Preble County, Ohio - Chapter 9: First Territorial Representatives in Congress - Formation of States - Early Settlements, 1881 (part 2 of 2)

*Governor Worthington was born in Jefferson county, Virginia, about the year 1769. He settled in Ohio in 1798. He was a firm believer in liberty, and came to the territory after liberating his slaves. He was one of the most efficient men of his day; was a member of the Constitutional convention, and was sent on an important mission to Congress relative to the admission of Ohio to the Union. He was afterward a senator to Congress, and then governor. On the expiration of his gubernatorial term, he was appointed a member of the board of public works, in which capacity he did much to advance the canals and railroads, and other public improvements. He remained in this office till his death.

and the novelty of papered walls especially attracted attention. Its architect was the elder Latrobe, of Washington city, from which place most of the workmen came. . The glass was made in Pittsburgh, and the fireplace fronts in Philadelphia, the latter costing seven dollars per hundred pounds for transportation. The mansion, built as it was, cost nearly double the expense of such structures now. Adena was the home of the governor till his death, in 1827.

Near Adena, in a beautiful situation, is Fruit Hill, the seat of General Duncan McArhur, t and later of ex- Governor William Allen. Like Adena, Fruit Hill is one of the noted places in the Scioto valley. Many of | Ohio's best men dwelt in the valley; men who have been an honor and ornament to the State and nation.

Another settlement, begun soon after the treaty of peace in 1795, was that made on the Licking river, about four miles below the present city of Newark, in Licking county. In the fall of 1796, John Ratcliff and Elias Hughes, while prospecting on this stream, found some old Indian cornfields, and determined to locate. They were from western Virginia, and were true pioneers, living mainly by hunting, leaving the cultivation of their small cornfields to their wives, much after the style of their dusky neighbors. They were both inveterate Indian haters, and never allowed an opportunity to pass without carrying out their hatred. For this, they were apprehended after the treaty; but, though it was 'clearly proven they had murdered some inoffensive Indians, the state of feeling was such that they were allowed to go unpunished.

A short time after their settlement others joined them, and, in a few years, quite a colony had gathered on the banks of the Licking. In 1802, Newark was laid out, and in three or four years, there were twenty or thirty families, several stores, and one or two hotels.

The settlement of Granville township, in this county, is rather an important epoch in the history of this part of the State. From a sketch published by Rev. Jacob Little in 1848, in Howe's Collections, the subjoined statements are taken.

'In 1804, a company was formed at Granville, Massachusetts, with the intention of making a settlement in Ohio. This, called the Scioto company, was the third of that name which effected settlements in Ohio. The project met with great favor, and much enthusiasm was elicited, in illustration of which a song was composed and sung to the tune of 'Pleasant Ohio by the young people in the house and at labor in the field. We annex two stanzas, which are more curious than poetical: a + General McArthur was born in Duchess county, New York, in 1772. Wheryeight years of age, his father removed to western Pennsylvania. When eighteen years of age, he served in Harmar's campaign. In 1792, he was a very efficient soldier among the frontiersmen, and gained their approbation by his bravery. In 1793, he was connected with General Massie, and afterward was engaged in land speculations and became very wealthy. He was made a member of the legislature, in 1805; in 1806, a colonel, and in 1808, a major general of the militia, In this capacity he was in Hull's surrender at Detroit. On his return he was elected to Congress, and in 1813 commissioned brigadier general. He was one of the most efficient officers in the war of

1812, and held many important posts. After the war, he was again sent to the legislature; in 1822 to Congress, and in 1830 elected governor of the State. By an unfortunate accident in 1836, he was maimed for life, and gradually declined till death came a few years after.

** * When rambling o'er these mountains And rocks where ivies grow Thick as the hairs upon your head, 'Mongst which you cannot go - Great storms of snow, cold winds that blow, We scaxce can undergo - Says I, my boys; we'll leave this place For the pleasant Ohio.

"The Scioto company consisted of one hundred 'and fourteen proprietors, who made a purchase of twenty-eight thousand acres. In the autumn of 1805, two hundred and thirty-fonr persons, mostly from East Granville, Massachusetts, came on to the purchase. Although they had been forty-two days on the road, their first business on their arrival, having organized a church before they left the east, was to hear a sermon. The first tree cut was that by which public worship was: held, which stood just in front of the Presbyterian church.

"On the first Sabbath, November 16, although only about a dozen trees had been felled, they held divine service, both forenoon and afternoon, on that spot. The novelty of worshiping in the woods, the forest extending hundreds of miles each way; the hardships of the journey, the winter setting in, the thoughts of' home, with all the friends and privileges left behind, and the impression that such must Le the accommodations of a new country, ail rushed on their minds, and made this a day of varied interest. When they began to sing, the echo of their voices among the trees was so different from what it was in the beautiful meeting-house they had left, that they could no longer restrain their tears. They wept when they remembered Zion. The voices of part of the choir were, for a season, suppressed with emotion.

** An incident occurred, which many said Mrs. Sigourney should have put into verse. Deacon Theophilus Reese, a Welsh Baptist, had, two or three years before, built a cabin, a mile and a half north, and lived all this time without public worship. He had lost his cattle, and, hearing a lowing of the oxen belonging to the company, set out toward them. As he ascended the hills overlooking the town plot, he heard the singing of the choir. The reverberation of the sound from hilltops and trees, threw the good man into a serious dilemma. The music at first seemed to be behind, then in the tree-tops, or in the clouds. He stopped, till, by accurate listening, he caught the direction of the sound ; went on and passing the brow of the hill, he saw the audience sitting on the level below. He went home and told his wife that 'the promise of God is a bond; a Welsh proverb, signifying that we have security equal to a bond, that religion will prevail everywhere. Hesaid: 'These must be good people. lam not afraid to go among them.' Though he could not understand English, he constantly attended the reading meeting. Hearing the music on that occasion made such an impression on his mind that, when he became old and met the first settlers, he would always tell over this story. 'The first cabin built was that in which they worshiped succeeding Sabbaths, and, before the close of the winter, they had a school-house and a school. 'That church, in forty years, received more than one thousand persons into its membership.

** Elder Jones, in 1806, preached the first sermon in the log church. The Welsh Baptist church was organized in the cabin of David Thomas, September 4, 1808. April 21, 1827, the Granville members were orgamzed into the Granville church, and the corner-stone of their house of worship laid September 21, 1829. In the fall of 181o, the first Methodist sermon was preached here, and, soon after, a class organized. In 1824, a church was built. An Episcopal church was organized in May, 1827, and a church consecrated in 1838. In 1849, there were in this township four hundred and five families, of whom two hundred and fourteen sustain family worship ; one thousand four hundred and thirty-one persons over fourteen years of age, of whom over eight hundred belong to church. The town had one hundred and fifty families, of whom eighty have family worship. In 1846, the township furnished seventy school teachers, of whom sixty-two prayed in school. In 1846, the township took six hundred and twentyone periodical papers, besides three small monthlies. The first temperance society west of the mountains was organized July rs, 1828, in this township ; and, in 1831, the Congregational church passed a bylaw to accept no member who trafficked in or used ardent spirits.

