Morrow County, Ohio - Chapter with an unread heading (no. 19 of those read), 1880 (part 1 of 2)

SIXTY-SEVEN years ago " there was not a .stick amiss "in what is now the thriving township of Cardington. The gaunt wolf sought his prey unseated by the crack of the rifle, deer stalked the woods unstartled by the ringing ax, and the red man, closely allied to these denizens of the forest, had reared his wigwam on the banks of the streams, in the vain hope that the tide of civilization was soon to ebb, and that this land of nature would be left to her children. But the rude awakening was not far distant. The ax of the surveyor, the signal for the advance of a mighty host, was already heard in the distance ; the neighboring settlements, ready to send forth their surplus population, were arming and equipping to possess the land ; while far to the East the story of rich lands to be won by little more than hard labor, had brought up the second line, and ere the dazed senses of the natives had taken in the situation, the victory was won, and they, helpless and homeless amidst the resources and villages of civilization, retreated to the deeper recesses of their native woods. In this oft-repeated story, there is much to attract the attention of the thoughtful mind. Why should it be written in the fate of the red man that he, banished from the birthplace of his children and the grave of his sires, should be driven gradually to inevitable extermination ? Does not the love of race, kindred and country, burn with a bright and joyous flame in his heart? Does not his arm stretch forth a ready and powerful hand to avenge their wrongs? Does not his "untutored mind" do reverence to the Great

* The writer is under obligations to certain newspaper publications of VV. C. Nichols, for much of the information contained In this chapter.

Spirit in the moon and stars ? Shall we say that Grod and Nature forsake their children ? or is their history but a link in that mighty chain of providences that is leading the world up to the higher plane - a progress where each in his turn must give way to the inexorable law of "the survival of the fittest"? If this be true, when shall the fiital symbol, lehabod, be written over the history of the white race ?

Cardington, as we find it to-day, is a township of rectangular shape, lying in the eastern boundary of Morrow County, just south of the middle line drawn east and west. The regularity of its eastern boundary is somewhat broken by the absence of a section from the northeast corner, and of a similar piece from the southeast corner of the township. With the exception of these corners, it is five miles square, containing about twentythree square miles of territory. The original township of which Cardington formed a part was erected by the Commissioners of Delaware County, December 1, 1823, of which action the following is the record : " Ordered, that Township G, Range 17, in the ' new purchase,' south of the base line, and so much of the twenty-first Range, commonly called the -three-mile strip,' as lies east of said Township 6, and west of the Richland line, be and the same is hereby erected into a separate township by the name of Morven Township." In tracing out this description on the map, there may be some difficulty experienced in clearly determining the exact territory embraced. The treaty of 1796 opened the country south of the Greenville treaty line, and, by an act of Congress passed in June of that year, the tract of land included between the original seven ranges and the Scioto River, for a space of fifty miles, was appropriated to satisfy certain claims of the officers and men of the Revolutionary army. These lands were surveyed into townships five miles square. When, by the treaty of October, 1818, the last Indian claim to the land north of the Greenville treaty line was extinguished, a line passing due east and west through the State, forming now the northern boundary of the counties of Richland, Crawford, and Wyandot, was established as a base line for the survey of the " new purchase." Beginning on either side of the State, the surveying parties worked toward the middle and met on either side of the "three-mile strip," or Range 21, counting from the eastern side of the State. This land, with other tracts in different parts of the State, was known as Congress land, because sold to purchasers by the immediate officers of the Greneral Government, and was regularly surveyed into townships of six miles square. From this it will be seen that Morven, as originally erected, included all of Cardington above the treaty line, and all of the land lying immediately east up to the western boundary of Franklin Township, making it nine by four and a half miles, its longest line extending east and west. In 1825, Gilead was erected, taking off the territory on the east ; in 1848, that part of Cardington south of the treaty line, which borders upon Westfield, was set off from the latter township, and later a piece of territory about a mile square was added to the southeast corner from Lincoln. As formed at present, Cardington is bounded on the north by Canaan, on the east by Gilead and Lincoln, on the south by Lincoln and Westfield, and on the west by Westfield and the Marion County line. The origin of the early name is not clearly known. According to a current tradition, it was suggested by old ^Nlr. Webster of of Gilead for his son Marvin. It is possible that this name may have suggested the name of the town in Scotland, or some emigrant from that land may have sought to perpetuate some memory of his native country. When Gilead was set off, the old name was retained by the western portion of the old township, and, in 1850, through the efforts of Thomas Sharpe, who was elected County Surveyor in 1856, the name was changed to Cardington, to correspond with the name of the post office and village.

The first settlers found the township a low, wet tract of land, covered with a heavy growth of timber. Owing to the level lay of the land, the streams in the central part are sluggish, affording but little drainage, and in fact it was necessary to convert them into ditches before they proved of any advantage in this direction. Toward the eastern part the land undulates slightly, and the banks of the Whetstone sometimes reach a height of ten or more feet. The latter river enters the township on the eastern side, near the track of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati & Indianapolis Railway, and, following in a general way the course of the railroad south to the village, it takes a sudden curve to the west through Slate Banks ; passing through the village, and turning south again about the middle of the township, it passes out of its territory. Two streams, Big Run and Shaw Ci'eek, rise in the northern part of the township, and, passing southwest, through the central part, in about identica,lly the same course, about a mile apart, join the Whetstone, the former just west of the village, and the latter in Westfield Township. During the early settlement, these watercourses could hardly be called streams. They simply marked the low, marshy ground that existed at that time and which, when overcharged with moisture, sought this channel to feed the Whetstone. In the process of cultivation, theses treams were converted into ditches, their channels deepened and straightened for a largi.part of their length, and, in the drying up of the country, they have taken on more of the character of creeks. There is but little bottom land along the Whetstone, nor is there much variety in the soil of the township. It is principally a black, sticky clay, requiring careful draining, and, when well tilled, capable of producing magnificent crops.

Drainint^ is receiving a great deal of attention from the fivrniers, and, as a whole, the township ranks very high among her sister townships in the product of her farms. There are some lands that produce as high as thirty-five or forty bushels of wheat per acre. Stock-raising is a prominent feature of this township's industries, several farmers giving almost their whole attention to growing pedigree stock In the northwestern part of the township, Capt. J. (1. Blue makes a specialty of thoroughbred Spanish-American merino sheep, possessing one of the largest flocks in the State. He has some $10,000 invested in this flock alone, and does business all over the country south and west. In addition to this, he pays considerable attention to raising fine-grade cattle of the Shorthorn Durham breed. He also pays some attention to horses, making a specialty in breeding roadsters of the Mohawk strain. He has six brood mares and some fourteen head of this stock on his farm at present. John Sellars, in the central part of the township, is another prominent horse breeder. He has some four or five stallions, one of which, " Mohawk Jackson," is .showing some tine points, and is expected to prove of considerable value as a trotter. The farmers are generally well-to-do, have farms of larger than the average size in the county, which are well improved with good buildings.

Two villages have been laid out within the limits of the township, Fricndsboruugh and Cardington. The latter will form a prominent feature in another chapter ; the former can scarcely be said to have had any history. It was laid out on the projxjrty now owned by Robert Mosher, in the eastern part of the township, by Col. Kilbourn, of Worthington, in 1822. The i)lat covered three lots of land, the project assuming a very ambitious character at the very start. Asa Mosher, though owning the larger part of the land included in the plat, was not sanguine of the .success of the village, and when John Roy sought to buy a lot on which to erect a store, he refused to sell it, for fear that, in the event of failure, it would cut up his prop.

erty. This was certainly the proper method to invite failure. Disappointed here, Roy went to Gilead and set up an establishment which became the nucleus about which the town of Mount Gilead gathered. A little later, however, Mosher overcame his scruples so far as to sell a lot to John Shaw, on which he built a cabinet-shop. The building was erected on the bank of the stream, with the expectation of running the machinery by water power, but the creek proved insufiicient for the purpose, and the land reverted to the original owner. This uncertainty on the part of ^Mosher undoubtedly prevented the growth of a village that would probably have united the power and population of both the rival villages of Cardington and Mount Gilead.

