Washington County, Ohio - Chapter 8: Higher. Education, 1902

Chapter 8: Higher. Education

Early Academies - The Marietta Infant School - Institute of Education - Manual Labor Association - The Marietta Collegiate Institute - Marietta Female Seminary - Marietta College - Historical Sketch of Marietta College - Teachers and Educators - Artists.

The private school and the academy have performed a very important service for education in Washington County, as they have in all the earlier settlements in this State. First among these was Muskingum Academy, founded in 1797, from which Marietta College is directly descended.

In 1844, Harmar Academy was built on the corner of Franklin and Maple streets. Students to the number of 166 were in attendance in this academy in 1S47. R^"^'- Henry Bates for a long time was principal. John Crawford, Henry Fearing, Douglas Putnam, Harlow Chapin and Silas T. Jewel were the trustees. When the system of union schools was adopted the Acadeiny building was used for the high school department, and when the high school was discontinued on the west side of the river, it was still used as a public school building until 1891, when it was destroyed by fire, and the Fort School was erected on the site of Fort Harmar.

The Western Liberal Institute was organized by the Universalists of Marietta and chartered in 1850. The first trustees were G. W. Barker, Owen Franks and James M. Booth. Paul Kendal was first principal. It afforded, for about 10 years, instruction in the higher branches to many students of this and adjoining counties. The building occupied by the Institute was on the southwest corner of Second and Butler streets.

Of Beverly College or Academy, for in its time it has been called by both names, we have an interesting description in the sketch of the Dodge family, found in Chapter XII. It was formally opened in November, 1842, with J. P. Whitten as president; Charles B. Barclay, professor of rhetoric; Rev. Milton Bird, professor of moral science; and J. Loflland, professor of languages. \Miile the institution was under the charge of Prof. E. S, Cox, who has since won a wide reputation as a city superintendent and a specialist in English, Beverly Academy sent to colleges and universities a large number of very well prepared students. The writer can recall two valedictorians of their respective classes who received their training under the care of Professor Cox. A fewyears later, when under the charge of Principal R. J. Smith, the Academy won an enviable reputation for the large number of ^Yell prepared teachers that went from its class rooms to the county examinations.

Bartlett Academy was organized in Wesley township in 1856. Joseph Penrose, Joseph K. Buoy, Isaac Emmons and James King were the first Board of Trustees, and Jefferson M. Heston was the first principal. For many years a large number of students were gathered here.

For a few years Prof. Samuel Maxwell taught an academy where the Children's Home now stands. Of Mr. Tenney's academy a description is found in contemporary extracts from the Aincricaii Friend, appearing in this and the preceding chapter.

All these institutions served a useful purpose in their day ; in fact, they were indispensable tO' the intellectual de\-eIopment of the community in which they stood, and it is no reproach upon their public-spirited founders and teachers that they have given place to a wider system of public education, which is free to all. Without this preliminary work of the private school, the seminaries and the academy, the public high school of today would never have existed.

Muskingum Academy had a history which is unicjue. At first it was an academy and house of worship, the only one in the community; then it was rented at a nominal rate to some person or persons who would teach therein a private school of higher grade. About 1830 the teachers who had used this building, finding their quarters straitened, began to seek other accommodations and we hear of an "Institute of Education," with primary and higher departments, and with some hints of Pestalozzian theory and practice. We hear of globes and apparatus, of nature study, in fact, although they did not them call it by that name. There was a manual labor department, too, and for a long time great expectations were built upon this new plan of education. The subsequent changes from the Marietta Collegiate Institute to the [Marietta College of 1835 are told in' the extracts taken from papers of that day and from the history of Alarietta College which follows.

that I have discovered that you are always interested in those institutions which promise to be a public benefit. On this account I feel the more at liberty to address you on the subject which stands at the head of this hasty notice. For the want of time I must confine myself to a mere passing notice. I hupe to be able to take up the subject of the analytical method of instruction, which is introduced into this school, in some of its practical details in the succeeding numbers of your paper.

"At present I can only say that the Infant School in this place is in successful operation, with about seventy-five pupils, the present number.

"It is now open for the reception of scholars both from the town and from the country, if any parents abroad should feel a sufficient interest to send their children. Some have already applied for the admission of their children, who live themselves out of the township.

"The terms are two dollars and fifty cents per quarter. Scholars will be received of any age, between three and twelve years. Some even older than this will be received, if their pre\'iotis education does not unfit them for being benefited here. Also some have been and will continue to be received younger than three years, if the health and maturity of the pupil seem to justify it.

"The branches which are taught will be more particularly defined hereafter. It is sufficient now to say that at least all the branches of education, taught in our best common schools, will be taught here, but on a principle which imparts knowledge far more rapidly to the mind of the learner, and suited to make a much more deep and abiding impression. It is a primary object in this section to endeavor to impart distinct and vivid impressions to the mind by the means of sensible objects. For this purpose an extensive apparatus is provided.- suited to the several kinds of instruction given - spelling, reading, defining and the elements of Natural History, Geography, Arithmetic and Grammar. To this I also expect a very considerable addition in the present month.

"The school is under the superintendence and instruction of Miss Phebe Battelle, of Newport, and Miss Eliza Buck, of this place; assisted by Archibald Cowan, a lad eight years old, a pupil of Mr. Bacon. It is hoped that Mr. Bacon himself will spend a few days in the school, the latter part of this month.

"I am happy to say that the Infant School meets with the very general approbation of our citizens, and has already secured the confidence of the community in general. If any have doubts, I am fully persuaded that they will vanish with one hour's personal observation of the operations of the school.

"The mode of instruction is entirely new; but not more new than the plan of government which is adopted, and which is found to be more efficient than any other. All corporal punishments are excluded.

"It is my intention, if ever the school more Ihan pays the expenses already incurred and the salaries of the teachers to whom I am personally responsible, to expend any surplus funds in adding continually to the apparatus for the benefit of the school.

"The above remarks I have been obliged to make in the greatest haste, and hope to be able to satisfy the minds of inquirers on any points of interest at another time.

"P. S. - The founder of the Infant School system in the United States gives it as his opinion that the most desirable number of pupils for a school is one hundred and fifty. None need therefore hesitate about sending their children on account of the present number."

"Having this day attended the examination of the Infant School in this place, I deem it doing an act of public utility to report its conditions and prospects. Of the many schools which I have visited in other States, none have

I found conducted in a manner better suited to impart knowledge, to strengthen the mind by exercising its various powers, and to correct any wayward disposition. This school has been in operation one quarter only. It commends itself. To become satisfied of this, it is needful only to become fully acquainted with the manner in which it is conducted. In this short time the school has attended to reading, spelling, defining, arithmetic, grammar and geography. The examination in these branches was highly creditable. In addition to these, they had attended to several others which are not usually taught, and which are suited to exercise and improve the understanding and the judgment, as well as the memor}'. Among these were the classification of Natural objects, Chronology and Astronomy. The school readily answered questions on the first, respecting some articles which they had not before seen, and told the origin of the several parts, whether it was animal, vegetable or mineral. In Chronolo'g}- they gave the general divisions of time, the periods, principal events and dates. In Astronomy, they gave the names of the primary and secondary planets, their distance from the sun, magnitude, and times of revolving, &c. These things were explained to them by means of a simple orrery. It was truly gratifying to see these children, in their ready answers, manifest so much knowledge on these subjects. But it was in Geometry that their answers most struck me with surprise. They defined the terms, and applied them in triangles, circles, arcs, chords, cubes, cones, pyramids. &c., with astonishing readiness. On the review of the whole, I am confident that these children had acquired a greater amount of knowledge in one quarter than is usually acquired in common schools in twice or thrice the time. Do any ask how this can be done? Let them come and see the means and they will cease to wonder. Besides the teacher. of writing, they will find three teachers in constant attendance. They will find an extensive and beautiful apparatus by which the teachers explain many things which could not be explained without it. They will find that children here learn things and not names merelv, as is too common in other schools, however good. They will find also a system of go\-ernment suited to produce the happiest results. It is strictly parental and free from all corporal punishments. Good order is maintained, not by severe appeals to the bodily senses, but by bringing the motives to right conduct to bear on the child's sense of what is proper and right- Thus the foundation is laid, by leading the school to act in view of rectitude, for the most happy results to its members and to society. This is done by the peculiar tendency of this system to cherish the most kindly affections toward each other, toward their teachers and the human family."

The next quarter or term of this .School will commence on Thursday, the 24th of the prc-cnt nvmth. The public examination of the School will lie lulil the day previous, at which all who are interested are respectfully invite'l to atteml

A system of writing and drawing simple objects, will he introduced into the School next quarter, and an additional charge of fifty cents will be made on those.

The next term will be eleven weeks, and the School will be held on Wednesday afternoon, which will make the time employed in instruction same as twelve weeks upon the present plan.

