Washington County, Ohio - Chapter 26: The Civil War, 1902 (part 1 of 2)

Chapter 26: The Civil War

Causes of the War - Leaders, North and South, Political Campaign of i860 - Position OF THE People of Washington County as to the War - The Union Blues Respond to the Call for Troops - The Militia System of Ohio - Appeal to the Governor for Aid - Camp Putnam Established - Governor Dennison's Plan of a Campaign Successful - M. & C. Railroad Guarded - Grim-visaged War - The First Great Call to Arms - First Three Years' Company from the County - Camp Tupper Established - Military Committee Appointed - Beginning OF Governor Tod's Administration - First Volunteer Killed in Battle - Shiloh - Washington City in Danger - Parkersburg Threatened - The Draft - Camp Marietta Established - Corinth, Antietam and South Mountain - Department of West Virginia Established at Marietta - Emancipation - Union League - Chancellorsville - Gettysburg - Vicksburg - The Morgan Raid - Buffington's Island - The Militia - Chickamauga - Ohio National Guard - Atlanta Campaign - March to the Sea - Shenandoah Valley - Battle Year, 1864 - 1865 - Celebration of the Fall of the Rebellion.

Reader, let us stand together on a crest of the Alleghanies, commanding a splendid prospect to the westward. It is a bright clear day in September, the year 1788. Here lies the course of the wagons of the mountains up from the east and down to the west, the grand thoroughfare of emigration, now scarcely begun westward. We see spread out before us a grand expanse of forest and stream. In the far distance from north to south is tiie Mississippi River. On the hither side, like a silver thread from the northeast to the southwest, winds the Ohio River. On the north, like burnished shields, lie the great lakes Erie. Huron, Michigan and Superior, and spread out between these bounds, like an open scroll, lies the Northwest Territory. The pleasing fancy cherished so long in Connecticut and Virginia that those old commonwealths owmed strips of country from the Atlantic westward to the South Sea, or more familiarly the Pacific, have been exploded and abandoned, and the claims of those States in the Northwest Territory formally released.

Look at the vast expanse of forest in the foreground, undulating like the green waves of the ocean and traversed by silvery streams flowing to the Ohio or to the lakes. Westward in the far distance the country breaks away from the forests and spreads out into broad savannahs, studded with groves, and beyond the eye detects the sheen of the Fa- ' ther of Waters.

ate of the continent. In a similar climate the human race has attained its highest development. Neither too hot or too cold, but finely tempered as a Damascus blade. ^lother of energy, endurance, enterprise and civilization, this beautiful land lying before us will certainly be fruitful and productive. Vast in extent, encumbered by the finest timber, the growth of centuries, it is now a wilderness. The primeval forest clothes it like a garment. The great valley of the Ohio falls away to the southwest with nothing to disturb its placid stillness but here and there an Indian guiding his rude canoe.

Excepting a few settlements on the hither side of the Ohio River, the whole is one vast solitude - but hold, there ;it the junction of the Ohio and Muskingum, the Wue smoke culrs up, and a clearing appears. The white man has come to take possession, and he has come to stay; now through the aisles of the stately forest is heard the woodman's axe. The Indian pauses on the trail while hunting the bear, the deer, or the wild turkey, to listen ; and he creeps through the thicket to obtain a view of the newcomers, who are soon to dispossess him and bring a nobler race to take possession. But, reader, think not these fertile acres, fraught with such great possibilities, have been overlooked and forgotten.

This settlement is but the result of a cause that went before. That cause was as subtle in its results as the falling dew or gentle rain, and came as silently. Every inch of land," from the great lakes on the north to the Ohio on the south, is held as firmly as though caught by hooks of steel, and every man, woman and child destined to be born in and to occupy and cultivate this land can not, if they would, escape its influence. The Ordinance of 1787, the second great charter of American progress and liberty, has silently gone into possession. Law, enthroned in a temple built without hands, has assumed sovereignty over a vast domain, having as yet but few occupants, but waiting for the teeminig millions of the future. "Law it is." as the Hindoo says, "which is without name or color, or hand's or feet, ( which is the smallest of the least and the largest of the large; all, and knowing all things; which hears without ears; sees without eves; moves without feet, and seizes without hands."

Let us now turn to the southward, there lie Virginia and Kentucky soon to be settled from eastern Virginia and the Carolinas by a brave and hardy race, but wedded to the institution of human slavery. There is but the narrow Ohio between the north land and the south, yet even at this early date the forerunners of the millions to come are separated very widely in sentiment by the institution referred to. And their children shall grow up with the cherished sentiments of their parents, instilled into their minds at their mother's knee, to be intensified by each political contest, and confirmed as time advances in their various opinions. Time will show to what dread extent two great contending ideas will carry the sections. Oh! pine on the crest of stormswept Alleghany sigh, and ye mothers in the far off clearings weep for the evil days to come, and that so fair a patrimony should be destined to witness so fierce a struggle between such noble men, children of a common brotherhood.

Causes Of The War

It is necessary in writing the military history of the first county and the oldest settlement in the Northwest Territory to bring prominently to the front that great ordinance which has so largely shaped the destinies of the populous coaiimonwealths of Ohio, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin, especially as that ordinance contained the germinal cause that made the States named side wifh the governiuent, when the crisis of revolution came.

Let us therefore examine very briefly that part of the ordinance which pertains to the subject in hand - the cause of the War of the Rebehion. That it was no sudden growth all will readily admit. Tlie men, south of the Ohio and north of the same, were generally of a common origin, Americans all. It will not do to say that these States would have gone with the North in 1861, had there never been such an ordinance as the one referred to. Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio, at least, could have been Slave States as easily and consistently as Virginia and Kentucky, having substantially the same climate, the same products and therefore the same demand for slave labor; but the fundamental law governing the territory, out of which all these States were erected prohibited slavery, and thus each State Constitution contained a clause of similar prohibition.

Article 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Terrotory otherwise than in punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted : provided always that any person escaping into the same from whom labor or serices is lawfully claimed in any one of the original States, such fugitive may be lawfully reclaimied and conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or service, as aforesaid.

The Jeffersonian ordinance of 1784, providing for the government of Kentucky and the Southwest, contained nothing in regard to slavery; an amendment had been offered, putting an end to the peculiar institution after the year 1800, but failed of passage by one vote, the delegate of one State, New Jersey, being temporarily absent. On what a slender thread often hang the destinies of millions! Tlie Resolutions of 1798, as passed by the Kentucky Legislature were pre-cnimently a "States Rights'' document. They were a natural outgrowth of the doctrine of slavery: and as that institution increased so did the "-States Rights" heresy.

Resolved, That the several States composing the United States of .-\nierica are not united on the principle of imlimited submission to their General Government, but that by a compact under the style and title of a Constitution of the United States, and of amendments thereto, they constituted a General Government for special purposes - delegated to that Government certain definite powers, reserving, each State to itself, the residuary mass of right to their own self-government ; and that whensoever the (Tcncral Government assumes undelegated powers, its acts are unauthoritatve, void, and of no force ; that to this compact each State acceded as a State, and as an integral party, its co-States forming as to itself, the other party ; that the Government, created by this compact, was not made the exclusive or final iudge of the extjut of the powers delegated to itself: since that would have ma'.le its discretion, and niii the CMii-titir.irm. the measure of its power; but that as in all otlicr cases of compact among powers having no common judge, each party has an equal right to judge fo'- itself, as well of infractions, as of the mode and measure of redress.

Similar resolutions were passed by the Legislature of X'irginia the year following. They were afterward repealed, but not until they had largely sown the seed of rebellion and revolution.

In the earlier days of the republic, the great question of slavery, and especiallv of "States Rights,"' had already been formulated and stated in terms that were not materially altered during all the great political contests that followed.

That this is a consolidated government is demonstrably clear; and the danger of such a government is, to my mind, very striking. I have the hig'hest veneration for those gentlemen (the framers of the constitution) ; but, sir, giie me leave to demand, What right had they to say. We, the people? My political curiosity, exclusive of my anxious solicitude for the public welfare, leads me to ask who authorized them to say, We, the people, instead of 'we, the Statesf States are the characteristics and the soul of a confederation. If the States be not the agents of this compact, it must be one great, consolidated National government of the people of all the States. * * * i need not take much pains to show that the principles of this system are extremely pernicious, impolitic and dangerous.

Citizens by birth or choice of a common country, that country has a right to concentrate your affections. The name of .American, which belongs to you in your national capacity, must always e.xalt the just pride of patriotism more than any appellation derived from local discriminations.

The general power, whatever be its form, if it preserves itself, must swallow up tlw State governments, otherwise it would be swallowed up by them. It is against all the principles of good government to rest the requisite powers in such a body as Congress. Two sovereignties cannot exist -within the same limits.

The people of the States formed out of the Northwest were by education and tradition, and more especially by virtue of the moulding power of a great fundamental law, opposed to slavery and to the doctrine of "States Rights."' They naturally went with the North ; and we believe we are justified in saying that the North could not have succeeded in the war for the Union if the States named had refused to cooperate.

Previous to the war, through much discussion and many political campaigns, the people of the States named, as well as the balance of the great North, had settled, as far as they were concerned, the momentous question forced upon them by the sla\'e power. The venerable John Ouincy Adams, ex-President, in his gallant fight for the right of petition in Congress, was one of the first to take up the gage and begin the battle, and he was successful. Then followed that noble galaxy of leaders, Joshua R. Giddings, William Lloyd Garrison, John Greenleaf Whittier, Henry Ward Beecher, William Cullen Bryant, Wendell Phillips, Charles Sumner, Gerrett Smith, Cassius M. Clay, Owen Lovejoy, Benjamin Lundy and a host of others, who appealed to the North in the name of liberty and humanity, and eventually carried the great majority to victory in the Presidential campaign of i860.