The first permanent step toward the introduction of civilization into this township was made in 1814, when the surveyor, John Milligan, assisted by eJohn and Jacob Foust. the brothers of Jonas Foust, who now resides in the township, surveyed and blazed out the Delaware and Mansfield road. The road passed along where Jonas Foust now lives, and the party, camping there one or two nights, left the surveyor's name and the date on a tree near the camp, where it remained for years afterward. From this point the road approached the village, a little etist of the site of the railroad, near the gravel pit; thence, passing between the residences of A. Mayer and W. C. Nichols, through where the front yard of the Union School now is, it ran along the south line of Nichols street, and thence along the gravel road and out by the old toll-house. On this road the mail was carried on horseback as early as 1815, and many stories are told of the dangers by highwaymen and wild beasts that infested the road. Four years later a stage was run once a week, driven by a man named Brockway, but after four months' trial, the difficulties of the way proved too many, and it was discontinued. The first actual settlement within the present limits was probably made by Isaac Bunker in 1822, Mr. Bunker was an industrious, energetic man, was educated as a mechanic, and did an extensive 'business as wagon-maker in Vermont. It is said that during the last season of his stay in his native State he built and disposed of sixty " iron-bound " wagons. His growing family of boys, however, demanded more scope for their proper development and prosperity, and he determined to move to the West. The Benedicts, to whom he was related, had come to Peru during the interval of 1809-12, and he made up his mind to follow them. He built a large wagon after the Pennsylvania type, bought a stage team, and, hiring an experienced driver to manage this four-horse power, he embarked his family and goods and came to Peru. He was not quite satisfied with the prospect here, and soon began to look about for a place more suitable for his projects. He went to the present site of Caledonia, and, selecting a suitable mill-site, he prepared to set up a mill. Here his plans were frustrated by the petty jealousy of those who had preceded him at this point. They threatened to build a dam above where he proposed to build, and annoyed him until he sold out his property and left the place. While undecided as to his further movements, his attention was called to the advantages offered by the Whetstone, as it passed through the present site of Cardington. Examining the place with Cyrus Benedict, Mr. Bunker decided to settle here, and purchased forty acres, afterward increasing his purchase to 160 acres, extending from where the northern line of the corporation now runs to about Walnut street on the south, and from the eastern boundary of Wolf's tannery on the east to the American House on the west. On the 28th of March, 1822, Mr. Bunker came to his new purchase with a force of eight or ten men, chopping out a road from the Peru settlement as he came ; and, selecting a site for his cabin where the Resley House now stands, he began to make a " clearing." With the force at his command, the building of a cabin was short work, and on April 1, 1822, he had a home for his family in the forests of what is now known as Cardinston. In the following month the family, consisting of a wife and eleven children, came from Peru to possess their new home. His family established in their new quarters. Bunker pushed his plans with characteristic vigor, and soon had a log blacksmith-shop on the lot adjoining his house lot, and a log barn located a little east and across the frontier road which ran along where Main street now furnishes an avenue for travel. These finished, a brush dam was built across the Whetstone, on the sito of the present structure, near the iron bridge, at the western end of which the framework for a saw-mill was erected, and a little below this a grist-mill was put up, being supplied with water through a short race. The latter was iu most demand, and was finished first, doing its first grinding in the fall of 1822. The saw-mill was completed immediately afterward, doing business in the winter, or early the following spring. The buhr-stones for the grist-mill were cut out of a large " nigger head " on the Peru farm, and measured some three feet and ten inches in diameter. These stones were cut by Henry James and Slocum Bunker, and cost weeks of hard work. In all these enterprises Mr. Bunker was forced to rely on his own unaided resources. He was not a man of large means, but, with a thorough and extensive mechanical education, he was a carpenter, blacksmith, millwright, and engineer at once, and, by shrewd management and barter, he secured the erection of his building without expending any cash. A little later, he built a cabin on the east side of Water street, the lot on which it was located now being owned by Mrs. Corwin ; Slocum Bunker, his son, built a cabin on the southwest corner of the old cemetery, which was afterward used as a schoolhouse and public hall.

At the time of Mr. Bunker's coming, there were no white families within the present limits of Cardington Township, save in the eastern part, near the Gilead line, where two squatters, William Langdon and Stephen Sherman, had raised cabins on the land now occupied by Robert Mosher. But little is known of the origin of these parties.

Laiiirilon's wife died here very soon (which was jinibably the first event of the kind in the township), and he left this vioinity, going "West. Sherman, being uliHged to move by the ))urt'ha.sers of tlu' land. .s(juatted again on the Singer place, and later succeeded in securing a little farm of fortv acres. Bunker's operations were well known ill the settlement of IVru. and created (juite an excitement among those who were not satisfactorily situated at that place. The natural result was that in the fidl of 1822 there was an extensive migration from that point to various parts of the new township. Among the earliest of those that came iu at this time were the Foust families. Jacob Foust, Jr., had come early to Peru witli his brother John, and came througli this locality as early as 1814 with the surveyor that ran out the Delaware and Mansfield road. Later their father, Jacob Foust, Sr., with the rest of the family, came and took up their residence in Peru. The family was originally from Berks County, Penn., and settled first in Muskingum County. In 1822, desiring to find more room, they came to Cardington, Jacob Foust, Sr., entering a farm on the banks of the ^^lletstone, where Jonas now lives. The house, situated on the high bank of the creek, overlooks the long stretch of bottom lands lying to the north, presenting a view that is charming in its picturesqueness. Just west of this farm, near the .same stream, Jacob, Jr., erected his cabin, just north of the treaty line, in the .southwest quarter of the township. Another famih^ w'as that of the Elys. They came originalh^ from Pennsylvania to Suidjury Township, in Delaware County, where they remained until the summer of 1822, when Michael, with his son Peter and his famil}^ came to Cardington, and entered an eighty -acre farm on Lot 28, east of the Fousts, where the elder Ely lived until his death. The farm is now owned by Jonathan Ke.ster. Clo.sely following this family, came Isaac Bowyer. It is believed that this family came originally from ^'irginia to J*erry County, and from there to where his son Isaac now resides. He built a saw mill on Shaw Creek in 1830, which he operated for some ten or fifteen years. The stream is sluggish, with low banks, and the dam backed the water up for a considerable distance, and caused the water to overflow a number of farms, rt>sulting, it is said, in considerable sickness, the condition of the country being productive of miasmatic troubles at the time.

Among the Peru fomilies that came about this time was that of John Keese. He had formerly been an extensive dealer in lumber in Clinton, N. Y., owning a considerable tract of land where Keeseville now stands. During the war of 1812 he was engaged in rafting lumber to Montreal, but lost a large amount, which broke him up and drove him West in hope of repairing his fortunes. He was . an intelligent person and possessed something of a philosophical mind, but his reverses had broken him down so much that he never retrieved himself. He came early to Peru, and there married his second wife, the first occasion of the kind iu that township. On coming to Cardington, he located on a farm owned now by Henry W. Curl, in Section 18, in the western middle part of the township. He lived here until his death, some years after which event his son Richard sold to Curl and returned to Peru, where he died about 1875. In the early part of the following winter - 1822-23 - Peleg Bunker - whose wife was a Benedict, and had been the means of his coming to the early settlement in Peru - came to Cardington, settling on the land now owned by Elizabeth McKeown. He was originally from New York, belonged to the Society of Friends, and at a later day became prominent in the early manufacturing enterprises of the village. He came originally from New York State. Another important accession at this time was that of Cyrus Benedict, the founder of the Alum Creek settlement in Peru Township in 1809. Through his eiforts the colony in Peru had gained a widespread reputation for industry and morality, and his coming augured well for the success of the new community. He entered the farm now owned by his grandsons, Cyrus E. and Sylvester Benedict, lying on Shaw Creek, in Sections 9 and 30, in the southwest cornel-, just above the treaty line. In the same year Delano Sherman came from Junius, N. Y., and entered the farm where his son, Judd W. Sherman, now resides. In the fall of this year a settlement was begun just northeast of the village, near the Gilead line. The Quaker settlement in the southwestern part of Gilead Township was established at an early date, and it was with the intention of joining this community that Asa Mosher, with his eleven children, prepared to start for the West. Early in the winter of 1818, he started on sleds from Washington County, N. Y., and made good progress to the western limits of the State, where he was obliged to lay over for several days, while he waited for the family of Peleg Rogers to complete their preparations for emigrating to the same place. They came as far as Cleveland on their sleds, but they were obliged here to exchange them for wagons, the far advance of spring making them impracticable for the balance of the journey. From Cleveland, their route took them through Wooster, Fredericktown, to Gilead, arriving at the latter place in March, 1818. Daniel Beadle, with his son jMarshall, and his sons-in-law Cornelius Mills and John Ensley, who had started about the same time that Marshall did and from the same place, had outstripped them, making the whole journey on sleds, and were snugly housed near the Cardington line, Ensley's property, perhaps, taking in a part of Cardington. Robert Mosher lived at home with his father until the winter of 1822, when getting married, he went on to the place of I]nsley, who failed to pay for the land he had entered. In the following year, Robert traded his place to his tather for the property where he now lives, and moved on to it. John Boyee had entered sixtyseven acres here, and built a cabin, but, failing to pay for it, Mr. Asa Mosher, who was a man of considerable means, bought it and traded it to his son. During the year following his first arrival in Gilead, Asa Mosher, noticing an eligible mill site on the land where his grandson now lives, built a