Institute Of Education

"i. The Infant School - In this department scholars will "be received from two years old and upwards, who will attend to spelling, defining, reading, first principles of Geography, Arithmetic, &c. An extensive apparatus has been provided for the use of this department. Parents are at no cost for the means of instruction, such as books, maps, charts, spelling cards. Natural History, prints and other means of illustration. These are purchased for the School. Charges $2.50 a term.

will be made from the Infant School into the Primary School, and others will be admitted, whose ad\ancement in elementary knowledge has been such as qualifies them to attend to higher studies bj^ the use of books. The same general methods of teaching and illustration will be employed here as in the Infant Schot^l by the aid of suitable apparatus. The pupils will attend to spelling, reading, Grammar, Geography, Natural History, &c. Parents will provide such books, slates, stationery, &c., as shall be prescribed in the course of study. Charge $3.00 a term.

"3. The Hi^^h School - Promotions will be made from the Primary School into the High School and others \yill be received, who are qualified to enter. It is intended that this school shall be equal to the best Academies and High Schools of the East. For this purpose an extensix-e apparatus has been purchased for this department, at an expense of about $200, comprising : the most recent and complete that have been offered to the public, and exhibiting the entire surface of the Earth. The map of the United States is the most valuable that has e\'er been published, and exhibits all the recent sun'eys, railroads, canals and internal improvements, together with views of seven of our largest cities and maps of their environs and many items of information. Other articles of apparatus have been procured which need not be added to this list. In the High Schools all those branches of Education will l>e taught which are common to schools of this kind; such as Geography, by the use of maps, Globes and the Blackboard; Arithmetic, English Grammar, Elements of Geometry, Astronomy, Rhetoric, Logic, Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Composition, the Latin and Greek Languages, &c. A Classical Teacher will be always in employ for this department. Pupils will be at their own cost for such books as shall be prescribed for the class to which they belong. Charge in English Studies, $4.00; in the Languages, $5.00.

'*4. The Young Ladies' Scliool. - Promotions will be made from the female members af the High School into the Ladies' School, and others will be admitted of suitable qualifications. The studies of the High School will be pursued and perfected here, and others introduced which are peculiarly suitable and important in Female Education. No pains will be spared to make this department worthy of the patronage of the public. The apparatus of the High School will be also for the use of the Ladies' School. All experiments will be performed before the two schools combined, but in all other respects the institutions will be entirely distinct, and they will occupy apartments which have no necessary connection with each other. Pupils will furnish such books as shall be prescribed for the studies which they pursue. Charge $5.00 a term. Added to these

"A JJ'riting School will be taught in a room fitted up for the purpose as a distinct branch of instruction. The system which has been introduced and taught with so much success the past cjuarter will be continued, and a well qualified teacher of Penmanship will be constantly employed in this department. Pupils will furnish their own stationery. The charge to members of the Schools, fifty cents for this quarter, whether they continue a week or a term - to others, $2.00 for thirty lessons. When the advantages of this department are known, the charge to members of the Schools will be considered a mere pittance. The proceeds of this department at these prices have not half paid the expense of its support.

"The next term will commence the 23d of September and continue eleven weeks. A spacious and commodious building will be fitted up for the Schools. The pupils will be divided into classes, and four rooms will be occupied for study, three for recitation, and one for writing. Six teachers will be employed. Some will be engaged in the rooms for study; others in the rooms for recitation. A graduate of Ohio University of competent qualifications will conduct the recitations of the High- School and the illustrations.

"N. B. - It may appear at first that these charges are too high. But when the expense and the advantages of this school are known, it will be seen that they are very moderate. The system not only contemplates but effects a real saving of titrie and money to its patrons. To myself, it promises nothing, for the present at least; but the opportunity of doing something for the much neglected cause ot education - as may appear from the fact that the avails of the Lifant School hitherto have fallen short of meeting the expenditures by more than one hundred dollars. It will be obvious that in pursuing the present plan the expenditures will be very much increased.

"Dear Sir : - I have recently received a polite invitation to attend the examination of the various departments of instruction in the 'Institute of Education' in this town - and really the exercises were conducted in such a manner that the highest honor and credit are due both to the enterprising and indefatigable instructors, and also to the interesting pupils committed to their charge.

"My first visit was to the Infant and Primary School. The children (some apparently not more than four years old) answered questions that have puzzled many an aged mind. They drew maps. read. sung, and in short performed the whole of their duty with surprising accuracv and facility."

And Representative C It Tien S. Manual Labor Association

3. The officers shall be a President, Vice-President, Secretary, Prudential Committee, Monitors and a Committee of Appeal, all of whom shall be chosen the last Saturday of every term.

4. The President, and in his absence the Vice- President, shall preside in all meetings, and call special meetings whenever it shall be necessary.

6. The Prudential Coumiittee shall consist of three : the President, Vice-President, and Secretary, whose duty shall be to provide stock and materials for the shop, make contracts, set the daily valuation upon the labor of each member, manage all the business and finances of the Association, and make a report of their proceedings at each stated meeting.

8. It shall be the duty of the Monitors to collect a fine of 12^2 cents for every absence and 614 cents for every tardiness ; unless the delinquent shall assign one of the following excuses, viz. : Sickness, absence from town, lor company from out of town : the Monitors shall pay the fine thus collected to the Prudential Committee. Their duties shall be confined to their respective divisions.

9. The Committee of Appeal shall consist of three, whose duty it shall be to remit fines, when the excuse of the delinquent is satisfactory to them, though it may have been rejected by the Monitor. They shall also have power to judge of the reasonableness of any other excuses than those named in the preceding article. They shall audit the accounts of the Prudential Committee.

ID. Any individual who may be proposed to the Association by the President, may become a member by vote of the majority of the members, by signing the constitution.

11. Any individual, not in debt to the Association bv fines or otherwise, may be dismissed by vote of the majority of the members, and all shall cease to be members of the .'\ssociation, when they icease to be members of the Institute of Education.

12. If any individual through carelessnesis or inattention, or indifiference to his work, shall be considered by the Prudential Committee unprofitable to the Association, such member, on motion of the Prudential Committee, may be dismissed, by vote of twothirds of the members, from the Association.

them by the Chairman of the Prudential Committee, or some one employed by them as Superintendent, nor at any other time except by special permission from this Committee. 1 hey may alsi assign and take an amount of labor out of the shop, according to their discretion.

14. Every member shall labor for the Association two hours of every day, when study is prosecuted in the Institute, at such hours as may be fixed by resolutions and by-laws.

16. No tools shall be carried out of the shop, or removed from the benches to which they belong, except by direction of the Prudential Committee or one chosen by them to act as superintendent, whom they may appoint at their discretion.

17. No individual, not a member of the Association, shall be permitted at any time to use the tools, for labor in the shop, or enter the shop during the hours of labor.

18. A valuation or estimate shall be made of the labor of each ntember at the close of the Iwiu's for exercise, every day. ,bj the Prudential Committee, which shall be entered in a book kept for that purpose to their credit.

ig. At the close of each quarter a dividend shall be made of the monies' received, to each member, according to the 'Credit he has received for labor by the Prudential Committee, whose duty it shall be to make this apportionment. Before the apportionment is made, the Prudential Committee shall pay ofT the e.xpenses of the Association.

21. No alteration or addition shall be made to this constitution, without a vote of three-fourths of the members of the Association, nor until such alteration has been proposed one week.

22. Every member shall feel it his duty to do all in his power to promote the interests of the Association, and cheerully submit unto its rules. No conversations shall be allowed in the shop, except such as relates necessarily to the work, and that in a very low tone of voice. Each member shall be intent upon his work in the hours of labor, and not interfere or concern himself with the work of others.

2.S. Every member of the Young Men's High School in the Institute of Education shall be eligible to be elected members of the Manual Labor Association, without distinction of age.

3. The Prudential Committee shall make an estimate of the labor of every member, immediately after the close of the last hour of each day, at which time every other member shall retire.

5. If any member shall fail to observe the above by-law, he shall forfeit three cents for each failure, to be deducted out of the estimate of his day's labor.

6. Every member shall report to the Prudential Committee, at the close of each week the amount he has carried out of the shop, a record of which shall be made by the Secretary.

10., The Prudential Connnitltee shall make allcontracts and sales of articles made by the .Association. II. No member shall grind a tool without permission from the Prudential Committee or Superintendent. Prudential Committee.

Charles Deterly. President. William PI. Bay, Vice-prefident, Alonzo Bingham, Secretary. Committee of Apfeal, O. A. Miller, Nathaniel P. Chariot and William Allen.

1. Every scholar on entering the school room, in the morning and at noon, shall immediately commence his or her studie-- without making any communications whatever with others.

