Seneca County, Ohio - Chapter 2: Seneca's Eed Pioneers, 1886

Chapter 2: Seneca's Eed Pioneers

IN the introduction to the Military History of the county, references are made to the occupation of Pleasant Township by the English soldiery- under the Irish Tory, Butler, in 1782, its subsequent occiipation by Gen. Han-ison's troops in 1813, and the occupation of Clinton Township by Col. BaU's cavah-y, the same year. All those movements, expensive, and sometimes costing valuable citizen lives, were not called for directly by Indian aggression. The presence of a trans- Atlantic enemy, and the spirit which that enemy's lies and largesses fostered in the Indian mind jvere the fii'st causes. The arch-enemy being di'iven away and piuiished, Hull's treachery was remedied, and peace was restored.

Tiie Sliaintees. - The Eries, a tribe of fishermen and himters, inhabited the country along Lake Erie, and himted through the country southward imtil

V)m. when their villages wore destroyed, their women and children slain, and their wamors driven to flight or to the grave. The wild chase of those Mooilthirsty Iroquois after human blood, led them away fi'om this portion of the wilderness in search of other tribes to miu-der, and in their place came the Shawnees, who fled hither frota the Iroquois, who had just evacuated this Country. This was in 1()72. In 17"2S they migrated to the Scioto coiintry; and thirty-flve years after assumed ownership of the upjier Miami countrv.with their jtrincipal villages at the Mac-a-chack towns. This tribe produced Tecnmseh. the savage, who checked up Proctor's fiendish cruelly to the Americans. Their re.servations and latter-day villages at Wapakoneta.andnear Lima. Allen County, are well described in the history of Ohio, so also their dealings with the British. This tribe was removed, in 1S31. to Kansas, where they are Reservation Indians.

Till' Wi/aixlof.'! are undoubtedly a branch of the great Algonquin race. The histoi'v of their persecution l\v the Iroquois, who di'ove them from the Simeoe country in Western Canada to the islands of the St. Mary's River, and thence into the country of the Sauks in the lower peninsula of ^Michigan, is one long, long tale of cruelty and rapine on one hand; death, disease and poverty on the other. They located on the west side of Lake St. Clair in 1690, and during the following century spread out over- the Miami and Sanduskj' country, where they were known until 1842, or over a century and a half. Pomoacan, tlii'ir great chief, had his wigwam at what is now called Brownstown. below Detroit. He is known in history as the Half-King. In 1781 he moved to Sandusky, making the calnn of the nefarious Billy Wyandot his abode. Here he received the infamous Elliot, and the no less guilty Simon Girty. both othcers in the service of the British. This was the Half-King, who, contrary to the ni>w practices and laws of his tribe, permitted the Delawares to cany out Elliott's sentence against Col. Crawford. At the time of Crawford's defeat. Zhaus-sho-toh was their war-chief, and this fellow had no less than 400 warriors out of a total Wyandot population of over 1,700. Catherine Walker, of Seneca Township, was a woman of this nation.

In 1800 the Wyandot nation nirmbered 2, "200 soids. I7nder the influence of Christian example and teachings, the whole tribe decreased to 800 in 1S42. In 184:^ only ()()4 members of the tribe moved beyond the ilississippi. of whom only ')ST) were on the New Reserve in 1844, and forty years later, only a bare representation can be seen.

The Delawares inhabited the temtoiy known as the State of Delaware up to the time when the tide of Eui'opean settlement set in. Before this tide they moved westward, and continued to follow the sun iintil 1724. when they located on the Muskingum, then a wilderness hitherto uninhabited and unknown.

In 1780 the greater number of the Delaware devils returned fi'om the Muskingum, and took up their residence with the Senecas, Shawnees and Wyandots on the Sandusky: those who remained at the midille village on the Muskingum were cut down by Williamson's command. Remembering this massacre they allied themselves with the British in 17Sl->s2. and were among the most diabolical enemies of the United States. Their villages extended along each bank of the TjTiiochtee, just south of Seneca Township, one and onehalf mile north of Crawfordsville. and eleven miles l)elow the old Wyandot town, and eight 'miles l)i4ow the new town of Upper Sandusky. AVingemund was the war-chief, and had his wigwam twenty-five miles east of the old town of Sandusbs-, while the notorious Capt. Pi]>e, or Kogieseh<jnanoheel. commanded at the Tymochtee villages the Wolf Trilie. He always was in the minority when the question of peace with the Long Knives was brought \\\t in

The Senecas of Sandusky. - This was a miscellaneous tribe - a nimiber of remnants of inter-tribal wars grouped imder one name, who claimed Logan as one of theii' nation. The Cayugas formed the leading band, then the Mohawks, and a few Oneidas, Onondagas, Tuscarawas, and mixed breed ^'yandots; a few Mingoes, relics, as it were, of Logan' s tribe, were among the CajTigas, of which tribe the Mingoes were a branch. Their names still live in New York State, where wealthy white communities have sprung up on the old hunting gi'ounds of those tribes; flying before the incoming tide of immigration, they located in the Scioto and Olentangy Valleys a hundred years after the war of 1682, and during the first decade of this centiuy moved to the west bank of the Sandusky, in this coimty, where they resided until placed on their reservation in 1817-19. Here they lived in peace until 1881, when civilization again forced them to resume their westward movement, and placed them in the Neosha country. In 1831 the Senecas numbered 510, of whom twenty-eight died before they left the Mississippi Valley. Death and disease have reduced this number now to about lUO. The Mohawks in 1831 niunbered twenty-five lodges.

Indian Christianity and Early Preachers. - The early preachers of the Methodist Episcopal Church, known at the "Wyandot Mission, all of whom were also visitors to the settlements of Seneca County, were John Stewart (colored), James Montgomery, Moses Henkle, Sr., James B. Finley (18'21). Harriet Stubbs, George Riley, Charles Elliott, Jacob Hooper, John C. Brooke. Between-thelogs, James Gilruth (1827). Gilruth was succeeded hj Messrs. Thompson, Shaw, Allen. A\' heeler and Squire Grey Eyes. Rev. Mr. Badger, of Lower SanduslvV', introduced Presbyterian doctrine, while the Delawares were inclined to Moravianism, if to any branch of Christianity. The Indians looked upon theii- new Christian teachers as something to be tolerated for convenience sake. Plenty of money poured into the district for their conversion, and, with this money, they pm-chased new pleasm-es, which ruined them })hysically, and lowered the standard of then* savage code of morals. A reference to statistics, showing their numbers to have decreased in forty-three years from 2.2(10 to 6(34. reveals the effect of the Christian edvication they received within that time.

Two Early Treaties. - The treaty of Fort Mclatosh. negotiated Januaiy 21, 1785, established a boundary line between the United States and the new country of the Wyandots. Delawares. Ottawas and Otchipwes. This line extended fi'om the mouth of the Cayuga to the portage between that river and the Tuscarawas, feeder of the Muskingum; thence down the feeder to Fort Laurens, and westward to the portage of the Big Miami; thence along this portage to the Maumee, and along the south bank of this river to its mouth; thence along the south shore of Lake Erie to the mouth of the Cayuga River.

