Morrow County, Ohio - Chapter 13: Ohio in the Centennial - Address of Edward D. Mansfield, Ll. D., Philadelphia, 1880

August 9, 187G

OXK hundred years ago, the whole territory, from the Alleghany to the Rocky Mountains was a wilderness, inhabited only by wild beasts and Indians. The Jesuit and jNIoravian missionaries were the oidy white men who had penetrated the wilderness or beheld its mighty lakes and rivers. While the thirteen old colonies were declaring their independence, the thirteen new States, which now lie in tlu' western interior, had no existence, and gave no sign of the future. The solitude of nature wa.s unbroken by the steps of civilization. The wisest statesman had not contemplated the probability of the coming States, and the boldest patriot did not dream that this interior wilderness should soon contain a greater population than the thirteen old States, with all the added growth of one hundred years.

Ten years after that, the old States had ceded their Western lands to the General Government, and the Congress of the United States had passed the ordinance of 17H5, for the survey of the public territory, and, in 1 787, the celebrated ordinance which organized the Northwestern Territory, and dedicated it to freed(jm and intelligence.

P'ifteen years after that, and more than a quarter of a century after the Declaration of Independence, the State of Ohio was admitted into the Union, being the seventeenth which accepted the Constitution of the United States. It has since grown up to be great, populous and prosperous under the influence of those ordinances. At her admittance, in 18()S, the tide of emigration had begun to flow over the Alleghanies into the Valley of the Mississippi, and, although no steamboat, no railroad then existed, nor even a stage coach helped the immigrant, yet the wooden " ark " on the Ohio, and the heavy wagon, slowly winding over the mountains, bore these tens of thousands to the wilds of Kentucky and the plains of Ohio. In the spring of 1788 - the first year of settlement - four thousand five hundred persons passed the mouth of the Muskingum in three months, and the tide continued to pour on for half a century in a widening stream, mingled with all the races of Europe and America, until now, in the hundredth year of America'sindependence, the five States of the Northwestern Territory, in the wilderness of 1770, contain ten millions of people, enjoying all the blessings which peace and prosperity, freedom and Christianity, can confer upon any people. Of these five States, born under the ordinance of 1787, Ohio is the first, oldest, and, in nniny things, the greatest. In some things it is the greatest State in the Union. Let us, then, attempt, in the briefest terms, to draw an outline portrait of this great and remarkable commonwealth.

Let us observe its physical aspects. Ohio is just one-sixth part of the Northwestern Territory - 10,000 square miles. It lies between Lake Erie and the Ohio River, having 200 miles of navigable waters, on one side flowing into the Atlantic Ocean, and on the other into the Gulf of Mexico. Through the lakes, its vessels touch on 6,000 miles of interior coast, and, through the Mississippi, on 8(5,000 miles of river coast; so that a citizen of Ohio may pursue his navigation through 42,000 miles, all in his own country, and all within navigable reach of his own State. He who has circunuiavigated the globe, has gone but little more than half the distance which the citizen of Ohio finds within his natural reach in this vast interior.

Looking upon the surface of this State, we find no mountains, no barren sands, no marshy wastes, no lava-covered plains, but one broad, compact body of arable land, intersected with rivers and streams and running waters, while the beautiful Ohio flows tranquilly by its side. More than three times the surfice of Belgium, and one-third of the whole of Italy, it has more natural resources in proportion than either, and is capable of ultimately supporting a larger population than any equal surface in EuropO. Looking from this great arable surface, where upon the very hills the grass and the forest trees now grow exuberant and abundant, we find that underneath this surface, and easily accessible, lie 10,000 square miles of coal, and 4,000 S(j[uare miles of iron - coal and iron enough to supply the basis of manufacture for a world ! All this vast deposit of metal and fuel does not intt'rrupt or take from that arable surface at all. There you may find in one place the same machine bringing up coal and salt water from below, while the wheat and the corn grow upon the surface above. The immense masses of coal, iron, salt and freestone deposited below have not in any way diminished the fertility and production of the soil.

It has been said by some writer that the character of a people is shaped or modified by the character of the country in which they live. If the people of Switzerland have acquired a certain air of liberty and independence from the rugged mountains around which they live; if the people of tSouthern Italy, or beaixtiful France, have ac- ({uired a tone of ease and politeness from their mild and genial clime, so the people of Ohio, j)laced amidst such a wealth of nature, in the temperate zone, should show the best fruits of peaceful industry and the best culture of Christian civilization. Have they done so? Have their own labor and arts and culture come up to the advantages of their natural situation? Let us examine this growth and their product.

The first settlement of Ohio was made by a colony from New England, at the mouth of the Muskingum. It was literally a remnant of the officers of the Revolution. Of this colony no ])raise of the historian can be as competent, or as strong, as the language of Washington. He says, ill answer to inquiries addressed to him: "No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at the Muskingum. Information, prosperity and strength will be its characteristics. I know many of the settlers personally, and there never were men better calculated to promote the welfare of such a community;" and he adds that if he were a young man, he knows no country in which he would sooner settle than in this Western region." This colony, left alone for a time, made its own government and nailed its laws to a ti-ee in the village, an early indication of that law-abiding and peaceful spirit which has since made Ohio a just and well-ordered community. The subsequent settlements on the Miami and Scioto were made by citizens of New Jersey and Virginia, and it is certainly remarkable that among all the early immigration, there were no ignorant people. In the language of Washington, they came with "information," qualified to promote the welfare of the community.

Soon after the settlement on the Muskingum and the Miami, the great wave of migration flowed on to the plains and valleys of Ohio and Kentucky. Kentucky had been settled earlier, but the main body of emigrants in subsequent years went into Ohio, influenced partly by the great ordinance of 1787, securing freedom and schools forever, and partly by the greater security of titles under the survey and guarantee of the United States Government. Soon the new State grew up, with a rapidity which, until then, was unknown in the history of civilization. On the Muskingum, where the buftiilo had roamed ; on the Scioto, where the Shawanees had built their towns ; on the Miami, where the great chiefs of the Miamis had reigned ; on the plains of Sandusky, yet red with the blood of the white man ; on the Maumee, where Wayne, by the victory of the " Fallen Timbers," had broken the power of the Indian C(jnfederacy - the emigrants from the old States and from Europe came in to cultivate the fields, to build up towns, and to rear the institutions of Christian civilization, until the single State of Ohio is greater in numbers, wealth, and education, than was the whole American Union when the Declaration of Independence was made.