8. It shall be the duty of every <.±,-~hu- who knows nnythi'ig detrimental to the interi-t> lif tin- school - or of a ^clinl-r disobeying any rule withou' acl-nnwledging it - tr. make known the facts to s'liiK- one of the Teachers, if required.

9. If a scholar fails of complying with any one of these rules, an excuse must be rendered lin writing on the first entrance of the scholar into the school room.

"The object of the above rules is not to abridge the privileges of scholars, but to secure to them the objects their friends had in view in sending them to the Institute.

"We wish it to be distinctly understood by those who resort here for the purpose of study, that a strict adherence to all the rules of school is indispensable.

"Hitherto many of the young men, by laboring a short time everi, day in theManual Labor Shops connected with the Institute, have been able to defray in some instances all, and in others nearly all, the expenses of board. All are encouraged to labor for their health. We have received a considerable amount of donation to furnish the students with tools and the means of defraying their expenses.

"Young Men in the \\'est, who are destitute of the means of obtaining sufBcient education to transact the common business of life, or to become teachers of Common Schools, may resort here with the assurance that by industry and application, they may defray nearly all their expenses while attending to their studies."

"At a meeting held at the Institute of Education in ]\Iarietta, in pursuance of a notice previouslv gi\-en bv the Proprietors, on Thursday evening, March 15, 1832, Dr, S, P. Hildreth was appointed Chairman, and Douglas Putnam, Secretary.

"j\Ir. M. French read to the meeting a paper, submitting to their consideration certain propositions in regard to the Institute of Education.

"Rev. L. G. Bingham, at the request of the Chairman, made an interesting statement in relation to the general interests of the institution and the cause of education.

"On motion, it wfls Resolved that the communication of Mr. French, and the matters contained therein, be referred to a committee of seven members.

"The following members were chosen as this committee : Caleb Emerson, Arius Nye, J. Cotton, D. Protsman. W. Thomas, Robert Crawford and James Whitney.

The Committee, appointed by a meeting of the citizens of Marietta, held in pursuance of request and notice published bj' the proprietors of Marietta Institute of Education, beg leave to submit the following report :

W'p are fully impressed with the importance of improved establishments for education. The political institutions of our country, and the spirit of the age, can only be well sustained by an enlightened population. While it is admitted that the rieople of our country are comparatively enlightened, it must also be conceded that the average standard of intelligence among us is far below what it ought to be.

Every citizen of our country should be 50 taught and educated as to put Iiim within reach of any station to which his native talents and the want of the community might call him; and beyond the reach of quackery, whether political, religiious or professional.

To the attainment of the most important end, it is liighly requisite that a class of men. hardly to be found at present, should be raised up and qualified - we mean, teachers by profession - persons who are taught to teach - who will devote their time and their energies to the business of instruction.

When due improvement shall have been made in the number and qualifications of teachers, and in the modes of instruction, a large portion of the time spent by children in school, and especially in more advanced periods of youth, when their labor is profitable, will be saved.

That Marietta is a favorable situation for an extensive establishment for education, will be doubted by no one. who is acquainted with its pleasant and healtliful location, and who sees that it is the center of an important region, in ^'irginia and Ohio, to which the channels of communication, by land and water, so favorably converge.

On the immense advantage of such an establishment, not only to the vicinity, but to the surrounding region, we need not enlarge. The success of the proprietors in founding and sustaining a well arranged and well conducted Instiitute, capable of embracing present and prospective improvements and on a scale commensifafe witli the wants of the surrounding countrv, would uv.-t LiiiiiHiUlv conduce to the best interest of that cnmHinUy.

It is highly satisfactory to learn that the Marietta Institute, during the short period of exisence, has been successful beyond the anticipation of its friends, has acquired a reputation abroad, highly conducive to its future prosperitj- ; and that the number of applications for admission, to the higher departments especially, is likely far to exceed the present accommodations. In order to make i'oom for the number of students, which 'iiay be expected to apply for admission, the erection of a buildnig. he}-or.d the prese\it means of the proprietors, seems ab-.:'lutely reijuisite. While in submitting this matter to the c^ ni-idrratn m .jf their fellow citizens, the proprietors are n^'t un.Lrii' lod to expect any definite pledge of supp.,11. ijuy :;rc iler.irous of ascertaining the actual bearing- of puliiic sentiment in this neighborh:>od, in relation to the enterprise - it being understood that the present anrl probable means of the proprietors are deemed adequate, or nearly so, to the construction of th' A i"- ,ii I suiter finishing of the building, say in diii'r: - i;i\-tive by forty feet, three stories in

It is well known that tlie attention of our Eastern fellow- citizens, al this time is keenly directed to the progress and prospects of the mighty West. - There are many men - and men of substance too - who are desirous of removing- hither: not for their own -sakes, but for the benefit of their children. Enlightened statesmen and philanthropists, there, can not but see clearly that the pov.-er of the Union is fast concentrating in the great valley (->f the Mississippi. In the older States of the East, with all the advantages of increased capacity for popidati'in. cirtrned by the exi-teiice of large niainifactorie-, the pe'^ple rind their limits far too strait for" them - and turn iluir eyes to the West, as the grand receptacle of their surplus population - as the home of their posterity.

In view of these considerations, it is not wonderf'll to find, that onr Eastern brethren feel an intense intere-t 1.1 the ]ir. .,penty of the West: and that they cniitriliiite wi'h ,-i niunihcent iiand to the furtherance of any aii'J ever\ eiUerprise, calculated to advance the light of knowleilgc. and die moral and intellectual elevation of its inl'abitants : nor should we deem it chimerical to hope that a well-directed Institute of Educati'.n. at Marietta, would Ije generously cherished by Ea-ii I'l I.!-! \ Independently of all positive donati.e,, .; It be expected from the Eastern patreni,,^> i; :. an establishment, in the enlargement of Us nuniipei ...1 ?tudents. There are, it is believed, many Eastern parents, who are de-ir. m- that their sons should be located in the West: and wuli th:- in view, would gladly embrace the opportuniix- nt placing them here to prosecute their studies, and, at die same time, to learn the manners, customs, and prospects, and become inured to the climate of the West.

When the misapprehensions regarding the health of Marietta shall have been dissipated and the existence and success of the Institute are eminently conducive to this result : - when the reputation of this place.

abroad, shall, in this respect, equal its imputed elevation, in intellectual and moral points of view ; - which it shall be generally known (.contrary to recent reports), that Marietta has abundance of pleasant building ground, far above the reach of all modern flood's - there is reason to believe it will have very considerable accessions of valuable population ; provided, more especially, that the Institute shall grow and prosper in any degree commensurate with the present prospects. Families may be expected to locate themselves here, for the express purpose of enjoying the advantages of the Institute for the education of their children. It may also become a favorite resort for the Summer residence of families from the lower regions of the Mississippi.

It seems a prevailing opinion of the present time, that establishments, like the one in ciuestion, are best managed, in their practical details, by individuals directly interested in their immediate and prospective success. Nevertheless to become extensively useful, they must partake of a public character - more especially when aided by public benefactions, or donations for public benefit. In this view it is highly proper that the proprietors should pledge themselves and their successors to a correct, liberal and expansive plan of operations, divested of all partisan influence and aiming to advance the general interests of society.

In case, also, that donations, of considerable amount shall liberally be made to aid in the erection of the proposed building, it is proper that measures should be taken to secure the building and appendant lands and fixtures, for the objects intended by the donors - or such an interest at least, as would be proportionate to the donations.

The objects last named may both be attained, it is believed, through the instrumentality of the board of trust of which we are about to speak.

We beg leave, here, to notice a suggestion of the propiietcrs of the Marietta Institute, namely, that when desired by the donors, the said proprietors, for every ten dollars donation, would stipulate the gratuitous instruction of one scholar for one quarter, in the High School or Young Ladies' Seminary, as calculated to be viewed in a very acceptable light by men of liberal minds - inasmuch as they may thereby be enabled to promote the education of children, less favored in regard to property, and at the same time to advance and sustain an establishment highly conducive to the public utility.

In the expectations of receiving donations in aid of the erection of the contemplated building, and other objects connected with the Marietta Institute, the proprietors have suggested the expediency of having a disinterested Board of Trust, constituted for the purpose overseeing and reporting the application of all such funds. In this the Committee concur, and recommend the approval, bv this meeting of seven persons, nominated by the proprietors, to constitute such Board ; who shall be competent to fill vacancies in their own body.

And to secure such pledge for a correct, liberal, and expansiive plan of operations divested of partisan influence, and aiming to advance the general interests of society, as already stated, we recommend, that the assent of said proprietors to such stipulations or general rules, in relation to this subject, as may be agreed upon

On motion it was Rcsohcd, That the proprietors of tiie Institute, be requested to sign the report, and express their concurrence in the views suggested by the committee.