The people of the South were also led by men of ability, who fought long and hard for what they considered truth and justice, and they have left their mark upon their generation. Some of them, indeed, in certain localities, are deemed martyrs to a noble cause, lost, and hopeless though it be, forever. Beginning with John C. Calhoun, the great advocate and expounder of the "States Rights"' doctrine, there were Jefferson Davis, Judah P. Benjamin, Henry A. Wise, R. Barnwell Rhett, Alexander H. Stephens, James M. Mason, John Slidell, John B. Floyd, William L. Yancy, Robert Tbombs, Isham G. Harris, and many others, under whose teachings and leadership the great States of the South were induced to try the arbitrament of the sword to decide their grievances.

Thus the two sections of the country with the leaders named and entertaining the principles they did, glowing with the white heat of a great political campaign, gradually drifted asunder. In the South, free speech was denied to Northern men. Northerners at the South on business were violently treated and hundreds returned, bringing the story of their treatment home. John B. Floyd, Buchanan's Secretary of War. had quietly removed cannon and other munitions of war to Southern arsenals, and these and many other events which occurred in swift succession, enhanced the excitement. Early in January, 1861, news of an alarming character began to be received, and the "War News" headings of the newspapers had come to be so common as to be regularly looked for by the people.

The patriotism of 'the icountry is justly alarmed. The unity of the government is denied. Doctrines subversive of its e.xistence are boldly advocated and made the basis of State action, under fhe pretended right of a State to secede from the Confederacy at its pleasure, in peace or war, constitutional liberty is imperilled, revolution is meditated, and treason is justified. * *

On the occasion of my inauguration I felt it to be my duty to warn my countrymen of those hostile designs against the Federal Union. But then they were in speculation only. Now they are in act. Shall they be consummated ? Shall the National Government be degraded into a mere league between independent States, existing only by their appearance, subordinate to them and subiect to be destroyed at the pleasure of any State of the 'Confederacy? Or shall it continue to be maintained, as it has always been maintained, as a government proper - sovereign within its prescribed sphere - as the Stated are sovereign within their prescribed spheres - founded on the adoption of the people as were the States, and creating direct relations between itself and the individual citizens, u^hich no State atithority has power to impair or disturb, and which nothing can dissolve but revolution.

Position Of The Pkople Of Washington County As To The War

The people of Washington County fully endorsed these sentiments. They had stood arrayed against each other in the two great political parties, but when the Union was threatened, irrespective of party they gave their allegiance to the government of the fathers. On the evening of January 8, 1861, pursuant to a call for a union meeting, the people of Marietta and vicinity, including a number of citizens from the adjoining county of Wood, (West) Virginia, assembled at the Court House, in Marietta, and the mayor, Hon. William A. Whittlesey, was chosen chairman ; Hon. Thomas W. Ewart and Charles F. Buell, secretaries. Thereupon, a committee consisting of Melvin Clarke. Arius Nye, Rufus E. Harte, Andrew W. McCormick, Davis Green, Douglas Putnam, William West, David C. Skinner and Charles F. Buell, were appointed to draw up resolutions expressive of the sentiment of the people on the condition of the country. The meeting then adjourned to 2 P. M., January 12th. On the day named a large number of citizens of Washington County and of Wood county, (West) Virginia, without distinction of party, assembled at the Court House, and the committee, through Melvin Clarke, reported resolutions at length, condemning the secession movement and affirming their devotion to the cause of the Union.

II. The doctrine of the secession of a State has no warrant in the constitution, but. on fhe contrary, is in its effects fatal to the Union, and subversive of all the ends of its creation : and in our judgment secession is revolution ; and while we fully admit the right of revolution for the causes set forth in the Declaration of Independence, or for others of equal force, and while we are grieved to say that the Government and citizens of several States, both north and south, have been guilty of acts of great injustice toward others, yet facts do not exist which warrant a resort to that last and final remedy, revolution, and we have still an abiding faith in the capacity and adaptation of the General Government to redress all grievances suffered by its citizens, whatever their origin.

VII. Notwithstanding former differences of opinion on this subject, for the purpose of making a final adjustment of the unfortunate controversy now raging in our country, vve are willing to accept as the basis of a compromise, the reenactmcnt of the eighth section of the Missouri Compromise act ; or we are willing to adopt the principle, 'that the whole subject of slavery in the territories, shall be left to be determined, by the will of the bona Mc residents of such territory, provided they also be left free to elect t-heir own officers, executive and judicial, as well as legislative.

The history of the progress of public sentiment in this county is but a repetition of that of many others in the State. The people of Ohio would have compromised with the south gladly; but it is an old story, often told, how the Southern leaders disregarded all overtures. They were bent on having a new government founded upon the institution of human slavery and awaited their opportunity. In the fullness of time that opportunity came.

But, reader, come again with me to the crest of high Alleghany and let us look once more westward. It is noontide of a beautiful day in April, 1861. Seventy-three years have elapsed since the first settlement of the Northwest Territory. To the southwest are the broad valleys of the Ohio. In the far west, by the shore of the Mississippi, is Illinois. On the north, like burnished shields, lie the great lakes. The forests have melted away. No more does the Indian lurk in the thicket or guide his rude canoe on the broad Ohio : but the great Anglo-Saxon has built his domicile beside every stream, and his cattle graze upon the hills and in all the valleys. On the Ohio the great steamer, bearing the commerce of populous States, pursues her way. Instead of a few hamlets, we see the populous valleys of Virginia. In place of the lone wagon trail over the mountains, is the wonderful railroad, connecting Ohio and the East. Instead of the small settlement at the mouth of the Muskingum, we see a thriving city, and the county of \\'ashington with 36,500 inhabitants.

The wilderness has been subdued, and out of it has grown Ohio with 2,340,000, Indiana with 1,355,000, IlHnois with 1,750,000, Michigan with 750,000, and Wisconsin with 780,000 inhabitants. Cuhivated fields interspersed with woodland extend as far as the eye can reach and the thrifty son of toil has made the land "to blossom like the rose." Peace and prosperity have wrought their perfect work. Great cities have sprung up. Thousands of manufactories giving employment to a million of workmen, dot the land. Institutions of learning are scattered here and there over the whole land. Unexampled prosperity ! Amazing transformation! Surely this Northwest Territory has more than fulfilled its early promise. Sad, that the wheels of industry should be stopped, the plough left standing in the furrow, the college deserted, and that the red hand of war should paralyze a State in the full tide of prosperity, sending mourning to so many hearts and disaster to so many homes ; but such is war.

At the hour of 4 130 on the morning of April 12, 1861, the boom of a mortar on Sullivan's Island, in Charleston harbor, gave notice to the country and to Major Anderson, pent within the wall of Fort Sumter, that the was was begun. The news was not wholly unlooked for, yet the dread reality was difficult to comprehend. Soon, however, the patriotic impulse of the people obtained control and carried everything before it. Washington County was thoroughly aroused.

The Union Blues Respond To The Call For

The news of the beginning of hostilities reached Marietta on Saturday morning, April 13th. and on Monday morning the call of the President for 75,000 men was received. Capt. Frank Buell, of the Union Blues, a Marietta company, called his men together the same evening, and the company promptly tendered their services, were at once accepted by the Governor, and ordered to march on the following Monday morning. The company

As this was the first company from this county to offer its services to the government and as this was an event of great moment at the time, we give the names of this company and a short sketch of the events attendu heir departure.

Ceremonies On Departure Of First Company

Quite a number, whose names appear in the above hst, were not accepted, being under age, over age, or physically unfit for service. On Sunday evening before the departure of the company, a meeting was held at the Congregational Church in ^Marietta, members of all the other churches meeting at the same place.

The church was crowded with an earnest and attentive throng, seats being reserved at the front for the volunteers. They marched in. The choir sang the national hymn "My Country 'Tis of Thee." After which Rev. Dr. Wicks preached from the text - Isaiah xi : 4 - a sermon full of patriotic zeal and devotion to country. The concluding part of his sermon was more directly to the volunteers.

Dr. Wicks was followed by Dr. L. G. Leonard, of the Baptist Church, who with Rev. Mr. Wakefield, of Harmar, and Rev. Mr. Mumford, of the Unitarian Church, occupied the pulpit. D, P. Boswortlr, Sr., president of the Washington County Bible Society, then addressed the volunteers and presented each with a neat pocket edition of the New Testament. At the close of the ceremony Reuben L. Nye, one of the volunteers, ascended the pulpit stairs, "and responded in behalf of the company in an exceedingly appropriate and eloquent speech."

Tliis was in the oldest church in Ohio, and these ceremonies are said to have been the most impressive and affecting ever witnessed within its walls.

Before the volunteers left for Columbus on Monday morning, the ladies of the city of Marietta presented them with a splendid silk flag. This was in the presence of an immense crowd on the commons, Melvin Clarke making

Thus cheered and encouraged, and with the benediction of the entire community upon them, the first company of volunteers from Washington County left for the war. Their progress up the Muskingum was like a triumphal march. People flocked to the landings to greet them as the steamer approached. At Lowell the entire population turned out. and cheer upon cheer was given. Speeches were made, and a purse of over sixty dollars was raised for them. xA.fter the boat was gone, Albert Chandler and Warner Green started a subscription paper to raise money for the equipment of a company, and for the support of the families of those who should volunteer. Li one hour's time, $1,300 were subscribed, one man, James S. Stowe, pledging $500. At Beverly, the citizens had already formed a company of home guards of over 100 strong, and as the steamer approached they fired a salute. The Beverly brass band then played a patriotic air, and were followed by the Beverly vocal band, who sang the stirring song. "]My Native Land." Speeches were made - George P. Buell responding on behalf of the company. It is said, on good authority, that Col. E. S. Mcintosh, an old citizen, probably upon a timely suggestion, bought up all the underwear in town and presented it to the volunteers. The companv went into quarters at Camp Jackson, Columbus, and were assigned to the Eighteenth Regiment as Company B. of that organization.

A company of volunteers of about 100 strong was organized at Beverly, April 23rd, called the Washington Guards. The following were the commissioned officers : John Henderson, captain; Thomas Ross, first lieutenant; Oliver H. P. Scott, second lieutenant. Thev became Company K, of the Eighteenth Regiment.