A few special reservations were made, six miles square, at the mouth of the Maiuuee. one to\N'nship on the j)ortage of the Big Miami, one on Lake Sandusky, and two sections on each side of the Lower Sandusky rapids.

The treaty of Greenville, August 3. 1795. negotiated by Gen. Wayne, provided for the reduction of Indian territon' on the east. Again, the treaty of 1805, at Fort Industry, provided that the boundaiy line of the "Thirteen Fires" - the United States - should be a line drawn north and south 'on the meridian, 120 miles west of the Pennsylvania line to the intersection of the northern boundaiy of United States territory, and to that of the south line established by the treaty of Greenville. The treaty of Detroit. November 17, 1807. ceded a large area of Michigan and a portion of Ohio to the United States, while the treaty of Browustown, negotiated November 25, 1808, jH-ovided for free travel and the construction of roads, one 120 feet wide fi'om Lower Saudiiskv to the boiindarj' line named in the treaty of Greenville.

Indian Treaties Affecting Seneca Counti/. - The treaty of the Maumee Ea]>ids, negotiated bj' Lewis Cass and D. McArthur at the foot of the jMamiiee Bapids. September 29, 1S17, with the Indians commonly called Senecas (Cayugas, Mingoes Mohawks, Onondagas, Tuscarawas, AVyandots and Oiieidas), and the A\'yaudots, Delawaros, Shawnoes. Pottawattomies, Ottawas and Otchipwes, was the first which affected the disti'ict now known as Seneca County. Takaw-ma-do-aw, Josef, Tawg-you, Bunning-aboiit, Coffee-house, Wipingstick, Capt. Harris, Capt. Smith, Is-ahow-ma-saw, chiefs of the several bauds, were the signers. Under this treaty a tract of 30,000 acres was set off' along the eastern Viank of the Sanduskj' Biver for the exclusive use of the Senecas, to which 10,000 acres were added by the treaty of St. Maiy's, September 17, 1818. This large tract comprised, in Seneca Coiinty, the territory within the following boundaries: From a point eighty rods south of the south line of Section 7. in Clinton Township, east on the line limning parallel with the south section line of Section 7 to Section 18, Clinton; thence to a point south of Section 10, Scipio Township; thence north, through Scipio and Adams Townships, to the north boundary line of county, west on that line to the Sandusky Biver, and south along the river to the point of beginning, in Clinton Township.

After the hunting season of 1818 was past, those Indians settled on this Beservation cleared their garden patches and erected their cabins. The agenc_y provided for in the treaty was established in 1819, when a Methodist preacher was appointed agent, with power to feed and teach this red flock. This agent was James Montgomery, who settled with his family in one of the block-houses at old Fort Seneca, November 19, 1819. Five years and two months later, Seneca County was organized, and within nine years the Indian title was relinquished. The cession was made at Washington, D. C, February 28, 1831, when the Cayiigas accepted a reservation in the Neosho and Cowskin Biver country, southwest of Missoui'i.

Cession and liecession. - In this treaty with the Senecas, a provision was made for the Van Meter family as follows: "To John Van Meter, who was taken prisoner by the Wyaudots, and who has ever since lived amongst them, and has man-ied a Seneca woman, and to his wife and three brothers, Senecas. who now reside on Honey Creek, one thousand acres of land, to begin north 45 degrees west. 140 poles, thence and fi'om the beginning, east for quantity." This was in Eden Township. The lands were sold to Lloyd Norris in 1828, and the Mohawks left in 1829.

The Ai'mstrong Beservation is founded on the treaty which provided that 040 acres of land should be set apart for Eobert Armstrong, a captive of the Wyandots, in recognition of his services as inteqireter and guide to United States officers. The President located this reservation on the west side of the river, near the Fort Ball Military Beservation, so with the second Fort Ball or the ilcCulloch Beservation. A grant of <)40 acres was made by the treaty of Miami of the Lake for the use of the chikb-en of William McCulloch, and located north of and joining the Armstrong Beservation, near Fort Ball. This ^Mlliam McCulloch was employed by Gen. Harrison as interpreter, and while engaged on duty at Fort Meigs was struck by a cannon ball and killed. The land was parcelled out to his seven children {vide Histoiy of Tiffin and Pioneer History). The Amistrong tract of 640 acres was patented October 12, 1S23; AiTustrong sold 4()4 acres to Jesse Spencer October 29, same year.

west of the Van Meter grant, was bestowed upon the Wyandot woman, Catherine Walker, and her sons John and William. They sold a large part of this grant to A. Liigenbeel and moved to Ujjper Sandusky. The Treaty of Washington, D. C by the Senecas, February 28, 1831. provided that IGO acres should be granted to Hemy C. Brish in recognition of his sei'\'ices as subagent, and for special kindness extended to the Senecas.

The treaty with the Delawares, made at Little Sandusky, August 3. 1829. j)rovided for their evaciiation of the Delaware Reservation of nine square miles adjoining the Wyandot Reservation, of the Big Spring, and their removal beyond the jMississippi. Of this tribe Wingemund. Capt. Pipe and other notorious enemies of Crawford were members. The widow Armstrong (known as Tishatahooms). Ayenucere, Hoomam-on (known as John Mings), Yondorast, John Hill. Isaac Hill, Capt. Wolf, Billy Montoui', Black Raccoon, Silas Armstrong. John Ai-mstrong or Mahantoo. James Armstrong and Capt. Pijie Jr. , were living about the t:ime of their removal.

The parties to the treaty of Washington, in 1831, were James B. Gardiner. United States Commissiner, Henry C. Brish, sub-agent of the Senecas. and W. H. Lewis, Hemy Tolan, P. G. Randolph, witnesses; George Hemn, interpreter; Hard-Hickory. Seneca-Steel, Good-Hiinter, Small-Cloud, Spicer and Coonstick. Coi. Mcllvain. the chief Seneca agent, was not present. Hemy C. Brish succeeded James Montgomery in the agency and remained with the Senecas until they left the State.

Their removal was effected in the fall of 1831. when they started in two divis ions for theii- Neosha and Cowskin Reservations. The division in charge of Gen. Brish and Martin Lane, traveled l)y river to the Missoiu'i River, and there waited for the second division, under Hen'in and Hart, who made the trip overland. They met near the mouth of the Missouri, April 20, 1832. when twentyeight were reported to have died en route, and resuming their journey aiTived in the Neosha Valley on April 26, 1832. The Senecas then numbered 510' strong: but, like their recent neighbors, the Nez Perces. they faded away, as it were, until they may be counted by tens instead of hundreds.

The treaty of McCutcheonville. Januaiy 19, 1832, between the United States and the Wyandots of Big Spring Reservation, provided for the cession to the United States of 1(),(KK) acres of land, granted to them by the treaty of St. Mar}'"s, made September 17. 1818, located at Big Springs on the head of Blanchard' s Fork between Upper Sandusky and Fort Findlay. The treaty stipulated that the 16. (AW acres, in the Big Sj^ring Reservation, should be surveyed, offered for sale, and $1.25 per acre paid to the chiefs for the Big Spring band of Wyandots, and a reservation of 32() acres kept for Roe-nu-nas. one of the oldest chiefs. Joseph McCuteheon was named as ajipraiser and recommended as sub-agent. The treaty was signed by J. B. Gardiner, the special commissioner; Mat. Grey eyes. Isaac Driver, John D. Brown, Alexander Clark, John McLean, Roe-nu-nas. Bear Skin. She-a-wah (John Solomon), and witnessed by Dr. G. W. Sampson of Seneca Coimty, Dick Reynolds, J. C. DeWitt. James McCuteheon and C. Clark. The reservation eml)raced twelve square miles in Big Spring Township, and twelve miles square adjoining.