Let us now look at the statistics of this growth and magnitude, as they are exhibited in the census of the United States. Taking intervals of twenty years, Ohio had : In 1810, 45,365 ; in 1830, 937,903; in 1850, 1,980,329; in 1870, 2,6H5,260. Add to this the increase of population in the last six years, and Ohio now has, in round numbers, 3,000,000 of people - half a million more than the thirteen States in 1776 ; and her cities and towns have to-day six times the population of all the cities of America one hundred years ago. This State is now the third in numbers and wealth, and the first in some of those institutions which mark the progress of luankiiul. That a small part of tho wilderness of 17T<) should ho more jiojmlous than tho whole Union was tlu'ti, and that it should have niado a social and moral advanoo uroatcr than that of any nation in tho sanio timo, nuist l)o roi^ardi'd as one of tho most startliuii and instruotivo facts which attend this yoar of commomoration. If such has hoon tho social <;rowth (if Oliid, lot us look at its ])h3'sical dovolo))mont ; this is bostoxiirossod by the a';j:;rotrato i)roductions of the labor and arts of a peo})lo applied to tho oarth. In the census statistics of the United States those are expressed in the aertrreirato results of at^riculturc' minim;', manufactures, and commerce. Let us simplify these statistics, by comparing the aggregate and ratios as botwoon several States, and between Ohio and some cnuntries of Europe.

Tho aggregate amount of grain and potatoes - farinaceous food, produced in Ohio in 1870 was i:^4,i»3S,418 bushels, and in 1874, there were 157, - 82;^,r)!)7 bushels, being the largest aggregate amount raised in any State but one, Illinois, and larger per scpiaro mile than Illinois or any other State in the country. The promises of nature wore thus vindicated by tho labor of man ; and tho industry of Ohio has fulfilled its whole duty to the sustenance of the country and the world. She has raised more grain than ton of the old States together, and more than half raised by Great Britain or by France. I have not the recent statistics of Europe, but McGregor, in his statistics of nations for 1882 - a period of profound peace - gives the following ratios for the leatling countries of Europe: Groat Britain, area 12(),H24 miles; amount of grain, 2(i2,5()0,()()0 bushels; rate per square mile, 2,11)0 to 1; Austria - area 258, (i08 miles ; amount of grain, 3(i(!,S(MI, ()()() bushels; rate per square mile, l,422to 1 ; Franco - area 215,858 miles ; amount of grain, 233,847,800 bushels ; rate per square mile, 1,080 to 1. The State of Ohio - area per s((uare miles, 40,000; amount of grain, 150,000,000 bushels; rate per srjuaro mile, 3,750. Coiybining the groat countries of Groat Britain, Austria, and France, wo find that they had 5!)4,785 s((uaro miles and protluced 8<J3,1 47,300 bushels of grain, which was, at the time those statistics were taken, 1 ,450 bu.shols per square mile, and ton bushels to each one of tho p(i])ulation. Ohio, on the other hand, had 3,750 bu.shols per square mile, and fifty bushels to each one of the population ; that is, there was five times as much grain raised in Ohio, in proportion to the jiooplo, as in these great countries of Europe.

As letters make words, and words express ideas, so these dry figures of statistics express facts, and those facts make the whole liistory of civilization.

Let us now look at the statistics of domestic animals. These are always indicative of tho state of society in regard to tho physical comforts. The horse must furnish domestic conveyances ; the cattle must furnish tho products of the dairy, as well as moat, and tho sheep uuist furnish wool.

Let us see how Ohio compares with other States and with Europe: In 1870, Ohio had 8,818,000 domestic animals ; Illinois, 0,1)25,000; New York, 5,283,000; Pennsylvania, 4,493,000; and other States less. Tho j)roportion to population in those States was, in Ohio, to each person, 3.3 ; Illinois, 2.7; New York, 1.2 ; Pennsylvania, 1.2.

Lot us now see the proportion of domestic animals in Europe. The results given by INIcGrcigor's statistics are : In Great Britain, to each person, 2.44; Russia, 2.00; France, 1.50 ; Prussia, 1.02; Austria, 1.00. It will be seen that the proportion in Groat Britain is only two-thirds that of Ohio ; in France, oidy one-half; and in Austria and Prussia only one-third. It may be said that, in the course of civilization, the number of animals diminishes as tho density of population increases ; and, therefore, this result might have been expected in the old countries of Europe. But this does not apply to Russia or Germany, still less to other States in this country. Russia in Europe has not more than half the density of population now in Ohio. Austria and Prussia have less than 150 to the square mile. The whole of the north of Europe has not so dense a population as the State of Ohio, still less have the States of Illinois and Missouri, west of Ohio. Then, therefore, Ohio showing a larger proportion of domestic animals than tho north of Euro])e, or States west of her, with a population not so dense, we sec at once there must be other causes to produce such a phenomenon.

Looking to some of the incidental results of this vast agricultural production, we see that the United States exports to Europe immense amounts of grain and provisions; and that there is manufactured in this country an immon.><e amount of woolen goods. Then, taking tlieso statistics of the raw material, we find that Ohio ]iroduces onr-fiftli of all the wool; one-scvnifh of all tho cheese; oueelgldh of all tho corn, and one-tenth of all i\\v. wheat ; and yet Ohio has but a fourteenth part of the population, and one-eightieth part of the surface of this country.

Let us take another - a commercial view of this matter. We have seen that Ohio raises five times as mucli grain per square mile as is raised per S({uare mile in the empires of Great Britain, France and Austria, taken together. After making allowance for the differences of living, in the working classes of this country, at least two-thirds of the food and grain of Ohio are a surplus beyond the necessities of life, and, therefore, so much in the commercial balance of exports. This corresponds with the fact, that, in the shape of grain, meat, licjuors and dairy products, this vast surplus is constantly moved to the Atlantic States and to PJurope. The money value of this exported product is equal to $100,000,000 per annum, and to a solid capital of $1,, 500,000,000, after all the sustenance of the people has been taken out of the annual crop.

We are speaking of agriculture alone. We are speaking of a State which began its career more than a ({uarter of a century after the Declaration of Independence was made. And now, it may be asked, what is the real cause of this extraordinary result, which, without saying anything invidious of other States, we may safely say has never been surpassed in any country ? We have already stated two of the advantages possessed by Ohio. The first is that it is a compact, unbroken body of arable land, surrounded and intersected by watercourses, equal to all the demands of commerce and navigation. Next, that it was secured forever to freedom and intelligence by the ordinance of 1787. The intelligence of its future people was secured by immense grants of public lands for the purpose of education; but neither the blessings of nature, nor the wisdom of laws, could obtain such results without the continuous labor of an intelligent peopU. Such it hud, and we have only to take the testimony of Washington, already ((uoted, and the statistical results I have given, to prove that no people has exhibited more steady industry, nor has any people directed their labor with more intelligence.