The Militia Svstem Of Ohio

an institution of some consequence, and in neaiij' every county of the State could be found one or more companies, witli more or less proficiency in drill, depending on the length of time such companies had been organized and the efficiency of their officers.

\Vhen the war broke out, these military organizations were of great utility in furnishing men somewhat familiar with the military art, to take the lead in forming companies and regiments out of the mass of raw volunteers offered the State.

Ohio was, at the time, divided into military divisions. The -Seventh Division comprised the counties of Fairfield, Hocking, Perry, Scioto, Lawrence, Jackson, Pike, Newton, Washington, Athens, Meigs, and Gallia. The whole of this large district was under the command of Maj. Gen. Jesse Hildebrand - headquarters at Marietta. This di\ision was subdivided as follows: Fairfield, Hocking, and Perry counties, under command of Brig. Gen. N. Schleich - headquarters at Lancaster; Scioto, Lawrence, Pike, Jackson, and Vinton counties, under command of Brig. Gen. Peter Kinney - headquarters at Portsmouth: Washington, Athens, Meigs, and Gallia counties, under command of Brig. Gen. Robert A. Constable - headquarters at Athens.

General Hildebrand's staff was as follows: Col. A. W. McCormick. assistant adjutant general and division inspector; Col. John Marshall, assistant quartermaster general; Col. Melvin Clarke, assistant judge advocate general ; Col. A. L. Haskins, assistant engineer-inchief: .^Laj. J. B. Hovey, Maj. L R. Waters, and ALaj. W. B. Whittlesey, aids.

On April 22. 1861, in pursuance of orders recei\-ed from Columbus, General Hildebrand issued his general order No. i. calling on the people of the Seventh Division for 10,000 men. Whenever 80 men should be secured, they were authorized to form an infantry company, and if 40 men be secured, a light artillery company, and to elect one captain, one first lieutenant, one second lieutenant, four sergeants, four corporals, and two musicians. This was promptly re>piinde(l to, nmre men jjeing offered

All companies which may be organized in counties near the Ohio river to remain where organized, to defend the frontier, while all other companies will hold them.'ielves in readiness to march when and wherever the President of the United States, through the Governor of Ohio, may direct.

General Hildebrand and his staff soon afterward tendered their service to the Government; but the general and the most of the members of his staff were destined to other duties, and to act important parts on widely separated fields, and in commands tried by the storm of battle, where the glory of a militia uniform was little thought of. The general himself died in the service, at Alton, Illinois. He was a man of good presence, brave, and did good service as commandant of a brigade at Shiloh. His career will be more fully noticed further on.

During the first two years of the war there was great fear along the border and in Washington County, of raids by the Rebels. News came to Marietta on Sunday, April 21, 1861, that a large body of Rebels was about to descend on Parkersburg, and great alarm was felt as to the threatening attitude of affairs, and the following dispatch was sent to the capital:

Ti: is rumored that Rebel troops are on their way to Parkersburg. Virgini.n. We do not know what credit to give this report. It is. however, reasonable to suppose that Parkersburg. being the terminus of one iiranch of the Baltiiriore & Ohio Railroad, will be made in any event a base of operations by the Rebel military, and that we are in danger of being overrun by foraging parties and perhaps worse events. We therefore feel that an absolute necessity exists of being at lea.st prepared with a full supply of arms and ammunition, of which we are wholly destitute. W^e may also need more troops than can be raised on the border, and experienced drill officers. We shall at once organize a home guard, which we believe it to be of the utmost importance to arm. We want especially caimon, and as many as we can have. We think there can be no possible doubt of the existence of an overwhelming necessity for the occupancy of this point and Belpre, opposite Parkersburg, at once. A messenger will leave for Columbus to-nigiht.

The messenger sent was Beman Gates, Esq., who went to Columbus and laid the matter before the Governor, with what success will be seen further on.

On the next day. pursuant to a resolution passed by the city council of ^larietta, on Saturday, April 20th, a large number of ^citizens of the county assembled at the court house to arrange for home defense. Two committees were appointed to carry out the objects of the meeting, one to raise money for the benefit of the families of volunteers, consisting of Hon. William R. Putnam, J. S. Sprague, and Henry Fearing; the other a committee of safety, consisting of Col. John ]\Iills, William P. Cutler, William R. Putnam, Davis Green, Anselm A. Nye, Harlow Chapin, Rufus E. Harte, David C. Skinner, and the mayor, Hon. William A. Whittlesey.

Measures for the defense of the county, and especially of Marietta City, were adopted. Arms and ammunition were needed, and very few, if any, arms were to be had. Meanwhile, in order to utilize the means of defense at hand, two iron cannon, in the city, were put in readiness for active service, and an order was given to the foundry of A. T. Nye, Jr., to cast solid shot for fixed ammunition. In response to the dispatch and to the personal application of Mr. Gates, the Governor ordered the First Regiment, Light Artillery, Third Brigade. Fourth Division of Ohio volunteer militia, from Cleveland and vicinity, to report at Marietta for the defense of that point. The regiment was made up of six companies of 20 men each, and six guns, under the command of Col. James Barnett.

Camp Putxam Established

Grounds. This was the first camp established, and was named Camp Putnam, in honor of Gen. Rufus Putnam, of the Revolutionary War. These were the first troops to arrive in Washington County. The next was the Fourteenth Regiment Ohio volunteer militia, raised in the Tenth Congressional District, and com- I manded by Col. James B. Steedman. Then 1 came the Eighteenth Regiment, on its way to Virginia. The latter regiment was made up as follows :

At this point it will be well to understand the situation. The Rebels had penetrated Western Virginia and pushed their forces along both branches of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, from Grafton westwards, toward Parkersburg, and along the northern branch toward Wheeling, burning bridges and trestle works as they went. This spread general alarm throughout Western Virginia to Wheeling, Parkersburg, and along the border in ; Ohio.

I Governor Dennison'S Flax Of A Campaign Successful

i Governor Dennison resolved that the line ! of battle should not be on the border of Ohio, I but along the natural line made by the Alle- ' ghanies. And this was against the advice of j General McClellan, who counseled delay, but [ the Governor was positive, and his plan prevailed. Accordingly, on the 26th of ^lay. I the following movement was ordered : The Fourteenth Regiment, Colonel Steedman, sta- tioned at Zanesville, and the Eighteenth, Colonel Stanley, stationed at Camp Jackson, were ordered to Marietta to support Barnett's Battery. The Seventeenth Regiment, Colonel Connell, stationed at Lancaster, was ordered to Zanesville. The Fifteenth Regiment, Colonel Andrews, stationed at Zanesville, was ordered to Bellaire, to await orders. The Sixteenth Regiment, Colonel Irvine, stationed at Columbus, was ordered to Zanesville to support Colonel Andrews. The Nineteenth Regiment, Colonel Beatty, and the Twenty-first, Colonel Norton, stationed at Cleveland, were ordered to Columbus, there to await orders. Colonel Steedman, with the Fourteenth and a part of Barnett's ArtiUery, crossed to Virginia on the morning of May 27th. arriving at Parkersburg at 1 1 o'clock, being the hrst troops to enter Southern territory, Ellsworth, with the New York Zouaves, entering Virginia from Washington at 2 P. M. After putting a quietus on the Secession element in Parkersburg. they moved out on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, rebuilding bridges and trestle works as they advanced. Colonel Irvine, with his regiment at Bellaire, crossed the day following, and was joined by a regiment of loyal Virginians, under Colonel Kelley, and they pushed on out the northern branch of the Baltimore & Ohio, repairing and rebuilding bridges and trestles. The two columns met and formed a junction at Grafton, Virginia. After them the gallant sons of Ohio and Indiana went pouring into Virginia, driving the Rebels before them. Fifteen miles beyond Grafton, at Philippi, they fought the first battle of the war and gained a victory.

Thus, by the foresight and energy of Governor Dennison, was West Virginia saved to the Union, important railway communications recovered and held, and Ohio and the border protected from invasion and predatory warfare.

M. & C. Railroad Guarded

On the 23rd of June, pursuant to an order of the adjutant general of the State, the following militia companies arrived and were distributed along the railroad between the city ot Marietta and Athens to guard the Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad, now known as the "old line." General McClellan feared that his communications would be interrupted and 'hat his supplies might be cut off by the destruc^ n of the bridges and trestle works on this raihoad, which was an important matter at that time. These companies were: Company F, First Regiment, Captain Miller, 30 men ; Company B, Second Regiment, Captain King, 30 men; Company F, Second Regiment, Captain Garrett, 30 men ; Company D, Second Regiment, Captain Menken, 15 men; Company E, Third Regiment, Captain Buckner, 40 men ; Company G, Third Regiment, Capt. J. H. Carter, 60 men. The whole under command of Lieut. Col. A. E. Jones. Afterwards four of these companies were relieved by four Washington County companies, one of which was the Union Blues company, recruited up after the three months' men had gone, commanded by Capt. William B. Mason; the Fireman Zouaves, Capt. S. F. Shaw - both companies from Marietta - one company from Harmar, Capt. Joseph B. Daniels, and one - the Belpre Guards - commanded by Capt. F. H. Loring, from Belpre. They were distributed along the railroad in squads, and were armed, clothed and subsisted the same as other volunteers. This service, although not especially dangerous, was important, and as these companies are not elsewhere recorded we give them below as far as possible to ascertain their names :

Commissioned Officers Ind Representative Citizens

Roll of Capt. William B. Mason's Company D, in the First Regiment, Third Brigade, Seventh Division of Ohio volunteer militia, enrolled on the 27th day of July, 1861, and mustered into the service of the State of Ohio the 27th day of July, 1861.

Muster-roll of Capt. Joseph B. Daniels' company, First Regiment, Third Brigade, Seventh Division, of Ohio volunteer militia, commanded by Maj. O. Bennett.

Commissioned Officer

We have now passed the opening chapter of the war as far as it relates to Washington County. This was the romantic period of the contest, if such a thing can be said of so grim a subject. The hardships, dangers and privations of active service had not been fully realized. The theory at first entertained that armed resistance could be put down in a threemonths' campaign was soon dismissed, and the enormous strength of the Rebellion began to be understood.