It is said, not a settlement in the entire west could present so moral and upright a view as that of Granville township; and. nowhere could so perfect and orderly a set of people be found. Surely, the fact is argument enough in favor of the religion of Jesus.

'The narrative of Mr. Little also states that, when Granville was first settled, it was supposed that Worthington would be the capital of Ohio, between which and Zanesville, Granville would make a great half-way town. At this time, wild animals, snakes and Indians abounded, and many are the marvelous stories preserved regarding the destruction of the animals and reptiles - the Indians being bound by their treaty to remain peaceful. Space forbids their repetition here. Suffice it to say that, as the whites increased, the Indians, animals and snakes disappeared, until now one is as much a curiosity as the other.

The remaining settlement in the southwestern parts of Ohio, made immediately after the treaty - fall of 1795 or year of 1796 - was in what is now Madison county, about a mile north of where the village of Amity now stands, on the banks of Big Darby. This stream received its name from the Indians, from a Wyandot chief, named Darby, who for a long time resided upon it, near the Union county line. In the fall of 1795, Benjamin Springer came from Kentucky and selected some land on the banks of Big Darby, cleared the ground, built a

Jonathan Alder, who for fifteen years had been a captive among the Indians, and who could not speak a word of English, living with an Indian woman on the banks of Big Darby. He had been exchanged at Wayne's treaty, and, neglecting to profit by the treaty, was still living in the Indian style. When the whites became numerous about him, his desire to find his relatives, and adopt the ways of the whites, led him to discard his squaw - giving her an unusual allowance - learn the English language, engage in agricultural pursuits, and become again civ- 111260, Fortunately, he could remember enough of the names of some of his parents' neighbors, so that the identity of his relatives and friends was easily established, and Alder became a most useful citizen. He was very influential with the Indians, and induced many of them to remain neutral during the war of 1812. It is stated that in 18oo, Mr. Ewing brought four sheep into the community. They were strange animals to the Indians. One day, when an Indian hunter and his dog were passing, the latter caught a sheep, and was shot by Mr. Ewing. The Indian would have shot Ewing in retaliation, had not Alder, who was fortunately present, with much difficulty prevailed upon him to refrain.

While the southern and southwestern parts of the State were filling with settlers, assured of safety by Wayne's victories, the northern and eastern parts became likewise the theater of activities. Ever since the French had explored the southern shores of the lake, and English traders had carried goods thither, it was expected one day to be a valuable part of the west. It will be remembered that Connecticut had ceded alarge tract of land to the General Government, and as soon as the cession was confirmed, and land titles became assured, settlers flocked thither. Even before that time, hardy adventurers had explored some of the country, and pronounced it a "goodly land," ready for the hand of enterprise.

The first settlement in the Western Reserve, and, indeed, in the northern part of the State, was made at the mouth of Conneaut* creek, in Ashtabula county, on the fourth of July, 1796. That day the first surveying party landed at the mouth of this creek, and, on its eastern bank, near the lake shore, in tin cups, pledged - as they drank the limpid waters of the lake - their country's welfare, with ordnance accompaniment of two or three fowling-pieces, discharging the required national salute.

The whole party, on this occasion, numbered fifty-two persons, of whom two were females (Mrs. Stiles and Mrs. Gunn), and a child, and all deserve a lasting place in the history of the State.

The next day they began the erection of a large log building on the sandy beach on the east side of the When done, it was named "Stow Castle," after one of the party. It was the dwelling, store-house, and general habitation of all the pioneers. The party made this their headquarters part of the summer, and continued busily engaged in the survey of the. Reserve. James Kingsbury, afterward judge, arrived soon after the party began work, and, with his family, was the first to remain here during the winter following, the rest returning to the east or going southward. Through the winter Mr. Kingsbury's family suffered greatly for provisions, so much so that during the absence of the head of the family in New York for provisions, one child, born in his absence, died, and the mother, reduced by her sufferings and solitude, was only saved by the timely arrival of the husband with a sack of flour he had carried many weary miles on his back. He remained here but a short time, removing to Cleveland, which was laid out that same fall. In the spring of 1798, Alexander Harper, William McFarland, and Ezra Gregory, with their families, started from Harpersfield, Delaware county, New York, and arrived the last of June at their new homes in the far west. The whole population on the Reserve then amounted to less than one hundred and fifty persons. These were at Cleveland, Youngstown, and Mentor. During the summer three families came to Burton, and Judge Hudson settied at Hudson. All these pioneers suffered severely for food, and from the fever induced by chills. It took several years to become acclimated. Sometimes the entire neighborhood would be down, and only one or two, who could wait on the rest "between chills," were able to do anything. Time and courage overcame, finally.

It was not until 1798, that a permanent settlement was made at the mouth of Conneaut creek. "Those who came there in 1796, went on with their surveys, part restream.

maining in Cleveland, laid out that summer. Judge Kingsbury could not remain at Conneaut, and went nearer the settlements made about the Cuyahoga. In the spring of 1798, Thomas Montgomery and Aaron Wright settled here, and remained. Up the stream they found some thirty Indian cabins, or huts, in a good state of preservation, which they occupied until they could erect their own. Soon after, they were joined by others, and, in a year or two, the settlement was permanent and prosperous. |

The site of the present town of Austinburgh, in Ashtabula county, was settled in the year 1799, by two families from Connecticut, who were induced to come thither, by Judge Austin. The judge preceded them a short time, driving, in company with a hired man, some cattle about one hundred and fifty miles through the woods, following an old Indian trail, while the rest of the party came in a boat across the lake. When they arrived, there were a few families at Harpersburgh, and one or two families at Windsor, twenty miles southwest; also a few families at Elk creek, forty miles northeast, and at Vernon, the same distance southeast. All these were in a destitute condition for provisions. In 1800 another family moved from Norfolk, Connecticut. In the spring of 1801, several families came from the same place. Part came by land, and part by water. During that season, wheat was carried to an old mill on Elk creek, forty miles away, and in some instances, half was given for carrying it to mill, and returning it in flour.