After the agricultural capacity and production of a country, its most important physical feature is its mineral products; its capacity for coal and iron, the two great elements of material civilization. If we were to take away from Great Britain her capacity to produce coal in such vast fjuantities, we should reduce her to a third-rate pijsition, no longer numbered among the great nations of the earth. Coal has smelted her iron', run her steam engines, and is the basis of her manufactures. But when we compare the coal fields of Great

Britain with those of this country, they are insignificant. The coal fields of all Europe are small compared with those of the central United States. The coal district of Durham and Northumberland, in England, is only 880 square miles. There are other districts of smaller extent, making in the whole probably one-half the extent of that in Ohio. The English coal-beds are represented as more important, in reference to extent, on account of their thickness. There is a small coal district in Lancashire, where the workable coal-beds are in all 150 feet in thickness. But this involves, as is well known, the necessity of going to immense depths and incurring immense expense. On the other hand, the workable coal-beds of Ohio are near the surface, and some of them require no excavating, except that of the horizontal lead from the mine to the river or the railroad. In one county of Ohio there are three beds of twelve, six and four feet each, within fifty feet of the surface. At some of the mines having the best coal, the lead from the mines is nearly horizontal, and just high enough to dump the coal into the railroad cars. These coals are of all qualities, from that adapted to the domestic fire to the very best quality for smelting or manufacturing iron. Ilecollecting these facts, let us try to get an idea of the coal district of Ohio. The bituminous coal region deescending the western slopes of the Alleghanies, occupies large portions of Western Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Kentucky and Tennessee. I suppose that this coal field is not less than fifty thousand square miles, exclusive of Western Maryland and the southern terminations of that field in Georgia and Alabama. Of this vast field of coal, exceeding anything finind in Europe, about onefifth part lies in Ohio. Prof Mather, in his report on the geology of the State (first Geological Report of the State) says:

" The coal-measures within Ohio occupy a space of about one hundred and eighty miles in length by eighty in breadth at the widest part, with an area of about ten thousand s(juare miles, extending along the Ohio from Trumbull County in the north to near the mouth of the Scioto in the south. The regularity in the dip, and the moderate inclination of the strata, afford facilities to the mines not known to those of most other countries, especially Great Britain, where the strata in which the coal is imbedded have been broken and thrown out of j)lace since its deposit, occasioning many slips and faults, and causing much labor and expense in again recovering the bed. In Ohio there is very

Now, takiiiii; into eon.sideration the.se fi;eological faets, lot us look at the e.xtent of the Ohio coal tiold. It oeeupies, wholly or in part, thirty-six counties, inchulini;, ti('oi;ni])hicaIly, 14,000 s((uare miles; but leavin-i out fractions, and reducini;' the Ohio coal field within its narrowest limits, it is 10.000 s(|uare miles in extent, lies near the surface, and liasoii an average twenty feet thickiu'ss of workable coal-beds. Let us compare this with the coal mines of I)urhani and NorthumlK'rland (^Kntiland), the lari:e.>it and best coal mines there. That coal district is estimated at 8o0 S(|uare miles, twelve feet thick, and is calculated to contain !),000,000,- 000 tons of coal. The coal fiehl of Ohio is twelve times larirer and one-third thicker. Estimated by that standard, the coal Held of Ohio contains 180,- 00O,O(»O.OOO tons of coal. Marketed at oidy $2 per ton, this coal is worth $360,000,000,000, or, in other words, ten times as nuich as the whole valuation of the United States at the present time. But we need not undertake to estimate either its ijuantity or value. It is enough to say that it is a ( plant ity which we can scarcely imagine, which is tentlild that of Knuland, and which is enough to s\ipply the entire continent for ages to come.

After coal, iron is beyond doubt the most valuable mineral product of a State. As the material of manufacture, it is the most important. What are called the " precious metals" are not to be compared with it as an element of industry or profit. But since no manufactures can be successfully carried on without fuel, coal becomes the first material element of the arts. Iron is uncpiestionably the next. Ohio h:us an iron district extending from the mouth of the Scioto River to some point north of the .Mahoning River, in Trumbull County. Tlie whole length is nearly two hundred miles, and the breadth twenty miles, making, as near as we can ascertain, 4,000 s(piare miles. The iron in this district is of various (|ualities, and is manufactured largely into bars and ca.stings. In this iron district are one hundred furnaces, forty-four rollingmills, and fifteen rail-mills, being the largest number of either in any State in the Union, except only PeiHi.sylvania.

Although only the seventeenth State in its admission, I finilthat. by the census statistics of 1H70, it is the thirtl State in the production of iron and iron manufactures. Already, and within the life of one man, this State begins to show what nuist in future time be the vast results of coal and iron, applied to the arts and manufactures. In the year 1874, there were 420,000 tons of pig iron produced in Ohio, which is larger than the product of any State, except Pennsylvania. The product and the manufacture of iron in Ohio have increased so rapidly, and the basis for increase is .so great, that we may not doubt that Ohio will contiiuie to be the greatest producer of iron and iron fabrics, except only I'ennsylvania. At Cincinnati, the iron manufacture of the Ohio Valley is concentrating, and at Cleveland the ores of Lake Superior are being smelted.

After coal and iron, we may place salt among the necessaries of life. In cotuiection with the coal region west of the Alleghanies, there lies in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Ohio, a large space of country underlaid by the salt rock, which already produces immense amounts of salt. Of this, Ohio has its full j)roportion. In a large section of the southeastern portion of the State, salt is produced without any known limitation. At Pomeroy and other j^oints, the salt rock lies about one thousand feet l)elow the surface, but salt water is brought easily to the surface by the steam engine. There, the salt rock, the coal seauj, and the noble sandstone lie in successive strata, while the green corn and the yellow wheat bloom on the surface above. The State of Ohio produced, in 1874, 3,500,000 bushels of salt, being one-fifth of all produced in the United States. The salt section of Ohio is exceeded only by that of Syracuse, New York, and of Saginaw, Michigan. There is no definite limit to the underlying salt rock of Ohio, and, therefore, the production will be proportioned only to the extent of the demand.

Having now considered the resources and the products of the soil and tlie mines of Ohio, we may properly ask how tar the people have employed their resources in the increase of art and manufacture. We have two modes of comparison, the rate of increase \vithiii the State, and the ratio they bear to other States. The aggregate value of the products of manufacture, exclusive of mining, in the la.st three censuses were: in 1850, $62.0'!)2.000 ; in 1860, $121,61)1,000; in 1870, $260,718,000.

