Wayne County, Ohio - Chapter 22: History of the University of Wooster, 1910 (part 1 of 4)

Chapter 22: History of the University of Wooster

A university is an affair of the generations. That lends a peculiar sacreclness to all which concerns its origin and fundamental principles, for l)v the generations God creates anew the heavens and the earth in the mental, moral and spiritual worlds.

Wooster is yet young. This sketch is written in 1910, which is but sixty-three years from 1847, when the first faint echo of the agitation for a Presbyterian college reached the synods of Ohio. It is but forty-four years since the charter was granted in 1866, but forty-two years since the cornerstone was laid in 1868, and just less than forty years since the main building was dedicated and actual college-life began within its open doors in September, 1870.

That which makes it easier to relate Wooster's history is this youthfulness. Anything less than a century in the life of a university is but an annual ring in the age-long growth of a Calaveras pine. The external life of a brief period can be more easily presented and the internal life more adequately penetrated and depicted. It is also true that W'ooster's development has followed the lines of its original projection and that three out of its four decades haA'e been characterized by (piiet progress - the startling things being reserved for the fourth.

On the other hand, within a period so limited and so recent all sorts of historical 'material are accessilile and rigid "selection" is rendered compulsory, difficult though it be, and this becomes the more im[)erati\'e in a work which essays to discover and trace all the lines of interest which legitimately belong to the story of such a county as W'ayne. 'S'et tliese limits must not he too rigidly inter]>reted, seeing that the importance of the university element in the life of Wayne county is becoming steadily more percejitible and perceived. 'I'he life and meaning, the ideals and realizations of our central educational institution should be carefully restated from time to time in ani])ler and more consecutive form than the transient publications ])rovide for. This has not been done since the admirable contribution by the second president (Dr. Taylor) to the highly esteemed history of Wayne county, edited by that remarkable man, Benjamin Douglas. That communication \Yas w ritten in 1877 ( published in 1878 ) and represents the University's first thirteen years. It is, perhaps, appropriate that after the interval of thirty-three years, Dr. Tar lor's successor in office should succeed to his task as historian.

The Period Of Inception And Preparation

We might press the beginning of this period, constructively, clear away to the atrocities on both sides, which ended in stripping the north of Ireland of its proper possessors by Cromwell and the insertion there of the elements out of which time created that peculiarly hardy and intelligent and aggressive folk popularly known as the "Scotch-Irish." They came to western Pennsylvania and thence into central Ohio, and reached the state also from Kentuckv and North Carolina. They planted the "Scotch-Irish seeds in American soil" (see Dr. Craighead's interesting volume, with this title). And the har- \ est was not only political freedom hut an intellectual intensity that could not be content without making the speediest possible provision for the education of their children. The home missionaries of the Presbyterian church were generally men of education and they never ceased to foster the conviction that education must follow the attainment of any satisfaction of "existence wants," because it was emphatically the first of the "culture wants." Other denominations succeeded in planting colleges under pressure of the two great motives common to all - the sacredness of education in its moral and religious as])ects, and the jirovision of a ministiy for the edification of the church and the ultimatel}' conversion of men. This essentially religious and only formally denominational pressure, more than aiw- other force, determined the diffusive college policy which did so much to make the state the new' Mother of Presidents. Its results are manifest, if one stands besides the grou]i of statues in the Capitol's park, and traces the touch of the denominational colleges upon that rare collection of Ohio's "jewels." [The writer had the pnh ilege of defending this policy before the Ohio Societ}^ of New York on an occasion in wdiich the then Governor McKinley made the principal address, and had subsequent!}- the satisfaction of the Governor's approval of the position taken.]

The Presbyterians of the state did not at first establish their own institution, but co-operated with those under state patronage, as in the case of

Miami University, or in partnership with another denomination, as at Marietta and with Western Reserve and in lesser degree with Olierlin. All believed in the just combination of the spiritual with the mental and moral elements in training and developing the whole man, as necessary to a complete and symmetrical education. But as other denominations entered the field and as no one of the arrangements tried seemed thoroughly satisfactory; as many of the sons of their own families were sent to Eastern institutions; the Presbyterians continued to discuss the propriety and finally the necessity for an institution of their own.

We have the most direct and reliable account of this period of genesis in the various addresses of the Rev. Dr. John Robinson, of which there are now extant but rare copies, and especially in the ample and careful statements made at the inauguration of the first president (Dr. Lord). And just here it must be noted that while Dr. James Hoge (so long pastor at Columbus) and Dr. John Robinson appear together as joint promoters of this great interest from the beginning, it is to the latter we are indebted for many years of most valuable service (after the death of the former) both as president of the board of trustees and as the historian of the first period in the University's life. He was spared to state and preserve for record the circumstances and convictions accompanying the conception and birth of the enterprise, to make plain its meaning and motives, and to impress these in clear and unmistakable terms at the inaugurations of the first, second and third presidents. "The idea we realize in part to-day," he said on the first occasion, "arose simultaneously a quarter of a century since [i. e., about 1845] in the minds of earnest members of the synods of Cincinnati and Ohio. It sprang naturally from the fact that the church had just then entered upon the plan of doing ecclesiastically, in her organic capacity, her proper work for the evangelization of our race. Foreign and domestic missions, ministerial education and publication she was carrying on under her own supervision. Nor could it be seen why her efforts in the direction of collegiate education should be less effective than those of voluntary associations or individuals, or why she should leave the important work of moulding the ruling minds of successive generations to other hands. This work seemed fundamental if not to her existence at least to her prosperity, her success not only in multiplying an evangelical ministry, but in ramifying every department of society with her earnest piety and her sturdy theology. To neglect this seemed suicidal. * * * There seemed no alternative left lint to prove derelict to