This treaty ended the residence of the Wyandots in this county, and led to the treaty of Uj^per Sandusky- in 1842, by which they relinquished title to the list large Indian reservation in Ohio. In 1832 the lands formerlv belonging to the Senecas and ^Vyau^lots were surveyed by J. A\'. Christmas, offered for sale under the President's proclamation, and the homes of the Indians were soon occupied" by the white men.

Indian Biography

Many references have been made in the first part of this chapter to the Indian chiefs who were once masters of this county and neighborhood. Again in the tirst part of this book, devoted to a history of Ohio, such names as Pontiac, Tecums(>h, Logan, Blackhoof - find a very full mention. For these reasons the following personal notices of Indians who were at once famous or notorious, are given in a most concise form, each sketch containing only some important point or points not credited in the first part of the history.

So much has been wiitten regarding Tecumseh (pp. 61 to O-t), it is only necessary here to make one reference to the man. Few there are who have not read of the Ijarbarity of the English troops diu'ing the whole war of the Eevolution, as well as the war of 1812: fewer still are ignorant of the premium offered by the English commanders to their soldiers and Indian allies, ^^"ho does not remember the massacres of Fort Meigs and of the River Kaisiu? Who has not heard of Gen. Proctor's infamous doings there, of his order to kill all prisoners, of his enthusiasm in witnessing, for two hours, how ably his own ti'oops and his Indians carried out his diabolical command ? Tecumseh came on the scene too late to save all, yet in time to cast a ray of light on his own character, and save his Indian brethi'en from the obloquy which, to this day, attaches itself to the white man. According to the chronicler, it is said: "He sprang fi'om his horse, caiight one Indian by the throat and the other by the breast, and threw them to the ground: then, drawing his knife and hatchet, and running between the Indians and })risoners, brandished his weapons wildly and dare<l the attack on another prisoner. Maddened by the barbai'ity which he loathed, he sought Gen. Proctor, and demanded why this massacre was allowed.

'Begone!' answered the chief with a sarcastic sneer, 'you are unfit to command; go, you aie not a man.' " Let the rebuke be the reproach of a savage: it is worthy of recognition to-day, for in the humanity of manhood is. the ])hilosophy of life.

Els<iuata. the twin brother of Tecumsi-h, is known in history as the Prophet. This false friend accompanied the renegade Shawnees, under the lead of Tecumseh, to the British service in Canada; returned after the war to Wapakonetta; went west of the Mississippi with a large number of his tribe in 1828, and died of cholera in 1833 in Kansas. In a reference to him Jonathan Elder says: "I was very well accjuainted with the Pro])het. He was not a warrior, but a low, cunning fellow. He prophesied many things that did not come to pass. He was a vain man, with a great amount of show, but with little sense. His powers of prophecy were not well sustained by the Indians in general; in fact, they had but little "faith in him." After the treaty of Fort Wayne in 1800, it is related by Dr. Hill that th(> Prophet ordered the execution of Leath(>r-lips, a noted Wyandot chief, for pretended witchcraft, but really to get rid of his influence. Bix "\\'yandot warriors were sent to put him to death. The warriors and their leader, Eouudhead, went directly fi-om Tippecanoe to execute him. They found him encamped on a stream about twelve miles above the present city of Columbus. When the warriors aiTived, and their purjsose was ascertained, several white men made an ineffectual effort to save his life. A council took place, and the wairiors resolved to kill the chief, as ordered. An

Indian, with much -warmth, accused him of magic or witchcraft; but Leatherlips denied the charge. A\'hen the sentence of death was passed upon him, he returned to his camp, ate a dinner of jerked venison, washed and dressed in his best Indian clothing, and painted his face. He was tall and dignified, and his hair quite gray. When the time of his execution an'ived, he shook hands with those present, and tm-ned from his wigwam and commenced to chant his death song. He then moved toward the point where the warriors had dug a grave. When he got to the grave, he knelt down and prayed to the Great Spirit. When he finished. Roundhead also knelt and prayed. Leather-lips again knelt and prayed, and when he ceased, one of the warriors drew from his skirts a keen, new tomahawk, stepped up behind the chief and struck him on the head with his whole strength. The chief fell foi-ward in the agonies of death. The executioner stmck him again, once or twice, and finished his sufferings. The body was buried with all his Indian ornaments, and the warriors and whites disappeared. An attempt has been made to fix the responsibility of this great crime upon the Wyandot chief. Crane. Crane was the friend of the whites, and opposed to the schemes of the treacherous Prof)het, and it is clear never could have authorized the execution of a fellow \A'yandot chief.

The Wyandot chief, Roundhead, had a village on the Scioto in the southwest corner of Hardin County, where the town of Roimd Head was subsequently laid out. At what precise date the Indians started this village is not known, but about the year ISDO Maj. James Galloway, of Greene County, \'isited them at this point, and says that there was then quite a number of apple trees in the village, and that the Indians raised many swine. Some of those trees, said to have been planted by this old chief, are yet standing. Roundhead, whose Indian name was Stiahta, was a fine-looking man. He had a brother named John Battise, a man of gi-eat size and personal strength. He was well remembered by the pioneers of the Miami and Scioto Valleys on account of possessing an enormous nose, which resembled in size and hue an immense blue potato full of indentations, and when he laughed it shook like jelly. He lived at a place called Battisetown some miles west of his brother" s village, joined the English in 1M2, and was killed at the siege of Fort Meigs. In 1807 Roundhead was present with Teciuuseh and other chiefs at a coimcil ^eld at Springfield, Ohio, between the whites and Indians to settle a difficulty which arose over the killing of a white man named Myei's, a few miles west of Urbana. The execution of Leather-lips, a well known M'yandot chief, which took place twelve miles north of Columbus, Ohio, in lb 10, on the charge of witchcraft, was intrusted by Tectimseh to Roundhead, who, at the head of six braves, came from Tippecanoe and did the deed.