The ratio of increase was over 100 per cent in each - ten years, a rate far beyond that of tlie increasx! of po})ulation, and much beyond the ratio of increase in the whole country. In 1850, the manufactures of Ohio were one-sixteenth part of the aggregate in the country; in 1860, one-fifteenth part; in 1870, one-twelfth part. In addition to this, we find, from the returns of Cincinnati and Cleveland, that the value of the manufactured products of Ohio in 1875, must have reached $-100,- 000,000, and, by reference to the census tables, it will be seen that the ratio of increase exceeded that of the great manufacturing States of New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut. Of all the States admitted into the Union prior to Ohio, Pennsylvania alone has kept pace in the progress of manufacture. Some little reference to the manufacture of leading articles may throw some light on the cause of this. In the production of agricultural machinery and implements, Ohio is the first State ; in animal and vegetable oils and in pig iron, the second; in cast iron and in tobacco, the third ; in salt, in machinery and in leather, the fourth. These facts show how largely the resources of coal, iron and agriculture have entered into the manufactures of the State. This great advance in the manufactures of Ohio, when we consider that this State is, relatively to its surface, the first agricultural State in the country, leads to the inevitable inference that its people are remarkably industrious. When, on forty thousand square miles of surface, three millions of people raise one hundred and fifty million bushels of grain, and produce manufactures to the amount of $269,000,000 (which is fifty bushels of breadstuff to each man, woman and child, and $133 of manufacture), it will be difficult to find any community surpassing such results. It is a testimony, not only to the State of Ohio, but to the industry, sagacity and energy of the American people.

Looking now to the commerce of the State, we have said there are six hundred miles of coast line, which embraces some of the principal internal ports of the Ohio and the lakes, such as Cincinnati, Cleveland, Toledo and Portsmouth, but whose commerce is most wholly inland. Of course, no comparison can be made with the foreign commerce of the ocean ports. On the other hand, it is well known that the inland trade of the country far exceeds that of all its foreign commerce, and that the largest part of this interior trade is carried on its rivers and lakes. The materials for the vast consumption of the interior must be conveyed in its vessels, whether of sail or steam, adapted to these waters. Let us take, then, the ship-building, the navigation, and the exchange trades of Ohio, as elements in determining the position of this State in reference to the commerce of the country. At the ports of Cleveland, Toledo, Sandusky and Cincinnati, there have been built one thousand sail and steam vessels in the last twenty years, making an average of fifty each year. The number of sail, steam and all kinds of vessels in Ohio is eleven hundred and ninety, which is equal to the number in all the other States in the Ohio Valley and the Upper Mississippi.

When we look to the navigable points to which these vessels are destined, we find them on all this vast coast line, which extends from the Gulf of Mexico to the Yellowstone, and from Duluth to the St. Lawrence.

Looking again to see the extent of this vast interior trade which is handled by Ohio alone, we find that the imports and exports of the principal articles of Cincinnati, amount in value to $500,- 000,000; and when we look at the great trade of Cleveland and Toledo, we shall find that the annual trade of Ohio exceeds $700,000,000. The lines of railroad which connect with its ports, are more than four thousand miles in length, or rather more than one mile in length to each ten square miles of surface. This great amount of railroads is engaged not merely in transporting to the Atlantic and thence to Europe, the immense surplus grain and meat in Ohio, but in carrying the largest part of that greater surplus, which exists in the States west of Ohio, the granary of the West. Ohio holds the gateway of every railroad north of the Ohio, from the Mississippi to the Atlantic, and hence it is that the great transit lines of the country pass through Ohio.

Let us now turn from the progress of the arts to the progress of ideas ; from material to intellectual development. It is said that a State consists of men, and history shows that no art or science, wealth or power, will compensate for the want of moral or intellectual stability in the minds of a nation. Hence, it is admitted that the strength and perpetuity of our republic must consist in the intelligence and morality of the people. A republic can last only when the people are enlightened. This was an axiom with the early legislators of this country. Hence it was that when Virginia, Connecticut and the original colonies ceded to the General Government that vast and then unknown wilderness which lay west of the AUeghanies, in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi, they took care that its future inhabitants should be an educated people. The Constitution was not formed when the celebrated ordinance of 1787 was passed.

iidvenimont and the hapjnnoss ofmankiiul, schools ami tlie iiK'aiis of cclucatit)n shall he forovor enroura^ed;" and hy the ordiiiaiit-o ol' ITS;') lor the survey of puhlic lands in the Northwestern Territory, Section 1(1 in each township, that is, one thirty-sixth part, was reserved liir the maintenance ol" public schools in said townships. As the State of Ohio contained a little more than twenty-five millions of acres, this, toj;ether with two special -rrants of three townships to universities, amounted to the dedication of 740,(100 acres of hind to the maintenance of schools and colleges. It was a splendid endowment, but it was many years before it became available. It was sixteen years after the passage of this ordinance (in IHOiJ), when Ohio entered the Union, and legislation upon this grant became possible. The (Constitution of the State ]>ursui'd the language of the ordinance, and declared that "sch(H)ls and the means of education shall forever be encouraged by legislative provision." The (lovernors of Ohio, in successive messages, urged attention to this subject upon the people ; but the thinness of settlement, making it impossible, except in few districts, to collect youth in sulficient numbers, and impossible to sell or lease lands to advantage, caused the delay of efficient school system for many years. In 1825, however, a general law establishing a school system, and levying a tax for its sujiport, was passed.

This was again enlarged and increased by new legislation in lS;{(j and 184(5. From that time to this, Ohio has had a broad, liberal and efficient system of public instruction. The taxation for schools, and the number enrolled in them at different periods, will best show what has been done. In 1855 the total taxation for school purposes was 82,(572,827. The proportion of youth of schoolable age enrolled was (57 per cent. In 1874 the amount raised by taxation was $7,425,135. The number enrolled of schoolable age was 70 per cent, or 707,948.

As the schoolable age extends to twenty-one years, and as there are very few youth in school after fifteen years of age, it follows that the 70 per cent of schoolable youths enrolled in the public schoftls must comprehend nearly the whole number between four and fifteen years. It is important to observe this i'act, because it has been inferred that, as the whole number of youtli between five and twenty-one have not been enrolliid, therefore they are not educated. This is a mistake; nearly all over fifteen years of age have been in the public schools, and all the native youth of the State, and all foreign born, yovuig enough, have had the benefit of the public schools. But in conse(juence of the large number who have come from other States and from foreign countries, there are still a few who are classed by the census statistics among the "illiterate;" the proportion of this class, however, is less in ]»roj)ortion than in twenty-eight other States, and less in proportion than in Connecticut and Massachusetts, two of the oldest States most noted for popular education. In fact, every youth in Ohio, under twenty-one years of age, may have the benefit of a public education ; and, since the system of graded and high schools has been adopted, may obtain a common knowledge from the al})habet to the classics. The enumerated branches of study in the j)ublic schools of Ohio are thirty-four, including mathematics and astronomy, French, (Ji^rman and the classics. Thus tlu; State which was in the heart of the wilderness in 177(5, and was not a State until the nini'tecmth century had begun, now presents to the world, not merely an unrivaled development of material prosperity, but an unsurpassed system of po])ular education.