Wednesday, October 21, 1801, a church of sixteen members was constituted in Austinburgh. This was the first church on the Reserve, and was founded by Rev. Joseph Badger, the first missionary there. It is a fact worthy of note, that in 1802 Mr. Badger moved his family from Buffalo to this town, in the first wagon that ever came from that place to the Reserve. In 1803, noted revivals occurred in this part of the west, attended by the peculiar bodily phenomenon known as the "shakes" or "jerks."

The surveying party which landed at the mouth of Conneaut creek, July 4, 1796, soon completed their labors in this part of the Reserve, and extended them westward. By the first of September, they had explored the lake coast as far west as the outlet of the Cuyahoga* river, then considered by all an important western place, and one destined to be a great commercial mart. Time has verified the prophecies, as now the city of Cleveland covers the site.

As early as 1755, the mouth of the Cuyahoga river was laid down on the maps, and the French had a station here. It was also considered an important post during the war of the Revolution, and later, of 1812. The Briti:h, who,. after the Revolution, refused to abandon the lake country west of the Cuyahoga, occupied its shores until 179o. Their traders had a house in

'The Indians called the river 'Cuyahoghan-uk,' 'Lake River.' It is, emphatically, a Zake river. It rises in lakes, and empties into a. lake." - Atwaters History of Ohio,

Ohio City, north of the Detroit road, on the point of the hill near the river, when the surveyors arrived in 1796. Washington, Jefferson, and all statesmen of that day, regarded the outlet of the Cuyahoga as an important place, and hence the early attempt of the surveyors to reach and lay out a town here.

The corps of surveyors arrived early in September, 1796, and at once proceeded to lay out a town. It was named Cleveland,* in honor of General Moses Cleaveland, the Land company's agent, and for years a very prominent man in Connecticut, where he lived and died. By the eighteenth of October, the surveyors had completed the survey, and left the place, leaving only Job V. Stiles and family, and Edward Paine, who were the only persons that passed the succeeding winter in this place. Their residence was a log cabin that stood on a spot of ground long afterward occupied by the Commercial bank. Their nearest neighbors were at Conneaut, where Judge Kingsbury lived; at Fort McIntosh, on the south or east, at the mouth of Big Beaver, and at the mouth of the river Raisin, on the west.

The next season, the surveying party came again to Cleveland, which they made their headquarters. Early in the spring, Judge Kingsbury came over from Conneaut, bringing with him Elijah Gunn, who had a short time before joined him. Soon after, Major Lorenzo Carter and Ezekiel Hawley came with their families. These are about all who are known to have settled in this place that summer. The next year, 1798, Rodolphus Edwards and Nathaniel Doane and their families settled in Cleveland. Mr. Doane had been ninety-two days on his journey from Chatham, Connecticut. In the latter part of the summer and fall, nearly every person in the settlement was down with the bilious fever or with the ague. Mr. Doane's family consisted of nine persons, of whom Seth, a lad of sixteen years of age, was the only one able to care for them. Such was the severity of the fever, that any one having only the ague was deemed quite fortunate. Much suffering for proper food and medicines followed. The only way the Doane family was supplied for two months or more, was through the exertions of this boy, who went daily, after having had one attack of the chills, to Judge Kingsbury's in Newburgh - five miles away, where the judge then lived - got a peck of corn, mashed it in a hand-mill, waited until a second attack of the chills passed over, and then returned. At one time, for several days, he was too ill to make the trip, during which turnips comprised the chief article of diet. Fortunately, Major Carter, having only the ague, was enabled with his trusty rifle and dogs to procure an abundance of venison and other wild game. His family, being somewhat acclimated, suffered less than many others. Their situation can hardly now be realized. " Destitute of a physician, and with few medicines, necessity taught them to use such means as nature had placed within their reach. They substituted pills from the extract of the bitternut bark for calomel, and dogwood and cherry bark for quinine."

In November, four men, who had so far recovered as to have ague attacks no oftener than once in two or three days, started in the only boat for Walnut creek, Pennsylvania, to obtain a winter's supply of flour. When below Euclid creek, a storm drove them ashore, broke their boat, and compelled their return. During the winter and summer following, the settlers had no flour, except that ground in hand and. coffee mills, which was, however, considered very good. Not all had even that. During the summer, the Connecticut Land company opened the first road on the Reserve, which commenced about ten miles south of the lake shore, on the Pennsylvania State line, and extended to Cleveland. In January, 1799, Mr. Doane moved to Doane's Corners, leaving only Major Carter's family in Cleveland, all the rest leaving as soon as they were well enough. For fifteen months, the major and his family were the only white persons left on the town site. During the spring, Wheeler W. Williams and Major Wyatt built the first grist-mill on the Reserve, on the site of Newburgh. It was looked upon as a very valuable accession to the neighborhood. Prior to this, each family had its own hand-mill in one of the corners of the cabin. The old mill is thus described by a pioneer:

"The stones were of the common grindstone grit, about four inches thick and twenty in diameter. The runner, or upper, was turned by hand, by a pole set in the top of it, near the outer edge. The upper end of the pole was inserted into a hole in a board fastened above to the joists, immediately over the hole in the verge of the runner. One person fed the corn into the eye - a hole in the center of the runner - while another turned. It was very hard work to grind, and the operators alternately exchanged places."

In 1800, several settlers came to the town, and a more active life was the result. From this time, Cleveland began to progress. The fourth of July, 1801, the first ball in town was held at Major Carter's log cabin, on the .hillside. John and Benjamin Wood, and R. H. Blinn, were managers; and Major Samuel Jones, musician and master of ceremonies. The company numbered about thirty, very evenly divided, for that day, between the sexes.

"Notwithstanding the dancers had a rough 'pugcheon floor, and no better beverage to enliven their spirits, than sweetened whiskey, yet it is doubtful if the anniversary of American independence was ever celebrated in Cleveland by a more joyful and harmonious company than those who prosperous. 'The usual visits of the Indians were made, ending in their drunken carousals and fights. Deer and other wild animals furnished abundant meat. The settlement was constantly augmented by new arrivals, so that, by 1814, Cleveland was incorporated as a town, and, in 1836, as a city. Its harbor is one of the best on the lakes, and hence the merchandise of the lakes has always been attracted thither. Like Cincinnati and Chillicothe, it became the nucleus of settlements in this part of the State, and now is the largest city in northern Ohio.