The celebrated Mingoe chief. Logan, with a band of followers, had a village in the southeastern part of Hardin County as early as 1778. It is probable that he moved from the lower Shawnee towns on the Scioto, where his cabin stood in 1774, to this point, soon after Lord Dunmore's campaign. The exact location of this village is not knowTi, some old settlers claiming that it stood in the vicinity of "Grassy Point." Col. John McDonald, in his biography of Simon Kenton, when telling of his capture in 1778, says: "As the Indians passed from Wapakoneta to L^pper Sandusky, they went through a small village on the river Scioto, where then resided the celebrated chief. Logan, of JefFerson memory. Logan, unlike the rest of his tribe, was humane as he was brave. At his -wigwam, the party who had the care of the prisoner, stayed over night." From this account, it seems they also remained the succeeding day and night, not leaving for Upper Sandusky until the second morning after their arrival at Logan's village. The old Shawnee trail crossed the Scioto near the residence of the late Jiulf^e Fortius Wheeler, several miles northeast of Grassy Point, and as the Indian village was on the Scioto, it is safe to infer that th.> wigwams of Logan and his band were in the vicinity of the Shawnee fonl and not at Grassy Point. jThe main reason why the latter place has been thought to have been the site of the Mingoe Camp, is that the Indians had cleared and cultivated some land in that locality, which, upon subsequent abandonment, had grown up in blue grass, hence the nam(\ Grassy Point. It is more probable that the land refen-ed to was cultivated by the Shawnees and who owned this territory in common, while the Mingoes occupied it only by consent of these tribes, who loved it as one of (heir f^vorit(> camping grounds, and a sacred depository of their dead. Logan, the noble Mingoe chief, and the principal victim of Col. Cresap's mad zeal, belonged to this county as much as to any other locality in the State {vide History of Ohio). His celetjrated speech, delivered near Circleville, Ohio, conveys an idea of the deep wrongs which were, in some instances, heaped upon the Indians throuo-h the malice of individuals. This man, more noble than the white man, passed the winter of his life in the very neighborhood of Tiffin, and moved away to die. He was killed by a brother Indian while sitting at his camp fire.

Pmupkin, the Taway Indian, was about six feet high, and as savage and illlooking as he was tall. George Heck, in his relations, speaks of this red-skin as one of whom even Indians were afi-aid. He killed Mis. Snow, on Cold Creek, dm'ing her husband's absence, cut open her womb, took a full gi-own l)ab(., roasted the little human being, and made his meal oflF it. The Senecas captured this ten-ible savage, brought him to Snow for sentence; but the white man feared to avenge the murder of his wife and child, so that Pumpkin was allowed to go fi-ee. Some short time after this cannibal quarreled with a A\ yandot, and of course killed him. He was then arrested by the Wyandots, who placed him on a log, and there six tomahawks were biu'ied in his brain.'

In the year 1822, Good Spring's mother and three other squaws were executed on a charge of witchcraft. It appears that during the summer of that year a peculiar disease attacked the Senecas, and they attributed their troubles to those four unfortunate women. They were condemned to die, and while waiting, proceeded to Lower Sandusky for whisk-v. with which they returned to hold their last orgie. Diu-ing their drunken" lit, thev called on the executioner to end them, when Jim Sty - the drone of the reserv'ation - advanced with a pipe tomahawk upraised, and striking each of the old women in the head, declared that the witches were gone.

Death of Seneca John. - This fi-atricidal affair took place in the fall of 1828. It api)ears that in 1825, thi-ee Senecas, viz. : Coonstick and Steel, brothers, with sub-chief Cracked Hoof, traveled west to seek new hnnting-gi-ounds, lea\'ing theu- elde.st brother, Comstock, chief of the tribe, and their youngest brother, Seneca John, sub-chief. On retmning they foimd Seneca* John chief, and learned that Comstock was dead. Tribal gossip was not idle, but with jealous tongue poured stories of John's treachery into the ears of his brothers, who accused him of poisoning the head chief, and said that he should die. The stoic received the sentence calmly, yet protested his innocence. In the moraimr he was executed near the hut of Hard Hickorv, the Indian Shane and his two brothers being the executioners. Steel taking the leading part. Hard Hickory stated in after years, that prior to John's death, he turned to Coonstick saying: "Now brother, you take yom- revenge." Coonstick at once relented and" was going to the relief of his tlying brother, when Steel rashed forward and completed the murder.

In 1832 theWyandots, imder Chief Thomas Koon. resided in Jackson Township and passed the whole season there hunting, killing 107 deer, eleven bears, and thousands of small game. John P. Gordon, who then had a saloon at Eisdon, sold them whisk}' at wholesale, and this, on one occasion, almost led to civil war among them. Nestlerode, acting under instructions of Koon. took their knives and whisk}' bottles fi'om them, and sent them to camp. He, however, surrendered the whisky, and when their di'unken fit was over returned them their knives.

Tarhe, or the Crane, named by the French Monsieur Grue, or Mr. Crane, was born near Detroit, in 1742, and died near Upper Sanduskj', in 1818, his biu'ial being attended by various tribes. He was always a remarkable Indian. His wife was a white gii'l named Sally Frost.

Comstock, chief of the Seneca Indians for some years previous to 1825, and eldest brother of Seneca John, Seneca Steel, and Coonstick, was poisoned in 1825, and Seneca John, the youngest brother elected chief (ride Gen. Brish's Narrative).

Seneca John was a splendid specimen of Indian manhood. He was born here in 1787, and murdered by his brothers in 1825, near Green Spring {vide Gen. Brish's Narrative). His wigwam was where Dr. AYilliams' house now stands. While visiting the Doctor's father's house, east of Eeedtown, his little child was scalded. Dr. "Williams did everything to relieve the little sufferer, but death ensued.

Hard Hickory, born about 1780 in this district, was considered an excellent Indian, spoke French fluently and English fairly, and was one of the head chiefs of the tribe. Next to Joseph Tequania he was the most polished warrior, and far above him in shi'ewdness, until after his removal to the Neosha Country. Previous to leaving Seneca County, he with a few other Cayugas received annually Sl.<30() fi'om New York State, and afterward this sum was mailed to them on the new reservation. In 1834 Hard Hickory and one of the Herrins - either Joseph or George - were deputed to go to Fort Gibson and receive cash for their draft. Ha%'ing received the cash, Hickorj' proposed a visit to Washington City, believing that the President would refund him any moneys expended on such a trip. This journey was accomplished; the Indian Department refused to pay for IVIr. Hickon-"s pleasui'es, so that when he returned to Neosha ven' little money was ^-isible. This, in addition to a number of lies which he told, ch'ew upon him the condemnation of the tribe. He resisted the tribal law for a short time, Init was ultimately executed by Shane in his own cabin and in presence of his own wife.

Wiping Stick, referred to in the history of Fort Seneca gamson, was a CajTiga chief, who possessed all the noble qualities of his race, without any of the bad ones.

She-a-wah, or John Solomon, who signed the treaty for the Wyandots in 1818, moved fi'om Big Spring in 1832, and joined the leading band of Wyandots at Upper Sandusky, where he remained until after the removal of the tribe in 1842. He returned to Wyandot in 184U, and made the place his home until his death in 1878. The pioneers who assembled at Shoch's Woods, Eden Township, September 1, 1877, saw this tall old chief for the last time. There he made his last speech.

Joseph TiMiuaiiia. a half-l)rotlier of Toqiiania. who was killoil by Peter Pork, was born about 1 755 ; was a coiumissioued otScer in the French Canadian service, and one of the most polished residents of 'Seneca County even up to \H'M. when he went ^^'est with his tribe. This man belon<i^ed to the Catholic Church, and, with one of his sisters, would proceed long tlistances to att(>nd service, dressed in a red vest, white ruffled shirt, lepjgings. hair braided, fancy shawl and some jewelry. With all his retinemenl. he looked down upon his less fortunate brother Indians, and sometimes hated them for the little they did know.

Strono; Ann T(><iuania, son of the twin-sister of Tequania. the victim of Peter Pork and known as the Ono-Eyed Medicine A^'oman. was, like his mother, veiy benevolent, and much liked by the settlers.