As proprietors of the Institute of Education in Marietta, we express our full concurrence in the views and measures recommended in the above report.

"The proprietors then nominated the following persons to act in accordance with the report of the committee, as a Board of Trust of the Institute of Education in Marietta - who were approved by the meeting - viz :

"On motion, Resolved, That a certified copy of the proceedings of this meeting be deposited with the chairman of the Board of Trust, and that a copy be furnished to the proprietors of the Institute.

The Marietta Collegiate Institute

"It will be seen by an examination of the Catalogue of the Marietta Collegiate Institute, just published, that the number of pupils for the past year was 230. Of this number 117 are inserted as being from abroad. Eight different States have been represented in the Institute, viz : Massachusetts, Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, Ohio and Kentucky. In the High School t,;^ have been in the Languages.

"A very considerable number of those who have been pupils of the Institute are now engaged as Teachers in Common and Select Schools in different parts of the county. It has an object, which is steadily kept in view.

to raise up qualified Teachers who may go abroad to do good wherever they may find a field to be occupied. The demand for Teachers of a high order is increasing \ery much throughout the ^\'est. We hail this as a hapjiy and auspicious omen of good to the land. A great change for the better has taken place within the last five years.

"The Institute is designed to af¥ord the means to both males and females of cjualifying themselves for the various walks of usefulness in life. It is understood that the next term will open under far more favorable auspices than ever, as it regards the number and qualifications of the Teachers in the Institute. On this account it is expected that the advantages will be greater than they have been at anv former period. It will be evident to any one who will reflect a moment, that the e>«pense of caring forward the operations of such an institution, - employing so many teachers, must be very great. It is hoped that an enlightened and liberal public will appreciate the advantages of this institution, to the town and all the surrounding country, and will bestow upon it a liberal patronage.

"It is the entention of all concerned to take early measures to make the JNIarietta Collegiate Institute an entirely public institution, so as to perpetuate its advantages on a permanent basis. This, it will require some time to accomplish, and thus carry out the original design and wishes of the founder. But this, desirable as it is, cannot be done until the Institute has taken a strong hold upon the public mind, and the importance of possessing and cherishing such an institution is deeply felt. Its influence has been already seen' in this town. It has given new life to business. It has enhanced the value of property and waked up in some measure the spirit of improvement. It has brought into the town and put in circulation a considerable amount of money. But there are influences, which belong to the mind and heart, of a far greater value, and advantages, the worth of which is not to be estimated in dollars and cents."

"It is a fundamental principle of this instituti.in, that each male student be required to laliiir three hours of five days of the week; and in order to secure uniformity in this Department, the parents and guardians of those classes will be required to secure from those, under their c^re, the same amount of labor at home, as if they boarded in the Institute. The avails or profits of labor will be credited to each student according to the estimate of the steward.

"i. As a means of diminishing the expenses of the student, and enabling him to contribute materially, by his own efforts, to the cost of an education.

"3. The principal benefit, however, appears to us in its tendency to preserve the health of the student, while engaged in literary pursuits ; it is the only effectual mode of preserving a sound mind in a sound body, while engaged in a long and laborious course of study and mental effort.

I am one of those who are ien^ilile to the great beautv of Marietta, and of the kinchu^^ and poHteness of its citizens. I have liecome aoiiiiamted. too. with mnch refinement of taste displayed liere: - and perceiving this, have hecn ind'.irt-d to lieHe\'e that a few remarks addressed to yon wonld be acceptable. The object of them wonld lie merely to call yonr attention to the imnrovement which mav vet be made in the cultivation of"--la belle sri,-nce" Mu-ic.

There is innch musical talent latent (if so I mayspeak of it), mnch, that if called forth into action, would prove to be of a high order. Why cannot this be effected? All that is wanting is a concert of opinion a:id action. In order to bring this about, why may we not form an Harmonic Club? Let all the musical talent be collected, and snrely the result must be productive of melody.

Thus, suppose ten or twelve only should meet ; - two or three might perform well on the flute, others on the violin, or piano, or violoncello, or flageolet, or ,clan(,qiet. Xow crri w c not. by a union of all these instrument-. H!th the i-X'Tci-e of a little patience and perseveran.f. ((.rni an Urclic^tra. which may be productive of pleasure and usefulness.

1 believe, .Alessrs. Editors, that you are musical men. Will you not then aid me in attempting to effect the improvement of nuwic here. My ideas on this subject. I will readily admit, are crude; but such as they are, I re-pectfully -ubmit them, hoping that they may be matured and carried into effect. Amateur.

"In answer to our correspondent 'Amateur,' we acknowledge oureslevs to be admirers of what he terms ia belle science," and should be happy to see the young gentlemen of this town join hand in hand in order to effect this object. We shall hold ourselves in readiness to take our part in the promotion of this object ; and shall be glad indeed to witness the performance of the 'Orchestra.' if ever one can be formed. We think with 'Amateur,' that an Harmonic Society would be a source of pleasure and usefulness to all its members."

Public Meeting

The citizens of IMarietta and its vicinity are respectfully informed that a public meeting in behalf of the Marietta Institute will be held at the Hall of the Marietta Libra rv, on Wednesday, the 6th, of Februarv, at 6 o'clock, P. M.

It may not be generally known that this Institution which has hitherto been under the e.xclusive control of Bingham and French, has been recently incorpeirated by the name of the "Marietta Collegiate Institute, and Western Teacher's Seminary." and placed under the direction of a Board of Trustees, appointed h\ t'lc Legi.-iature, with a view of rendering it a Public Institution, and thus enlarging the sphere of its operations, and e.'stending its usefulness.

In pursuance of thi<; design, the Trustees have thought it e.xpedient to call a public meeting of the citizens, in order to lay before them the plans of the Board for their consideration. As it is believed that the growth, of this infant institution is intimately associated witli the ad\ancement of useful knowledge in the Western Country, and especially with the prosperity of this place, a general attendance is earnestly solicited. J'. Cotton,

Stitution Of Educatio.N.

Below will be seen an account of the proceedings of a meeting of the citizens of Marietta and vicinity, on Wednesday evening last, on the subject of the Institute of Education, together with the plan, furnished by the Board of Trustees, of its general arrangement. The Institute of Education, heretofore, has been a private institution, in the hands of individuals, and although conducted with much propriety and usefulness, and highly beneficial to the public, it has been found to be entirely too much cramped for the requirements of the West, especially as the ^lanual Labor Plan is one of the great advantages of its establishment. In order to extend its usefulness, and open a door for the youth of our country, who are unable to, educate themselves by pecuniary means, the institution has been made public, and a charter obtained from the Legislature of Ohio now in session ; and other steps are taking, as fast as time and circumstances will permit, to make it permanent, and a highly useful institution. To the consideration of the enlightened and benevolent citizens of our country, the proceedings of the citizens and plan of the Board of Trustees is submitted, under the impression, as it has already met with the hearty support and encouragement of all who have been made acquainted with its general principles and arrangements, that it will find many more friends in 'the far West."

"A large and respectable meeting of the citizens of Marietta and vicinity, in behalf of the Institute, was held agreeably to notice, in the Library Hall, on Wednesday evening. After a short address from the chairman, stating the objects for which the meeting was convened, eloquent addresses were made by Rev. Mr. Spaulding, and Rev. ;\Ir. AIcAboy, on the practicability and importance of elevating the standard of education in the West, as connected with the great and interesting objects proposed by the Board of Trustees. Rev. Mr. Smith, at present a Teacher in the High School, then addressed the assembly in an eloquent and appropriate manner on that peculiar and important feature of the "proposed plan, the education of Teachers for Common Schools in the Valley of the Mississippi, especially as connected with manual labor. He was followed by Rev. Mr. Vail of Lane Seminary, near Cinnati, who exhibited in a peculiarly striking and lucid manner the advantages of the JManual Labor Plan, and illustrated and enforced the whole subject by a great variety of facts, calculated to show the practicability of the plan, and the certainty of its ultimate adoption by all the literary institutions in our land. ]\Ir. Vail then presented a plan for the present institute as adopted by the Board, the entire completion of which will require the sum of $20,000 - and stated his conviction that if eight or ten thousand dollars could be raised in the Town and vicinity, the remaining balance might be procured in the Eastern Cities.

"The following resolution was then preposed and unanimously adopted : That with a view to carry into effect the plan proposed by the Board, a special effort be made, to raise the sum of $20,000 in the East and West within twelve months.

"A second resolution was then proposed and adopted : That an effort be made to raise the sum of eight or ten thousand dollars, in the Town and vicinity within three months.

"It was then proposed that a book for subscriptions be presented to the assembly, and in a few minutes between six and ;even thousand dollars were subscribed by individuals present.