In 1824, Thomas Sharpe, from Pennsylvania, came to Cardington, and entered the farm now owned by Ross Greenfield. He was elected Surveyor of Morrow County, in 1856, and after his term of service emigrated for the West. In the same year, Gideon Mann came to the place now owned by P. T. Powers. Mann was a native of Rhode Island, but came at an early date to Chenango County, N. Y. He was soon possessed with the Western fever, and felt greatly inclined to emigrate to Mississippi or Missouri ; but a son-in-law, who had emigrated to Marlborough, in Delaware County, sent back such glowing accounts of the country there that he varied his proposed route, and came to Delaware County. He was at this point when the tide set toward Cardington, and he was easily carried along, but not so easily satisfied. He had a chronic desire to move, and only his financial inability prevented the realization of his early desire to go to the Mississippi Valley. AVilliam Barnes was another new-comer of this year. He came from Mechanicsburg, Ohio, and entered the farm where Craven Jenkins now lives, which he afterward sold to his son-in-law and went further west. In 1828, Reuben Oliver came here from Virginia, and entered the farm now owned by his son, S. Johnson Oliver. In 1829, David Merrick came from Harrison County, Ohio, and entered the farm owned by William Spencer, and, two years later, his son-in-law, Lewis Barge, came to Cardington from Belmont County. The latter moved into Bunker's old log cabin, on Water street. He lived here two years, and established a wagon shop, when he entered the farm on which he now lives. Robert Maxwell came to the township in the same year, and, after making an eifort to buy out the interest of some of the earlier settlers in vain, he entered a large tract of land, including the farms owned by himself, M. L. Maxwell, Henry Centers and some others. He was a man of marked energy, of considerable means, and has directed his attention principally to handling stock. He now

The coninnmity that gathered thus about the milling point on the Whetstone was made up largely from the members of the settlements in adjacent territory. No sooner was the " new purchase " placed upon the market than those who had failed to secure eligible farms, or who had contracted the habit of " going to the new country," pressed forward to occupy the land, in some cases outstripping the Government surveyors. The earliest of these ])ioneers found the woods swarming with game of all kinds, to which were added large numbers of hogs that had wandered off from the frontier .settlements, and had set up for themselves. These latter animals afforded considerable sport to those who delighted in adventure, and some narrow escapes from injury at their tusks are related. Wolves were numerous, and troublesome to the stock of the settlers, frequently destroying calves and young cattle. The severity of the winter of 1824 or 182.5 destroyed the larger part of the game in this vicinity. Snow fell to the depth of twenty inches, and a heavy crust forming on this, which prevented the animals from reaching the ground, resulted in the starvation of vast numbers of turkeys, deer and hogs. The latter animals were found in piles, dead through starvation and cold, while the crust giving the lighter-footed wolf a cruel advantage over the deer, resulted in the destruction in this way of vast numbers of the latter animals. Among the early settlers, Jonas Foust was considered a great hunter and a crack shot. He devoted a considerable portion of his time to this pursuit, and added not a little to the limited resources of the frontier by his accomplishment. Hunting at that time was something more than a pleasure. It was a necessity, and it is very doubtful whether this country could have been brought under cultivation, without the aid of game to support the family until the land proved productive. It is related of Jonas Foust, that, afler hunting all day with a " crack shot " by the name of Blizzard, the latter proposed to shoot at a mark for the hides. To this Foust readily assented, and the contest began. A bullet was shot into a tree for a mark, and five bullets were put into the single hole made by the first ball, when Blizzard's weapon hung fii'e and varied his ball suflicient to break the circle and defeat him. This would be considered very good marksmanship, shooting " off-hand " at a hundred yards, in this day. Bee-hunting made valuable returns to those who were proficient in this branch of hunting lore, a single tree often yielding as much as ten gallons of strained honey. The woods were full of bee-trees, and it is said that a barrel of honey could be discovered in a week, though it was not so easily secured. The plan adopted by regular hunters in this line was to provide a bait made up of a little honey, water, anise seed, cinnamon, brandy, and " life everlasting." The latter was an herb that grew in certain parts of the country and was so necessary to success, and so much in demand, that the frontier stores kept it as a regular article of sale, and hunters would send as far as Mansfield to procure it. About a pint of this mixture was prepared at a time, and the intelligent hunter, taking a little of this liquid in his mouth, would spirt it upon the first bee he saw on a flower. The bee would at once make for its tree, and the others, smelling the odor, would follow the perfumed bee to where it would return for more of the attractive material. Here they svould find the bottle of bait uncorked, and, diving into it, would bear back a burden of the precious li({uid to their hives. The most diflicult part of the business would then be to track the bee to its stores of honey. Old hunters claim that the few drops of brandy to a pint of the mixture had the effect on the bees to cause them to fly direct to their trees without circling into the air, as is usual with them before they take their flight homeward. To " air-line " a bee was the test of proficiency in this accomplishment, and it was not all who were successful in this essential particular. The results of these expeditions, as the honey found ready sale at a distance, provided other necessities, or the commoner luxuries, besides adding something of a variety to the homely fare of the frontier cabin. Trapping was another source of income that could be indulged in without detracting greatly from the necessary work of the clearing, but, as a matter of fact, it was found that it required the instinct of the true-born hunter to accomplish any respectable results from this sort of hunting. There were few animals save " coons " that were worth the bait, but in some seasons these animals were so numerous as to prove a nuisance to the growing crops, and a blessing to the hunter. Generally, however, five " coons " in a single night in favorable weather was a good catch. Their hides were worth about 25 cents apiece, and in this way many a frontier farmer procured the means to pay his taxes when all other resources had failed.

When the Indians sold their claim to the lands north of the boundary line, they were granted the privilege " to fish, fowl and hunt " in the territory, so long as it was Grovernment land. The insecurity of this tenure could hardly be realized by the contracting savages, and the settlers, coming upon the scene almost as soon as the conditions were known, found them located upon the banks of the Whetstone, pi'epared to enjoy the privileges conceded, for some time to come. On the rising ground where Firstenbarger's residence stands, the first comers found a large village of the natives. It was composed of huts about eight feet long, built up on three sides with poles, and covered with bark tied on with poles and thongs. Two of these huts faced each other, the open sides fronting the huge fire which was built between them. The natives were members of the Wyandot, Seneca and Miami tribes, and their custom was to come down from their reservation early in April or May, and stay until time to plant corn, when they went to their reservation to put in their crops. After the harvest they came again for the fall hunt, and many of them frequently stayed all winter hunting and trapping. They treated the whites in the friendliest manner, and were never more delighted than when they could induce the whites to compete with them in feats of strength or endurance. The hunters among the whites were never loath to engage in these contests, and were quite as often victors as the natives. These periodical visits of the Indians were kept up for twelve or fifteen years after the coming of the whites, but the growing scarcity of game, and the more attractive solitudes of the " Northwestern Territory" gradually diminished their numbers, and they finally ceased their visits altogether.

The early community that settled in Cardington was largely made up of tho^e who had known pioneer life in the adjacent settlements, and were better prepared to encounter the difficulties of their new home. These were not so great as those encountered a few years earlier, but, although not so completely isolated as were the earlier settlements of Delaware and Knox Counties, they experienced enough of the hardships and inconveniences of frontier life to impress us of a later day that it was a very serious business to clear up a new country. The nearest mills were in Marlborough and Peru Townships, the available tannery was Israel Hights, at Windsor Corners, and stores were only found at Delaware, Fredericktown, Mansfield and Marion. John Roy soon established a store at Mount Grilead, which with the mills established by Bunker relieved the settlers of the long journeys for the commonest necessities of life, but for salt, glass and iron, Zanesville still continued to be the only source of supply. To this point such of the settlers as were able to undertake the expense, made long pilgrimages through the woods for these indispensable articles. Jacob Foust, Sr., used to make the journey with an ox team and wagon, consuming about eight days on the journey, and bringing back four or five barrels as the limit of a load which could safely be put in a wagon for one yoke of cattle to draw. The arrival of such a load in a neighborhood put the whole population in commotion, and the salt was readily sold out at 15 dollars per barrel, the purchase consideration being paid in barter or work. These journeys, until the older settlements were reached, were made through improvised trails through the woods, fre(|uently without hlazed trees for guides. The Delaware and Manstield road was soon chopped out, and a connecting link between the old and new land thus established. The road from Marion to Delaware was early blazed out in a unique fashion. The road had been regularly run out as fiir as Havens Mills, in Claridon, and from their Jonas Foust, who had been to mill, turned his horse loo.se, and following him home he blazed the trees with his tomahawk along the path his horse took. A glance at the map seems to indicate that much of this " horse sense " has become crj'Stallized in the zigzag roads that serve the people as avenues of travel, but at that time the object was not so much the directness of the road as the certainty of the outcome.