Tequania. or Strong- Arm, murdered in 1.S29 by Peter Pork, was the twinbrother of the medicine woman of the tribe. Each of them was born with only one eye; both were extra good Indians, and great fi-iends of their white neighliors.

Good Springs was a young savage, corresponding with the modern dude of white communities. His mother was executed in IS'i'J for witchcraft, and after the deed was done by Jim Skj-. this fellow feared to meet the murderer.

George Washington, who served as scout during the war of the Revolution, reached a ripe old age in 1822. During that year his squaw - Martha Washington - was condemned to death for witchcraft. The executioners entered her cabin, saw the old scout looking on at his doomed wife pounding hominy, and then without ceremony. Shane stepped forward, struck her with the tomahawk, and called upon Jim Sk\' to cut her neck.

Peter Pork, whose only good trait was a desire to mm-der villains like himself, was the worst character in the Seneca country. While attending one of Benazah Parker's orgies in the latter's saloon at Fort, Seneca. October 4, 1829. he stabbed this white wi-etch. immediately after he had administered a mock saci-ameut of corn dodgers and whisky to his guests. Parker died of his woimds in January. 181^1. having suffered terribly in the meantime. Previous to his attack upon Parker, he cut up Tequania or Strong Arm with an ax. This occmred while en route home fi-om Lower Sandusky, and would have resulted in the immediate death of Tequania. had not Dr. Ely Dresbach exercised his skill in binding up the wounds. The Indian, however, died nine days after, and ten days before Parker received his death wounds from the same Pork. He also killed Joseph Silas, a Mohawk half-breed, and another Indian, a friend of Silas, together with the squaw Brandt, known as "Thomas Brandt's old wife." who lived a solitary life in one of Brandt's cabins. In 183(5 Joseph Herrin, a Mohawk half-breed and interpreter, revisited Fort^Seneca, learned of his cousin Silas' death, and on his retiu'n to the Neosha country cut Peter Pork's head off (ride Histoiy of Courts and Bar).

Mrs. Sally Ingham, in referring to the murder by Pork of Parker, related for Mr. Stewart in 1.S73. and for the wTiter in September, 1SS5. the following reminiscence: '-On the 4th of October. 1829, an Indian of the Seneca tribe, named Peter Pork, called at the house of Parker, in a state of intoxication, and demanded some whiskj'. Observing his condition Parker refused to comply \nth his demand, when the Indian became exasperated, and said, with an oatli. that 'he would have some. ' at the same time making a movement to prociu-e the 'firewater.' Parker seized a tire-brand from the fireplace, and made an attack on the Indian, in the hope that he would desist. This only tended to infuriate the savage, who drew his knife and stabbed Parker in the side, inflicting a painful and dangerous wound, from which he died about a vear afterward. After the committal of the deed, Peter Pork went to his htit and made some preliminaiy preparations for defense, well knowing that his deed would be detected, He placed his tomahawk within reach of his bed, and stuck his knife in a crevice in a wall just above his head. His squaw, noticing these actions, comprehended that something was wrong, and after he had fallen into a sort of dninken stupor, she removed the knife, placing in its stead a piece of wood of about the same dimensions. The following persons repaired to his house in order to arrest him: Jaques Hulberd (afterward judge), Phineas Frary, Anson Gray and Stephen Ross. He was a gigantic savage, and on the entrance of the party a teiTible struggle ensued, which was cari'ied on in the dark. Pork having kicked the lantern out of the hand of Frary at the onset. Mr. Hulberd clinched the Indian, and caught him by the throat, when Pork seized the piece of wood, supposing it to be his knife, and gave Hulberd a temble stab, the stick penetrating thi'ough his coat. After being nearly throttled, the Indian was secui'ed; and April 2S, 1S30, he was arraigned before the coiu-t of common pleas of this county, and found guilty of 'stabbing with intent to kill.' He was sentenced to three years in the Ohio State Penitentiary. ' '

Buck-ong-a-he-las, a noted old Delaware chief, mixed much with the Shawnees. He is supposed to have been born near Philadelphia, Penn., a few years after the treaties with Penn, and, when he lived on the Auglaize, was well advanced in age. In colonial days, with Jacobs and other leading Delawares, he resided in western Pennsylvania, and is believed at that time to have been identical with the ' 'Shingess' ' who entertained Washington, when a young man, in 1758. Shingess was an active warrior when Fort Du Quesue was taken in 1759. Heckewelder speaks of meeting him at the Tuscarora town on the Muskingum, as early as 1760. As early as 1704, King Beaver, who was a brother of Buck-ong-a-he-las, is met by Gen. Gibson at the mouth of Big Beaver. Just what time he settled in western Ohio is not known. At the capture of Col. Hardin, Maj. Tiirman and others in 1792, as bearers of a flag of trace from Washington, after having treacherously murdered Hardin, the Indians arrived near the Indian town of Auglaize, and reported to the old chief, "who was veiy sorry they had killed the men, andsaid,insteadof sodoiug. they should have brought them along to the Indian towns, and then, if what they had to say had not been liked it would have been time enough to have killed them. Nothing could justify them for putting them to death, as there was no chance for them to escape. ' ' This chief fought against Harmar, St. Clair and Wayne. He signed the treaty of 1795. He must have been over one hundi'ed years old. He died at Ottawa village, on the Auglaize, in 1S04.

One of the most noted chiefs was the venerable Blackhoof - Cul-the-we-kasaw - in the raids upon Kentucky sometimes called Blackfoot. He is believed to have been born in Florida, and, at the period of the removal of a portion of the Shawnees to Ohio and Pennsylvania, was old enough to recollect having bathed in the salt water. He was present, with others of his tribe, at th<> defeat of Gen. Braddock, near Pittsbiu'gh, in 1755. and was engaged in all the wars in Ohio fi-om that time until the treaty of Greenville, in 1795. He was known far and wide as the gr(>at Shawnee warrior, whose cunning, sagacity and experience were only equaled by the force and desperate bravery with | which he carried into operation his military plans. He was the inveterate foe of the white man, and held that no peace should be made, nor negotiation attempted, except on the condition that the whites should repass the mountains, and leave the great plains of the West to the sole occupancy of the red men. He was the orator of the tribe diu'ing the greater part of his long life, and is said to have been an excellent speaker. Col. Jolin Jolinston says lie was probably in more battles than any living man of his day. and was the most gracefiil Indian he had ever seen, and possessed the most natxxral and happy faculty of expressing his ideas. He was well versed in the traditions of his people, and no one understood better their relations to the whites, whose settlements were gradually pressing them back, and could detail with minuteness the wrongs inflicted by the whites on his people. He rememb(>red having talked with some of the aged chiefs who had been present at the treaty with William Fenn, in 1082. He fought the battles again.st Hai-mar, St. Clair and AVayne. hoping to retain his country; but when finally defeated, in 17'J4, he decided that fiu-fher resistance was useless, and signed the treaty of Greenville, in 179;"), and continued faithful to its stipulations until his decease, which occurred in the summer of lfS81, at Wapakonetta, at the advanced age of one hundred and twenty years! Blackhoof is said to have been opposed to polygamy and the practice of bxu'ning prisoners. He lived forty years with one wife, raising a large family of children, who both loved and respected him. He was small in stature, not more than five feet eight inches in height. He was favored with good health and unimpaii'ed eyesight to the period of his death.