"It is believed a deep interest was felt in the proposed object by all present - an object which manifestly has an important bearing on the highest interests of this Town and vicinity, and on the intellectual and moral condition of the \\'estern Country.

"i. An English Departiuent, in which young men can obtain a thorough English education, to prepare them, in the most perfect manner, for the avocations of life; and especially, to train Teachers for Common Schools in the \\'estern Country.

"A peculiar and highly important feature in the plan of the Institute is that of manual labor. It is expected that every male student will engage in manual labor three hours per day, and all the avails of such labor will be placed to his credit. Experience has shown the immense value of this feature in a literary institution.

"i. It tends to preserve the body and mind of the student in a sound and vigorous state, and enables him to prosecute a long and laborious course of study without, in the smallest degree, impairing the vigor of his constitution.

"2. It prepares young men in an eminent degree for the active duties of life, and renders them much more efficient and useful memj bers of society than they would otherwise bej come.

I "3. As it enables young men to defray, ) for the most part, the expenses of an education, it opens a wide door for all who are de- ! sirous of acquiring useful knowledge. i "There are hundreds of thousands of youth I in our land, shut out from our Colleges and j Academies, from want of the requisite pecun- ! iary means, who by the adoption of this plan : will be enabled to educate themselves, and become qualified for eminent usefulness in the church and world.

Old Advertis Marietta Female Seminary

"At nine in the morning, the school is opened with reading the Scriptures, and prayer, succeeded by a Bible lesson. Here, some historical part of the Bible is taken ; simple questions are asked; interesting points freely discussed, and such inciuiries answered, as the ladies propose. After a recess of ten minutes, the whole school is divided into three sections, for mathematical recitations. One in Playfair's Euclid, one in Adams' Arithmetic, and one in Colburn's ^Mathematical Arithmetic.

"After another recess, twenty minutes are allcttted to calisthenics, a course of e.xercise, promotive of physical health, and easy and graceful manners. The remaining time till noon is occupied by composition and spelling.

"At the commencement of school in the afternoon, twenty minutes are spent in repeating items of intelligence from periodicals, and in attention to such general things as require attention.

"A part then study, while a larger part form a class in writing. After another recess, the school is again formed into three sections, for recitations in Smith's Anatomy, Watts on the Mind, and \\"oodbridge's Geography. The daily accounts are then taken, such as communications in school, tardiness, hours of study, out of school, &c.

( Nntc - Tliis advertisement evidently referred to the Manual Labor Department of the Marietta Collegiate Institute. In that dav' the Institute was sometimes called the High School.

Marietta College

"1 he annual Commencement of this institution was held on Wednesday last. The degree of A. M. was conferred on the following young gentlemen : Abram Blakely of Wilks- I ville, O., John T. Cotton of Marietta, O., Sam- I uel Hall of Xhrwich, :\Iass., and Hubbard j Lawrence, of Stanstead, Lower Canada. ; "The exercises, which occupied the whole day, were very interesting to the numerous I and attentive audience, and were conducted in I a way that gave, we presume, general satisfaction "to all concerned. The graduates acquitted themselves not only with much honor, but in a manner v.^hich reflects the highest credit on the Lnstitution and the abilities of the Faculty, as well as their own indefatigable exertions in the acquirement of a liberal education ; as did also the other young gentlemen who participated in the exercises on this occasion.

"The inauguration of the President of the Listitution, Rev. Joel H. Lindslev, D. D., took place in the afternoon, previous to the conferring of degrees.

"As a place for acquiring a good education the advantages of location, salubrity of climate, picturesque scenery, pleasantness and healthfulness of the place, and the moral and religious tones of its society. Marietta is certainly second to no town west of the mountains.

"For the purpose of illustrating the truth of the assertion, that the location of this town is much more advantageous than many other places where public institutions are located, we remark that although we may reiterate that which has been before stated, still it is a matter of no inconsiderable importance and is worth a repetition - that [Marietta is accessible by water in three directions, besides stage accommodations. We are induced further to remark, as a proof of our assertion of the preferable facilities of this place, over many others, for the. conveyance of young ladies and gentlemen, and their baggage, to and from our Seminaries of learning located here, that on the morning after the close of the session, fifty-four or five young ladies and gentlemen (principally young gentlemen) emlbarked on board the steamer 'Roanoak,' downward bound."

"On the evening of Tuesday preceding, there will be exercises in declamation, by members of the Junior, Sophomore, and Freshman Classes, in the manner of prize speaking as practiced in several of the older Colleges of the country. It is believed that these exercises will excite no inconsiderable interest ; and should they secure public favor here, as they have done elsewhere, they may probably be perpetuated, and prizes be annually awarded to the best speakers.

Historical Sketch Of Marietta College

Christian College is no accident, but the direct outgrowth of the efforts and sacrifices made by the settlers almost from the beginning to secure for their children the advantages of a classical training.

Two years after the close of the long Indian war, which for four years had absorbed the resources and energies of the pioneers, measures were taken to establish a school of higher education. On April 29, 1797, a meeting of interested citizens decided upon the erection of a building, and the same year the old Muskingum Academy was built, which stood on Front street, just north of the Congregational Church. There, for more than a quarter of a century, the classics and other high school branches were taught. The first preceptor of the Academy was David Putnam, a grandson of Gen. Israel Putnam and a graduate of -Yale College in 1793. Out of this Academy, as a lineal descendant, came, after a time. Marietta College, which is proud to acknowledge these deep-laid roots. ]\Iuskingum Academy was in continuous use under various preceptors until 1832. when the building was sold and used as a dwelling until 1887.

Collegiate Institute

In the year 1830 there was established by Rev. Luther G. Bingham the "Institute of Education:" It embraced four departments; the two higher being known as the High School and the Ladies' Seminary. In April,

1832, after the High School had been in operation about a year and half, at the instance of Messrs. Bingham and French an advisory board of trust was appointed, consisting of Caleb Emerson, James \Miitney. Dr. S. P. Hildreth, Dr. John Cotton, Arius Nye. \\'eston Thomas and Douglas Putnam.

poration of the institution under the name of the "Alarietta CoHegiate Institute and Western Teacliers" Seminary," and the charter was obtained December 17th. The Board of Trustees consisted of nine men : Dr. John Cotton, Douglas Putnam, John IsliWs. Luther G. Bingham. Caleb Emerson, Arius Nye, Jonas Moore. Anselm T. Xve, and John Crawford.

On the 1 6th of January the organization took place by the choice of John Cotton, JM. D.. president : Douglas Putnam, secretary ; and John !Mills, treasurer. At the same meeting a resolution was adopted asking INIessrs. Bingham and French to state the terms un \\\\\d\ they would transfer their Institute property to the Trustees. A few days later these terms were accqated, and the property was duly transferred, though the former proprietors were requested to continue in charge until the close of the school year.

Before the institution was opened in the fall of 1833, ^'o"i' young men had been appointed to the work of instruction, all members of the Theological Seminary at Andover. Two of these, Henry Smith and D. Howe Allen, had been teachers in the High School at Marietta. The first of these was made professor of languages ; Mr. Allen, professor of mathematics ; Milo P. Jewett, professor in the Teachers' Department; and Samuel Maxwell principal of the Preparatory Department. Mr. Smith was a graduate of jiliddlebury College : ]\Iessrs. Allen and Jewett. of Dartmouth: and Mr. Alaxwell, of Amherst. When the Institute was opened, October i6th. ^lessrs. Smith and Maxwell entered upon their work of instruction, while the other two remained in New England, presenting the claims of education and religion in that region. The beginning of a new educational year was a change in two respects. Before, the place of instruction was the Library Hall on Front street ; now it was a large new building on the College Campus. Then it was one of a group of educational enterprises under the direction of private owners ; now it was a public institution, under the control of a chartered corporation.

The Xew Charter

The charter obtained in December, 1832, was defective in giving no power to confer degrees, and in having a clause allowing the Legislature to repeal it. In February, 1835, a new charter was granted by the State, giving the necessary power to confer degrees, and without the objectionable clause authorizing a repeal. The name was also changed from the Marietta Collegiate Institute and Western Teachers' Seminary to Marietta College.

In the spring of the same year. Rev. Joel H. Linsley, then pastor of the Park Street Church. Boston. JNIassachusetts. was elected to the presidency. Thus when the fall session of the institution was opened as Marietta College in 1835. the faculty consisted of five members : a president, who had charge of the department of moral and intellectual philosophy ; a professor of the Greek and Latin languages ; a professor of mathematics and natural philosophy; a professor of rhetoric and political economy; and a principal of the Preparatory Department.