made on the site of Youngstown, Mahoning county, by a Mr: Young - afterwards a judge - in the summer of 1796. During this summer, before the settlements at Cuyahoga and Conneaut were made, Mr. Young and Mr. Wilcott, proprietors of a township of land in northeastern Ohio, came to their possessions and began the survey of their land. Just when they came is not known. They were found here by Colonel James Hillman, then a trader in the employ of Duncan & Wilson, of Pittsburgh, "who had been forwarding goods across the country by pack-saddle horses since 1786, to the mouth of the Cuyahoga, thence to be shipped on the schooner Mackinaw to Detroit. Colonel Hillman generally had charge of all these caravans, consisting sometimes of ninety horses and ten men. They commonly crossed the Big Beaver four miles below the mouth of the Chenango, thence up the left bank of the Mahoning - called by the Indians "Mahoni" or " Mahonick," signifying the "lick" or "at the lick" - crossing it about three miles below the site of Youngstown, thence by way of the Salt springs, over the sites of Milton and Ravenna, crossing the Cuyahoga at the mouth of Breakneck, and again at the mouth of Tinker's creek, thence down the river to its mouth, where they had a log hut in which to store their goods. This hut was there when the surveyors came, but at the time unoccupied. At the mouth of Tinker's creek were a few log huts built by Moravian missionaries. These were used only one year, as the Indians had gone to the Tuscarawas river. These and three or four cabins at the Salt springs were the only buildings erected by the whites prior to 1796, in northeastern Ohio. Those at the Salt springs were built at an early day, for the accommodation of whites who came from western Pennsylvania to make salt. The tenants were dispossessed in 1785, by General Harmar. A short time after, one or two white men were killed by the Indians here. In 1788, Colonel Hillman settled at Beavertown, where Duncan & Wilson had a store for the purpose of trading with-the Indians. He went back to Pittsburgh soon after, however, owing to the Indian war, and remained there until its close, continuing in his business whenever opportunity offered. In 1796, when returning from one of his trading expeditions alone in his canoe, down the Mahoning river, he discovered a smoke on the bank, near the present town of Youngstown, and on going to the spot, found Mr. Youngand Mr. Wolcott, as before mentioned. A part of Colonel Hillman's cargo consisted.of whiskey, a gallon or so of which he still had. The price of **fire-water" then was one dollar per quart, in the currency of the country, a deer-skin being legal tender for one dollar, and a doe-skin for fifty cents. Mr. Young proposed purchasing a quart, and havinga frolic on its contents during the evening, and insisting on paying Hillman his customary price. Hillman urged that, inasmuch as they were strangers in the country, civility required him to furnish the means for the entertainment. Young, however, insisted, and taking the deerskin he used for his bed - the only one he had - paid

"Hillman remained a few days,when they accompanied him to Beavertown to celebrate the fourth, and then all returned, and Hillman erected a cabin on the site of Youngstown. It is not certain that they remained here at this time, and hence the priority of actual settlement is generally conceded to Conneaut and Cleveland. The next year, in the fall, 2 Mr. Brown and one other person came to the banks of the Mahoning and made a permanent settlement. The same season Uriah Holmes and Titus Hayes came to the same locality, and before winter quite a settlement was to be seen here. It proceeded quite prosperously until the wanton murder of two Indians occurred, which, for a time, greatly excited the whites, lest the Indians should retaliate. Through the efforts of Colonel Hillman, who had great influence with the natives, they agreed to let the murderers stand a trial. They were acquitted upon some technicality. The trial, however, pacified the Indians, and no trouble came from the unwarranted and unfortunate circumstance, and no check in the emigration or prosperity of the colony occurred."*

As soon as an effective settlement had been established at Youngstown, others were made in the surrounding country. One of these was begun by William Fenton in 1798, on the site of the present town of Warren, in Trumbull county. He remained here alone one year, when he was joined by Captain Ephraim Quinby. By the last of September, the next year, the colony had increased to sixteen, and from that date on continued prosperously. Indians, as the result of quarrels induced by whiskey. Sagacious persons generally saved any serious outbreak and pacified the natives. Mr. Badger, the first missionary on the Reserve, came to the settlement here and on the Mahoning, as soon as each was made, and by his earnest labors, succeeded in forming churches and schools at an early day. He was one of the most efficient men on the Reserve, and throughout his long and busy life, was well known and greatly respected. He died in 1846, aged eighty-nine years.

The settlements given were about all that are made before the close of 1797. In following the narrative of these settlements, attention is paid to the chronological order, as far as this can be done. Like those settlements already made, many which are given as occuring in the next year, 1798, were actually begun earlier, but were only temporary preparations, and were not considered as made until the next year.

Turning again to the southern portion of Ohio, the Scioto, Muskingum and Miami valleys come prominently into notice. Throughout the entire eastern States they were still attracting attention, and an increased emigration, busily occupying their verdant fields was the result. All about Chillicothe was now well settled, and, up to the banks of that stream, prospectors were selecting sites for their future homes.

Jacob Grubb, Jacob Overdier, Arthur O'Hara, John Brickell, Colonel Culbertson, the Deardorfs, McElvains, Sells, and others, came to what is now Franklin county, and in August, Mr. Sullivant and some others laid out opposite the site of Columbus. The country about this locality had long been the residence of the Wyandots, who had a large town on the city's site, and cultivated extensive fields of corn on the river bottoms. The locality had been visited by the whites as early as 1780, in some of their expeditions, and the fertility of the land noticed. As soon as peace was assured, the whites came and began a settlement, as has been nóted. Soon after Franklinton was established, a Mr. Springer and his sonin-law, Osborn, settled on the Big Darby, and, in the summer of 1798, a scattering settlement was made on Alum creek. About the same time settlers came to the mouth of the Gahannah, and along other water-courses. Franklinton was the point to which emigrants came, and from which they always made their permanent location. For several years there was no mill, nor any such commodity, nearer than Chillicothe. A hand-mill was constructed in Franklinton, which was commonly used, unless the settlers made a trip to Chillicothe in a canoe. Next, a horse-mill was tried; but not till 1805, when Colonel Kilbourne built a mill at Worthington, settled in 1803, could any efficient grinding be done. In 1789, a small store was opened in Franklinton, by James Scott, but, for seven or eight years, Chillicothe was the nearest post office. Often, when the neighbors wanted mail, one of their number was furnished money to pay the postage on any letters that might be waiting, and sent for the mail, At first, as in all new localities, a great deal of sickness, fever and ague, prevailed. As the people became acclimated this, however, disappeared.

The township of Sharon, in this county, has a history similar to that of Granville township in Licking county. It was settled by a "Scioto company," formed in Granby, Connecticut, in the winter of 1801 - 02, consisting at first of eight associates. 'They drew up articles of association, among which was one limiting their number to forty, each of whom must be unanimously chosen by ballot, a single negative being sufficient to prevent an election. Colonel James Kilbourne was sent out the succeeding spring to explore the country and select and purchase a township for settlement. He returned in the fall without making any purchase, through fear that the State constitution, then about to be formed, would tolerate slavery, in which case the project would have been abandoned. While on this visit, Colonel Kilbourne compiled from a variety of sources the first map made of Ohio. Although much of it was conjectured, and hence inaccurate, it was very valuable, being correct as far as the State was then known.