In what is called the higher education, in the colleges and universities, embracing the classics and sciences taught in regular classes, it is the popular idea, and one which few dare to (juestion, that we must look to the Eastern States for superiority and excellence ; but that also is becoming an assumption without proof; a proposition difficult to sustain. The facts in regard to the education of universities and colleges, their faculties, students and course of instruction, are all set forth in the complete statistics of the Bureau of Education for 1874. They show that the State of Ohio had tlu; largest number of such institutions; the largest number of instructors in their faculties, except one State, New York ; and the largest number of students in regular college classes, in proportion to their population, except the two States of Connecticut and Massachusetts. Perhaps, if we look at the statistics of classical students in the colleges, disregarding preparattiry and irregular courses, we shall get a more accurate idea of the jjrogress of the higher education in those States which claim the best. In Ohio, 80 colleges, 258 teachers, 2,180 students, proportion, 1 in 124; in Pennsylvania, 27 colleges, 285) teachers, 2,85!) students, proportion, 1 in 150; in New York, 2(5 colleges, 848 teachers, 2,7(54 students, proportion, 1 in 17(5; in thesix NewEngland States, 17 colleges, 252 teachers, 3,341 students, proportion, 1 in 105; in Illi-

This shows there are more collegiate institutions in Ohio than in all New England ; a greater number of college teachers, and only a little smaller ratio of students to the population ; a greater number of such students than either in New York or l*ennsylvania, and, as a broad, general fact, Ohio has made more ytrogress in education than either of the old States which formed the American Union. Such a fact is a higher testimony to the strength and the beneficent influence of the American Government than any which the statistician or the historian can advance.

Let us now turn to the moral aspects of the people of Ohio. No human society is found without its poor and dependent classes, whether made so by the defects of nature, by acts of Providence, or by the accidents of fortune. Since no society is exempt from these classes, it must be judged not so much by the fact of their existence, as by the mann(!r in which it treats them. In the civilized nations of aiiti(piity, such as Greece and Rome, hospitals, infirmaries, orphan homes, and asylums for the infirm, were unknown. These are the creations of Christianity, und tliat must be esteemed practically the most Christian State which most practices this Christian beneficence. In Ohio, as in all the States of this country, and of all Christian countries, there is a large number of the infirm and dependent ckisses; but, although Ohio is the third State in population, she is only the fourteenth in the proportion of dependent classes. Tlie more important point, however, was, how does she treat tliem ? Is there wanting any of all the varied institutions of benevolence? How does she compare with other States and countries in this respect? It is believed that no State or country can present a larger proportion of all these institutions which the benevolence of the wise and good have suggested for the alleviation of sufi'ering and misfortune, than the State of Ohio. With 3,500 of the insane within her borders, she has five great lunatic asylums, capable of accommodating tiiem all. She has asylums for the deaf and dumb, the idiotic, and the blind. She has the best hospitals in the country. She has schools of reform and houses of refuge. She has "homes" for the boys and girls, to the number of 800, who are children of soldiers. She has penitentiaries and jails, orphan asylums and infirmaries. In every county there is an infirmary, and in every public institution, except the penitentiary, there is a school. So that the State has used every human means to relieve the suficring, to instruct the ignorant, and to refonn the criminal. There are in the State 80,000 who come under all the various forms of the infirm, the poor, the sick and the criminal, who, in a greater or less degree, make the dependent class. For these the State has made every provision which humanity or justice or intelligence can require. A young State, developed in the wilderness, she challenges, without any invidious comparison, both Elurope and America, to show her superior in the development of liumanity manifested in the benefaction of public institutions.

Intimately connected with public morals and with charitable institutions, is the religion of a people. The people of the United States are a Christian people. The people of Ohio have manifested their zeal by the erection of churches, of Sunday schools, and of religious institutions. So far as these are outwardly manifested, they are made known by the social statistics of the census. The number of church organizations in the leading States were : In the State of Ohio, 0,488 ; in the State of New York, 5,027 : in the State of Pennsylvania, 5,984 ; in the State of Illinois, 4,298. It thus appears that Ohio had a lai'ger number of churches than any State of the Union. Tlie number of sittings, however, was not quite as large as those in New York and Pennsylvania. The denominations are of all the sects known in this counti'y, about thirty in number, the majority of the whole being IMethodists, Presbyterians and Baptists. Long before the iVmerican Independence, the Moravians had settled on the ]Mahoning and Tuscarawas Rivers, but only to be destroyed ; and when the peace with Great Britain was made, not a vestige of Christianity remained on the soil of Ohio ; yet we see that within ninety years from that time the State of Ohio was, in the number of its churches, the first of this great Union.

In the beginning of this address, I said that Ohio was the oldest and first of these great States, carved out of the Northwestern Territory, and that it was in some things the greatest State of the American Union. I have now traced the physical, commercial, intellectual and moral features of the State during the seventy-five years of its constitutional history. The result is to establish fully the propositions with which I began. These facts have brought out :

2. That Ohio has raised more grain pcrs((uare mile than either France, Austria, or (Ireat Britain. They raised l,4r)() bushels per S((uare mile, and 1(1 bushels to each person. Ohio raised 3,750 bushels per S(piaro mile, and 50 bushels to each one of the ])opulation ; or, in other words, five times the ])roportion of grain raised in Europe.

3. Ohio was the first State of the Union in the production of domestic animals, being lar in advance of either New York, Peimsylvania or Illinois. The jiroportion (»f domestic animals to each person in Ohio was three and one-third, and in New York and Pennsylvania less than half that. The largest proportion of domestic animals produced in Europe wa.s in Great Britain and Bussia, neither of which come near that of Ohio.

4. The coal-field of Ohio is vastly greater than that of (Ireat Britain, and we need make no comparison with other States in regard to coal or iron; tor the 10,000 s.piare miles of coal, and 4,000 s(|uarc miles of iron in Ohio, arc enough to supply the whiile American continent for ages to come.

5. Neither need we compare the results of commerce and navigation, since, from the ports of Cleveland and Cincinnati, the vessels of Ohio touch on 42,000 miles of coast, and her 5,000 miles of railroad carry her products to every part of the American continent.

tj. Notwithstanding the immense proportion and product.s of agriculture in Ohio, yet she has more than kept pace with New York and New England in the progress of manufactures during the last twi'iity yeai^s. Her coal and iron are producing their legitimate results in making her a great manufacturing State.

7. Ohio is tht; first State in the Union as to the proportion of youth attending scrhool; and the Stati'S west of the Alleghanies and north of the Ohio have more youth in school, proportionably, than New England and New Y'^ork. The facts on this subject arc so extraordinary that I may be excused for giving them a little in detail.