The College was founded in the interests of religion as well as of education. From the first it was intended to be a Christian college. The trustees, in their first published statement, August. 1833, say: "The Board wish it to be distinctly understood that the essential doctrines and duties of the Christian religion will be assiduously inculcated, but no sectarian peculiarities of belief will be taught." In their annual report, issued September, 1835, they say : "The honor of originating RIarietta College is not claimed by the Board of Trust ; its existence cannot properly be ascribed to them or to any combination of individuals, but to the leadings of Divine Providence." The trustees seem to have been influenced by considerations of duty from the beginning, and their earnest, unceasing and self-denying labors, with the remarkable generosity shown in their oft-repeated gifts, prove that they regarded themselves as engaged in a work laid

This broad Christian attitude has been maintained ever since. The Cohege is distinctly non-sectarian ; four different denominations are represented in its -Board of Trustees and four in its present facuhy. On the other hand, the Christian ideal is held most firmly and endeavor is made to influence positively young people who study here.

The Builpincs

The present Dormitory building was begun by Messrs. Bingham and French in 1832 and was completed by the trustees of the College Institute in 1833. Until 1850 it served all the purposes of the institution, and it has been in continuous service up to the present day. The original campus consisted of a strip 150 feet wide, running from Fourth to Fifth streets, a Little south of the center of the square. There were then three dwelling houses on the Fourth street side of the square, besides a brick mill on Putnam street. In the winter of 1834-35 the house of Billy Todd, near the corner of Putnam and Fourth, was purchased. It was used until 1870 as the president's house, and for students" rooms until 1874, when it was taken down. The lots south of the original college yard, with a brick dwelling house built in 181 7. were purchased in 1836. The house was used by the Preparatory Department from 1870 until the erection of Andrews Hall, in 1 89 1. Before that, this department had occupied the brick mill building on Putnam street, which was taken down in 1869. Erwin Science Hall, begun in 1845, ^^"'>s first occupied by the College in 1850. The Library or Alumni ^Memorial building was erected in 1870, and Andrews Hall, in 1891. All of these buildings were built almost exclusively with home funds. The first monev raised at Marietta was to purchase the Institute property. What was obtained abroad was used for the support of the professors and other kindred purposes. The college property was further enlarged by the purchase of the athletic field in 1890, and of the Observatory and adjoining lots on Fifth street in 1892.

In the spring of 1882, William Chamberlain. Gurley, having given up business and returned to Marietta on account of ill-health, interested a number of gentlemen in the study of

I astronomy. A company was formed, and -an observatory built the same year. This passed into the possession of the College in 1890, and was afterward removed to its present site. Mr. Gurley became the director in 1891, holding

The College Library

Dates from the beginning of the College itself. The first catalogue issued in 1838 states that the Library "contains about 3,000 volumes embracing an extensive and choice selection of Philological works, procured by the Professor of Languages on his recent visit to Europe." That the trustees so early should devote so large a sum, $1,000, to the purchase of classical books is an indication at once of their broad conception of what the College should be and of their generous spirit. The money used for this first large purchase of books came from the estate of Samuel Stone. The growth of the Library has been steady since that time; in i860 there were 17,000 volumes; in 1885. 33.000; today there are over 60.000, including some 7,000 in the two society libraries, making it the largest institutional library in Ohio, and excelled by only five west of the Alleghanies. The books have come from many sources - College purchases, gifts by many individuals, donations from the United States government, this library being one of its designated dq^ositories. Three collections are worthy of special remark.

In 1850. Dr. Samuel P. Hildreth, a prominent physician of the city, in connection with his donation of fine museum collections gave several hundred scientific books to the Library, to which he and his son. Dr. George O. Hildreth, afterward made considerable additions, I including a number of manuscript volumes of I correspondence with scientific men in this coun" I try and abroad, as well as letters pertaining to donor, who is still adding to it, consists of i,- 400 volumes in the realm chiefly of philosophy, psychology, science and literature, carefully selected and of great value.

A third collection is the magnificent gift recived in June, 1900, from Hon. Rodney INIetcalf Stimson, who was librarian of the College from 1 88 1 to 1892 and treasurer from 1 88 1 to 1900. This collection of 19,000 volumes is especially rich in the history of the Northwest Territory, and in this field is excelled by only one collection in America. Other lines are represented in the collection, particularly curiosa.

From the library of Dr. Asa D. Lord, for many years prominently connected with educational work in the State, his widow gave to the College 1,000 volumes and 500 pamphlets, mostly of an educational character, including many rare journals and reports.

The manuscript materials of the Libraryare numerous and of great value. They include the records of the Ohio Company and many journals and letters, belonging to the pioneer days. The most of these came from the estate of William R. Putnam, lineal descendant of Gen. Rufus Putnam.

During these years of progress, the Library has more than' once outgrown its quarters; and now again it is difficult to find a place for a new hook, so crowded are the shelves.

The Museum has been the result of slow accretions from many sources, the most notable single coutributions being those of Dr. Samuel P. Hildreth and Dr. and IMrs. B. Frank Hart. It is now of great interest and value, although lacking sufficient space for proper display.

The College was founded by men who believed it was needed and who were ready to show their faith by their works. The first effort to raise funds was made in 1833, when $8,000 was given in ^larietta, half of the sum coming from the trustees, who assessed each other. Messrs. Mills, ]\Ioore and Bingham giving $1,000 each. From that time onward, friends in Marietta have given more than half of the total sums raised for the support of the College and for the erection of buildings. The College has been the pride of the city and has never been allowed to utterly fail in spite of many trying experiences. It would be impossible to name even a majority of the host of givers ; a few are conspicuous by reason of the size of their gifts: Samuel Train of Medford, Massachusetts ; Thomas W. Williams of New- London, Connecticut ; Truman Hillyer of Columhus; Cornelius B. Irwin of New Britain, Connecticut ; Daniel B. Fayerweather of New York, together with Douglas Putnam, Col. W. R. Putnam and Col. John Mills of Marietta.

Special mention should be made of the gift of Dr. Daniel K. Pearsons of Chicago, which, though not very large in itself, $25,000, was the incentive for raising nearly $125,000.00 for the College in 1899, putting the College out of debt and adding a most substantial sum to the endowment.

In this connection mention should be made of those who ha^-e, as trustees and officers, given time and thought, as well as money to the College, who in dark days and bright have held to high purposes and have carried the institution to success. The service of Douglas Putnam, as secretary of the corporation from 1833 to 1894, is perhaps without a parallel in America.

The College was never in so good condition financially as at present, although needing much more to provide adequately for its maintenance and growth.

Dr. Linsley guided the affairs of the young College for 11 years. JNIuch of his time was given to securing the funds for the endowment of the institution, but he made a lasting impress upon College and community through his great power as a preacher. His successor Rev. Henry Smith, was one of the first professors, and was connected with the College for 22 3-ears, serving as president from 1846 to 1855, after which he was for many years pro* fessor in Lane Seminary. He was a man of the finest scholarsliip and of most commanding eloquence, with an unusual fidelity to obligations and loyalty to convictions. The high ideals cherished by the founders is shown by their liberal policy in giving Professor Smith, after he had been here two years, a leave of absence for a year from July i, 1835, for study abroad. The event has proved this act wise, for one of the fruits of that year was the issuing some years later by Professor Smith of an edition of "Curtius' Gjreek Lexicon." And the publication of that lexicon was the means of bringing to Marietta as a student Rodney M. Stimson, who has proved one of the most devoted officers and generous donors the College has had in all its history.

The third president was Rev. Israel Ward Andrews who, like President Smith, had been connected with the College from the beginning. He came to Marietta in 1838, and for a full half century gave his life and thought, his work and his sympathy, to the College. He served as president for 30 years, from 1855 to 1885. He was most careful and exact as a scholar, with high ideals to which he clung tenaciously. To him and to President Smith chiefly, although their colleagues share in it, is due the credit of holding the College unflinchingly to high standards of scholarship in times when many another lowered its requirements in weak concession ot a popular clamor. Dr. Andrews, being a man of strong personality, left a deep impression upon the character of many generations of Marietta students. His historical address at the semi-centennial of the College is the basis for much of the present article.

President John Eaton came to the College from the post of United States Commissioner of Education, and served from 1885 to 1891. He was followed after a year by Rev. John W. Simpson, who led the College for four years, to 1896. Prof. Joseph H. Chamberlin, as dean, acceptably performed the duties of president until the election of Rev. Alfred T. Perry, in June, 1900, as the sixth president of the College.