"As soon as information was received that the constitution of Ohio prohibited slavery, Colonel Kilbourne purchased the township he had previously selected, within the United States military land district, and in the spring of 1803, returned to Ohio, and began improvements. By the succeeding December, one hundred set- tlers, mainly from Hartford county, Connecticut, and Hampshire county, Massachusetts, arrived at their new home. Obeying, to the letter, the agreement made in the east, the first cabin erected was used for a school-house and a church of the Protestant Episcopal denomination; the first Sabbath after the arrival of the colony, divine service was held therein, and on the arrival of the eleventh family a school was openea. This early attention to education and religion has left its favorable impress upon the people until this day. The first fourth of July was uniquely and appropriately celebrated. Seventeen gigantic trees, emblematical of the seventeen States forming the Union, were cut, so.that a few blows of the axe, at sunrise on the Fourth, prostrated each successively with a tremendous crash, forming a national salute novel in the world's history." *

The growth of this part of Ohio continued without interruption until the establishment of the State capital at Columbus, in 1816. The town was laid out in 1812, but as that date is considered remote in the early American settlements, its history will be left to succeeding pages, and there traced when the history of the State capital and State government is given.

The site of Zanesville, in Muskingum county, was early looked upon as an excellent place to form a settlement, and, had not hostilities opened in 1791, with the Indians, the place would have been one of the earliest

The Muskingum country was principally occupied, in aboriginal times, by the Wyandots, Delawares, and a few Senecas and Shawnees. An Indian town once stood, years before the settlement of the country, in the vicinity of Duncan's Falls, in Muskingum county, from which circumstance the place is often called "Old Town." Near Dresden, was a large Shawnee town, called Wakatomaca. The graveyard was quite large, and, when the whites first settled here, remains of the town were abundant. It was in this vicinity that the venerable Major Cass, father of Lewis Cass, lived and died. He owned four thousand acres, given bim for his military services.

` The first settlers on the site of Zanesville were William McCulloh and Henry Crooks. The locality was given to Ebenezer Zane, who had been allowed three sections of land on the Scioto, Muskingum, and Hockhocking, wherever the road crossed these rivers, provided other claims did not interfere, for opening "Zane's trace." When he located the road across the Muskingum, he selected the place where Zanesville now stands, being attracted there by the excellent water privileges. He gave ` the section of land here to his brother, Jonathan Zane, and J. McIntire, who leased the ferry established on the road over the Muskingum to William McCulloh and Henry Crooks, who became thereby the first settlers. The ferry was kept about where the old upper bridge was afterward placed. The ferry-boat was made by fastening two canoes together with a stick. Soon after a flat-boat was used. It was brought from Wheeling, by Mr. McIntire, in 1779, the year after the ferry was established. The road cut out through Ohio, ran from Wheeling, Virginia, to Maysville, Kentucky. Over this road the mail was carried, and, in 1798, the first mail ever carried wholly in Ohio was brought up from Marietta to McCulloh's cabin by Daniel Convers, where, by arrangements of the Postmaster General, it met a mail from Wheeling and one from Maysville. McCulloh, who could hardly read, was authorized to assort the mails and send each package in its proper direction. For this service he received thirty dollars per annum; but owing to his inability to read well, Mr. Convers generally performed the duty. At that time the mails met here once a week. Four years after the settlement had so increased that a regular post office was opened, and Thomas Dowden appointed postmaster. He kept his office in a wooden building near the river bank.

Messrs. Zane and McIntire laid out a town in 1799, which they called Westbourn. When the post office was established, it was named Zanesville, and in a short time the village took the same name. A few families settled on the west side of the river, soon afier McCulloh arrived, and as this locality grew well, not long after a store and tavern was opened here. Mr. McIntire built a double log cabin, which was used as a hotel, and in which Louis Philippe, king of France, was once entertained. Although the fare and accommodations were of the pioneer period, the honorable guest seems to have enjoyed his visit, if the statements of Lewis Cass in his *Camp and Court of Louis Philippe" may be believed.

In 1804, Muskingum county was formed by the legislature, and, for a while, strenuous efforts made to secure the State capital by the citizens of Zanesville. They even erected buildings for the use of the legislature and governor, and during the sessions of 1810-11, the temporary seat of government was fixed here. When the permanent State capital was chosen in 1816, Zanesville was passed by, and gave up the hope. It is now one of the most enterprising towns in the Muskingum valley.

the Miami valley, and selected the land on which he afterward located. The next spring Mr. Knoop, his brother Benjamin, Henry Garard, Benjamin Hamlet and John Tildus established a station in what is now Miami county, near the present town of Staunton village. That summer, Mrs. Knoop planted the first apple-tree in the Miami* country. They all lived together for greater safety for two years, during which time they were occupied clearing their farms and erecting dwellings. During the summer, the site of Piqua was settled, and three young men located at a place known as "Freeman's Prairie." Those who settled at Piqua were Samuel Hilliard, Job Garard, Shadrac Hudson, Jonah Rollins, Daniel Cox, Thomas Rich, and a Mr. Hunter. The last named came to the site of Piqua first in 1797, and selected his home. Until 1799, these named were the only ones in this locality; but this year emigration set in, and very shortly occupied almost all the bottom land in Miami county. With the increase in emigration, came the comforts of life, the mills, stores, and other necessary aids to civilization, were ere long to be seen.

The site of Piqua is quite historic, being the tbeater of many important Indian occurrences, and the old home of the Skawnees, of which tribe Tecumseh was a chief. During the Indian war, a fort called Fort Piqua was built, near the residence of Colonel John Johnston, so long the faithful Indian agent. The fort was abandoned at the close of hostilities.

When the Miami canal was opened through this part of the State, the country began rapidly to improve, and is now probably one of the best portions of Ohio.

About the same time the Miami was settled, a company of people from Pennsylvania and Virginia, who were principally of German and Irish descent, located in Lawrence county, near the iron region. As soon as that ore was made available, that part of the State rapidly filled with settlers, most of whom engaged in the mining and working of iron ore. Now it is very prosperous.

Another settlement was made the same season, 1797, on the Ohio side of the river, in Columbiana county. The settlement progressed slowly for a while, owing to a few difficulties with the Indians. The celebrated Adam Poe had been here as early as 1782, and several localities are made locally famous by his and his brother's adventures.