The proportion of youth in Ohio attending school to the population, is 1 in 4.2; in Illinois, 1 in 4.3; in Pennsylvania, 1 in 4.H; in New Y^ork, 1 in 5.2 ; in Connecticut and Massachusetts, 1 in 8.7.

These proportions show that it is in the West, and nut in the Ea.st, that education is now advancing; and it is here that we see the stimulus given by the ordinance of 1787, is working out its great and beneficent results. The land grant for education was a -great one, but, at last, its chief effort was in stimulating popular education ; for the State of Ohio has taxed itself tens of millions of dollars beyond the utmost value of the land grant, to found and maintain a system of public education which the world has not surpavSsed.

We have seen that above and beyond all this material and intellectual development, Ohio has provided a vast benefaction of asylums, hospitals, and infirmaries, and special schools for the support and instruction of the dependent classes. There is not within all her borders a single one of the deaf, dumb, and blind, of the poor, sick, and insane, not an orphan or a vagrant, who is not provided for by the broad and generous liberality of the State and her people. A charity which the classic ages knew nothing of, a beneficence which the splendid hierarchies and aristocracies of Europe cannot equal, has been exhibited in this young State, whose name was unknown one hundred years ago, whose people, from Euro])e to the Atlantic, and from the Atlantic to the Ohio, were, like Adam and Eve, cast out - world before them ichere to choose."

Lastly, we see that, although the third in population, and the seventeenth in admission to the Union, Ohio had, in 1870, 6,400 churches, the largest number in any one State, and numbering among them every form of Christian worship. The people, whose fields were rich with grain, whose mines were boundless in wealth, and whose commerce extended through thousands of miles of lakes and rivers, came here, as they came to New England's rock-bound coast -

The church and the schoolhouse rose beside the green fields, and the morning bells rang forth to cheerful children going to school, and to a Christian people going to the church of God.

Let us now look at the possibilities of Ohio in the future development of the American Republican Republic. The two most populous parts of Europe, because the most food-producing, are the Netherlands and Italy, or, more precisely, Belgium and ancient Lombardy ; to the present time, their ])opulation is, in round nutnbers, three hundred to the .s(|uare mile. The density of population in England proper is about tlu^ sanu'. We may assume, therefore, that three hundred to the square mile is, in round numbers, the limit of comfortable subsistence under modern civilization. It is true that modern improvements in agricultural machinery and fertilization have greatly increased the capacity of production, on a given amount of lantl, with a given amount of labor. It is true, also, that the old countries of Pjurope do not possess an equal amount of arable land with Ohio in proportion to the same surface. It would seem, therefore, that the density of population in Ohio might exceed that of any part of Europe. On the other hand, it may be said wdth truth that the American people will not become so dense as in Europe while they have new lands in the West to occupy. This is true ; but lands such as those in the valley of the Ohio are now becoming scarce in the West, and we think that, with her great capacity for the production of grain on one liand, and of illimitable rpiantities of coal and iron to manufacture with on the other, that Ohio will, at no remote period, reach nearly the density of Belgium, which will give her 10,000,000 of people. This seems extravagant, but the tide of migration, which flowed so fast to the West, is beginning to ebb, while the manufactures of the interior offer greater inducements.

With population comes wealth, the material for education, the development of the arts, advance in all the material elements of civilization, and the still grander advancements in the strength and elevation of the human mind, conijuering to itself new I'ealms of material and intellectual power, a(;(|uiring in the future what we have seen in the j past, a wealth of resources unknown and undreamed j of when, a hundred years ago, the fathers of the republic declared their independence. I know | how easy it is to treat this statement with easy incredulity, but statistics is a certain science ; the elements of civilization are now measured, and we know the progress of the human race as we know that of a cultivated plant. We know the resources of the country, its food-producing capacity, its art processes, its power of education, and the undefined and illimitable power of the human mind for new inventions and unimagined progress. With this knowledge, it is not difficult nor unsafe to say that the future will produce more, and in a far greater ratio, than the past. The pictured scenes of the prophets have already been more than fulfilled, and the visions of beauty and glory, which their imagination failed fully to describe, will be more than realized in the bloom of that garden which republican America will present to the eyes of astonished mankind. Long before another century shall have passed by, the single State of Ohio will present fourfold the population with which the thii'teen States began their independence, more wealth than the entire Union now has ; greater universities than any now in the country, and a development of arts and manufacture which the world now knows nothing of. You have seen more than that since the Constitution was adopted, and what right have you to say the future shall not equal the past ?

I have aimed, in this address, to give an exact picture of what Ohio is, not more for the sake of Ohio than as a representation of the products which the American Republic has given to the world. A State which began long after the Declaration of Independence, in the then unknown wilderness of North America, presents to-day the fiiirest example of what a republican government with Christian civilization can do. Look upon this picture and upon those of Assyria, of Greece or Rome, or of Europe in her best estate, and say where is the civilization of the earth which can equal this. If a Roman citizen could say with pride, " Civis JRomanus sum," with far greater pride can you say this day, "I am an American citizen."

Ciiatter Xiv Educational

WIIKNthc survey of the Northwest Territory was ordered by Congress, March 20, ITS'), it was (leereod tliat every sixteenth section of land sliould he reserved for the "maintenance of iiul)ne schools within each township." The ordinance of 17S7 - thanks to the New England As.sociates - proclaimed that, "religion, morality and knowledge being essential to good government, schools and the means of education should forever be encouraged." The 8tate Constitution of 1802 declared that " schools and the means of instruction should be encouraged by legislative provision, not inconsistent with the rights of conscience." Ill 1 S2r), through the persevering efforts of Nathan (Juilford, Senator from Hamilton County, Ephraim Cutler, llepresentative from Washington County, and other friends of education, a bill was passed, " laying the foundation for a general system of common schools." This bill provided a tax of onehalf mill, to be levied by the County Commissioners for school ))ur])oses; ])rovided for school examiners, and ma(l(! Township Clerks and County Auditors school officers. In 1829, this county tax was raised to three-fourths of a mill ; in 18H4 to one mill, and, in IH^A), to one and a half mills. In March, 18.")7, Samuel Lewis, of Hamilton Ct (Uiity. was appointed State Superintendent of Common Schools, lie was a very energetic worker, traveling on horseback all over the State, delivering addresses and encouraging school officers and teachers. Through Ills efforts much good was done, and

Note 1. - The firHt school tauglitiii Oliio.orin the Northwestern Territory, wiis iu IT'Jl. Tlie first teacher was Miij. Austin Topper, elUestson of fien. ISenjamin Tupper, tioth KevoUitionnry ollirers. The room occupied waw tlie same as that in wliich the first (-'ourtwas helil, and was situated in tlie northwest block-house of thegarrison, cjillivl the stockjule, at Mari<'tta. During the Indian war school was also tauRJit at Fort llarmar. Point Marietta, and .it other settlements. A meeting wiis held in Marietta, April -2'.t, 17it7, to con- HJdiT the erection of a school huilding snitalilo for the instruction of the youth, anil for conduitinc religious Bervices. Resolutions were ailopted which leil to the erection of a building called the Muskingum Academy. The building Wiis of frame, forty feet long -ind twenly-foiir feet wide, and is yet(lS7H)8tnndinR. Tliebuilding «a« twi'lvi' fi-et high, with an arched ceiling. It stood ujKin astone foundation, threi- steps from the ground. There were Iwochimneys anil a lobby projection. There was a cellar under the whole building. It stood upon a beautiful lot, fronting the Muskingum River, and about sixty feet back from the street. Some largo trees were many important features engrafted on the scliool system. He resigned in 1889, when the office was abolished, and its duties imposed on the Secretary of State.

