andrew Elliott, the famous renegade, then a British agent under Alexander McKee. McKee was atteiuling the council, and the comniissioneivs addressed him a note, borne by Elliott, to inform him of their arrival, and asking when they could be received. Elliott returned on the 21>th, bringing with him a deputation of twenty chiefs from the council. The next day, a conference was held, and the chief of the Wyaiulots, Sa-wagh-da-wunk, presented to the cimimi.ssioners, in writing, their explicit demand in regard to the boundary, and their purposes and powers. "The Ohio must be the boundary," said he, " or blood will flow."

The commi.s.sioners returned an answer to the proposition brought by the chiefs, recaj)itulating the treaties already made, and denying the Ohio as the boundary line. On the 16th of August, the council sent them, by two AVyandot runners, a final answer, in which they recapitulated their former assertions, and exhibited great powers of reasoning and clear logic in defense of their position. The commissioners reply that it is iniposble to accept the Ohio as the boundaiy, and declare the negotiation at an end.

This closed the efforts of the Government to negotiate with the Indians, and there remained of necessity no other mode of settling the dispute ]»ut war. Liberal terms had been offered them, but nothing but the boundary of the Ohio Kiver woidd suffice. It was the only condition upon which the confederation would lay down its arms. " Among the rude statesmen of the wilderness, there was exhibiti'd as pure patriotism and as lofty devotion to the good of their race, as ever won applause among civilized men. The white man had, ever since he came into the country, been encroaching on their lands. He had long occupied the regions beyond the mountains. He had crushed the conspiracy formed by Pontiac, thirty years before. He had taken possession of the common hunting-ground of all the tribes, on the faith of treaties they did not acknowledge. He was now laying out settlements and building forts in the heart of the country tp which all the tribes had been driven, and which now was all they could call their own. And now they asked that it should be guaranteed to them, that the boundary which tliey had so long asked for should be drawn, and a final end be made to the continual aggressions of the whites ; or, if not, they solemnly determined to stake their all, against fearful odds, in defense of their homes, their country and the inheritance of their children. Nothing could be more patriotic than the position they occupied, and nothing could be more nol)le than the declarations of their council."'*

They did not know the strength of the, whites, and based their success on the victories already gained. They hoped, nay, were promised, aid from the British, and even the Spanish had held out to them assurances of help when the hour of conflict came.

The Americans were not disposed to yield even to the confederacy of the tribes backed by the two rival nations, forming, as Wayne characterized it, a " hydra of British, Spanish and Indian hostility.'' On the 16th of August, the commissioners received the final answer of the council. The 17th, they left the mouth of the Detroit River, and the 2!*>d, arrived at Fort Erie, where the.y immediately dispatched messengers to Gen. Wayne to inform him of the issue of the negotiation. Wayne had spent the winter of 1792-9;>, at Legionville, in collecting and organizing his army. April 30, 1793, the army moved down the river and encamped at a point, called by the soldiers "Hobson's choice," because from the extreme height of the river they were prevented from landing elsewhere. Here Wayne was engaged, during the negotiations for ]»eace, in drilling his soldiers, in cutting roads, and collecting supplies for the army. He was ready for an immediate campaign in case the council failed in its object.

While here, he sent a letter to the Secretary of War, detailing the circumstances, and suggesting the probable course he should follow. He remained here during the summer, and, when apprised of the issue, saw it was too late to attempt the campaign then. He sent the Kentucky militia home, and, with his regular soldiers, went into winter quarters at a fort he built on a tributary of the Great Miami. He called tlie fort Greenville. The present town of Greenville is near the site of the fort. During the winter, he sent a detachment to visit the scene of St. Clair's defeat. They found more than six hvmdred skulls, and were obliged to "scrape the bones together and carry them out to get a place to make their beds. " They buried all they could find. Wayne was steadily preparing his forces, so as to have everything ready for a sure blow when the time came. All his information showed the faith in the British which still animated the doomed red men, and gave them a hope that could end only in defeat.

The conduct of the Indians fully corroborated the statements received by Gen. Wayne. On the iJOth of June, an escort of ninety riflemen and fifty dragoons, under command of Maj. McMahon, was attacked under the walls of Fort Recovery by a force of more than one thousand Indians under charge of Little Turtle. They were repulsed and badly defeated, and, the next day, driven away. Their mode of action, their arms and ammunition, all told plainly of British aid. They also expected to find the cannon lost by St. Clair November 4, 1791, but which the Americans had secured. The 26tb of July, Gen. Scott, with 1,000 mounted men from Kentucky, joined Gen. Wayne at Fort Greenville, and, two days after, the legion moved forward. The 8th of August, the army reached the junction of the Auglaize and Maumee, and at once proceeded to erect Fort Defiance, where the waters meet. The Indians had abandoned