Quasky, his elder son, was the successor to Blackhoof. He possessed many of the qualities of his distinguished father. He went West with his people in 1832, and was living in 1853. He. like his father, was a fine sjieaker.

The chief Blue Jacket, it will be remembered, commanded the Indian army at the battle of "Fallen Timber," in 1794, and, with much rehictance, signed the treaty with Wayne, at Greenville, in 1795. He was veiy bitter in his feelings toward the ' ' Long Knives, ' ' who were raj)idly settling upon the lands that formerly belonged to the red man. His feelings were quite as intense as those of Tecumseh, though he did not possess his abilities for organization. As a matter of prudence, he did not join Tecumseh in the war of 1812. He is sTipposed to have died at Ottawa village, down the Auglaize, just prior to the treaty at Maumee Kapids, in 1817. It apjiears that Gens, Cass and ]\IcArthui\ in that treaty, made provision for his family at Wapakonetta, in which James, George and Charles Blue Jacket received each about ' 1,000 acres in the reservation.

Quilna. another chief, was actually popular among the white pioneers. He shared in all their sports and industries; was as good a workman as he was a hunter.

Little Fox, a brother of Pht, was an irreconcilable. Up to the departure of this Indian for Kansas, he coiild not beiieve that he was doomed to leave Ohio.

Txirkeyfoot, a peculiar formation, just as broad as he was long, was a savage capable of entertaining and practicing the most diabolical ideas. At times he would induce himself to believe that he was on good terms with the whites, and while in such a mood he would make a circuit of all the white settlements.

Beaver, a young Delaware chief, who, with his band, made his home with the Shawnees, was a favorite of Gen. Harrison. He it was who executed Little Blue Jacket, in July. 1S13, when that emissary of Proctor was on his way to assassinate Gen. Harrison, at Fort Seneca.

Little Blue Jacket, an itinerant bravado of the Shawnee nation, who passed some time with the British at Maiden, was dispatched by Gen. Proctor to Ohio to introduce himself into the camp of the American Shawnees and Delawares, who were then aiding the American army, and, when an opportunity offered, to assassinate the American commander. Owing to the loyalty of Beaver his design was foiled, and himself made the victim of his treachery.

Soo-de-nooks, son of Black Chief, miu'dered John Barnet's half brother in October, 1S3(); was brought before a council of the Wyandots (of which tribe both were members), and sentenced to banishment, while his property was to become common to the tribe. This sentence was vetoed by the tribe, and all men over twenty-one years of age assembled to trj' the case. There were 112 votes in favor of capital punishment and twelve in favor of the sentence of the council. Three Chi'istian and three heathen Indians were ai)pointed to caiTy out the new decision, viz. : Silas Armstrong. Joe Enos, Francis Cotter, Lump-on-the-head, Soo-knh-guess and Saw-yan-wa-hoy. These savages fired at the miu-derer, and Soo-de-nooks went straight to the country of all bad Indians.

Grey Eyes was a regular Methodist minister - a piu'e A\'yaudot, and an uncom]>romising opponent of the sale of the Big Spring and other resei-vations until after the majority agreed to sell, when he also acquiesced. In 1843. he moved 'West with the tribe, under Chief Jacques.

La-wa-tu-cheh (John Wolf), was a Shawnee of some note. Col. John Johnston hired of him a trading house at Wapakonetta, and he often accompanied the Colonel on his trading trips in the forest among the different tribes. He died at "VVapakonetta.

AVa-the-the-we-la, or Bright Horn, was another noted chief, who was present when Logan was mortally wounded in the contest with Winemac in 1812, and was severely wovinded in the thigh in the same tight, but recovered and lived at Wapakonetta. He was. with Blackhoof, the especial friend of Gen. HaiTison in the war of 1812. He was a brave man. and of sound integrity. He fought like a hero for our cause in the war of 1812. He was a large and commanding Indian in appearance, and was quite shrewd and intelligent. He died in 1826, at Wapakonetta.

Peter Cornstalk was a chief in succession to his father, who was assassinated at Point Pleasant, Va. This Peter was a fine specimen of the Indian, and a true fi'iend of the settlers in the Auglaize country. He moved to Kansas in 1828 with the Prophet.

Heniy Clay, son of Capt. ^Aolf, was educated under the supervision of Col. John Johnston, at Upper Piqua, at the expense of the Quaker Friends. He afterward became a leading chief and married the daughter of Jeremiah McLain, formerly a member of Congress fi-om the Cohunbus District, in 1835.

Way-wel-ea-py was the princii)al speaker among the Shawnees at the period of their removal. He w-as an eloquent orator, grave, gay or humorous, as occasion required. At times, his manner is said to have been quite fascinating, his coiiutenance so full of varied expression, and his voice so musical, that svu'veyors and other "strangers passing through the country listened to him with delight, although the words fell upon their ears in an unknown language. During the negotiation for the sale of their resei-ve, he addressed his people and Mr. Gardiner several times. His refiitation of Gardiner's assumed supe-. riority over the Indian race was complete and full of irony. Col. George C. Johnston often met this chief at his trading post in Wapakonetta, and says he was a fine looking Indian, and cultivated the friendship of the pioneers. He was the principal speaker of the Shawnees, and delivered the opinions of the tribe at treaties and in pitblie assemblies. He removed ^^'est with his tribe, where he died in 1843.

LoUaway (John Perry), liead chief of Iho Shawneos, often traded at the station of Col. Johnston. He signed the treaty of 1S81, at Wapakouetta. He eonld converse fluently in English. He was a man of influence with his tribe, and of good habits. He was much grieved when he learned that the Shawnees had been deceived as to the value of their reservations. He went West in KS8'.i, and died in 1843.

The chief Oxonoxy resided where Charloe Village now stands. About the year 1827 this savage killed his son-in-law and grandson; he was tried by a council of chiefs, sentenced to be beheaded, but instead of carrying out the sentence one of deposition was substituted.

Between-the-Logs, son of a Cayuga wairior and a woman of the Bear band of Wyandots, was born at Lower Sandusky about three years prior to Crawford's defeat. At the age of twenty-live years he was sent to the Seuecas further up the river to study the doctrine and ways of the Seneca prophet, and in 18(1<') visited the notorious brother of Tecumseh on a similar eiTand. He exposed those false prophets, and in 1812 opposed the political teachings of Tecumseh' s brother, even going so far as to ask the chief to ignore him, and join the American anny. Diu'ing the war of 1812 he won all the Senecas and many of the Wyandots to the American standard; subsequently settled at Upper Sandusky; became a drunkard, killed his squaw, immediately became temperate, visited Washington in 1817, and afterward joined John Stewart's Methodist Mission, of which he was appointed exhorter. He died in 1827, and on Januarv 2. the day after, he was biu'ied near the Mission Church, erected in 1825.

Warpole, the tirst chief of the Shawnees, elected after the death of Chief Deimquot, gave place to Jacques, who was re-elected on New Year's day for many years.

Mononcue. one of the ablest Indians of the decaying Wyandots, and one of the chiefs after Warpole, died about 1835. He was an orator of the tribe, and considered by old men to be much superior to Pomoacan, the gi-eat chief of the trilie in 1782.