In 1823, the township was organized and Asa Mosher, Noah White and Isaac Bunker, were elected as first Trustees of the township ; .Slocum Bunker as the first Justice of the Peace, and Delano Sherman as Constable. The election was held in Mo.sher's mill in April, 1824. At the second election in the same place, politics had taken root in the new community, and the upper and lower arts of the township were divided between Andrew Jack.son and John Quincy Adams, and the result was the defeat of Mosher and Bunker for a second term. It is said that when the result was known, Mosher, with a quiet facetiousness, addressed Bunker with - " Thee and I may go to work for a living now." Alexander Purvis was the second Constable, ajid served for years in this position. The second Justice of the Peace was John 8hunk, a position to which he was twice re-elected. In the mean while, improvements Averc rapidly taking place. In the Foust neighborhood, a horse-mill was put up by a Grerman named "Gatchill," about 1824. But previous to this, and, in fact, the first in the township, a mill was erected by Asa Mosher on the Whetstone as it passes through the property owned by his grandson, (x. Mosher. This was put up in 1819, before the land was surveyed.

The buhr stones were made out of a huge " nigger-head " found near where the iron bridge now is at Cardington. The stones were four-and-a-half feet cross, the runner bsiug eighteen inches through at the eye. Robert Mosher and David James were twenty-eight days in accomplishing this work, but it is said turned out " buhrs " that did the business equal to that in use now, though they could hardly be called as durable. A brush dam was constructed, and during the season of high water there w;\s a constant demand for its services. Persons living as far away as Bucyrus brought grist to the mill and were often obliged to remain over night, the miller dispensing a free hospitality. While this mill absorbed the patronage from the north and east, the Bunker mill received that of Shawtown and the west. Here the hospitality of the miller was frequently taxed to an extent that absorbed the profits of the business, but it was extended cheei'fully as a part of the business in a new country. In 1823, the settlement on the Whetstone in Morven Township having attracted considerable attention by its activity, Horton Howard bought, as a speculation, the property which afterward became known as the Gregory farm. Howard was a Quaker and had been a merchant in the village of Delaware, but was then Receiver in the land office located at that place. Attracted by the stirring activity of the new settlement, he entered into partnership with Peleg Bunker, the latter doing the work and Howard furnishing the money, and a log cabin was put up on the north side of the Whetstone, for the purpose of accommodating a carding machine. The dam was built across the river at the point where Gregory street first strikes the river coming from the south. Bunker built a cabin for his residence a few yards south of the bend, on the west side of the street. In the following year Howard came on to his property moving into a cabin that had been previously erected for him a little south and west of Bunker's. A frame building was erected on the other side of the river, at the end of the dam, and machinery for fulling and dressintr cloth added. At the same time he bought out Bunker's share in the business, giving him eighty acres of land. Bunker moved on to his new property and in a few weeks died. Howard continued the business for a year, but the land office having been moved to Tiffin he was obliged to remove to that place and put his carding business in the hands of a Mr. Phillips. He conducted the business for years, until the growth of the country and the improvement in manufactures superseded the use of these mills. In 1825, Isaac Bunker built a shop between his two mills, in which he manufactured wagons on the old Eastern plan. He had carried on this business to some extent in a part of his saw-mill before this, but, anxious to increase his trade, he built better facilities for prosecuting the undertaking. Two years later, he built a frame foundry building on the east side of the river, to which he constructed a race and supplied machinery to run the bellows by water-power. It was what was known as a pocket furnace. Iron was bought at the Mary Ann fiirnace, located in Licking County, on the Rocky Fork of the Licking Creek. Charcoal was the fuel used, and was made by Bunker, on his place. The principal business of the foundry was the manufacture of Jethro Wood's patent cast-iron plow. This was the first one of the kind ever patented, and, at the expiration of his patent, his heirs received $50,000 from Congress, in lieu of a renewal. These plows Bunker made in considerable numbers, charging $9 for the largest size. Andirons formed a conspicuous part of his manufactures, to which might be added fanning-mill machinery and certain parts of saw-mill machinery. But few kettles were made at this foundry, as these were rather monopolized by the foundry in Licking County. In LS29. Bunker went into partnership with certain parties intending to undertake the manufacture of plows on a large scale, at Grranville, but the venture did not turn out well, and he lost all his property. He afterward went to Texas, where he died. In 1 826, a post office was established here. Heretofore the community had got their mail at Westfield, where there was a weekly mail, or at Peru, where the mail came once in two weeks. This was not so great an inconvenience as would seem on the first glance, as mail was a very scarce article in the new settlement. A mail route had been established between Delaware and Mansfield, passing through this settlement as early as 1815, and the mail carrier brought the Delaware Gazette to the few who could afford to take it at that time. An exception was made in favor of Howard, a public official, and the carrier was allowed to bring his mail from Delaware. In the year named, however, Howard, who it is supposed would have some especial influence from his connection with a governmental position, secured the establishment of an office under the name of Cardington, a name suggested by the manufacturing interests of the place. Isaac Bunker was the first Postmaster, who was succeeded by his son Slocum ; and he, in turn, by Leumas Cook, who is still a resident of the town. The first tannery was started about this time by John Thompson, on the spot where the store of W. H. Marvin stood. He afterward sold out to Peter Brown, who, after associating Arthur Taylor with him in the business, sold out, some time later, to the Odd Fellows' Society, when the tannery was vacated. To finish the history of this business, it may be said that, in 18G1, Shunk and W^agner built the tannery now owned by H. C. Wolfe, and carried it on until 1865, when it was sold to the present owner. In 1830, Slocum Bunker opened the pioneer store in the frame addition which had been built to the old Bunker cabin. Three years later, he sold out to Peleg Mosher, and went to Mechanicsburg, Ohio. In 1885, Benjamin Camp opened up a store on the Nichols place, which was the only one at that time . Peter Doty built the house now owned by John Lentz for a store, and sold goods there for a time. Later, Doty took John Shunk in as partner, and, dissolving partnership soon afterward, a new firm, Shunk & Wolfe, built the store in the Woodruff House. The lot on which the dwelling-house of Jes.se W. Mills now stands was the site of the first tavern. John Smith was the author of this enterprise, but, like the rest of this class of business men, he sold out, and, in 183G, Thomas McKinstry presided as host, and, later, was succeeded by Martin Brockway. The latter built the large house on Lot No. H, which served the public imder several changes of administrations, for eighteen years. In 1850, David Mosher put up a building for hotel purposes on the north side of West ]Main street, on the lot now owned by Henry Smith. A man by the name of Davis entertained the public here. Daniel Norris succeeded him, and for a few years continued the business here, when he built the two lower stories of the Nichols House, and opened it as a hotel in 1 854. Three years later, J. H. Benson added a third story, and one room on the west side, which is now used as a millinery store. The house is now owned by W. H. Marvin and I. H. Pennock, and is kept by C. P. Nichols. The American House was built by Henry Steiner & Brothers, west of the railroad, near the cattle yards, for a warehouse, but, finding it not advantageously situated, they removed it to its present location and sold it. It passed into the hands of Leumas Cook, who sold it to W. & W. A. Hance, who, in 186(). raised it up and refitted it for the purpose for which it was at first designed. It is now owned and conducted by A. M. Lowe. Another enterprise of the early time should not be overlooked. In 18H0, a public library was inaugurated somewhat on the plan of modern book clubs. Slocum Bunker, Lewis Barge, Doctor Andrews and William Barnes started the project, and were joined by others. The books in the possession of each were brought together under the name of the Cardington Library. Slocum Bunker was its librarian for a time, and kept the books in the old Resley house, on Main street. T^ewis Barge then took them in charge, and kept them in the cabin on Water street, which stood on the lot now owned by Mrs. Corwin. Here they remained until the proprietors had read them all, and, there being no fund to buy more, the effects of the library were divided among the several proprietors, and the library discontinued.

In this chapter on the beginning of things, it may not be inappropriate to mention some social reminiscences which we give as published by W. C. Nichols in the Cardington Itidejjendent : " The first white child born in this town was Joseph Bunker, who died in Texas in 1841. The first death in the village was that of David G , a son of Isaac Bunker, in September, 1824, who was the first one buried in the cemetery on the Marion road. The first burial in the old cemetery was that of a child of Amos Casteel, and the first burial in the new cemetery was Mrs. Estaline, wife of David Armstrong, and daughter of Israel Hite. The oldest person buried in the old cemetery was Mrs. Rachel Kille, aged ninety-one years ; and the oldest person buried in the new cemetery was Mrs. Sarah Gregory, aged seventy-one years. The first person married, who was a resident of the town, was Slocum Bunker, who was united with Miss Matilda Wood. The first couple married, who were both residents of the town, were John Kesler and Rebecca Stout. The ceremony was performed by John Shunk, a Justice of the Peace, in a house on Water street. The first lawyer was Thomas McCoy, who was also the tallest man that ever resided in town. The first physician was Andrew McCluer, who came in 1836. The first resident minister was Charles Caddy, a Protestant Methodist, who lived in the old house down by the millrace."