In this county, on Little Beaver creek, near its mouth, the . second paper-mill west of the Alleghanies was erected in 1805-6. It was the pioneer enterprise of the kind in Ohio, and was named the Ohio paper-mill. Its proprietors were John Bever and, John Coulter.

One of the most noted localities in the State is comprised in Greene county. The Shawnee town, "Old Chillicothe," was on the Little Miami, in this county, about three miles north of the site of Xenia. This old Indian town was, in the annals of the west, a noted place, and is frequently noticed. It is first mentioned in 1773, by Captain Thomas Bullitt, of Virginia, who boldly advanced alone into the town and obtained the consent of the Indians to go on to Kentucky and make his settlement at the falls of the Ohio. His audacious bravery gained his request. Daniel Boone was taken prisoner early in 1778, with twenty-seven others, and kept for a time at Old Chillicothe. Through the influence of. the British governor, Hamilton, who had taken á great fancy to Boone, he and ten others were sent to Detroit. The Indians, however, had an equal fancy for the brave frontiersman, and took him back to Chillicothe, and adopted him into their tribe. About the first of June he escaped from them, and made his way: back to Kentucky, in time to prevent a universal massacre of the whites. In July, 1779, the town was destroyed by Colonel John Bowman and one hundred and sixty Kentuckians, and the Indians dispersed.

county in 1797 or 1798. 'his latter year, a mill was erected in the confines of the county, which implies the settlement was made a short time previously. A short distance east of the mill two block-houses were erected, and it was intended, should it become necessary, to surround them and the mill with pickets. The mill was used by the settlers at "Dutch Station," in Miami county, fully thirty miles distant. The richness of the country in this part of the State attracted a great number of settlers, so that by 1803 the county was established, and Xenia laid out, and designated as the county seat. Its first court house, a primitive log-structure, was long preserved as a curiosity. - It would indeed be a curiosity now.

Zane's trace, passing from Wheeling to Maysville, crossed the Hockhocking* river, in Fairfield county, where Lancaster is now built. Mr. Zane located one of his three sections on this river, covering the site of Zanesville. Following this trace in 1797, many individuals noted the desirableness of the locality, some of whom determined to return and settle. "The site of the city had in former times been the home of the Wyandots, who had a town here, that, in 1790, one thousand souls. Their town was called Zarhe, or, in English, the Czaze-/ozwz, and derived its name from the principal chief of that tribe. Another portion of the tribe then lived at Tobytown, nine miles west of Tarhe-town (now Royalton), and was governed by an inferior chief called Toby. The chief's wigwam in Tarhe stood on the bank of the prairie, near a beautiful and abundant spring of water, whose outlet was the river. The wigwams of the Indians were built of the bark of trees, set on poles, in the form of a sugar-camp, with one square open, fronting a fire, and about the height of a man. The Wyandot tribe that day numbered about five hundred warriors. By the treaty of Greenville, they ceded all their territory, and the majority, under their chief, removed to Upper Sandusky. The remainder lingered awhile, loath to leave the home of their ancestors, but as game became scarce, they, too, left for better hunting-grounds." *

In April, 1798, Captain Joseph Hunter, a bold, enterprising man, settled on Zane's trace, on the bank of the prairie, west of the crossings, at a place since known as *Hunter's settlement." Fora time, he had no neighbors nearer than the settlers on the: Muskingum and Scioto rivers. He lived to see the country he had found a wilderness, full of the homes of industry. His wife was the first white woman that settled in the valley, and

*The word Hock-hock-ing in the Delaware language signifies a bottle; the Shawnees have it Wea-tha-kagh-qua sepe, i. e., bottle river. John White, in the American Pioneer, says: ''About seven miles northwest of Lancaster, there is a fall in the Hockhocking of about twenty feet. Above the fall for a short distance, the creek is very narrow and straight, forming a neck, while at the falls it suddenly widens on each side, and swells into the appearance of the body of a bottle. The whole, when seen from above, appears exactly in the shape of a bottle, and from this fact the Indians called the river Hock-hock-ing." - Howe's Collections.

Mr. Hunter had not been long in the valley until he was joined by Nathaniel Wilson, John and Allen Green, John and Joseph McMullen, Robert Cooper, Isaac Shaefer, and a few others, who erected cabins and planted corn. The next year, the tide of emigration -came in with great force. In the spring, two settlements were made in Greenfield township, each settlement containing twenty or more families. One was called the Forks of the Hockhocking, the other, Yankeetown. Settlements were also made along the river below Hunter's, on Rush creek, Raccoon and Indian creeks, Pleasant run, Felter's run, at Tobeytown, Muddy prairie, and on Clear creek. In the fall - 1799 - Joseph Loveland and Hezekiah Smith built a log grist-mill at the upper falls of the Hockhocking, afterward known as Rock mill. This was the first mill on this river. In the latter part of the year, a mail route was established over the trace. The mail was carried through on horseback, and, in the settlements in this locality, was left at the cabin of Samuel Coates, who lived on the prairie at the crossings of the river.

In the fall of the next year, Ebenezer Zane laid out Lancaster, which, until 1805, was known as New Lancaster. The lots sold very rapidly, at fifty dollars each,

Territory organized Fairfield county, and made Lancaster the county seat. The next year, Rev. John Wright, of the Presbyterian church, and Revs. Asa Shinn and James Quinn, of the Methodist church, came, and from that time on, schools and churches were maintained.

Not far from Lancaster are immense mural escarpments of sandstone formation. They were noted among the aborigines, and were, probably, used by them as places of outlook and defence.

The same summer Fairfield county was settled, the towns of Bethel and Williamsburgh, in Clermont county, were laid out, and in 1800 the county was erected.

A settlement was also made immediately south of Fairfield county, in Hocking county, by Christian Westenhaver, a German, from Hagerstown, Maryland. He came in the spring of 1798, and was soon joined by several families, who formed quite a settlement. The territory included in the county remained a part of Ross, Holmes, Athens and Fairfield, until 1818, when Hocking county. was erected, and Logan, which had been laid out in 1816, was made the county seat.

The country comprised in the countv is rather broken, especially along the Hockhocking river. This broken country was a favorite resort of the Wyandot Indians, who could easily hide in the numerous grottos and ravines, made by the river and its affluents as the water cut its way through the sandstone rocks.

In 1798, soon after Zane's trace was cut through the country, a Mr. Graham located on the site of Cambridge, in Guernsey county. His was then the only dwelling between Wheeling and Zanesville, on the trace. He remained here alone about two years, when he was succeeded by George Beymer, from Somerset, Pennsylvania..