The Pkofessors

It would be impossible to speak of all the worthy men who have in these 66 years composed the teaching force. Many of them have won national reputations through their work here and elsewhere, which brought honorary degrees from the best colleges in the country, and many more have won the love and respect of their students for both character and scholarship. Notable for length of service, as well as the quality of their work, are Professor Kendrick, with his 33 years, from 1840, as active, and 16 years longer as emeritus professor, to his death in 1889; Professor Rosseter, with his 13 years, from 1869, is still remembered with affection ; Professor Beach served 11 years, from 1869. To these must be added, of the living, Prof. John L. Mills, 16 years, from 1865 ; and from the present faculty^ Professor Biscoe, who has served now 27 years; Professor Andrews with his 22 years; Professor Chamberlin with 20 years; and Professor Phillips with 17 years. These long professorships, which tie together the generations and preserve the continuity of college ideals, are of inestimable value to any institution. Others who have served a shorter time have been not less worthy of honor and have done their share in advancing the interests of the College by labor and sacrifices. The salaries paid have always been so meager as to make sacrifice, though gladly made, a matter of real necessity.

The Students

When the new charter was given the College in 1835, there were two classes organized for work. One of these graduated in 1838, and since that time there has been an unbroken succession of classes. No year has failed to send out its new alumni at Commencement time. The total number of graduates in the 64 classes, from 1838 to 1901. is 824, an average of about 13. The first class numbered four, and is the smallest class. There have been eight classes over 20. The class of 1898 numbered 28.

The graduates of a College make its reputation, and Marietta has reason to be proud of the record of her sons. Although there have been no Presidents of the United States among her alumni, there are two governors, William Irwin, Governor of California, 1823 to 1879, 3nd A. B. White, "78, now Governor of West Virginia. Four have been members of Congress, and 10 members of State legislatures. Goshorn, '54, Director-General of the Centennial Exposition ; Loomis, 'St,, Minister to Venezuela; Dawes, '84, Comptroller of the Currency, are illustrations of high political advancement in other lines.

While in later years an increasing proportion of graduates here, as elsewhere, have gone into business, many of them to win distinguished success, still the professions have claimed by far the larger part. Two hundred and seven have become ministers, 117 lawyers, 68 physicians, 104 teachers. We note among them 36 college professors, eight college presidents, among whom are Dr. Joseph H. Tuttle, '41, president of Wabash for 30 years, 1 862- 1 892, and William G. Ballantine,' '68, president of Oberlin, 1891-96; George H. Howison, '52, professor of philosophy. University of California; E. B. Andrews, '42, David E. Beach, '59, professors in Marietta. Seven of our lawyers have reached the bench. \\'ilson, '46, in Oregon, and Follett, '53, in Ohio being judges of the State Supreme Court. Through her graduates the influence of Marietta has gone out to the ends of the earth, more than 20 of them ha\-ing been foreign missionaries, - John F. Pogue, '42, 2,Z years in the Hawaiian Islands ; Dr. John H. Shedd, '56, 2)2i years in Persia; and Dr. Charles A. Stanley, '58, 39 years in China, having served the longest. With these should be mentioned Dr. John P. Williamson, who served as missionar}' to the Indians in the ^^'est for 41 years.

enthusiasm should run high. Of the 42 graduates in the four classes, 1860-64, 31 entered the Union Army, to say nothing of those who left the college before their course -jvas completed for the same purpose. Marietta was represented in the Union Army by 87 alumni, 39 of whom won commissions. Warner, '45, became major-general; Fearing, '56, Dawes, '60, and Newport, '60, brigadier-generals. Our roll of honor includes Captains Waldo, '53, Greenwood, '59, and Whittlesey, '61 ; Lieutenants Condit, "60, and Turner, '62, who were killed in battle. Ninety-four non-graduates served in the Union Army in addition to the above. What college can equal this record? Six Marietta alumni served in the Confederate Army, Col. Henry Fitzhugh, '47, being a Commissioner of the Confederate States to England.

Considering the total number of graduates, the figures quoted here and in the section above are indicative of the real power of the College in the past to give an adequate training and a high purpose to its students.

The Literary Societies

In the first years of the College there existed a society under the supervision of the faculty, known as the Philomathean Society, which, however, was divided into two divisions. Dissensions in these led to the disruption of the society and the formation of the two present societies Alpha Kappa and Psi Gamma, in 1839. From that day these have furnished the opportunity for literary and oratorical training of the greatest value to the students. They have engaged in joint debates and contests in friendl}- rivalry, and have cooperated in the editing of the Olio and other similar enterprises.

In 1890. Rev. John L. Mills, finr many years a professor in the College, established Elizabeth College for Women. It was always in close affiliation with the College, and in

1893 passed into tlie control of the College as the Marietta College for Women. On account of the expense involved in the maintenance of two independent institutions under one management, a consolidation was effected in 1897, the young women being admitted to the College, which then became co-educational in the strict sense.

From the beginning it has been necessary to have a Preparatory Department connected with the College, because the schools of the region do not give adequate preparation for a college of this high grade. This has shared the fortunes of the College, being always considered an integral part of the institution. Connected with it there has been at times a Commercial Department, or an English course or a Normal course, not fitting for college, but for the most part, it has limited its work to courses leading up to the College doors. At the beginning a department O'f Manual Labo-r was instituted, which, however, proved quite unpopular with the students, and after a few years was given up.

The College Spirit

When an institution has been described in its buildings, its professors, its students, after its external history has been traced in its every detail, there still remains a something - the atmosphere, the spirit, the real soul of the institution - which has not been m'entioned. It is difficult to describe this, and yet this is a most innportant part O'f a college. Its so'urce and its growth cannot be specifically identified. .It can lie said, however, that this intangible character which belongs to JNIarietta College is recognized as sweet and wholesome and inspiring. Its traditions are good, its customs sober and cultivated, and those who study here receive a corresponding uplift.

The College Of Tod.W.

scholarship, its thorough training, its Christian atmosphere, its non-sectarian spirit. Although there have been many changes in the 66 years, they have not been departures from these essential principles. Students now do not attend chapel by candle-light at 5 a. m., which, however profitable to the spirit, was certainly irksome to the flesh ; but the Christian service is a daily exercise still. M'anual labor is not exacted of each student as at the beginning; but self-help is a recognized feature of to-day, and the student who works his way loses noth- .ing in college society because of that fact. The course of study has been broadened, the elective system has been introduced, but the essential ideal of the College has been maintained of a training for right living. The classes are somewhat larger than at times in the past, yet not so large as to destroy that personal contact between professor and student which is the glory of the small college.

The College, which l^fis been so closely identified with the life of the community in all these years, is bound to it now by close ties. The College has received a generous support, far the largest part of its buildings and endowment having come from Marietta people. It has returned to them a service not measured in dollars - the educational opportunity, the holding up of high ideals, the elevating influence of culture. May the ties binding the two together grow stronger with the years, and may the service each renders to the other be more full of blessing!

Advisory Board

Mrs. W. W. Mills, Chairman; Mrs. Lydia Putnam, Mrs. Helen G. Curtis, Mrs. Sarah E. iJorton, Mrs. John A. Gallahcr, Mrs. Alfred T. Perrv, and Mrs. Charles 11. Tur-ier. of Marietta; Mrs. C. C. Clark, of Ironton, and Miss Susan M. Sturgis, of ^Mansfield.

Faculty Teachers And Educators

We have already mentioned some of the pioneer teachers in district or neighborhood schools. The first teacher in a school of higher grade was David Putnam, a graduate of Yale College, and grandson of Maj.-Gen. Israel Putnam. He became preceptor of Muskingum Academy in 1797, within less than 10 years after the beginning of the settlement and only two years after the close of the long and harrassing Indian war. From this school, Marietta College has been the natural development and we might almost say that the same is true of Ohio University at Athens; since the men who were most active in the founding of Muskingum Academy also took a prominent part in the founding of both of these institutions for higher education.

David Putnam's son, Douglas, was for more than 60 years the secretary of ]\Iarietta Collegiate Institute, or, as it was afterward named, Marietta College. Until 1894 every diploma issued by that institution bore his signature and was presented from his hand. Of his munificent benevolence to Marietta College a benevolence which inspired him not only to give many thousands of dollars in money but, what was better, his wise counsel and guidance, and the warm affection of his heart, every former student and every instructor has grateful recollection.

before adequate provision had been made for tlie supiJort of teachers, it was the custom of the directors to engage a teacher for a specified term, giving the teacher the privilege of charging each pupil a specified rate of tuition. Pupils from other districts might be achnitted on condition of paying in addition to the tuition a certain sum per month or week, for the use of the school room. Among the .noted teachers thus employed we may mention William Slocomb, of whom Mr. Woodbridge tells a pleasing story in the preceding chapter, and Theodore Scott, who continued to teach very successfully a private school, long after the establishment of the union system, in which he had taken an active part.