Wliile onuajivd on Foi-t DetianLO, Wayne received c-ontiniial and full rejutrts of the Indians - of their aid ironi Detroit and eLsewhere; of the naime of the liround. and the eircunistanees, favoralile or unfavorable. From all he could learn, and eonsiderinji' the .spirits of his army, now thoroughly disciplined, lie determined to march forward and settle matters at once. Yet, true to his own instincts, and to the measures of peace so forcibly taught by Washington, he sent riiristopher >liller, who had been naturalized aiuoni;- the Shawanees, and taken prisoner by Waynes spii's, as a messenger of peace, offering terms of friendship.

rnwilling to waste time, the troops began to move forward the lilth of August, and the next day met ^liller with the message that if the Americans would wait ten days at Auglaize the Indians would decide for peace or war. Wayne knew too well the Indian character, and answered the mes- .sage l>v simply marching on. The 18th, the legion had advanced forty-one miles from Auglaize, and, being near the long-looked-for foe, began to take some measures f )r })rotection, should they be attacked. A slight breastwork, called Fort Deposit, was erected, wherein most of their heavy baggage was jihuH'd. They remained here, building their Works, until the 2tHh, when, storing their baggage, the army began again its marcli. After advancing about five miles, they met a large force of the enemy, two thousand strong, who fiercely attacked them. Wayne was, however, prepared, and in the short battle that ensued they were routed, and large numbers slain. The American loss was A^ery slight. The hf)rde of savages were put to flight, leaving the Americans A-ictorious almost under the walls of the British garrison, under Maj. Campbell. This officer sent a letter to Gen. Waync!, asking an explanation of his conduct in fighting so near, and in such evident hostility to the British. Wayne replied, telling him he was in a country that did not belong to him, and one he was not autliorizi-d to hold, and also charging him with aiding the Indians. A spirited correspondence followed, which ended in the American commander marching on, and dc'vastating the Indian country, even burning >I( Tvee's house and stores under the muzzles of the English guns.

The lllh of .Sej)tember. the army marched from Fort Defiance for the Miami village at the junction of the St. Marys and St. Jo.seph Kivers. It reached there on the 17th, and the next day Gren. Wayne selected a site for a fort. The 22d of October, the fort was completed, and garrisoned by a detachment under Maj. Ilamtranick, who gave to it the name of Fort Wayne. The 14th of October, the nu)unted Kentucky volunteers, who had become dissatisfied and mutinous, were started to Fort Washington, where they were immediately mustered out of service and discharged. The 2Sth of October, the legion marched from Fort \A'ayne to Fort Crreenville, where Gen. Wayne at once established his headquarters.

The campaign had been decisive and short, and had taught the Indians a severe lesson. The British, too, had failed them in their hour of need, and now they began to see they had a foe to contend whose resources were exhaustless. Under these circumstances, losing faith in the Knglish, and at last impressed with a respect for American power, after the defeat experienced at the hands of the ''Black Snake," the various tribes made up their minds, by degrees, to ask for peace. During the winter and spring, they exchanged prisoners, and made ready to meet Gen. Waj'ue at Greenville, in June, for the purpose gf forming a definite treaty, as it had been agreed should be done by the preliminaries of January 24.

During the month of June, 1795, representatives of the Northwestern tribes began to gather at Greenville, and, the IGth of the month. Gen. Wayne met in council the Delawares, Ottawas, Pottawatomies and Eel River Indians, and the conferences, which lasted till August 10, began. The 21st of June, Buckongahelas arrived ; the 23d, Little Turtle and other Mianiis ; the 13th of July, Tarhe and other Wyandot chiefs ; and the IS th. Blue Jacket, and thirteen Shawanees and Massas with twenty Cliippewas.

Most of these, as it appeared by their statements, had been tampered with by the English, es2»ecially by ]M( ]\ee, Girty and Brant, vxcn after the preliminaries of January 24,- and while; Mr. Jay was perfecting his treaty. They had, lutwever, all determined to make peace with the "Thirteen Fires," and although some dilhculty as to the ownership of the lands to be ceded, at one time seemed likely to arise, the good sense of Wayne and the leading chiefs prevented it, and, the 30th of July, the treaty was agreed to which should buiy the hatchet forever. Between that day and the 3d of August, it was engrossed, and, having been signed by the various nations upon the day last named, it was finally acted ui)on the 7th, and the j)resents from the United States distributed. The basis of this treaty was the previous one made at Fort Harmar. The boundaries made at that time were re-affirmed ; tlie whites were secured on the lands now occupied by tlieni or secured by former treaties ; and among all the assembled nations, presents, in value not less than one thousand pounds, were distributed to each thrt)u<z:h its representatives, many thousands in all. The Indians were allowed to remove and

"This great and abiding peace document was signed by the various tribes, and dated August '.'>, 1795. It was laid before the Senate December 9, and ratified the 22d. So closed the old Indian wars in the West.'" *