Among the leading men of the Wyandots in 1843, known to the people of Seneca County, were Jacques (the chief). Porcupine, Providence. Split-the- Logs, Stand-in-the-Water, White Wing. Mud Eater, Btill Head, Peacock, Big River, Big Tree, Black Sheep, Chop-the-Logs, Blue Jacket, Bear Skin, Caiy- Hoe, Curly-Head, ^Vashington, Lump-on-the-Head, John Hicks, KiU Buck, Spy Buck, and others named in the foregoing sketches.

Sum-muni-de-A\'at. one of the Christian Wyandots. and a chief of that tribe, was one of the tiiiest friends the tirst settlers of Seneca County claimed among all the Indians. While entertaining a few whites, alleged land-hunters, the guests miu-dered their hospitable host in AVood County in 1841, the genial old Indian rested here in Seneca for a while, but in 18-13 his ashes were removed to Mission Church Cemeteiy.

White and Colored Captires and Breeds. - Sam AA'ells, the negi'o captive, mentioned heretofore, did not go West with the Wyandots. Ho became a charge on the people of Wyandot County, under the care of Eeuben Lowmaster, of Eden Township.

Spibey-tbe-Tailor. a l)reed. and Old Abe Taylor, a negro with Piussell Euss, a breed, and a few Indians, were to he found on the borders of this county.

John Carpenter was made captive by the Delawares (two of whom were Moravians and speakers of the Dutch langiiage) in February, 1782. at Buffalo Creek, Washington Co., Penn. , and earned into Ohio. He escaped subsequently and returned to Pittsburgh. The same year Thomas Decker, Samuel Wells, a negro boy, were also captured. Timothy Dorman and his wife were captured near Fort Buchanan, and carried into the wilderness of Ohio, but there is no further account of them. About this time, also, the Delawares carried away the wife and thi'ee children of Robert Wallace, while he was away from home. They murdered Mrs. Wallace and her infant near the Sandusky River; one of her boys died in the Sandusky countiy; the other was sold to the Wyandots about 1812, and was rescued by his father about 1815. Even in 1817 there were several captives among the Senecas and Wyandots, such as Spicer, Knisely, Sarah Williams, Mrs. Castleman, Eliza Whittaker, Sally Frost, Van Meter and others refeiTed to in the historj* of Ohio. Those who were carried away in theii- yoixth, were raised by Indian foster mothers, and became more Indian than the Indians themselves.

Sally Frost was a white girl, raised by a Wyandot woman after her captui'e, and survived Tarhe. her Indian husband many years, and was among the white pioneers of the Sandusky country.

Jonathan Pointer, was the name of a negro, who was captured in Virginia, taken to the Wyandot countrj', and who grew up here to be the slave of Tarhe. He was also Girty's servant, subsequently Capt. Pipe's servant, and again an employe of John Van Meter: was a fair interpreter, as well asrenderer of sacred vocal music. While at the Van Meter place, he woidd intei-jiret for preacher Stewart and others, but when Stewart's doctrine became enigmatical. Pointer would look as comic as a negro can look, and add : "I don' t know meself whether that is so or not so. ' ' He was leader in all musical entertainments at the Mission Chiu'ch, even as he was at an Indian or pioneer dance.

Benjamin Franklin Warner was not a captive, but a citizen of the Seneca nation, having withdrawn fi'om American civilization. He was married to a Mohican woman, named Konkepot, and with her came from Green Bay, Wis., to Ohio, where he was hospitably by the Senecas. In accompanying his Indian- fi-iends to the Neosha. Konkepot died near the mouth of the Missoiu'i. leaving her child to Warner, who cared for the little Indian until he was able to enter life for himself. Warner was the man-of-all-work, liberal, sober, industrious and always agreeable.

Charlieu, like Joseph Tequania, was in the service of the French-Canadian, and was present on the Plains of Abraham, when the unfortunate death of Montcalm gave the victory of that day, and all Canada to the British. He subsequently served with the British. Charlieu was born about 1736. as a child of the Mohawks, a nephew of the Brandts, man'ied a French half-breed, spoke the French language, embraced Catholicism, came to Ohio his tribe, and in 1829 Joined the Senecas. When the tribe moved, in 1831-32, to the Neosha country, he set out on the overland trip, but died at St. Louis, Mo. , April 26, 1832, from eating warm bread, and was interred in the old Catholic cemeteiy.

Wniiam Spicer, or Big Kittles, a captive of the Wyandots, was a native of Pennsylvania, made captive about 1775. and broiight to the Ohio River, where the Wyandots would tie him to a tree near the river bank, so as to attract the attention of white travelers, who, on coming to release the boy, would themselves be captm-ed. He was moved to the Sandusky about 1778, grew up here, and became a large stock-raiser and farmer. About 1821 he was beaten and then robbed of several thousand dollars, it is alleged, by a carjienter named

William Eollins, an employe of P. D. Butler, at Fort Ball, in 1821. At that time Benjamin Barney and a constable named Pajiineaii, a polished French- Canadian, and Caleb Rice espoused Spieer's cause, arrested KoUins, Downing, Butler and Case, brought them to trial, and had Rollins sentenced to eleven years in the penitentiary. A year later Spicer himself signed a petition asking pardon for the robber. A good deal of the ^fijODO or $7,000 stolen was returned to this prosperous captive, who died here about 1830. One of his daughters was the second wife of Crow, another captive. Spieer's cabin, like himself, is said to have been the filthiest west of the Alleghenies. This William Spicer was charged, in 1830, with the miu'der of Drake, the mail carrier, sou of Judge Drake, of Marion County.

Robert Ai'mstrong, to whom a section of land was granted at Fort Ball in 1817, was made captive in Pennsylvania, and adopted by a woman of the Wyandot nation. He man'ied a half-breed Indian, presumably of the Cayugas, was emj)loyed as interpreter by the United States, as he could speak English and Indian well, and thus ingratiated himself into the confidence of lioth parties, until he was rewarded by the United States with this grant of 640 acres in one of the most beautiful spots in the State. In 1823 the President issued a patent to him for this land, and the same year he sold 404 acres of it to Jesse Spencer. He moved fi'om Upper Sandusky to Fort Ball that year, retm-ned in 1824, and died within two miles of Upper Sandusky in 1825, on the Wyandot Reservation.

William McCulloch, named in the treaty of 1817, was engaged for some months as an interpreter by Gen. Harrison, and killed by a cannon ball whOe on duty at Fort Meigs in 1813. To his seven childi-en a section of land was granted adjoining the Armstrong Reservation at Fort Ball, which was subdivitled, and sold. In the history of Ohio McCulloch is mentioned as a half-bred, married to a squaw or squaws.

John A'an Meter, captured in West Virginia in 1778, by the Wyandots, transfen-ed to the Mohawks or Senecas in later years by his foster-mother, was married to a Mohawk woman named Susan Brandt, sister of Thomas, Isaac and Paulus Brandt, the last chiefs of the Mohawk nation, the remnant of whom settled near Tiffin and resided in this county. The treaty of 1817 provided that 1,000 acres of land should be granted to John Van Meter, his wife and her three brothers. This was known as the ' ' Van Meter Reservation, ' ' on Honey Creek, and was the home of John, Sr., until his death about 1824. In 1828 John Van Meter, Jr. , Thomas, Isaac and Paulus Brandt sold their interests in this reservation to Lloyd Norris for §2,500, and in 1829 young Van Meter accompanied the twenty-five Mohawk families on their trans-Mississippi journey.