The most important adjunct in early education in the State was the college of teachers organized in Cincinnati in 1881. Albert Pickett, Dr. Jo.seph Kay, William II. McGuffey - so largely known by his Readers - and Milo G. AVilliains, were at its head. Leading men in all parts of the West attended its meetings. Their published deliberatitins did much for the advancement of education among the people. Throixgh the efforts of the college, the first convention held in Ohio for educational purposes was called at Columbus, January 13, 1830. Two years after, in December, the first convention in which the diff"erent sections of the State were represented, was held. At both these conventions, all the needs of the schools, both common and higher, were ably and fully discussed, and appeals made to the people for a more cordial support of the law. No successful attempts were made to organize a permanent educational society until December, 1847, when the Ohio State Teachers' Association was formed at Akron, Summit County, with Samuel Galloway as President; T. W. Harvey. Rect)rding Secretary; M. D. Leggett, Corresponding Secretary; William Bowen, Treasurer, and M. F. Cowdrey, Chairman of the Executive Committee. This Association entered upon its work with commendable earnestness, and has since upon the lot and on the street in front. Across the street was an open common, and beyond that the river. Immediately opposite the door, on entering, was a broad aisle, and, at the end of the aisle, against the wall, was a ilesk or pulpit. On I he right and left of the pulpit, against the wall, and fronting the pulpit, was a row of slips. On each sideof the door, facing the pulpit, were two slips, and, at each end of the room, one slip. These slips were stationary, and were fitted with desks that coulcl be let .lown,and there were boxes in the desks for holding hooks and papers. In tin- center of the room was an open space, which could be filled with movable seats. The first school was opened here in 1800." - letter of A. T. Nye.

Note 2. - Another evidence of the character of th" New England Associates is the founding of a public library as early as 17%, or before. Another was also established at Uelpre about the same time. Abundant evidence proves the existence of these libraries, all tending to the fact that the early settlers, though conquering a wilderness and a savage foe, would not allow their mental faculties to lack for food. The character of the books shows that "solid" reading predominated.

never abated its "ileal. Semi-annual meetings were at first held, but, since 1858, only annual meetings occur. They are always largely attended, and always by the best and most energetic teachers. The Association has given tone to the educational interests of the State, and has done a vast amount of good in popularizing education. In the spring of 1851, Lorin Andrews, then Superintendent of the Massillon school, resigned his place, and became a common-school missionary. In July, the Association, at Cleveland, made him its agent, and instituted measures to sustain him. He remained zealously at work in this relation until 1853, when he resigned to accept the presideu(!y of Kenyon College, at Gambier. Dr. A. Lord was then chosen general agent and resident editor of the Journal of Education, which positions he filled two years, with eminent ability.

The year that Dr. Lord resigned, the ex officio relation of the Secretary of State to the common schools was abolished, and the office of school commissioner again created. H. H. Barney was elected to the place in October, 1853. The office has since been held by Rev. Anson Smyth, elected in 1856, and re-elected in 1859 ; E. E. White, appointed by the Governor, November 11,1868, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of C. W. H. Cathcart, who was elected in 1862; John A. Norris, in 1865; W. D. Henkle, in 1868; Thomas W. Harvey, in 1871; C. S. Smart, in 1875, and the present incumbent, J. J. Burns, elected in 1878, his term expiring in 1881.

The first teachers' institute in Northern Ohio was held at Sandusky, in September, 1845, conducted by Salem Town, of New York, A. D. Lord and M. F. Cowdrey. The second was held at Chardon, Geauga Co., in November of the same year. The first institute in the southern part of the State was held at Cincinnati, in February, 1837; the first in the central part at Newark, in March, 1848. Since then these meetings of teachers have occurred annually, and have been the means of great good in elevating the teacher and the public in educational interests. In 1848, on petition of forty teachers, county commissioners were authorized to pay lecturers from surplus revenue, and the next year, to appropriate ^100 for institute purposes, upon pledge of teachers to raise half that amount. By the statutes of 1864, applicants for teachers were required to pay 50 cents each as an examination fee. One-third of the amount thus raised was allowed the use of examiners as traveling expenses, the remainder to be applied to institute instruction. For the year 1871, sixty-eight teachers' institutes were held in the State, at which 308 instructors and lecturers were employed, and 7,158 teachers in attendance. The expense incurred was $16,361.91), of which $10,127.13 was taken fi'om the institute fund; $2,730.34, was contributed by members; $680, by county commissioners, and the balance, $1,371.50, was obtained from other sources. The last report of the State Commissioners - 1878 - shows that eightyfive county institutes were held in the State, continuing in session 748 days; 416 instructors were employed; 11,466 teachers attended; $22,531.47 wei'e received from all sources, and that the expenses were $19,587.51, or $1.71 per member. There was a balance on hand of $9,460.74 to commence the next year, just now closed, whose work has been as progressive and thor(mgh as any former year. The State Association now comprises three sections; the general association, the superintendents' section and the ungraded school section. All have done a good work, and all report progress.

The old State Constitution, adopted by a convention in 1802, was supplemented in 1851 by the present one, under which the General Assembly, elected under it, met in 1852. Harvey llice, a Senator from Cuyahoga County, Chairman of Senate Committee on "Common Schools and School Lands," reported a bill the 29th of March, to provide "for the re-organization, supervision and maintenance of common schools." This bill, amended in a few particulars, became a law March 14, 1853. The prominent features of the new law were : The substitution of a State school tax for the county tax ; creation of the office of the State School -Commissioner ; the creation of a Township Board of Education, consisting of representatives from the subdistricts ; the abolition of rate-bills, making education free to all the youth of the State; the raising of a fund, by a tax of onetenth of a mill yearly, " for the purpose of furnishing school libraries and apparatus to all the common schools." This "library tax" was abolished in 1860, otherwise the law has remained practically unchanged.