Both these persons kept a tavern and ferry 'over Will's creek. In April, 1803, Mr. Beynier was succeeded by John Beatty, who came from Loudoun, Virginia. His family consisted of eleven persons. The Indians hunted in this vicinity, and were frequent visitors at the tavern. In June, 1806, Cambridge was laid out, and on the day the lots were offered for sale, several families from the British Isle of Guernsey, near the coast of France, stopped here on their way to the west. They were satisfied with the location, and purchased many of the: lots and some land in the vicinity. They were soon followed by other families from the same place, all of whom settling in this locality, gave the name to the county when it was erected in 1810.

A settlement was made in the central part of the State, on Darby creek, in Union county, in the summer of 1798, by James and Joshua Ewing. The next year they were joined by Samuel and David Mitchell, Samuel Mitchell, jr, Samuel Kirkpatrick and Samuel McCullough, and, in 18oo, by George and Samuel Reed, Robert Snodgrass and Paul Hodgson

"James Ewing's farm was the site of an ancienj and noted Mingo town, which was deserted at the time the Mingo towns, in what is now Logan county, were destroyed by General Logan, of Kentucky, in 1786. When Mr. Ewing took possession of his farm, the cabins were still standing, and, among others, the remains of a blacksmith's shop, with coal, cinders, iron-dross, etc. Jonathan Alder, formerly a prisoner among the Indians, says the shop was carried on by arenegade white man, named Butler, who lived among the Mingos. Extensive fields had formerly been cultivated in the vicinity of the town."*

Soon after the settlement was established, Colonel James Curry located here. He was quite an influential man, and, in 1820, succeeded in getting the county formed from portions of Delaware, Franklin, Madison: and Logan, and a part of the old Indian territory. Marysville was made the county seat.

During the year 1789, a fort, called Fort Steuben, was built on the site of Steubenville, but was dismantled at the conclusion of hostilities in 1795. Three years after, Bezaleel Williams and Hon. James Ross, for whom Ross county was named, located the town of Steubenville about the old fort, and, by liberal offers of lots, soon attracted quite a number of settlers. In 1805, the town was incorporated, and then had a population of several hundred persons. Jefferson county was created by Governor St. Clair, July 29, 1797, the year before Steubenville was laid out. It then included a large scope of country west of Pennsylvania; east and north of a line from the mouth of the Cuyahoga; southwardly to the Muskingum, and east to the Ohio; including, in its territories, the cities of Cleveland, Canton, Steubenville and Warren. Only a short time, however, was it allowed to retain this size, as the increase in emigration rendered it necessary to erect new counties which was rapidly done, especially on the adoption of the State government.

ment by the Americans. It was the home of the celebrated Mingo chief, Logan, who resided awhile at an old Mingo town, a few miles below the site: of Steubenville, the place where the troops under Colonel Williamson rendezvoused on their infamous raid against the Moravian Indians; and also where Colonel Crawford and his men met, when starting on their unfortunate expedition.

In the Reserve, settlements were often. made remote from populous localities, in accordance with the wish of a proprietor, who might own a tract of country twenty or thirty miles in the interior. In the present county of Geauga, three families located at Burton in 1798. They lived at a considerable distance from any other settlement for some time, and were greatly inconvenienced for the want of mills or shops. As time progressed, however, these were brought nearer, or built in their midst, and, ere long, almost all parts of the Reserve could show some settlement, even if isolated.

The next year, 1799, settlements were made at Ravenna, Deerfield and Palmyra, in Portage county. Hon. Benjamin Tappan came to the site of Ravenna in June, at which time he found one white man, a Mr. Honey, living there. At this date, a solitary log cabin occupied the sites of Buffalo and Cleveland. On his journey from New England, Mr. Tappan fell in with David Hudson, the founder of the Hudson settlement in Summit county. After many days of travel they landed at a prairie in Summit county. Mr. Tappan left his goods in a cabin, built for the purpose, under the care of a hired man, and went on his way, cutting a road to the site of Ravenna, where his land lay. On his return for a second load of goods, they found the cabin deserted, and evidences of its plunder by the Indians. Not long after it was learned that the man left in charge Had gone to Mr. Hudson's settlement, he having set out immediately after his arrival, for his own land. Mr. Tappan gathered the remainder of his goods, and started back for Ravenna. On his way one of his oxen died, and he found himself in a vast forest, away from any habitation, and with one dollar in money. He did not falter a moment, but sent his hired man, a faithful fellow, to Erie, Pennsylvania, a distance of one hundred miles through the wilderness, with the compass for his guide, requesting from Captain Lyman, the commander at the fort there, a loan of money. At the same time, became acquainted with Colonel James Hillman, who did not hesitate to sell him an ox on credit at a fair price' He returned to his load in a few days, found his ox all right, hitched the two together and went on. He was soon joined by his hired man, with the money, and together they spent the winter in a log cabin. He gave his man one hundred acres of land as a reward, and paid Colonel Hillman for the ox. In a year or two he had a prosperous settlement, and when the county was erected in 1807, Ravenna was made the seat of justice.

About the same time Mr. Tappan began his settlement, others were commenced in other localities in this county. Early in May, 1799, Lewis Day and his son Horatio, of

Granby, Connecticut, and Moses Tibbals and Green Frost, of Granville, Massachusetts, left their homes in a one-horse wagon, and, the twenty-ninth of May, arrived in what is now Deerfield township. Theirs was the first wagon that had ever penetrated farther westward in this region than Canfield. The country west of that place had been an unbroken wilderness until within a few days. Captain Caleb Atwater, of Wallingford, Connecticut, had hired some men to open a road to township No. 1, in the seventh range, of which he was the owner. This road passed through Deerfield, and was completed to that place when the party arrived at the point of their destination. These emigrants selected sites, and commenced clearing the land. In July, Lewis Ely arrived from Granville, and wintered here, while those who came first, and had made their improvements, returned east. The fourth of March, 1800, Alva Day (son of Lewis Day), John Campbell and Joel Thrall arrived. In April, George and Robert Taylor and James Laughlin, from Pennsylvania, with their families came, and Mr. Laughlin built a grist-mill, which was of great convenience to the settlers. July 29th, Lewis Day returned with his family and his brother-in-law, Major Rogers, who, the next year, also brought his family. The following is copied from Howe's Collections:

'" Much suffering was experienced at first on account of the scarcity of provisions. They were chiefly supplied from the settlements east of the Ohio river, the nearest of which was Georgetown, forty miles away. The provisions were brought on pack-horses through the wilderness. August 22d, Mrs. Alva Day gave birth to a child - a female - the first child born in the township. November 7th the first wedding took place. John Campbell and Sarah Ely were joined in wedlock by Calvin Austin, esq., of Warren. He was accompanied from Warren a distance of twenty-seven miles, by Mr. Pease, then a lawyer, afterward a wellknown judge. They came on foot, there being no road; and, as they threaded their way through the woods, young Pease taught the justice the marriage ceremony by oft repetition.