Crow, or Jacob Knisely. was made captive in his youth by the Wyandots at Loyal Hannah, Penn. , and canned to the Ohio River; thence brought to the Sandusky and transferred to the Senecas, with whom he moved West in 1831-32. He was made captive in 1778. Fifty years later his father came to Seneca County and stayed at Crow's cabin. The captive refused to answer any questions, until Mr. Knisely said: "If you are my son, then your name is Jacob." Crow responded enthusiastically, saying: "That is my name and I am your son. I recollect that, but I kept it all to myself for fear that somebody would claim me and take me away." A veiy old \Vvandot squaw, th(> woman who adopted young Knisely and named him Crow, was sent for to the ^\'vandot Reservation, and she confirmed the fact, but watched her foster-son, lest his father would induce him to return to civilization. In early years Crow man'ied a Wyandot woman, who died, but before leaving for the West he took William

Spicer' s daughter as his wife. He would not retiu-n with his father, parting with him forever at Belle%-ue. He died in 1883. White Crow, a son of Crow by his second wife, visited the old reservation here in 1852, after leaving his sons in school at Dayton. He is now known as Jacob Knisely. When here he reported that the interpreter Henin murdered Peter Pork on the Neosha.

Good Hunter, a full-blooded Cayuga, is supposed to have been born on the Sandusky about 1780. After the mxirder of Seneca John he took his place as chief and counsellor.

Catherine Walker, and John Walker and William Walker her sons, were well known settlers of Seneca Township. A grant of O-lt) acres was made to them under the treaty of 1817, in consideration of John Walker's services to the United States as a soldier, and on account of a severe wound which he received. Their claim was away west of the Mohawk Resen'ation. Catherine and her son William, conducted a store at Upper Sandusky. On their grant was some tine timber, and there they established a saw-mill about 1856, liuilt a large house and soon cleared a beautiful forest.

John Stewart, an eighth-breed negi'o and Indian, was a native of Powhatan, Va., failed in an effort to commit suicide in the Ohio River, next became a convert to Methodism and then considered himself an instrument in the hands of God to convert the Indians and even the French. In August, 1817, he repeated his -visit of November, 1816, to the Wyandots, used the negro - Pointer - and Tom Lyons as interpreters and was making fair progi'ess, when Methodist missionaries visited Upper Sandusky in 1S18 and spread the report that Stewart was an unlicensed preacher, if not a mere pretender. In March, 1819, a Methodist Conference at Urbana conferred a license upon him. allowed Anthony Banning to assist him, and when, in August, ISl'J, James B. Finley was appointed presiding elder of the Wyandot country, this Stewart, as well as James Montgomery, the Seneca sub-agent, were appointed missionaries. W^hen Montgomery was really established at Fort Seneca he retired fi'om missionary life among the Wyandots. Moses Heukle succeeded Montgomery, and henceforth John Stewart's teachings and influences declined.

Buckwheat, a Delaware who had negro blood in his veins, was burned in 1827 for his secret dealings with witches, a charge proved against him at Little Sandusky. Anthony Bowsher, who platted Bowsherville. Ohio, was present at this execution, which was only siupassed in cruelty by that of Col. Crawford, forty-five years previously.

Tom Lyons, a Delaware and the fi-iend of Anthony "\^'ayne. who named him Tom Lyons, was a veiy old and tierce warrior, having lived with his j>eople in Pennsylvania long before they retked into Ohio. He often stated that he sent ninety-nine white men to meet in the happy hunting-grounds, and owing to his prowess was given the fairest woman of the Delaware tribe as his wife. On making his home at Fort Ball, he was accustomed to buy trinkets, ribbons, etc. , for this woman, and array her in the outfit of a queen, living in this simple way, two white hunters from Delaware County visited Fort Ball, and finding Lyons in his cabin, sent him to the happy hunting-grounds.

Sally Williams, a quarter-breed, daughter of the Castleman woman, who in her youth was made captive in Pennsylvania, became the squaw of Solomon Johnnycake. Three of her sons by Solomon served in the Kansas Infantry during the war. Johnnycake and his wife weie well known to all the settlers along the Sandusky fi'om Tiifin up the river.

Billy Dowdee, known as Capt. Billy, was a fellow-scalper of old Tom Lyons, but an extra-good Indian after the war of 1812. His son Tom. and his son-inlaw, Nickels, were two of the worst characters in the "\\'yandot country, the peers of Pimipkin of the Senecas. Nickels was killed by one of the settlers of Wyandot County, much to tUo satisfaction of his fatlier-in-law.

Abdiictioti of a pappoose. - Immediately after the first business houses were established at Tiffin, while yet the forest was Tintonched by the ax, save in a few jilaces on Washington Street, south of Peny, the Indians were accustomed to visit the new stores to trade. On one occasion a large number of men and women crossed the river where now is the Washington Street bridge. The men hitched then- horses in a grove, which then stood between the site of the Shawhan House and the river, while the women left then- pappoose caches standing by the ti'ees. All marched up to the village, but were no sooner gone than an immense hawk, called by the Indians sea-eagle, swooped down, took one of the little Indians in his talons, and soared away. On this discovery being made, there was great soitow among the savages. They quieted down after a little while, and remained in the grove for three days, observing a solemn silence all the while. On the thu-d day the sea-eagle retm-ned as if to esjjlore, one of the women stepj)ed forth, fired, and brought down the gi'eat bird. Eejoicing followed, for the death of the little Indian was avenged.

The dignity which poets and untraveled persons ascribe to the red man, vanished the moment the Eiu'opean appeared. From this time he lost all the noble qualities of the child of natiu'e, and measui'ed his evil doings by his opportunities. He imbibed, as it were, all the viciousness of the whites. Init never essayed to emulate any of the few virtues with which the coufjuerors were credited. To-day, in the far West, remnants of those old residents of Ohio are still to be found, and among them many who rememljer theiiold hunting grounds on the Sandusky. With few exceptions they are animated monuments of moral deformity and physical decay, growing weaker and weaker, dying in their young days with a ciu-se for the white race lingering on theii' lips. Only a short time and their- history will alone remain to acquaint the futiu'e with their existence; the traveler will never find the camp of Ohio's Red pioneers.

The Indians with their bitter feuds, their wars of extermination, their alliances with the British, their invasions, theii' revenues, theii' hates, are all gone. Seldom do the thoughts of the higher ])(>ople, who now ovm and cultivate their lands, turn toward the West in sympathy with the aborigines. How diflferent with the exiles ? In theii* day-dreams, far away in Oklohoma, they look toward the rising sun, and long to return to the land where they passed their youth, to siuTound themselves again with the memoried scenes. May we not hope that liefore they pass away these chihh'en of natiue may learn fi'om the pa-st; may an'ive at a high state of civilization and then come among vis to realize the l)arbarous condition of theu- fathers, and conceive the littleness of their tribal Stlories ?