Bunker's failure at Granville was complete, and involved the loss of his whole property at Cardington, and, on the 20th of June, 1834, the mills and lands were sold to Arthur Mott, of Onondaga County, in New York. In the following January, Mott articled the property to Daniel Earl and Adam Sherman, who sold their interest in the following month to Lumas Cook. Cook, who was a son-in-law of John Reese, came from Rutland, Vt., in 1828, and lived for a year or thereabouts with Mr. Reese. He then moved on to the Howard farm, staying there two or three years, when he purchased what is now known as the " gravel-pit " farm. In February, 1835, he traded this property for Earl's interest in the Bunker property, and took up his residence in the old Resley house in March. In May, Sherman sold his interest to John Shunk, who came to Cardington with his family, from Fredericktown, Knox Co., Ohio, and moved into the house standing near the race. He was originally from Maryland, but had spent a year at the former place. Cook and Shunk then bought the property from Mott. In the following year, the new proprietors laid out a village on their property and named it Cardington, from the name of the post office, which had furnished a generally accepted name to the community for some years. This gave a fresh impulse to the growing community, and the lots found a good sale. The town as it now exists, has by the different additions covered over four of the early farms. Immediately west of the Bunker property was the Howard farm ; in the southwest quarter was formerly the Grandy farm, and the southeast quarter was the Nichols place. At Howard's death in 1847, the farm passed into the hands of his daughter, a Mrs. Little, who sold it to James Gregory. Mr. Gregory was a native of Cumberland County, Penn., and came with his family from that place the same year he bought the farm. There were 241 acres in the property, which sold at $12.50 per acre. Mr. Gregory lived on this property for thirteen years, platting it and selling it as the demand warranted. He died in August of 1860, at the advanced age of sixty-four.

What is known as the Grandy farm was patented by one named Haymaker, of whom but little more is known. It appears that the propterty was sold for taxes to Dorastus Chandler, who sold his title in 1844 to William Grandy. The latter came from St. Lawrence County, N. Y., in 1842. Some two years after his purchase of this tax title, and after having carried on some considerable improvements, an elderly lady called on Mr. Grandy, representing herself as a daughter of Haymaker, the original owner of the property, and proposing to sell her interest in the estate. It was further represented that the heirs were poor, and were willing to make favorable terms with the possessor of the place. Mr. Grandy was naturally reluctant to eater into such an arrangement, and the lady departed without having accomplished her purpose. Mr. Grandys people felt by no means secure, knowing the feeble tenure by which they held their farm ; but nothing was done toward quieting any adverse claim. Not long after, Michael Vincent, a lame man, who wielded the pedagogue's ruler, purchased the claim of the Haymaker heirs for a song, and putting the matter in the hands of a Columbus law firm, asked but a third of the property recovered for his share. A suit was at once begun, and was in the courts for several years ; but in 1855, a decision, adverse to the Grandy claim, was reached, and he was dispossessed. Vincent in the meanwhile died, and twenty-five acres were apportioned to his heir. This was bought, in 1856, by 'William and Jeremiah Shunk at $35 per acre. The balance of the farm was bought, in 1864, by Gen. John Beatty, and sold in small parcels. That part east of the railroad is now owned by Jacob Kreis, First National Bank of Cardington, George Kreis and T. D. Bradley. The Nichols farm, composed of Lots 9, 2, 7 and 17, were secured by patent about 1806, signed by Thomas Jefferson, President of the United States, to Thomas and Margaret Henderson, for services rendered by their father during the Revolutionary war. It remained in their hands about nineteen years, when it was sold for taxes, and purchased by Daniel Earl. Five years later, Earl sold his title to Benjamin Camp, who improved it, built two log cabins, in what is now W. C. Nichol's orchard, established an ashery and a store. During his possession, Thomas Henderson came on and claimed the property, whereupon Camp bought out the claimant s interest, and that of his sister, for $120. In 1836, Camp sold to Samuel Foust and Edward Cutter. Camp, like Noah of antediluvian fame, was a preacher of righteousness, and, like Lorenzo Dow, obtained his licen.se to preach "from the court of Heaven." He is remembered by the older citizens as an earnest, conscientious man, whose whole influence was for good. It is rehited that one Sunday afternoon, when the mills were running; in full blast, the proprietors observed Camp going over the river to an old house that had boon built on the corner of the cemetery lot, where he used to preach, with his Bible under his arm. With one consent, the mills, were shut down and the men wont over to " attend church." After the .services, the worthy preacher thanked the men for coming to hear him, and so interested them that they gave up the habit of Sunday work and l)ecame regular attendants upon his services. In 1837, the property having come into the hands of Cutter and Casteel, the west half was sold to Martin Brock way, who held it until 1853, when he sold it to W. C Nichok The east half was sold to IMrs. Ink, and, after passing from her possession through several hands, it is now owned by a gentleman in Columbus. The lot on which the union schoolhouse stands was originally entered by Joseph Vance, who was afterward, in 1830, Governor of Ohio. The land was aflx)rward transferred to his son, Joseph, Jr.. and by him was sold to Martin Brockway. In 1853, it pas.sod by sale into the hands of W. C. Nichols, who now resides on this property.

The schoolhouse early found a place in the community that settled Cardington Township. Coming largely from Peru and adjoining townships - the most of the leading men belonging to the Quaker society - they brought with them a great respect for education and tlie elevating influence of the schoolhouse, and the community early set about securing its privileges for their cbildren. The first .school building within the township was built in the foil of 1823, a short distance northeast of where Robert Mosher now lives. It was designed for church purposes as well as for school, and was built with great care. The logs were square and laid up in mud, rendering the walls air tight. It was provided with glass windows, the u.sual .school furniture of the time, and a stone stove. The latter was an ingenious device, con.structed of stone and nuid. with a huge flair for door, and designed to take the place of the usual fire-place. When once well heated, it kepi the room warm as an oven. The chimney began where the stove left off and went up througli the roof. This served for several years, until cracked by heat and racked by the careless placing of fuel, it became unfit for service, and one summer day it was, by the direction of the teacher, thrown out by the scholars. The names of the early teachers have been generally forgotten, but the name of Doubledee is remembered as one of the earliest. In the settlement on the Whetstone, the first log schoolhouse was put up in the woods, near where the woolen-factory now stands, in 1824. The site was chosen on account of a .spring that issued out of the ground just west of where the railroad track now runs. Slocum Bunker was the first teacher in this schoolhouse, and Horton Howard's daughter Sarah was the first lady teacher. Schools were continued here for several years, when it was transferred to the cabin on the old cemetery lot, where James Davis taught the opening school. In 1837, Sylvia, a daughter of Isaac Bunker, taught school in a house owned by Anson St. John, on Main street. The first frame schoolhouse was built in 1840, on the corner of Second and Center streets, directly east of Henry Prophet's residence. It was used for schools and served as a church for all denominations. It was the only schoolhouse in the village for fourteen years, when it was sold and removed. It is now used by George Dick as a ])akcr shop. The school house on Walnut street was built, in 1853, by the Lee brothers, William Burn*, assisted by two young ladies, teaching the first school. It was sold in 18ti8 to Matthias Loyor, and converted into a dwelling house. The new school building, which is an ornament to the town, was built in the same year. It was not without considerable effort that the people were united on the project, and even then the building contemplated was much less conijtlete than was afterward secured. The building cost in round figures, including the surroundings, $40,000, and is the handsomest school building in the county. The grounds are laid out with fine graveled walks, fine ornamental shrubs and flowers render the front attractive and give it the air of a private enterprise rather than a public school. The structure is 85x70 feet, three stories above the basement, has ten school rooms and a hall that will seat five hundred persons. It stands on a lot of two and a half acres, on the south side of Nichols street, about equal distance between Marion and Center streets. Mr. Gr. 0. Brown is the present Superintendent, and with his assistants presides over seven departments. The special school district which owns and patronizes this school, was organized in February, 1858, under the Akron school law. The first election for School Board, February 25, 1858, resulted in the election of the following persons: F. E. Phelps and A. H. Grreen, for one year; Daniel Weider, and John Shur, for two years; William Shunk and C. P. Shur, for three years. D. Rees was employed by the Board at $500 per year, and Miss Elizabeth Moore as the assistant for $28.50 per month. The present Board is made up as follows: A. H. Grrant, President; C. F. Leutz, Treasurer; Dr. J. L. Williams, Secretary, and Greorge Dawson, A. Mayer and Gr. W. Bell. The statistics of the special district are as follows :

The society of Friends has long been noted for its Antislavery principles, and the fugitive slave found no warmer or more self-forgetful friends than among the Quakers. Their presence in this township, therefore, was the signal for the coming of these fugitives, and the underground railroad was soon an established institution in the early community settled here. The first runaways came to the Mosher place about 1819. Some four or five negroes, who had made their escape from Kentucky, arrived there during the night and stayed till quite late the next day. They were closely pursued by their masters, and were found at their place of refuge by several heavily armed men, who claimed to arrest them for theft. The people were taken off their guard, and inexperienced as they then were, allowed them to be carried off. These were the only ones ever recaptured, though many were passed through this point from one station to another. One night after the midnight hour a neighbor came to Robert Mosher with the information that there were eighteen negroes to be cared for, and nine were assigned him for safety. He needed no second bidding, and in an hour they were on their way to a land where colored men were free. After the building of the railroad advantage was taken of this means of transportation 'though great care had to be exercised in selecting a train on which the conductor was favorably disposed. On one occasion, a party had been put on board, and the person in charge of the company was congratulating himself that a great step had been accomplished, when some fellow on the train, recognizing the character of the business, spoke up, " That's my girl." The alarm was taken at once, and, without considering the consequences, the whole party in a stampede jumped off the train, though it was at that time leaving the depot at considerable speed. It turned out to be nothing but a practical joke on the part of the traveler, but it seriously interrupted the journey of the fugitives. At another time, the Mosher family was thrown into considerable confusion by the approach of two Kentuckians, with cattle, desiring to find accommodations for their cattle and themselves. It happened that Mosher had been to the depot that day, and one of his friends had imprudently asked before a stranger, how business on the underground road was flourishing. In one of the drovers, Mr. Mosher recognized the stranger who had overheard the conversation, and at once formed the conclusion that he was there for spying purposes. He was happily disappointed, however, and though under the circumstances he felt obliued to entertain the strangers suffered no inconvenience fi*om their stay^ forwarded to Port Huron or Sandusky, where save a lecture on tlie sacredness of the in- I a schooner took them and transferred them to stitution of slavery. The slaves were generally Canada.