" In 1802, Franklin township was organized, embracing all of Portage and parts of Trumbull and Summit counties. About this time the settlement received accessions from all parts of the east. In F ebruary, 1801, Rev. Badger came and began his labors, and two years later Dr. Shadrac Bostwick organized a Methodist Episcopal church. The remaining settlement in this county, Palmyra, was begun about the same time as the others, by David Daniels, from Salisbury, Connecticut. The next year he brought out his family. Soon after he was joined by E. N. and W. Bacon, E. Cutler, A. Thurber, A. Preston, N: Bois, J. T. Baldwin, T. and C. Gilbert, D. A. and S. Waller, N. Smith, Joseph Fisher, J. Tuttle, and others.

'When this region was first settled, there was an Indian trail commencing at Fort McIntosh (Beaver, Pennsylvania), and extending westward to Sandusky and Detroit. The trail followed the highest ground. Along the trail parties of Indians were frequently seen passing, for several years after the whites came. It seemed to be the great aboriginal thoroughfare from Sandusky to the Ohio river. 'There were several large piles of stones on the trail in this locality, under which human skeletons have been discovered. These are supposed to be the remains of Indians slain in war, or murdered by their enemies, as tradition says it is an Indian custom for each one to cast a stone on the grave of an enemy, whenever he passes by. These stones appear to have been picked up along the trail, and cast upon the heaps at different times. .

** At the point where this trail crosses Silver creek, Frederick Daniels and others, in 1814, discovered, painted on several trees, various devices, evidently the work of Indians. 'The bark was carefully shaved off two-thirds of the way around, and figures cut upon the wood. On one of these was delineated seven Indians, equipped in a particular manner, one of whom was without a head. This was supposed to have been made by a party on their return westward, to give intelligence to their friends behind, of the loss of one of their party at this place; and, on making search, a human skeleton was discovered near by."

The celebrated hunter, Brady, made his remarkable leap across the Cuyahoga, in this county. The county also contains Brady's pond, a large sheet of water, in which he once made his escape from the Indians, from which circumstance it received its name.

The locality comprised in Clark county was settled the same snmmer as that in Summit county. John Humphries came to this part of the State with General Simon Kenton, in 1799. With them came six families from Kentucky, who settled north of the site of Springfield. A fort was erected on Mad river, for security against the Indians. Fourteen cabins were soon built near it, all being surrounded by a strong picket fence. David Lowery, one of the pioneers here, built the first flat-boat to operate on the Great Miami, and, in 1800, made the first trip on that river, coming down from Dayton. He took his boat and cargo on down to New Orleans, where he disposed of his load of "five hundred venison hams and bacon."

Springfield was laid out in March, 18or. Griffith Foos, who came that spring, built a tavern, which he completed and opened in June, remaining in this place till 1814. He often stated that when emigrating west, his party was four days and a half in getting from Franklinton, on the Scioto, to Springfield, a distance of forty-two miles. When crossing the Big Darby, they were obliged to carry all their goods over on horseback, and then drag their wagons across with ropes, while some of the party swam by the side of the wagon, to prevent its upsetting. The site of the town was of such practical beauty and utility, that it soon attracted a large number of settlers, and, in a few years, Springfield was incorporated. In a church was built by the residents for the use of all denominations.

Clark ceunty is made famous in aboriginal history as the birthplace and childhood home of the noted Indian, Tecumseh.* He was born in the old Indian town of Piqua, the ancient Piqua of the Skawnees, on the north side of Mad river, about five miles west of Springfield. The town was destroyed by the Kentucky rangers, under General George Rogers Clarke, in 1780, at the same time he destroyed *Old Chillicothe." Immense fields of standing corn about both towns were cut down, compelling the Indians to resort to the hunt with more than or-

* Tecumseh, or Tecumshe, was a son of Puckeshinwa, a member of the Kiscopoke tribe, and Methoataske, of the Turtle tribe of the Shawnee nation. They removed from Florida to Ohio soon after their marriage. The father, Puckeshinwa, rose to the rank of a chief, and fell at the battle of Piont Pleasant, in 1774. After his death, the mother, Methoataske, returned to the soutb, where she died, at an advanced age. 'Tecumseh was born about the year 1768. He early showed a passion for war, and, when only twenty-seven years 'of age, was made chief. The next year he removed to Deer creek, in the vicinity of Urbana, and from there to the site of Piqua, on the Great Miami. In 1798 he accepted the invitation of the De/awares in the vicinity of*the White river, Indiana, and from that time made his home with them. He was most active in the war of 1812 against the Americans, and from the time he began his work to unite the tribes, his history is so closely identified therewith that the reader is referred to the history of that war in succeeding pages.

It may not be amiss to say that all stories regarding the manner of his death are considered erroneous. He was undoubtly killed in the outset of the battle of the Thames, in Canada, in 1814, and his body secretly buried by the Indians.

The site of Cadiz, in Harrison county, was settled in April, 1799, by Alexander Henderson and his family, from Washington county, Pennsylvania. When they arrived they found neighbors in the persons of Daniel Peterson and his family, who lived near the forks of Short creek, and who had preceded them but a very short time. The next year emigrants began to cross the Ohio in great numbers, and in five or six years large settlements could be seen in this part of the State. The county was erected in 1814, and Cadiz, laid out in 1803, made the county seat.

While the settlers were locating in and about Cadiz, a few families came to what is now Monroe county, and settled near the present town of Beallsville. Shortly after, a few persons settled on the Clear fork of the Little Muskingum, and a few others on the East fork of Duck creek. The next season all these settlements received additions and a few other localities were also occupied. Before long the town of Beallsville was laid out, ànd in time became quite populous. 'The county was not erected until 1813, and in 1815 Woodsfield was laid out and made the seat of justice.

The opening of the season of 1800 - the dawn of a new century - saw a vast emigration westward. Old settlements in Ohio received immense increase of emigrants, while, branching out in all directions like the radii of a circle, other settlements were constantly formed until, in a few years, all parts of the State knew the presence of the white man.

Towns sprang into existence here and there; mills and factories were erected ; post offices and post-routes were established, and the comforts and conveniences of life began to appear.

With this came the desire, so potent to the mind of all American citizens, to rule themselves through representatives chosen by their own votes. Hitherto, they had been ruled by a governor and judges appointed by the president, who, in turn, appointed county and judicial officers. The arbitrary rulings of the governor, St. Clair, had arrayed the mass of the people against him, and made the desire for the second grade of government stronger, and finally led to its creation.