The First Great Call To Arms

On July 2 1 St the great battle of Bull Run was fought and lost, the flower of the Union Army destroyed, or turned into a fleeing rabble, and a great mass of war material swallowed up in the vortex of war. It was hard to believe this news, but what seemed at that time a dire disaster proved, in reality, a loud note of warning, and to that extent, at least, beneficial. It broadened the views of the administration as to war measures. Henceforward the war was to be carried on more aggressively, and on a gigantic scale. The President, on the day after the battle, issued a call for coo.ooo three-years' men. Another outburst of patriotic feeling ensued. This was the first great call to arms. Tlie country was stirred to its center, and the scenes of volunteering that followed were grand. It was from these 300 regiments that the vital power to crush the Rebellion came. They furnished the great bulk of the officers who finally led our armies to victory.

The Representative of this district at that time was Hon. William P. Cutler, who was attending a called session of Congress. Having received enquiries about raising a regiment in Washington County he telegraphed as follows :

Government will probably accept an infantry regiment if ready in fifteen days. Can you raise it? I will bear all incidental expenses of raising it. Answer. WiLLT.^M P. Cutler.

The First Tiiree-Vear.S' Company From The County

Col. John Groesbeck, of Cincinnati, had offered to raise and equip a regiment at his own expense, and the liberality of this offer attracted general attention and commendation. The companies for that regiment were about this time gathering at Camp Colerain. near Cincinnati. There was a company in Marietta known as the "Washington County Rifle Guards." They resolved to join Groesbeck's regiment. Lieut. W. H. Edgerton came from Newport with a battalion of men and joined the Guards, the election of officers resulted as follows :

This was the first three-years" company that left the county. They numbered 115 men. Upon leaving Marietta July 22, 1861, for the war, they were escorted by a Marietta company called the "Fireman Zouaves," Capt.

S. F. Shaw, the German brass band, and a large concourse of citizens, relatives and friends. They marched through the streets, Ohio and Front, from their headquarters at the old woolen factory, now Nye's foundry, and across to the Harmar depot. The Zouaves, finding that the guards had no colors, presented their beautiful flag, through Captain Shaw, who made the presentation speech, which was responded to by Captain Fell in approptiate words, and which act of courtesy was received with cheers by the departing volunteers. This company became Company B, and Groesbeck's Regiment, the Thirty-ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry.

The second company was "Koenig's German Rifles," which was raised in one week. It was composed mainly of Germans, and included many of the best shots of that nationality in the county. They elected Jacob Koenig captain, and left for Camp Colerain July 31, 1861, deferring the election of the other officers until their arrival in camp. The company became Company F, Thirty-ninth Ohio Volunteer Infantry.

About the first of August, 1861, the "Muskingum Company" went into camp at Marietta, the first of the gallant Thirty-sixth Regiment. They were composed of the young men of the valley of the Aluskingum. immediately above Marietta. TKventy of them were from Rainbow and the neighborhood of Devol's Dam, and comprised the best, and in fact, nearly all the young men in that locality. They were officered as follows : Captain Hiram F. Devol, First Lieutenant J. Gage Barker, Second Lieutenant J. C. Selby, First Sergeant Miles A. Stacy. Tlie next company was the Salem Light Guards," a splendid body of men, officered as follows : Captain Jewett Palmer, Jr., First Lieutenant James Stanley, Second Lieutenant Ernst Lindner, First Sergeant John A. Palmer. Soon the Thirty-sixth Regiment was full.

Capt. T. W. Moore's company was raised in the vicinity of Tunnel station, in Washington County, and were considered a fine body of men, and Captain Adney's was from the west end of Washington and from Athens County. The Governor appointed Melvin Clarke, Heutenant-colonel ; Prof. Ebenezer B. Andrews, major; Benjamin D. Fearing, adjutant; and John M. Woodbridge, quartermaster. Neither of these officers had any military education, and it was decided to secure a regularly educated army officer, if possible, as colonel of the regiment. Maj. E. B. Andrews. to carry out this idea, went to Columbus to lay the matter before Governor Dennison. At first it was supposed that Colonel Sill \\-ould be appointed, but Colonel Sill, a member of the governor's staff, was needed in organizing the thousands of raw recruits then flocking to the Ohio camp. ]\Iajor Slemmer. how"ever, of the regular army, inspector general on the staff of General Rosecrans, was designated as commanding officer, for the time being - the same Lieut. Slemmer who was in command of Fort Pickens, at the entrance of Pensacola harbor, Florida, when the war began, and who, by his prompt refusal to surrender, and promptness in preparing for defense, saved that important fortification to the Union.

The Thirty-sixth was, on August 30th, ordered into Virginia, Major Slemmer joining the company at Parkersbuv^h ; but soon after Col. George Crook, of ti.c Eighth United States Infantry, was assigned to the command of the regiment, and began at once the task of drilling and disciplining both officers and men. The advent of Colonel Crook was an event of great importance to the Thirty-sixth. He won the confidence and respect of the men, and imparted to the regiment a character for discipline and good behavior that they never lost during subsequent terms of service.

During the months of September and October of 1 86 1, several important commands were in process of formation in Washington County. Col. T. C. H. Smith, of ^^larietta, was commissioned as lieutenant-colonel of the First Ohio Cavalry; and soon after, on September nth, Capt. Thomas J. Patten, and Lieut. John D. Barker went into Camp Putnam with 60 men for that regiment, which became Company L, First Ohio Volunteer Cavalry.

At the same time Pierpont Battery, De Beck's Battery, Huntington's Battery, the Sixty-third Ohio Volunteer Infantry, the Seventy-seventh Ohio Volunteer Infantry, were all enlisting men - the men that were shortly to do such gallant service for their country.

Capt. Frank Buell, who was always devoted to his men, had become dissatisfied at Ohio's treatment of the volunteers, and with the delay of the State authorities in paying off h's men, recently returned from the threemonths' service, and he therefore resolved to raise a company of artillery for the new State of West Virginia. He had no difficulty in securing a sufficient number of men, many of the old company of three-months' men joining him, the entire company being from Marietta and vicinit}'. They were accepted by Governor Pierpont, whose name they took, and were known as Buell's Pierpont Battery and feattery C, First Regiment, West Virginia, Light Artillery. They left October 9th for Camp Carlisle on Wheeling Island, West Virginia. A large concourse of citizens and friends witnessed their departure. The Young America brass band accompanied them to Wheeling, the leader and one of their number, William Jenvey, having joined the battery. At this time Capt. William Craig, of the regular army, had charge of the army stores and military depots at Bellaire, Marietta and Parkersburg, with headquarters at ^Marietta. He desired to raise a regiment for the war, and was commissioned by Governor Dennison as colonel, for that purpose. He was a graduate of West Point, and was much esteemed as an officer and a gentleman. The prospects for raising the regiment seemed good, and it was christened the Sixty-third Ohio Volunteer ! Infantry. Alexander L. Haskins, a civil eni gineer of Marietta, was appointed major, and I the lieutenant-ctilnnelcy temporarily left va- I cant. I About the same time a \-igorous movement was inaugurated to raise a regiment for Col. Jesse Hildebrand, who stood high in the State mihtia service, and had strong hold upon the popular heart. He had, for a long time, been the favorite military man of the county, and many people wished to have him command a Washington County regiment. His friends had expected that he would command the Thirty-sixth, but a regular army officer was appointed. His cause was urged upon Governor Dennison, but to no purpose. The Governor was hampered in some way, and could not act. He had learned by this time that there was a War Department in this country, and governed his actions accordingly. Colonel Hildebrand finally tendered his service to Governor Pierpont, who did not need any urging to take advantage of the situation, and at once issued a commission to Hildebrand as colonel, and ordered him to rendezvous his men at Parkersburg. This led to an emphatic protest by the friends of the colonel. About this time the War Department authorized Governor Dennison to commission all Ohio officers who were promised commissions by Governor Pierpont, and so the merits of Colonel Hildebrand were recognized, and he was immediately commissioned by the Governor to raise a regiment of three-years' men in Washington County. W. De Hassxwas appointed lieutenant-colonel, and Benjamin D. Fearing, at that time serving as adjutant of the Thirtysixth, was appointed major.

Here then were two regiments authorized to be raised at the same time, in the county, and this naturally led to some friction between the parties interested in these different organizations. The fact of Colonel Craig being a West Pointer acted against him as well as in his favor. The volunteer could never exactly understand the regular army officer's manner and style of doing things, and they often charged him with being haughty and t}Tannical with the common soldier. No doubt great injustice was done Colonel Craig in this way, but he had able defenders, and they only intensified the opposition. Tlie result was that the Seventv-seventh was soon full and ready for service, while the Sixty-third was slow in getting men. Finally the Sixty-third was ordered to Columbus to consolidate with the Fifty-second, but that proved an unfortunate combination, and the Sixty-third returned again to Marietta for the purpose of filling up its ranks. The Twenty-second Regiment, a fragmentary organization at Camp Dennison, was ordered to Marietta to co^isolidate with the Sixty-third, and arrived January 30. 1862. Col. William -Craig having resigned the colonelcy, John W. Sprague. a captain in the Seventh Regiment, was appointed colonel, and after remaining in Camp Putnam until Fel:ruary 18, 1862, they received marching orders and departed for Paducah, Kentucky.

Camp Tupper Established

Col. Jesse Hildebrand, immediately after being commissioned by Governor Dennison, received orders to form a camp and recruit up a regiment, which was to become the gallant Seventy-seventh. Accordingly, he chose a public square in Marietta, the Ouadranaou, and named it Camp Tupper, for Gen. Anselm Tupper. On the south side, along the line of Third street, he built 10 barracks, for as many companies, and on the elevated square in the camp a field-piece was placed for firing a morning and e\-ening gun. The regiment was rapidly filled. Many of the recruiting lieutenants held meetings through the east side of the county, as did Rev. William Pearce, who afterward became the chaplain of the regiment. On January 9, 1862, the regiment received marching orders, and went to Camp Dennison.