Perhaps the best known teacher of common schools in our county for about 40 years in the latter half of the last century, was John Dean Phillips, a graduate of Marietta College in the class of '54, and a teacher from that time until 1888, when he died at the age of 56. In 1859, he was called to take charge of the Greene Street grammar school, at that time considered a very difficult position for any teacher, yet he proved himself at once a master in his chosen profession. It is safe to estimate that in the 34 years which he devoted to teaching, not less than 3,000 pupils received from him personal instruction in the common English branches. Almost from the first his school was crowded, since students came to him from every part of the county. In 1868 the enrollment was 143, and the average daily attendance, 92. He seemed to delight in the size, as well as in the order of the school ; he \\-as ne\-er mure hap])^' than when he was crowded against the wall by the throng of pupils, and he declined every offer of assistance. In 1879 he accepted the superintendncy of the Harmar public school but continued to devote the greater part of his time and attention to the grammar school grades, where the same success attended him and even larger numbers thronged to his instruction until the room could hold no more. When in the summer of 1888 failing health warned him that it was time for him to rest, he offered his resignation; but this was not accepted until he made it peremptory. He did not live long to enjoy the rest and retirement he sought; he was called home August 14, 1888. It will be a long time before his enthusiastic labors will be forgotten by his grateful pupils.

Mrs. Jane Russell, who taught for many years in the Washington Street school building, is remembered with pleasure and gratitude by hundreds of people in Marietta, who as boys and girls were so fortunate as to sit within the circle made light by her presence and enthusiastic sympathy. It was truly said that to have gone to school to Mrs. Russell was to have obtained the best start possible to acquire an education. In 1868 Mrs. Russell was married to Col. E. S. Mcintosh, one of the most prominent business men of Washington County. She died in Beverly, June 26, 1902. She was a daughter of Maj. John Clark.

Dr. Henry Smith, the second president of Marietta College (1846-1855), performed a great educational service to this community, and indeed to the State, through the collection of books which he purchased in Europe for the library of Marietta College, as well as through his subsequent donations and legacies to the endowment. Few people understand the true value of the first important addition to the library. The books which he, as agent for the trustees, purchased in that earlv day could not now be bought for 10 times the amount which he paid for them. Among those books are Aldine copies of the Latin classics, printed by the celebrated Manutius in Venice before Shakespeare was born.

President I. ^^^ Andrews, connected with the College as tutor, professor and president for a full half century ( 1838-1888), was instrumental in securing larger additions to the endowment and equipment of the College than any other man of his time.

Beman Gates, whom we of the present generation remember chiefly as the quiet, cultivated man of business, railroad director and bank president, has done much in the educational work of this county, as a teacher of music.

leader of a band (one of the first in the count}'), as leader in the choir in the First Congregational Church, as secretary of the Washington County School Association, whose minutes are published in another part of this volume, as editor of the Marietta IntcUigciiccr, and as trustee of Marietta College, to which he was a generous donor and in whose management he took a very active part. Among these gifts was the beautiful lot upon which the College Observatory now stands.

Hon. Rodney Metcalf Stimson, who is still with us, has been his own executor in the collection, arrangement and cataloguing of 20,- 000 volumes, which he has given to Marietta College. The richness of this collection, especially in American history, is only beginning to be appreciated. Students and specialists are coming from a distance to consult the rare volumes, printed and manuscript which are found in the Stimson collection. Dr. S. P. Hildreth. who was one of the committee appointed at an early day (as mentioned in another chapter), to prepare a report on the subject of education for the use of the General Assembly of Ohio, has in many ways contributed to the educational wealth of the country. He was a close observer and carefully recorded his observations. Among the older writers of scientific subjects, Sir Charles Lyell and his contemporaries. Dr. Hildreth is frequently quoted as an original authority, and his collection oif manuscript, including, as it does, autograph letters from so m^ny of the leading men in the first half century of our national e.xistence, can hardly be overestimated. Every chapter in this book, except those exclusively devoted to more recent affairs, is indebted to the wise forethought of Dr. S. P. Hildreth and to the filial piety of his son, Dr. George O. Hildreth, who in his 90th year still manifests a lively interest in the subject to which his attention from childhood has been directed. For some time Dr. George O. Hildreth has been thinking of preparing a new edition of his father's publications, but we fear that this purpose cannot be carried out on account of his feeble health.

Among the principals of the Marietta High School, George Rosseter, afterward professor of mathematics in Marietta College, is remembered by his grateful pupils for his enthusiastic, sympathetic spirit. Judge M. D. Follett and Rev. George R. Gear are remembered as principals of the High School, as active members of the Board of Education, and as trustees of Marietta College.

The pioneers brought with them their New England habits and traditions. Books and papers were to them among the necessities of life. Hence the early founding of libraries.

In 1823 Mr. Wilcox kept open a reading room which was supplied with many eastern papers and also with the Edinbitrgli and North American Rcviexs.^ - an important step in popular education.

club room ; for it was announced that, "Gentlemen visting Marietta will always find a welcome reception in the Reading Room - espe- -cially when invited and introduced by a subscriber."

This attempt at co-operation among the readers and students was continued by the Marietta Magazine Club which, organized in 1842, has continued to the present day. One honorable name, that of John Mills, descending from father to son, has been connected with this educational enterprise nearly 80 years. In the Magazine Club, the magazines are passed from member to member around a definitely appointed circle. The fee for many years has been $3 per annum. The example of this pioneer magazine club has led to the formation of the Lotos Club and of others, not -only in Marietta, but in other towns and even in distant places.

The character of the reading matter which' was found in Marietta in the first half century of its history may be inferred from the following:

British Essayists. 45 volumes. Watson's Tracts, 6 volumes, Hunter's Sacred Biography, 3 volumes. Village Sermons. 4 volumes, Mosheim's Church History, 6 volumes. -Sterne's Work, 6 volumes, Locke's Works, 4 volumes, Blair's Lectures, .1 volumes, Good's Study of Medicine, 5 volumes.

The education of a community is not complete unless there be added to the moral and intellectual training some cultivation of the aesthetic side of humanity. Early in our history, traveling portrait painters paid us visits, "but very few of their works remain to the present day. As early as 1S30, Charles Sullivan of Marietta was an amateur landscape painter and one of his paintings, now hanging in a room of the First National Bank of Marietta, has been photographed for this volume. It is chiefly valuable for the history which it tells.

Miss A. M. Martin, who taught herself the use of pencil and 'brush and whose first efforts at portrait painting with charcoal on the kitchen wall were the delight of her acquaintances, ,gaye promise of wonderful success, but her best friends must confess that she made the great mistake of her life when she refused to take lessons from the 'best masters. She went to New York many years ago and there won some reputation as a portrait painter but not that wide renown of which her earlier productions gave so fair a proinise. j The earliest portrait painter who lived among us was Sala Bosworth, the father of Mrs. (Major) E. C. Dawes of this city, and C. H, Bosv\'orth, president of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad. In many a family in this city and in other counties, the portraits painted by him in his early manhood are the most highly prized heirlooms. Born in Halifax, Massachusetts, September 15, 1805, he came to this county with his family in 1816. He studied painting at the Art Academy in Philadelphia in 1826 and was the artist to whom the public are indebted for the portraits of Gen. Rufus Putnam, Judge Ephraim Cutler, Col, Joseph Barker, and many df the pioneers. Tlie pictures of the "Cani])iis ?\lartius." "Farmiers' Ca.stle at Belpre," "Wulf Creek Mills," "The Blennerhassett Mansion," and "Marietta at the Point in 1792," - orginally printed in "Hildreth's Pioneer History" and in numerous other works, were all copies from his drawings, made from data supplied to hinffrom the pioneers. He held various offices, as county auditor, and postmaster at ^Marietta under Lincoln. He died December 22, 1890, in his 86th year. He was gentle, unselfish and much beloved.

pervising architect to> Avliom the people are greatly indebted for that vision of beauty revealed in the Pan American Exposition, and who is now busily engaged in devising plans for the exposition at St. Louis.

In the art of music, although Washington County can boast of no great genius who has won a national rq:>utation, yet we may be thankful that there has been such a wide diffusion of musical culture as has added much more to the refinement and happiness of the whole community than could have been contributed by even the greatest isolated genius. We may even hope, with good reason for our expectations, that one native of Marietta, Master Francis iMcMillan, who received his first inspirations and lessons in music from his gifted mother, an amateur of no mean ability, will soon win that world-wide renown of which his youthful performances give fair promise.

School Association, from whose manuscript records we ha\-e made long ciuotations, show that a very large number of farmers and other intelligent business men took a \-ery active part in educational affairs. Xot only Ephraim Cutler and Dr. Hildreth, but business men from every part of the county were as much interested in education and progress as the few professional teachers. It was a farmer of Belpre who founded what was perhaps the first library in the great Northwest Territory, and he was soon followed by the- settlers about Amesville. Tllie schools were placed upon a broad and solid foundation l:iecause all the intelligent citizens took an active interest in the work. The perpetuation of the educational institutions, and their adaption to the changing needs of successive generations will ever demand the active co-operation of the patriotic citizens as well as of the professional teachers.