CARDINGTON TOWNSHIP - THE RAILROAD - INCORPORATION OF THE VILLAGE - ADMINISTRATION - ADDITION TO PLAT - BUSINESS ENTERPRISES AND MANUFACTURES - CHURCHES - BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES - CEMETERIES.

THE traveler, crossing the State on the Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, & Indianapolis Railway, passes through but one village in Morrow County, and that is Cardington. This is a village of 1 ,362 inhabitants, by the census of the present year; it is situated in the southeast corner of the township of the same name, ninety-eight miles southwest of Cleveland and thirty-eight north of Columbus. Its latitude is 40 i° north, and about 6° west longitude. A line drawn from Cincinnati, the metropolis of the State, to Cleveland, the second city, passes through the village; another line, drawn from the northwest corner of the State to Marietta in the southeast, the oldest city, will cross the first line in Cardington ; so that, like the city of Duluth, " it is supposed to be so exactly in the center of the visible universe that the sky comes down at the same distance all around it." But this is the village of to-day. Forty years ago, it ranked below the village of Woodbury, and was called a town only as a matter of courtesy. A straggling collection of dwellings at the east end of town, that in 1836 counted only six dwellings, with the saw and grist mills, and the carding-mill and two cabins at the west end, marked the site of Cardington. One street wound along the river bank from the ford at the site of Bunker's mill to the carding-mill, and then on to the Delaware road. Where Main crosses Marion street, a "cat-tail swamp " barred the way, ami a single tavern and store represented the hospitality and commercial enterprise of the place. But little remains now to point out the changes that have been made since that day. Here and there about town some old structure is pointed out beneath its modern disguise as one of the land-marks of that time. There is the old water-mill, built in 1840 by Shunk & Wolfe, with the same old building, but containing such improvements in machinery as would be likely to confound the early proprietors. The house on the race, back of E. AVinebar's, is another relic of the early times, and about which cluster the memories of the earliest settlers, while those owned by John Leutz, and Andrew Grant have witnessed the changes from a time scarcely less early. The stable of C. P. Nichols has had a varied existence. Built in 1839 for a stable by Martin Brockway, it stood on the south side of Second street, opposite John Sanderson's livery stable. In 1852, Leumas Cook bought it, and, moving it to where Harvey Bunker's livery stable stands, converted it into a grist-mill, applying the first steam power ever used in the town. After serving in this capacity for eight or ten years, it was sold again and resumed its character of stable, and is now occupied for livery purposes. Of those who were actors upon the scene at that time, there are twelve persons remaining. Jjcumas Cook and wife, Mrs. Hannah Brockway, Mrs. Anna Wolfe, Julia Hartsock, Thomas C. Thouipson, Dubois St. John, Sarah A. Bailev, Marv Badirer,

The Bunker property remained in the hands of Cook and Shunk two or three years, when in 1836 they laid out the town. They soon after dissolved partnership, Cook retaining the village property and Shunk taking the mills and water privileges. In 1839, Charles H. Wolfe came here from Maryland with his wife and child, and purchased an interest in the mills with Shunk, a partnership that terminated only with the death of Mr. Shunk in 18G-4. Three years before the coming of Wolfe, Thomas C. Thompson came from the same State, a young unmarried man, and set up a carriage-shop. A year later, having established himself in his business, he returned to Maryland and brought back the sister of John Shunk as his wife. In 1837, Anson St. John came here, a widower with three children, and established a cabinet-shop on the bank of the river in the east part of town. Here he manufactured the first furniture made in the place, and carried a stock of goods that was the pride of the town. A lathe run by horse power was one of his conspicuous advantages over competitors in the surrounding country, giving his work a superior finish and his shop greater facilities that told on the customer. But, notwithstanding these additions, the town made but a very small show for a city. Up to the coming of the railroad, the place exhibited no particular vitality, and, in fact, was rather retrograding. Chesterville at that time was the metropolis of the county, with a lively struggle between Mount Gilead and Cardington for second place. The nearest point to secure sup. plies was at Mansfield, which was then the terminus of the old Mansfield railroad. Here, whoever had bu.^iness to that place, put on what goods they could haul and brought them back to his neighbors. A small tin-shop owned and run by Dubois St. John got all of its supplies here, going over eighteen or twenty miles for the little sti fi" he found sale for in the way of his trade. In 1848, came the formation of the county, and with it a "boom" for Mount Gilead, making it in a short time the most important village in the county. At this time the Scriptural injunction, "Let him that standeth take heed lest he fill " would have served the county seat an excellent purpose if it had been heeded. The building of the new railroad was projected, and soon took shape, so that the village was asked to subscribe for the enterprise. Fifty thousand dollars worth of stock was at once taken and the line surveyed out. At this juncture the managers, desiring to make sure against any failure on the part of the subscribers, came to Mount Gilead, as to other places, to get security for the subscriptions before the work was begun. The parties there, feeling sure that the road would go through, temporized and failed to give the desired guarantees, and the railroad magnates left, in no amiable mood. Coming to Cardington they stopped with John Shunk, who was a man of shrewd intellect and kept hotel. The town had but little means and could not compete with the county seat in subscription, but Shunk suggested that if they would follow the line surveyed in 1830, for the Ohio Canal, which passed about two miles west of Mount Gilead, they would save nearly as much as they had subscribed. This suggestion fell upon willing ears, and the line was laid out in that way. One day, it is said, some Gilead parties were in Cardington, and, .noticing some men working along the proposed route through town, inquired what was going on. " That is the line of the new railroad," was the reply. The astonishment and chagrin of the man from Gilead was all that their rivals could have asked. Great eflPorts were made to counteract the efiects of their short-sighted policy, bvit it was in vain, and Cardington gained what was far more valuable to her interests than the seat of justice. During the year 1850, the work on the road was rapidly pushed and finally completed, so that the first train passed over the road in January, 1851. Ii"a and George Nichols, of this village, contracted for and built several sections of the road, along whore it passes Levering Station. There was a good deal of hard feeling expressed over the failure of Mount Gilead, and some of the farmers did all they eoukl ajraiust yit-'Wiug the right of way. When the Niehcils Bros, were ready to break ground about Levering, a farmer defied them to tO-ieh his fence, and threatened to shoot the first one who molested his property. The men were ordered to proceed, and several sprang to the fence, teimng it down in a trice. The irate farmer, finding himself in the hands of a determined and numerous enemy, took counsel of his discretion and deserted the field without a sliot. In February, 1851, the trains ran regularly through the village, and in about a year the first railroad smash-up occurred within the limits of the town. A freight train, that had got behind time, was making every eftbrt to uiake up, when a young bull was observed on the track, apparently determined to keep his po.sition. The conductor was on the engine, consulting with the engineer as to the best course to pursue. The engine had no " cow-catcher," but it was decided, under the circumstances, to try conclusions with his bullship. The result was unexpected and disastrous to both parties. The collision was announced with a crash that in the still evening air was heard at Woodbury, a distance of nine miles. Nineteen freight cars were demolished, the conductor thrown under the machinery and both legs cut off, and travel stopped for a number of hours. The conductor afterward died from his wounds. The company owns twelve acres of land, and one of the finest ilepot grounds along their line. Two hundred and fifty maple-trees were set out by the citizens, that have gradually grown into a park that elicits the unbounded admiration of travelers through the village. Tile road has five water-tanks, with a capaf^ity of fifty barrels each, a steam pump, and good facilities for weighing stock. The valuation of the road for taxable purposes is, in the township, $46,G2S. in the corporation, S25,9G8. and in the school district, SKJ.OOd. making a total of S88,5!tl.