Military Committee Appointed

Governor Dennison, in the fall of 1861, finding that the recruiting and handling of a large number of soldiers entailed an immiense amount of labor upon the executive department, and especially on the adjutant general, resolved to systematize and divide the work so that each county would have its share, and at the same time have competent supervision and proper attention given to details incident to the service. He accordingly divided the State into mihtary districts, which were the same as the congressional districts. Each district had over it a district military committee, appointed by the governor, and they appointed a committee of five for each cotinty, and the county mili" tary committee appointed a committee of three in each township. These were the men to whom the Governor, appealed in emergencies, and they appealed directly to the people. Their duties were varied and often arduous, at times requiring their constant attention, to the exclusion of all other business. They served without pay, and considering the character and value of the service rendered, deserve to be gratefully remembered.

The mdlitary committee appointed in the fall of 1 86 1 for \\'ashington County were William R. Putnam, chairman, Samuel F. Cooke, secretary, and John Newton, Mark Green, and George W. Baker.

however, that the most of the labor and responsibility fell. They were charged with the entire business of recruiting in their counties ; and could adopt such measures to hasten the work as they thought proper. All candidates for commissions had to have an endorsement by the county committee, and they were enjoined to be very careful whom, they recomm)ended. They were also charged with collecting clothing and supplies for the army. No further praise need be bestowed upon the conduct of the military committee of Washington County than tO' say that through all the emergencies and trying ordeals of four years of the war the same men first appointed were retained to the end.

In closing the year 1861 there are many things that might be said in regard to the management O'f m".litary affairs outside as well as in this county, aljnut which there w,as great dift'erence of opinion at the time, but it is not the province of this history to discuss sucla matters nor have \\e room for an extended examination, but one thing should be said, at least, a word in justification of Governor Dennison. The Govei'nor was not renominated, but was passed with a commendatory resolution, and David Tod, a war Democrat, taken up in his stead and elected. Governor Dennison sought no vindication nor asked any one to defend his course, but left it to the future and the sober judginent of the citizens of Ohio to vindicate him, and he has, indeed, been fully justified. He said "Ohio must lead in the war," and he nobly endea\-ored to nijake good the promise. The war found him a plain but versatile and talented civilian, with nO' knowledge of military afYairs and with a staff totally unacquainted with the demlands and emergencies about to overtake them. When hostilities began and the thousands of citizens soldiers began to crowd into the capital city, it was utterly impossible to meet their demands with even the barest necessities of camp life, and so on, during the succeeding weeks, as each new exigency arose, it was met manfully and all deinjands filled as soon as possible; but Governor D|ennison fully realized the great burdens imposed upon him and laid his plans to meet them.

and in a short time he had so fully mastered the situation that he was enabled to give his attention to other matters than the mere details of military organization. He planned the first campaign against the enenijy in WWst Virginia, which was a grand success, but enough offense had already unavoidably been given to the volunteers, fresh from the comfforts of home, to raise a great clamor against him, wjhich extended to every part of the State from which a three-months' man had come. 'File Legislature took up the cudgel also and asked for the resignation of certain members of his staff, but the Governor, firm, yet dignified, declined to- dismiss them, and' knowing that he was doing all that could be done, continued to \\tork out his task, and the sequel showed tliat he did his work well and that a greater part of the complaints were causeless and unjustified by the facts.

Beginning Of Governor Tod S Administration

WHien Governor Tod took the reins of government in January, 1862, he found the State fully organized and ready for a vigorous war administration. M&ny of the m,en who were subsequently to distinguish themselves and reflect honor upon their native State had already been comlmissioned by Governor Dennison, and gone to the field.

With trained assistants, and organized system, and the work thus gradually corning upon him. Governor Tod speedily mastered his new duties. There was no opportunity for distinguishing his administration by the redemption of a State, or the appointment of officers who were soon to reach the topmost round of popular favor, or the adoption of independent war measures during a temporary isolation from the General Government. But what there was to do he did prudently, systematically, and with such judgment as to command the general approval of his constituents.

First Volunteer Killed In B.A.Tt1.E.

The first soldier from Washington County to 'be killed in action was Albert W. Leonard, private of Company C, Second West Virginia Cavalry. He was killed in an action on Jennie's Creek, Kentucky, January 7, 1862. His com|m,and was in pursuit of Huinphrey Marshall, and, on turning a curve in the road, was attacked by the enemy, young Leonard falling at the first volley. He \\"as the son of J. D. Leonard, at that time living in New Miatamoras, but for many years previous a resident of Marietta. His captain, Thomias Neal, said of him ; "Officers and men will attest to his bravery on the field, his exemplar}- conduct as a soldier, and his honest, upright course as a comrade."

Shiloh

On April 6, 1862, the great battle of Shiloh took place. It was a momentous and menir orable event, as being the first great engagemient for our W/estern troops, and one exciting especial interest in Washington County, as being the first battle in which the Seventy-seventh Regiment was engaged, ha\ing seven companies froml this county. It was not until the 9th that the full news of the battle was received, and it revealed a tale of slaughter and suffering that startled and aroused the community. On April loth a public meeting was called at the Court House in Miarietta to provide means of assistance for the wounded. Beman Gates, William F. Curtis, George ^E. Woodbridge, Henry Fearing, Dr. Benjamin F. Hart, and George Benedict were sent at once to Cincinnati to make arrangements with the Sanitary Commission for the relief of the wounded from Washington County, and if necessary to go directly to the battle-ground. Meanwhile ladies assembled at the Episcopal Church and niade up four boxes of hospital stores, \\''hich, together with $300 in money, were sent along with the con^mittee. A standing committee consisting of Davis Green, W.

R. Putnam;, William F. Curtis, I. W. Andrews and Stephen Newton were appointed to raise subscriptions and render such aid to the wounded as occasion might thereafter require.

In this engagemlent the Seventy-seventh bore a gallant part, and on the third day, while in the ad\ance in pursuit of the enemy, were charged upon by Forrest's Texan cavalry and rode down and literally cut to pieces. Tlieir conduct was worthy of regulars. The comimanding general of the division neglected to have the Union cavalry within supporting distance, which exposed the infantry to a destructive charge. General Hildebrand, in his official report, says O'f the battle :

Early on the morning of Sunday, 6tli inst., our pickets were fired upon, and shortly after seven o'clock the enemy appeared in force, presenting himself in columns of regiments, at least four deep. He opened immediately upon our camp a heavy fire, following up rapidly with shell. I ordered an advance. The Seventyseventh and Fifty-seventh regiments were thrown forward to occupy a certain position, but encountered the enemy in force within three hundred yards of our camp. Unfortunately, we were not supported by artillery, and were compelled to retire under cover of our camp, the engagement becoming general along the entire front of the command. A battery having been brought to support our right, the Fifty-seventh and Seventyseventh stood gallantly side by side for four hours, contending with a force of at least four to one. The battery having been forced from its position, and the infantry both on our right and left having fallen back, it finally becaine necessary that the regiments forming part of my command should fall back lest their retreat be effectually cut off. * * The night I passed on the battlefield in company with Colonels Buckland, Cockerel, Rice and other officers.

That night w|as one of intense interest ori both sides. Beauregard, impatient for the morning light, that he might complete the work so auspiciously begun ; and Sherman and Grant hoping for BueJl with his fresh divisions, to reinforce the Union Army. Buell arrived and crossed, and one of his officers remarked to a gunboat officer, "W'e will show you some m|an-of-war fighting tomorrow," and they kept the promise well. Marching to the front they relieved the exhausted troops engaged the day before and drove the Rebel .\nny back, regaining the lost ground, and the victory was comr plete.

On Monday morning I marched near tihe field of battle, forming near the rear, holding my force in readiness to enter into action at any moment, when called upon. We remained in this position, until the enetny had retreated and the victory achieved.

On the 8th instant, in compliance with your order, I marched my brigade, accompanied by a large cavalry force, also by Buckland's brigade, on the Corinth road, about four miles from camp. Halting in an open field, skirmishers were sent forward, who discovered Rebel cavalry in considerable force, exhibiting a disposition to fight. The skirmishers immediately fired upon enemy, when the Seventy-seventh Regiment, under command of Lieutenant Colonel De Hass, was ordered up to support them. Soon after fomiing in line a large body of cavalry made a bold and dashing charge on the skirmishers and the whole regiment. So sudden and rapid was the charge, shooting our men with carbines and revolvers, that they had not time to reload, and fell back, hoping our cavalry'would cover the retreat. Unhappily our own cavalry was not sufficiemtly near to render essential assistance. The Rebel cavalry literally rode down our infantry, shooting, sabering, and trampling them under foot. We sustained a 'loss in killed, wounded, and missing of 57 - 19 killed on the spot, 30 wounded, and the balance missing. Of the latter, two captains and one second lieutenant are numbered. Captain A. W. McCormick and Capt. A. Chandler w'ere meritorious officers. This I may also say of Lieutenant Criswell. * * *

With regard to the oflScers and men who participated in the battle of Pittsbiug, and the aflfair of Tuesday, I am happy to bear testimony to the fidelity, bravery, and devotion of all. * * *

Mai. B. D. Fearing, who was immediately in command of the Seventy-seventh Regiment, acquitted himself with as much skill, bravery and military bearing as an old officer of long experience, and was not excelled by any other field officer who came under my observation.

The roll of killed, wounded and missing of the Seventy-seventh sufficiently attests the brave stand they made. The following is a recapitulation of the whole nuniiber: soldierly qualities in this action, and when the Union line was driven back on Sunday, he Wias of great service in rallying the men, not only of his own brigade but of other brigades, and his portly figure and fearless demeanor inspired mBny a compau}' with renewed confidence and turned them again to the front ; and, he was. no doubt, of great service in saving the army from complete rout before oxerpowering numibers.