School journals, like the popular press, have been a potent agency in the educational history of the State. As early as 1838, the Ohio School Director was issued by Samuel Lewis, by legislative authority, though after six months' continuance, it ceased for want of support. The same year the Pestalozzian, by E. L. Sawtell and II. K. Smith, of Akron, and the Common School

Adrocafe, of Cincinnati, wi-ro issuotl. lu 184(), tlie Sv/ioul JouriKif began to he i)ublishod by A. 1). ]ji»rd. of Kirtland. The .same year saw the Free School Chirlon, by W. Boweu, uf Massillon, and the School FricinL by W. B. Smith & Co., of Ciiuinnati.' The next year, W. H. Moore & Co., of Cincinnati, started tlie Woitcrn School Journal. In 1851, the Ohi<} Teacher, by Thomas llainey, appeared; the News ami Educator, in ISljM. and the Educational Times, in 18GG. In ISad, Dr. Lord's Journal of Education was united with the School Friend, and bi'came the recojinized organ of the teachers in Ohio. Tlie Doctor remained its principal editor until 1850, when he was succeeded by Anson Smyth, who edited the journal one year. In 1857, it was edited by John I). Caldwell ; in 1858 and and 185'J, by W. T. Coggeshall; in 18(10, by Anson Smyth again, when it pa.s.sed into the hands of K. K. White, who yet controls it. It has an immen.se circulation among Ohio teachers, and, though competed by other journals, since started, it maintains its ])lace.

The school system of the State may be briefly exi)lained as follows: Cities and incorp(mited villages are indejiendent of township and county control, in the management of schools, having boards of education and examiners of their own. Some of them are organized for .school purposes, under special acts. Each township has a board of education, composcid of one mtMulnT froiu each subdistrict. The town.ship clerk is clerk of this board, but has no vote. Each subdistrict hxs a local board of trustees, which manages its .school affairs, subject to the advice and control of the township board. The.se officers are elec^ed on the first Monday in April, and hold their offices three years. An enumeration of all the youth between the ages of five and twenty-one is made yearly. All public schools are recjuired to be in session at least twt!nty-four weeks each year. The townsliip clerk rej)orts anmially such facts concerning school affiiirs as the law re(iuires, to the county auditor, who in turn reports to the State Conunis.sioner, who colle<-ts these reports in a gyneral re])ort to the Legislature each year.

A board of examiners is appctinted in each county l)y the Probate Judge. This board hius power to grant cenificaU-s for a term not exceeding two years, and good only in the county in which they are executed; they may be revoked on sufficient cause. In t8(i4, a State Board of Kxaminers was created, with jtowerto issue life certificates, valid in all parts of the State. Since then, up to January 1, 1879, there have been 188 of these issued. They are considered an excellent test of scholarship and ability, and are very creditable to the holder.

The school funds, in 18G5, amounted to $3,271,- 275. GO. They were the proceeds of a])propriations of land by Congress for school purposes, upon which the State pays an aniuial interest of G per cent. The funds are known as the Virginia Military School Fund, the proceeds of eighteen <|uarter-townships and three sections of land, selected by lot from lands lying in the United States Military Reserve, appropriated for tlie ' use of schools in the Virginia Military Reservation; the United States Military School Fund, the jtrocceds of one thirty-sixth part of the land in the United States Military District, appropriated " for the use of schools within the same;" the Western Reserve School Fund, the proceeds from fourteen (piartertowiLships, situated in the United States Military District, and 1^7,758 acres, mo.st of whicli was located in Defiance, Williams, Daulding, \'an Wert and Putnam Counties, appropriated lor the u.se of the schools in the Western Reserve; Section 16, the proceeds from the sixteenth section of each township in that part of the State in Avliich the Indian title was not extinguished in 18u:j; the Moravian School Fund, the proceeds from one thirty-sixth part of each of three tracts of 4,000 acres situated in Tuscarawas County, originally granted by Congress to the Society of United Brethren, and reconveyed by this Society to the United States in 18H4. The income of these funds is not distributed by any uniform rule, owing to defects in the granting of the funds. The territorial divisions designated receive the income in proportion to the whole number of youth therein, while in the remainder of the State, the rent of Section 16, or the interest on the proceeds arising from its sale, is paid to the inhabitants of the originally surveyed townships. In these territorial divisions, an increase or decrease of population mui^t necessarily incjrease or diminish the amount each youth is entitled to receive; and the fortunate location or judicious sale of the sixteentli section may entitle one townshi]» to receive a large sum. while an adjacent townshij) receives a mere pittance. This ineipiality of benefit may be good for localities, but it is certainly a detriment to the State at large. There seems to be no legal remedy for it. In addition to the income frt)ni the beforementioned funds, a variable revenue is received from certain fines and licenses paid to either county or township treasurers for the use of schools; from the sale of swamp lands ($25,720.07 allotted to the State in 1850), and from personal property escheated to the State.

Aside from the funds, a State school tax is fixed by statute. Local taxes vary with the needs of localities, are limited by law, and are contingent on the liberality and public spirit of different communities.

The State contains more than twenty colleges and universities, more than the same number of female seminaries, and about thirty normal schools and academies. The amount of property invested in these is more than §6,000,000. The Miami University is the oldest college in the State.

In addition to the regular colleges, the State controls the Ohio State University, formerly the Agricultural and Mechanical College, established from the proceeds of the land scrip voted by Congress to Ohio for such purposes. The amount realized from the sale was nearly $500,000. This is to constitute a permanent fund, the interest only to be used. In addition, the sum of $300,000 was voted by the citizens of Franklin County, in consideration of the location of the college in that county. Of this sum $111,000 was paid for three hundred and fifteen acres of land near the city of Columbus, and $112,000 for a college building, the balance being expended as circumstances required, for additional buildings, laboratory, apparatus, etc. Thorough instruction is given in all branches relating to agriculture and the mechanical arts. Already excellent results are attained.

By the provisions of the act of March 14, 1853, township boards are made bodies politic and corporate in law, and are invested with the title, care and custody of all school property belonging to the school district or township. They have control of the central or high schools of their townships : prescribe rules for the district schools ; may appoint one of their number manager of the schools of the township, and allow him reasonable pay for his services ; determine the text-books to be used ; fix the boundaries of districts and locate schoolhouse sites ; make estimates of the amount of money required ; apportion the money among the districts, and are required to make an annual report to the County Auditor, who incorporates the same in his report to the State Commissioner, by whom it reaches the Legislature.

Local directors control the subdistricts. They enumerate the children of school age, employ and dismiss teachers, make contracts for building and furnishing schoolhoiises, and make all necessary provision for the convenience of the district schools. Practically, the entire management rests with them.