The advantages of the railroad were not at once apparent. There was a slow improvement observable, but it was not until about the opening of the war that any marked growth could be seen. A movement was made in 1854 to incorporate the village, but the petition received such vigorous opposition that it was defeated. Three years later, F. E. Phelps and Gen. John Beatty headed a pe tition signed by one hundred and eleven other citizens, and the incorporation of the village was eftected. The original plat of the village included the territory on both sides of Main street, from the alley at Shur's brick store, east to the river ; also between Second and Walnut streets, from the alley east of F- li. Cunningham's dwelling, east to the river. In 1849, John Thompson platted twenty-nine lots ; six on Main street, from Marvin's to Shur's store ; six fronting on Marion street, extending from Second to Walnut street ; eleven on Second street, extending east to Center street, and six fronting on Walnut street, extending east to the alley between Gr. R. Cunningham's house and shop. In June, 1849, Leumas Cook added nine lots, lying on the north side of Main street, extending from the Nichols House west to the American House inclusive. In the following year. Cook made a second addition of eleven lots, on the south side of Main street, between Marion and Depot streets, and south to Second street. In June, 1852, Cook made a third addition, of fifteen lots, consisting of the territory bounded north by Second street, east by Marion, south by Walnut, and west by Depot street. In 1851, James Gregory added to the town forty-eight lots, including the territory extending west from the American House on both sides of Main street to Third street. In the same year, George Nichols added eleven lots, south of Walnut street, and west of Center street, the Methodist Episcopal Church standing on the corner lot.

The petition praying for the incorporation sets forth the following description of the proposed boundaries of the village : " Commencing at the southeast corner of the depot grounds of the C, C. & C. Railroad ; thence west with said grounds to the southwest corner of said grounds ; thence northerlv vvith said line to the southern line of

Center street, in Grregory's Addition to the village of Cardington ; thence westerly on the south line of said street to the northwest corner of Lot 191 of said addition ; thence northerly along the west line of lots numbered 154 and 145 to a point immediately north of said lot numbered 145 to the north side of the street running parallel with Whetstone Creek ; thence easterly with said north line to a point immediately north of the northwest corner of Lot No. 99, Cook's Addition to the village of Cardington ; thence northerly across said creek along the east line of the lands of James Gregory,

No. 17, in Township No. 6, to the northeast corner of said lot to a stone in the road ; thence easterly with the lands of Leumas Cook, to wit : Lot No. - , Section No. 22, Range 17, Township No. 6, to a point on the east side of the railroad line ; thence southerly with the east line of said railroad to the northwest corner of Lot No. 19 ; thence east to the northeast corner of said lot ; thence southerly with the east line of said lot to the southeast corner of said lot ; thence easterly with the north line of Lot No. 20 to the northeast corner of said lot ; thence along the east line of Lot No. 20 in a southerly direction to a point on the north side of the creek ; thence easterly on the north side of Whetstone Creek to the northwest corner of John Rusley's lot. No. 34 ; thence easterly along the north side of Lot No. 34 to the southeast corner of Lot No. 33 (graveyard) ; thence northerly to the northwest corner of said lot ; thence easterly on the north line of Lot No. 33 to the northeast corner of said lot ; thence easterly parallel with the north line of Lot No. 33 till the line intersects the east line of Isaac Lee's lot ; thence sixty feet east ; thence southeasterly on a line at right angles with the Mansfield road to a point on the northwest line of said road ; thence southwesterly on the northwesterly line of said road to a point at the southeast corner of Lot No. 35 ; thence southerly across said road along the east line of Lot No. 37 to a stone in the creek, being the southeasterly corner of said lot ; thence southwesterly across the creek in a direct line to the northwest corner of the junction of the Chesterville road with Nichols street, in W. C. Nichols' Addition to the village of Cardington ; thence southerly along the east line of Lot No. 8, Range - , Township 6, to the southeast corner of said lot ; thence westerly along the south line of said lot to the northwest corner of Lot No. 9 ; thence directly across Marion street to the west side thereof; thence northerly along the west side of Marion street to a point immediately west of the northwest corner of F. E. Phelps' lot, being a part of said Lot No. 8 ; thence in a direct line to the southeast corner of the depot grounds of the C, C. & C. R. R., being the place of beginning." In the following year, W. C. Nichols made an addition of twenty-eight lots lying on both sides of Nichols street, between Center and Water streets. Three years later, James Gregory's administrator made a second addition, platting twenty-two lots lettered from A to V, and covering the territory extending south from Walnut street to the boundary line, and west from Hiram Kern's to Depot street. In 18G4, W. C. Nichols added fourteen more lots lying on both sides of Center street, south of Nichols street. Two years later, Levi Reichelderfer added to the town, on the Gregory property north of the river, twenty-seven lots, and the same year he added sixteen more lots lying west of the first ones platted. In the same year, Morgan Payne added sixteen lots between Reichelderfer's addition and the river. In 1867, there were three additions to the village : Seventeen lots lying directly west of the freight house of the railroad, by John Beatty ; eight lots east of the river east of Gilead street, by T. D. Bradley, and five lots on 3Iarion street, by S. P. Brown. In 1869, the Gregory heirs added seventy-three lots to the town, extending west from Third street to the corporation line, and from the river on the north to the Greenville treaty line on the south. In 1872, the Beatty Bros, added sixteen lots on the south side of Chester street. Lewis Mulford added eighteen kits between Center and Water streets, and between Walnut and Boundary streets, but the date is not known. The same is true of five lots on Main street, added by Shunk, Wolfe & Godman. Tn August, 1871, the limits of the village were again extended, taking in the territory now belonging to the village. The territory thus included within the limits of the village forms a rectangular body about a mile each way, containing about seven hundred acres of land. It will be observed that by various additions, the village has gradually extended over the Gregory, Grandy and Nichols farms. The two latter were originally in Delaware County, and were a part of that county until 18-48, when Morrow was formed. The Greenville treaty line, which marked the limit of Delaware on the north, passes through the village from the east, running south eighty degrees west, passing through Boundary street, between the residences of Prof G. 0. Brown and W. H. Marion, to the west line of the corporation at the southwest corner of Gregory's latest addition to the village.

The first efl'ort at public improvement was a sidewalk consisting of a single plank in width, laid down on the south side of Main street, from the railroad to the old Christian Church, on the corner of Water street. This was the result of private enterprise, and accomplished at private expense. This was in 1852. Three years later, the first regular sidewalk was laid by J. H. Fiedler, in front of the lot now owned by Charles Lentz, on Main street. This walk consisted of sawed ties placed closely together, which formed a substantial, if not an economical, walk. The task of grading the town and making the streets presentable, was not a light one. The surface sloped from the east and south, leaving what is now the business center of the town covered with swamp and water. Where the National Bank building stands, was in 1852 a pool of water deep enough for the boys in the village to swim in, and it was situated far enough out in the suburbs to answer that purpose. No general effort was made to establish a grade for the streets until about 1868. Provisions for draining the streets were made.

however, as early as 1861. In that year it was required of lot owners, that a gutter or sluice should be made in front of each lot. Curbstones were to be put in, and the sluice-way, commencing two inches from the top of the curb, should extend three feet toward the center of the street, and have a depth of eight inches below the curb. This was to be paved with stone. In 1867, it was required by ordinance that " the several owners of lots and parts of lots abutting on Main street, commencing at the west end of the bridge on the north end of Water street, thence west to the corporation line; and the several owners of lots and parts of lots abutting on Marion street, commencing at the south end of the bridge, thence south to the old boundary line," to grade and pave their sidewalks with good hard-burnt brick or smooth-cut stone, and to macadamize the street with fine-pounded sandstone or limestone. This was readily undertaken by the property holders, for the village was then experiencing a great -' boom " of prosperity. Sandstone was hauled from the quarries five miles east of the village, and the work completed that year. Since then, the work has been pushed until all the streets of the town have been provided with wooden, stone or brick pavements. The only attempt at sewerage is on the railroad lot and on Marion street. The natural advantages for such improvement are excellent, but the village has never felt the necessity for sewers save in the two instances. The one leading out from the railroad grounds was constructed in 1866, is about three feet in diameter, and empties into the river. The one in Marion street extends south to the Enterprise Block, and is made of tile about eighteen inches in diameter. These are properly drains, as they perform no part of the duty of a sewer proper. In 1866, an effort was made to secure the lighting of the streets, but the Council did not see fit to adopt such an advanced position. A compromise, however, was effected, by which those who desired the lamps, bought them, and the Council kept them lighted. In this way the village is provided with twenty-nine coal-oil lamps, but few of which are now in use. The public buildings of the village consist of the engine house and council room combined, and the lock-up. The former was built in 1874. It is a small brick structure about twenty by twenty-five feet, and two stories high. The lower room is devoted to the engine, and the upper to the Council. A wooden "lean-to " on the north side shelters the hook and ladder truck. The " lock-up" is a wooden shed with grated windows and doors, the whole presenting the appearance of a well-regulated calf-pen. The history of this public edifice is somewhat varied. A " lock-up" was one of the earliest institutions, but the one best remembered is that building constructed of plank and driven full of nails, that stood on the bank of the creek east of town. In 1873, this was sold and the present calaboose erected.