Washington City In Danger

On the 26th of May the startling news was received that Washington City was about to be attacked, followed by a dispatch from the Governor oi the State calling for troops. The call designated three classes that Would be received for the term of three years, for the termj of three months, and for gviard duty within the State, and saying: "Everything is valueless to us if our Government is overthrown."

Astounding as the fact may be, Washington City is in imminent danger. You will please raise, without delay, one hundred men, and send them as fast as raised to Camp Chase, where they will be organized and equipped; and such as are not willirig to proceed to Washington will perform guard duty in place of the regiment now at Camp Chase.

M meeting of citizens was immediately called to take action. Upon assemhling at the usual place of holding such meetings in Marietta, Rufus H. H)arte was chosen chairman, and G. R, Resetter, secretary. Judge Green then addressed the assembly, and was followed by William, R. Putnam', who made a stirring appeal to mien of all ages to respond promptly to the call of their country. Rev. D. H. Moore, a Mjethodist minister of IMarietta, spoke, saying that Itie had held back from' enlisting by the advice of his friends long enough, and now he Wias bound to go at all hazards. The Court House was filled to overflowing, and this declaration of the reverend gentleman had a

We call upon our fellow citizens at once to stand forth for their country in this emergency! Your country calls, and it is the duty of patriotic citizens to obey the call! Old Washington to the rescue! Volunteers along the banks of the Muskingum River should be in readiness to take the steamer for Zanesville on Wednesday. Volunteers from other parts of the county will report themselves immediately to the undersigned at Marietta.

On the 28th the company embarked on the steamer "Emma Graham" for Zanesville, and a large concourse of citizens assembled on the conunons at A [arietta to see them enibark. The company was named the Putnam Guards^ in honor of Judge William R. Putnami, chairman of the military committee. On arriving at Camp Chase they elected Rev. D. H. Moore captain (who Avas afterward lieutenant-colonel of the Eighty-sex-enth when in the three-years' service) ; T. S. Aleshire, first lieutenant, and J. R. Jenkins, second lieutenant, and became Company A. Eighty-seventh Regiment. Tliis regiment was at Harper's Ferry, under Colonel Miles, when the surrender took place, and were paroled, their time being out.

On the 2nd oi July, 1862, the President called for 300,000 more volunteers for three years, and Ohio's quota was about 40.000. Governor Tod issued an earnest appeal to the military committees and the citizens of the State, calling upon them to furnish the men. The military com'mittee of the county resolved that old Washington should not be behind in any emergency, and invited a general meeting of the citizens of the county in Marietta, on July 19th. Meantime a meeting of the military committees of the counties comprising the third military district was held in Marietta, to promote concerted action, and to provide-

A committee consisting of G. W. Cooper, of Meigs. E. G. Dudley, of Noble, W. R. Golden and G. \V. Barker, of Washington, having been appointed to devise a plan of organization for the new regiment, reported that the several counties of the district should furnish the following number of companies; Washington, three ; Noble, two ; ^^I'onroe, two ; Athens, one, and Meigs, one. ]\Ibnroe County not being represented, they adjourned until July 22d, and at the adjourned meeting elected officers for the Ninety-second Regiment, and passed the resolutions following:

Rcsoh'ed, That we pledge ourselves one to another, to use all diligence in recruiting our respective portions of the Ninety-second Regiment, and that we will exert ourselves to the extent of our ability to maintain harmony and good feeling in our proceedings, upon which we feel will depend, to a great degree, our success, as well in recruiting as in every other branch of the service in this military district.

Resolved, That we call upon every loyal man in this military district to aid us with his might and strength and means to recruit the men called for to fill up the Ninety-second Regiment.

Wiith this declaration of purpose to raise a regiment for the war, these gentlemen went hoiTiie, and we shall presently see with what success.

The mass convention of the citizens of the county, called to meet on the 19th of July, assemlbled at the Court House in Marietta, at 10 o'clock a. m. of that dav, and Col. David

Barber, of Harmar, was chosen chairman, and S. B. Robinson, of Beverly, secretary. The object of the meeting having been stated by the chairman of the military committee, the following gentlemen were appointed tO' report resolutions : Rufus E. Harte, Davis Green, C. RL Rhodes, E. S. Mtlntosh, and Douglas Putnam;. After the resolutions had been prepared, Mr. Harte reported them, and they were unanimously adopted ; they declared the confidence of the citizens of the county in the go\-erinnent and in the jxjwer of the country to sustain itself in the struggle for equal rights and in the integrity of the Union, and pledged anew the men and means of the county to carry out the war to a successful issue. After ren:iarks by George Benedict and Williant- F. Curtis, an effort w'las inaugurated to- raise a fund to assist in recruiting 300 men in the county for the new regiment. $2,100 was raised in about five niiinutes. In the afternoon Hon. William P. Cutler, having returned from a session of Congress, made an eloquent and forcible speech upon the situation of publicaffairs. Further subscriptions raised the total to $3,515. This amount was further increased tO' $4,026 by the 24th of July, Henry Fearing,, of Harmar, donating a house and lot iiL Beverly, worth $900. August ist, the w;ar fund amounted to $5,081. \\'illiam Pitt Putnam, of Belpre, obligated himself to pay $8 a nionth to t^^-o volunteers and to a third volunteer, $15 bounty.

Soon 100 men were raised, and Lieut. George T. Rice, being home on recruiting service from the Thirty-ninth Regiment, was placed in commiand. as captain, also Lieut. Robert Booth, of the Sixty-third regiment, and

Lieut. C. B. Way, of the Eleventh Virginia, were appointed Heutenants, and Manly Warren, orderly sergeant. They marched to the depot to take a train for the beleagured city, but there received a second dispatch "we are not yet attacked and no reinforcements are needed now."

The Draft

On Ah-igust 4th the call for a draft of 300,- 000 nine-months' men came, and this, in addition to the call for three-years' men. made the quota of Washington County under hoth at 2,030. The total number enrolled militia at that date was 6,089, making two calls equal to about 33 per cent, of the whole number of militia in the county.

The draft coiraniissioner for this county was George Benedict: provost marshal, William F. Curtis, of Marietta; examining surgeon. Dr. James Little, of Beverly. After several postponeir.ents by Governor Tod the draft finally took place on October ist as follows : Adams, 1 1 ; Barlow, 9 ; Fairfield, 4 ; mer, 3; Union, i; Fearing, 15: Grandview, 6; Lidependence, 2 ; Lawrence, 9 : Liberty, 6 ; Ludlow, 10; Palmer, 3; Union, i ; Warren. 7; WatertO'wn, 7: Wesley, 16 - total, 107, ^Vhich was afterward increased to 131. A great effort was made to save the county fromi the draft, and large sums of money were raised in all parts of the county to facilitate enlistments. Barlow was down for over $200; Waterford, over $1,200, in addition to .'Si, 000 subscribed to the county war fund previously. To this niiiist be added large sums in every township, of which we can find no record, running up into the thousands. It should be said, hoAVr ever, in regard to drafted men from this comity, that a greater portion of them volunteered for three years when they reached Camp Dennison. and some even before. Noble County had over 300 men drafted, Monroe 61, Morgan 167, Mjuskingum 293, and Gallia 217.

Camp Marietta Established

placed in command of the post at IMarietta, with the rank of colonel, was authorized to lease ground and erect additional barracks. Accordingly, in September, of 1862, he selected a site which, at that time, lay between the F'air Grounds and the Muskingum River, and constructed quarters to accoinimodate the new regiment. By the 19th of September the Ninety-second Regiment was complete; it contained as good material as any regiment from this part of the State, the mien heing from among the best citizens of the district, and its subsequent history fully justified the expectation of its friends. The time in camp at Marietta was devoted to drill and disciplining the men for active service. On Ottober 7th they received orders to march, and left Camp Putnam) for Gallipolis. M^ny of those wbo marched out on that October day with such fine martial bearing were destined never to return. Again Washington County was sending forth her bravest and best, but the sacrifice was not considered too great for the issues at stake.

The great battle of Corinth took place on October 4th, resulting in a crushing defeat to the anniies of Price and Van Dorn, and not without great loss to the Union anny. The Sixty-third Regiment, containing two companies of Washington County men, stood the brunt of the charge at Fort Robinet, and lost very heavily in officers and mien - fully 45 per cent. Col. J. W. Sprague said of his regiment : "The loss of my regiment has been terrible, but T have the consolation of believing that no braver or truer- set of men were ever taken into battle. Every officer distinguished himiself for gallantry and daring."

On July 17th, the Tliirty-sixth was hotly engaged in the great battle of Antietanii, in which its colonel, Melvin Clarke, was killed, and losing heavily in non-coromlissioned officers and men.

engaged. It was in this battle that the future brigade commander of the Thirty-sixth was severely Wounded - Col. Rutherford B. Hayes, the successor of Grant to the Presidency.

In October, 1862, Capt. Arthur D. Eells recruited a company of cavalry for a new regiment authorized by the Governor. Captain Eiells" company was recruited very rapidly, as he was a popular man and had seen ser-\-ice as captain of Company F, Second ^Vest Virginia Cavalry, from which position he resigned in Mby, 1862, on account of ill-health, but by Octohter of the same year was again engaged in the service of his country, as captain of Company H, Seventh Ohio Volunteer Cavalry. At the date of leaving for the front the company had loi men, officered as follows : Captain, Arthur D. Eells; first lieutenant, William L. Tripp, second lieutenant, John J. Smith.

The year 1862 was one of great military activity in Washington County. Over 2,000 men were sent out, m(any to fill up old regiments, but the greater part to form, new organizations, which were, in the main, recruited for three-years" service. The danger of invasion from Virginia had thoroughly aroused the county, and the militia companies throughout the townships were called out for drill at regular intervals. The citizens of Marietta during the summer closed their places of business at four o'clock p. m., and all the ablebodied men, including the Silver Grays, turned out to drill.

On Tuesday, August 26th, Col. William R. Putnam, commandant of Camp Marietta, received a dispatch from Governor Tod, saying, "You are in danger of invasion on the border; prepare for it." The citizens of Marietta then had the following companies: Silver Grays, Capt. D. P. Bosworth, First Lieut. C. J. Sheppard, Second Lieut. Rufus E. Harte; Home Guards, Capt. Charles R. Rhodes, First Lieut. James Lewis, Second Lieut. John Bu Dutton ; First Ward company, Capt. Robert Booth, First Lieut. Dan Y. Hill, Second Lieut. Philip Schramm; ; Second Ward company, Capt. Rufus E. Harte (promoted from Silver Grays), First Lieut. Samuel C.

Sjkinner, Second Lieut. Lewis Theis ; Third Ward company, Capt. John S. Conley, First Lieut. S. J. Dutton, Second Lieut. Joseph L. Stephens; Bloomfield Guards, Capt. Nathaniel F. Bishop, First Lieut. Joseph E. Hall, Jr., Second Lieut. D. A. Belden; Putnam Light Artillery, Capt. A. T. Nye, Jr., Lieut. Charles A. Hall, Gunner John Hall. On SeptemJber 13th Ernst Lindner, having resigned as adjutant of the Thirty-sixth Reginiient and residing for the time being in AJiarietta was placed in comaimnd of the companies of Marietta and Harmar, by order of the commander of the Washington County militia. The companies were lettered as follows : A, Capt. Charles R. Rhodes; B, Capt. Rufus E. Harte; C, Gapt. Nathaniel F. Bishop; D, Capt. Oscar Underwood ; E, Capt. Robert Booth ; F, Capt. I. W. Andrews; G. Capt. D. P. Bosworth ; H, Capt. Casper Crouss; I, Capt. John W. Conley; K, Capt. W. B. Hollister. Smith J. Dutton was appointed adjutant, and D. P. Bosworth, Jr., sergeant mfajor; George Payne, Sr., drum miajor. We give these details to show how pressing the emergency was considered and how the men of those days rallied to meet it. The city of Marietta was laid off for the purposes of guard duty into beats, and for many wieeks the night patrol paced the streets expecting a border foray.

Many brave sons of Washington County fell in the year 1862, amiong them Capt. Frank Buell, Capt. Theodore Greenwood, Col. ]\Ielvin Clarke, and Lieut. J. J. Steenrod.

The closing event of the year was the arrival in the county of ]\Iaj. Gen: J. D. Cox and staff on D'ecember 7th, \\\\o established at Marietta the headquarters of the Department of West Virginia, which included the State of West Virginia and the Ordering counties of Ohio from WJieeling to the Big Sandy. General Cox remained until April 8, 1863, when he went to Columbus, Ohio, having been assigned to a new command.

The year 1863 - the great battle year of the war - was ushered in by two important events; the memorable battle of Stone River an;d the emancipation proclamation striking the shackles from three millions of slaves. Washington County had not been strongly for the abolition of slavery, but the fierce logic of wiar had convinced the most conservative that the time had come and they heartily approved the action of Abraham Lincoln when he issued the emancipation edict to take effect January I, 1863, and the grand Union paity of Ohio. ' Wiliich swept everything before it in the great pohtical contest of the year, endorsed the conduct of tlie war by a hundred thousand majority for John Brough. The partisan feeling that characterized this campaign was something fearful to contemplate ; the party of the Union could brook no resistance, and there was a strong tendency to brand as traitors all who were not in its ranks, whai in fact many good and true men of the opposition were devoted to their country and tO' the preservation of the Union; but some of the opposition were not for the Union or the war, and were so outspoken and acti\-e in their course that they were arrested in their course as was their leader C. L. Vallandigham, but not like him arrested, tried, convicted and sent south.

Union League

On the 31st of March the citizens of Marietta, Harmar and vicinity formed what was known as the Union League, with the object of binding together all loyal men of all trades and professions, in a common union to maintain the power, glory and integrity of the nation, to spare no endcnor to maintain unimpaired the national unitv, both in principle and territorial boundary, and to vote for no man for oflice whose loyalty was questionable or who was not willing to support the principles set forth in the foregoing declaration. The officers elected were George M. Woodbridge, president ; H. H. Brown, vice-president ; S. S. Porter, secretary ; W. F. Curtis, treasurer; Ivll H. Needham, J. H. Best, Daniel Y. Hill, John M; Hook, W. S. Ward, Thotnas F. Jones, Beman Gates, Lewis Leuhart, B. F. Pi.xley, W. VV. Hutchinson, George E. Stratton, and William H. Smith, executive connmittee. The formation of this society' was doubtless prompted by the formation of lodges of Knights of the Golden Circle and Sons of Liberty in the county by the opposition.

On the 1st of May occurred the great battle of Chancellorsville in which Huntington's^ De Beck's and the Pierpont batteries were engaged, and when J. F. Huntington's battery H, First Ohio Light Artillery, made a gallant stand against great odds, holding the enemy in check until deserted by the supporting infantry. F(3r his conduct in this battle. Captain Huntington was promoted to chief of artillery of his division'.

In the same action Col. Rufus R. Dawes, an old Washington County boy, bore a conspicuous pait, in carrying out "Fighting Joe" Hooker's plans for crossing the Rappahannock prior to the battle. A surgeon of the Si.xth Wisconsin, which regiment Lieutenant-Colonel Daw'cs then commanded, was an eye-witness to the achievement. He says:

The steep bank on the opposite side was lined with, rifle-pits from which our troops on this side tried in vain for several hours to dislodge the enemy. It was impossible to lay the pontoon bridges on which to cross the corps until the rifle-pits were cleared, and to throw troops across in boats for this purpose was a necessary condition of success.

The Sixth Wisconsin was one of the two regiments (Twenty-fourth Michigan was' the ether) which had the honor of hc'ng the "forlorn hope" selected to cross the river and carry the heights beyond. When the order was given to "fall in" not a man faltered or hesitated a moment, though fully conscious of the danger he was to meet. I 'Jtook hands with Lieutenant- Colonel Dawes, as I honetly believed for the last time, and said "God bless and protect you." Our troops double-quicked down the slope on this side, sprang into the boats, and pushed out boldly across the river under a perfect storm of bullets. The river, which is.

-about one hundred and fifty yards wide at this point, was soon passed and our brave men sprang ashore, dashed up the hill, capturing the rebs in the rifle-pits, and in less than twenty minutes from the time the order to march was given on tliis side, our regiment was formed in line of battle on the top of the opposite shores. Lieutenant-Colonel Dawes stood up in the boats while crossing, and assisted in pushing his boat along and seized the colors to rally the regiment as soon as a landing was effected. I rejoiced greatly when I saw the rebels on the opposite side "skedaddling" in fine disorder. It seemed a miracle no more were hurt.

Early in June the threatening mo\'ements of the enemy under Lee alarmed the cabinet in Washington, and the President issued a call for 100,000 six-months' men to be raised in the States of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. Lee had divided his army into three grand divisions, cut loose from his base, and it was reported that one of these division was intended for the invasion of West Virginia and Ohio, another tO' strike the western part of Pennsylvania, and the third to invade Maryland. Under this call Ohio was to have furnished 30,000 men, but the call for six months was soon found to be very injudicious, and 2.000 was the total number from) Oliio, of which none were from Washington County. Lee's movements were witnessed with great alarm, but it was soon evident that he was not exiiecting to divide his forces but bent on taking Philadelphia and Njew York, and carrying the war into the North.

The Rebel in\-asion culminated at Gettysburg, where he was met by General Mieade with the Army of the Potomac, and the greatest biattle of the war and the one mbst momentous in the results involved, was fought. Washington County was represented by Bu ell's Pierpont Battery. Huntington's Battery and De Beck's Battery under command of Capt. J. F. Huntington. They fought nobly and stood to their guns as only veterans can. W'ho can describe the battle, who will ever adequately chronicle the deeds of heroism there en^icted? It \\lill never 1>e done. Lines of battle five miles long. Round Top, Cemetery Hill, Culp's Hill. Wolf Hill. Power's Hill. Benner's Hill.

all the scenes of charge and countercharge, and all in one great battle. Let us take a bit out of this great master-piece, this crowd of heroic achievements and let it stand for all the rest: "Agate" then the noin de pluiwc of Whitelaw Reid. correspondent of the Cincinnati Gazette, wrote :

Let me give one phase of the fight - fit type of many more. Some Massachusetts batteries - Bigelow's Captain Phillips' and Captain McGilory's, of Maine - were planted on the extreme left, advanced, now well down to the Emmitsburg road, with infantry in their front - the first division, I think, of Sickles' corps. A little after five, a fierce Rebel charge drove back the infantry and menaced the batteries. Orders are sent Bigelow on the extreme left, to hold his position at every hazard short of sheer annihilation, till a couple more batteries can be brought to .his support. Reservmg his fire a little, then with depressed guns opening with doulile charges of grape and canister, he smites and shatters, but cannot break the advancing line. His grape and canister are exhausted, and still, closing grandly up over their slain, on they come. He falls back on .spherical case, and pours this in at the shortest range. On, still onward, comes the artillery-defying line, and still he holds his position. They are within six paces of the guns - he fires again, once more, and he blows devoted soldiers from .his very muzzles. And, still mindful of that solemn order, he holds his place, they .spring upon his carriages, and shoot down his horses ! And then, his Yankee artillerists still about him, he seizes the guns by hand, and from the very front of that line drags two of them off. The caissons are further back - five out of the six are saved. That single company, in that half hour's fight, lost 3i of its men, including every sergeant it had. The captain ihimself was wounded. Yet it was the first time it was ever under fire I I give it simply as a type. So they fought along that fiery line !

The Rebels now poured on Phillips' Battery, and it. too. was forced to drag off the pieces by hand, when the horses were shot down. From a new position, it opened again ; and at last the two reenforcing batteries came up on the gallop. An enfilading fire swept the Rebel line: Sickles' gallant infantry charged, the Rebel line swept back on a .refluent tide - we regained the lo=t ground, and every gun iust lost in this splendid fight.