The fire department was organized in 1874. Fires were almost unknown during the first years, and, though considerable apprehension was felt that a time would come which would more than ofi"set their good fortune, nothing was done by the village toward protecting property against fire. Seven thousand dollars would, probably, cover the whole loss by fire during the first fifty years of the town s history. In 1856, Joseph Whistler had a small house burned; in 1865, William Cunningham had a blacksmith-shop burned ; in the following year, Louis Mayer had a fire in his dry-goods store ; in 1870, S. W. Gregory and Dr. T. P. Glidden each lost a house ; and in 1871, a millinery store was burned. After this period, the fires seem to grow more destructive. In 1874, William Shunk's store, with three other storehouses, including the Bank Building, were destroyed, involving a loss of $8,000; in November, 1875, G. R. Cunningham's establishment was consumed, involving a loss of about $20,000, and two days later the barns of what is now the Nichols House were burned. The fires of 1874 made a valuable impression upon the council and community. Four of the Babcock extinguishers had been purchased, heretofore, and, the people knowing that everything depended upon their promptness, most of the fires had been put out before they got under headway. But the fire of 1874 showed them that they were completely at the mercy of the flames, if once they got started, and it seemed altogether likely that they might pay for their carelessness in not providing for an engine, by the loss of the whole business part of the town. The result was, that in December, 1874, a No. 3 Silsby Fire Engine, with two hose reels and 1,200 feet of rubber hose, was purchased at a cost of $6,000. A hook and ladder truck was bought, which, with its belongings, cost some $300. The Fire Department is composed of the engine company, fifteen men, two reel companies of fifteen men each, and the hook and ladder company of thirty men. The ofiicers are J. S. Peck, Chief of Department ; Addison Sharpe, Captain of Engine ; John Kreis, Captain of the Hook and Ladder ; Stephen St. John, Captain Reel No. 1 ; C. D. Lamprecht, Captain Reel No. 2. The engine is provided with conveniences for attaching horses, and during the season of heavy roads this attachment is put on, and arrangements made at the livery stable to secure a team when needed. For the protection of the business part of the town, the machine is not moved out of the building. Beneath the engine is a tank supplied with water from the race, and it is practically inexhaustible. The situation of the engine-house near the center of the business part of the town renders this plan feasible. It is a suggestion of the chief of the department, and by this plan he claims to get the steam up quicker, the hose is laid at the moment of alarm, and all delay caused by moving the steamer avoided. Five cisterns or wells supply water for the purposes of the department. These are bricked or planked up, and furnish a supply sufficient for all demands thus far. There are two places where water may be drawn direct from the river, on the iron bridge, and in the west part of the village, where facilities have been provided on the bank of the river. The members of the department were at one time provided with a uniform, but the frequent changes in the membership, and the wear and tear of service have long since spoiled its effect, and it has been abandoned.

The early records of the Common Council have been partially lost, but enough remains in the recently published book of ordinances to satisfy one that their labors have not been arduous, nor especially memorable. There has been no occasion for great display of statesmanship or financial ability. No great undertaking has been engaged in, and, save in the matter of grading the streets and the purchase of the engine, no considerable expenditure has ever been made, or bonds negotiated. The village is now nearly out of debt, and that without excessive taxation. The officers first elected were a Mayor, Recorder, Treasurer, Marshal and five Councilmen, until 1870, when the number of the latter was raised to six. An engineer was appointed, in 1858 a Street Commissioner was added, and in 1861 the office of engineer abolished. In 1866 a Health Officer was made a regular part of the administration, to be abolished in the following year. In 1878 the offices of Street Commissioner and City Solicitor were established, though the former seems to have been a regular member of each administration since 1858. The list of officers since the incorporation of the village is as follows :

1863 - Mayor, John Andrews ;-' Recorder, David Wagner ; Treasurer, A. C. Shur ; Street Commissioner, W. C. Nichols; Marshal, C. R. Morehouse. Councilmen - M. L. Mooney, A. H. Grant, A. C. Shur, A. H. Green.

1864 - Mayor, W. C. Nichols; Recorder, F. L. Wallace;" Treasurer, A. J. Blake;" Marshal, W. H. Conklin ; Street Commissioner, S. Brown ; Councilmen - A. J. Blake, D. Wagner, A. H. Green, T. H. Ensign, Arthur Taylor."

1865 - Mayor, W. C. Nichols; Recorder, H. H. Sterner ; Treasurer, A. J. Blake ; Street Commissioner, G. W. Bell ; Marshal, W. A. Conklin. Councilmen - A. J. Blake, F. E. Phelps, A. K. Earl, D. Wagner,'' J. Richards.''

The rise and early growth of the business of Cardington has been referred to elsewhere. The progress from Bunker's single little store, followed by Peter Doty, Robert Jeffries, John Shunk, Shunk k Wolfe, Martin Brockway, David Armstrong and John Shur, covers the growth in business for some thirty years. The advantages offered by the river and railroad were largely counterbalanced by the strong competition offered by Chesterville and Mount Gilead. But time gradually told in favor of this village, and at the beginning of the war a class of enterprising men had become established in business, and made Cardington, during that period, one of the most active little towns in Central Ohio. About 1863-64, there were nine or ten business houses doing an annual business varying from $20,000 to $50,000, whose daily sales on special occasions reached from 8300 to $800 per day. The result of this prosperity was the erection of the fine business blocks that adorn the main streets of the village. In 1867, the ''Enterprise Block" was put up. During the previous year, parties had given encouragement to a man from Delaware, that if he would come to the village and make the brick they would use them in buildings. For some reason these parties failed to take the brick, and the man of mud found himself in a predicament which threatened to swamp him financially. Through his efforts and those of Hon. T. E. Duncan, who owned the land on which the building stands, the block was put up at a cost of about $12,- 000. To facilitate the project, the land was divided to suit those desiring storerooms, and all put up together. The parties joining in the enterprise were Dubois St. John, a Mr. Crane, White & Chase, Duncan and Shunk & Wagner. This block stands on the west side of Marion street. The next business block was that of

Marvin & Shaw on the opposite side of the street, built at a probable cost of some $7,000. In 1876 the stone bank building and the St. John Block, and in the following year the Beatty & Chase Block were put up on Main street, the whole costing some $25,000. The Brooks & Parvis Bros. Block was erected on Main street in 1878. These buildings afford ample room for all the important business houses in the village. Since the close of the war and the depression of business, the unwonted activity of 1863 has given place to a much more quiet life in business circles, and quite a number of the old wooden buildings are now standing empty. In the matter of manufactures, though not reaching the development in this branch as in the mercantile trade, the village has had a steadier and more permanent growth. The Bunker enterprise gradually died out after the bankruptcy of the originator of the project, and was succeeded some years later by a saw and grist mill, built on the site of the old Bunker mills. In 1856, John Gregory and Mrs. Israel Hite built a steam mill on the bank of the river, just where the railroad now passes. This was run about a year when it changed owners. It did not prove valuable property for some reason and changed hands frecjuently until 1867, when John Cline bought it and transformed it into a woolen mill. It ran for several years in the business, when the proprietor failed, and the mill, after lying still for some two years. Matthias Lowyer bought it and continued the business. The mill now manufactures knitting yarn and some common grades of cloth, but there is no means of ascertaining its business, as no complete books are kept and the only interest seems to be that the establishment does not lose money. It is supported by a local trade that keeps the mill running most of the year. The machinery of the old carding-mill, its predecessor, which has been idle here for years has just been sold and is to be moved East. In 1840, the old water-mill standing on the bank of the river, near Marion street, was built by Wolfe & Shunk. In 1877, it passed into the hands of Mills & Dawson. Up to this time it has depended upon the water brought from the dam by the mill-race, but R. T. Mills having erected a steam saw-mill just west of the old mill, arrangements were made to make the engine of that establishment serve the grist-mill by means of a wire rope. Since the new proprietors have come into possession of this mill, new machinery has been introduced until it is now in every respect prepared to do first-class work. It is the only mill now doing custom work and has a capacity of twenty barrels in a day and night. In 1870, the Cardington Flouring Mill Company was formed, with a capital of $15,000. The company consisted of I. H. Pennock, John Beatty, W. G. Beatty, D. St. John, T. E. Duncan, J. H. Benson, and the Dawson Brothers. They bought the Andrews' warehouse and fitted up a steam mill that did for some years an extensive business. The business failed, however, in 1877, and the mill lay idle for two years, when it was bought by Dawson & Taylor. It has been furnished with every modern improvement, has four run of buhrs stones with a capacity of turning out sixty barrels of flour in twenty-four hours. Power is furnished by a sixty-horse-power engine situated in a brick inclosure built on the south part of the main building. This is situated on the west side of the railroad track near the depot, and is run exclusively on commercial work.