Buell's Battery was in the thickest of the battle and fired over 1,200 rounds. De Beck's Battery lost two pieces. Huntington's Battery was forced to retire for fresh ammiunition. Let Captain Huntington tell the story himself: "Started from Taneytown with my brigade, at 4 a. m., second inst., reached Gettysburg at 2 p. mi., and about four o'clock was ordered to relieve some of the First Corps, who were in the battle the day before. Posi- tion of our army peculiar, the line forming a triangle with the apex towards the eneniiy, whose line was in front around ours, we having the advantage of being able to throw troops across, while the enemy had to gO' around. The salient part of our line was an elevated piece of ground just on the edge of town, on which was a beautiful cemetery, and here, at the center, my batteries were posted - a position fine for artillery, yet quite exposed, being swept by Rebel batteries in front and on our left flank. Shelling was going ou vigorously, when we took position, and we replied with great vigor. Mean\\-hile the tremiendous attack was made on our left. Had this been successful, every battery on the hill nuust have been taken, as our only line of retreat was by the Baltimore pike, directly in our rear. At one time when our left was forced back by a tremendous charge of the enemy, 1 thought 'the jig was up' with us, but fresh troops were just brought up, and the enemy fell suddenly back. Just, before dark, another column attacked our batteries on the hill, which were supported by part O'f the Eleventh Cbrps, who, as their custom is, gave way, and part of Captain Ricketts' Battery of my brigade, in the extreme front was actually taken. General Carroll, with his brigade, of old Shield's fire-eaters, came up just in the nick of time. Carroll sung out, 'Where is Huntington?' 'Here I am;. General,' said I. 'I am sent here' he continued, 'to support something or some one - where is the enemy?' I showed him their advancing line, and he commianded, 'Forward ! double quick nijarch !' And in they went, turned the advancing Rebels and saved the batteries. It was sharp while it lasted. Ricketts' Battery lost 17 killed and wtounded and five prisoners in that charge." We quote further :

The night was spent in preparing for the struggle of the ne.xt day (July 3rd). At 4 A. u.. Friday, the enemy attacked the right of our line. From that to eleven the musketry never slackened for a single moment. Such a sustained fire I never heard before, and to lock at the place it was terrible. The Rebels charged up a hill against log breastworks, lined with our splendid infantry. I was on the ground afterwards. It was a sickening sight. In one place I traced the line of an entire company, shot dead where they stood, with the captain at his post. Here General Ewell's adjutant general was killed, while trying to rally his men.

After this fight there was a lull, but about 2 p. M., while a knot of officers were lying down near my battery to avoid the sharpshooters, who were constantly firing at us. all at once there came a most terrible storm of iron. They had been quietly placing their batteries in position, and opened at a signal. The howling of the shells, the deadly hiss of the solid Wentworth, and the crash of the i2-pound spherical case, was awful beyond description. Most of the fire came from the left, and my battery was then faced to the front; we had to change the position of the guns under that fire. For the first time the men of Battery H hesitated to obey my orders ; but they were almost exhausted by fatigue and intense heat, and it was only for a moment that they forgot their duty. We soon had our guns around, and opened one section to the left, another to the front, and the third I could not work for the want of men able to stand on their feet. Capt. Wallace Hill's Battery (Pierpont) behaved most nobly. I never saw guns served better than theirs, until they fired their last iround. I ordered them to leave the field, end replaced them with Captain Edgell's (New Hampshire) battery. Meanwhile, my own was about exhausted, and, feeling the importance of maintaining the fire at this point. I started to the reserve headquarters, with Orderly Fred Regnier, to run the gauntlet of the enemy's batteries for a mile, every shot that came over our batteries striking in our track - no pleasure trip to be sure - but we got through. Could obtain no relief, as every battery was already engaged. Starting back, I met my battery coming out, its ammunition exhausted, and one piece dismounted by solid shot. Under cover of this fire, the enemy made their last charge on our left, suffered awfully, and were utterly routed - their last effort.

General Grant, after a series of battles and brilliant mianceuvres around Vicksburg, had penned up the Reibel general Peir*berton, and by July 4th had compelled him to surrender. The Fourth of July, 1863, was a glad day for the national cause. "To whom shall we Grant the Meade of praise?" was telegraphed throughout the country: but Grant's star was in the ascendant. jNIeade's victory was grand, but his tactics were defensive, while Grant's were aggressive. These victories occasioned general rejoicing. The friends of the Union throughout the North now saw the beginningof the end. The gloom that had overshadowed the past year was dissipated, and the name of Grant was thenceforth to be the watchword to victorv and the omen of success.

The Morgan Raid

It was in July of 1863 that John Morgan made his raid through Southern Ohio, passing through Washington County, an account of which follows. 1

John Morgan, with his bold troopers, had, up to July, 1863, made niunerous raids and forays across the nipuntains of Eastern Kentucky and Tennessee into the Blue Grass region of Kentucky. These forays were a source of alarm to the Unionist, and exultation to the Secessionist. He generally captured all of the good horses within his reach, ' provoked a vigorous pursuit, and although he uniformly had to get out much faster than he came in, he generally accomplished all that he intended.

Encouraged by his successes, he planned a grand raid to the northward, which should give the NV)rthern peoj^Ie a taste of war as well as the "Sunny South." General Bragg, however, ordered Mbrgan not to go beyond the State of Kentucky. Bragg was then confronted by General Rosecrans, at Stone River, and the object sought tO' be accomplished was to strike the comimunications and rear of the Union Ainny, and divert the tianking column of Rosecrans from annoying Bragg, the supposition being that a strong force sent to the rear would engage the attention of a large part of the Union cavalry, and the sequel proved this to be true.

Collecting a body of cavalry, numbering about 2,500 men, with two 20-pound Parrott rifle cannon and four other guns of smaller calibre, he was ready for the enterprise. Basil Duke, the "brains oi John Morgan," was second in command, with Colonels Cluke, Dick Morgan, and others of lesser note commanding regiments.

He crossed the Cumberland at Burkesville, Kentucky, July 3, 1863, and, marching rapidly north, drove or evaded all the Union forces that disputed his progress, and on the 8th arrived on the banks of the Ohio at Bradenburg, Kentucky. Hie gave out as he went that he should attack Louisville. He captured two steanxers, the "}. J. ^NlcCoombs" and "Alice Dean," and, disregarding liis instructions, crossed the Oliio, burned the steamers, and disappeared among the hills of Indiana.

General Judah, commanding the Union cavalry in Kentucky, began at once a vigorous pursuit. Colonel Garrard, of the Seventh Ohio Cavalrv, in command of a brigade composed of the Seventh and Second Ohio Cavalry, Fortj'-fifth Ohio Mounted Infantry, Law's Howlitzer Battery, and the First Kentucky Cavalry, started the samie day Mbrgan crossed the Cumberland, where Garrard had been watching him, and was joined, at Bardstown. Kentucky, by General Hobson, with Shackelford's brigade, consisting of the Third, Eighth, Ninth, and Twelfth Kentucky Cavalry, and two pieces of artillery. Hobson assumed comrmand, and the whole force hurried on after the raider.

Morgan, after getting safely across into Indiana, gave out, seemingly as in confidence, to prisoners, that he was moving on Indianapolis, but immediately afterwards bore off to the eastward, crossed the Ohio line, and was soon in the neighborhood of Cincinnati. Upon nearing that city, he gave out that he expected to attack Hamilton, but instead passed by so close to the great city that part of his conir mand, embarrassed by the darkness and the labyrinth of streets in the suburbs, came near losing their way. This was the night of July 13th.

Ohio was soon thoroughly aroused. Governor Tod, July 1 2th, issued a proclamation calling out the militia of all the Southern and Southwestern counties.

Morgan, no doubt, endeavored to enhance the prevailing alarm, honing to make his escape more certain amid the general uproar before any definite or concerted action could be taken to intercqot him. Onward he went eastward, his men plundering everybody without fear or favor, through the counties of Warren, Clermont, Brown, Adams. Pike, Jackson, and

Meigs, while detachments from the main body -made detours through other counties, and the whole body bringing up at Portland, near Buffington's Island, on the evening of the i8th, and would doubtless have crossed at once but for the threatening appearance of an earthwork then and there appearing.

Morgan had run the gauntlet of the militia through the State, with Hobson but a few liours in the rear, eager to bring the raider to bay after the long pursuit. Tired, jaded and harrassed, and withal heavily loaded with booty, the Rebels rested at the river, expecting in the morning to make a short job of the earthwork and cross to the Virginia shore.

Governor Tod, in his proclamation, had ordered "all the militia companies in Washington, Monroe, Noble, Meigs, Morgan, Perry, Hocking, and Athens, to report forthwith to Colonel William R. Putnam at Camp Marietta, who was to organize them into battalions or regiments and appoint temporary officers therefor." Immediately following the proclamation came a telegram from Governor Tod to Colonel Putnam, stating that 3,000 militia had been ordered to Marietta. At this date there were 175 six-months' men in camp, including Company A, One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry. Governor Tod telegraphed on the fourteenth that Morgan had crossed the Little Miami, and was probably making for some ford near Marietta. Colonel Putnam at once began to act - first, to prevent Morgan crossing the Ohio ; second, to keep him west of the Muskingum : and, third, to shut his forces between the Ohio River and Marietta & Cincinnati Railroad if possible. He, therefore, set about guarding the fords as the first part of the program. On the 14th there were 457 men in camp, but no arms had arrived, although a thousand stand had been promised by the Governor. At this time, Capt. D. L. Wood, of the Eighteenth United States Infantry, was stationed at Marietta, and Lieut. J. W. Conine, aid-de-camp to General Cox, was in immediate command of the six-months' men at Camp Marietta. On Jul}' loth the following order was issued :

The following companies now at camp are hereby detached under command of Captain D. L. Wood, Eighteenth United States Infantry, and will put themselves in readiness to march :

Post Quartermaster Croxton will provide transportation and forage for five (5) days for fifty (50) horses. Post Commissary R. B. Treat will turn over to Charles Jones (who will act as quartermaster of the detachment), twelve hundred and fifty (1250) rations.