Then the president of the board emphasized the call to evangelization of the world, which the church was beginning to hear with a new sense of responsibility. To secure the laborers for the great white harvest no other way appeared except "an institution where she could bring her religious influences to bear in her own way, most intensely, where she could infuse an intense missionary spirit, give a biblical cast to the whole course of study and inculcate her very hsm,' not offensively nor with bigotry, or for mere sectarian ends, but with the energy which a conviction of its divinity gives, and where she might do all this without being trammeled by the fear of a lack of candor, or wounding the denominational sensibilities of any, or lessening patronage."

In addition to this dominant religious motive there was also the persuasion that there did not then exist in Ohio "an institution possessing the means and facilities for giving that broad and thorough culture which the age and the exigencies of the church demand. Not, therefore, to add another to the many colleges of Ohio that l;urlesque the name, but to establish an institution with broad foundations and with facilities equal to the best in the land, capable of preparing men for every department of life, for the highest walks of science in all its forms, enabling them to wrench from the hands of infidel sciolists the weapons with which they now attack the Christian religion, was the enterprise undertaken."

Nor was it enough that the institution should be frankly Christian. Its character as such, as well as its support, must be guaranteed by its inherence in and not simply adherence to a definite church organization. "Denominational institutions, gathering about them," said Dr. Robinson, "the sympathies, and calling forth the prayers and benefactions of a large and homogeneous Christian constituency who look to them for leaders after their own heart, in civil and ecclesiastical affairs, are those that best succeed. Their responsibility is most direct. Their unity of purpose and effort is best assured."

Nor was there any fear as to the effective management of an educational institution so expressing the life of an organic section of the church of Christ. "For surely." continues the same authority, "a board of direction appointed Iw the church and responsible to the church in her organic capacity cannot he less united, less wise or less efficient than a self-appointed board. -And hh'ing pre-eminently for the church they will live with the church. As her agencies she will call down upon them the blessing of God. They cannot, therefore, but live and prosper. These considerations, accumulating force vear bv vear, have now culminated in the establishment of this Universitv."

Though the "idea" dawned about 1845. no formal action could be taken, "because several institutions were under the general influence of Presbyterians and these were deemed by many sufficient." - The earliest synodical action was that of the synod of Ohio (covering the central portion of the state). A committee was appointed to report at next meeting on the whole subject of education - embracing particularly the topic of a synodical college. This committee was continued in 1848 to confer with a similar committee from the synod of Cincinnati, to receive donations and propositions for the establishing of a college. But 1849 finhs the latter body "disinclined," and the former did not think it expedient to engage in the enterprise alone. But three years was as long a period as these earnest men could check their enthusiasm, and in 1852 a committee of Ohio synod was appointed to consider the expediency of endeavoring to establish a Presbyterian college to be instituted, endowed and managed by the synods of Ohio conjointly. A similar committee was asked from the synod of Cincinnati, ten men in each. Being appointed, the twenty were to be authorized to "select a location, prepare a plan of and secure means for sustaining and make preparation to open such an institution," subject to future action of synods. The committee conferred in 1853, but only with the result that in 1854 it was judged "inexpedient to engage in this enterprise at the present time." In the same year the noble old institution of Washington College, "then under the care of the synod of Wheeling," was approved by the synod of Ohio and the way opened for its agents. The next year it was arranged that funds secured for A'ashington College "were to be returned without interest after a use of seven years, if a synodical college shall be established in this state."

But that very year ( 1855) the synod of Cincinnati overtured the .synod of Ohio anfl that synod again took measures "looking toward the accomplishment of this greatly important object." The two synods authorized the joint committee "to devise such plans and perform such acts as may be necessary to the location, endowment and government of such an institution." This 1855 action may be regarded as, in an important sense, the starting point. It gives us about five years before the war, a five years' interim during the war (exce])t a single resolution in 1864) and live years after the war until the opening in 1870.

.\t this synod Bellefontaine appeared asking the location. No decisive action was taken, but in 1856 the synod of Cincinnati received definite pro- ])osals from Bellefontaine, Chillicothe and West I.iberty. The last-named site was chosen. Six trustees were appointed and an address to the churches issued. But when the action was reported to the synod of Ohio it was disco\ered that Chillicothe was favored and trustees were appointed for that locality. Naturally a convention of the two synods was called to meet in Columbus. There, on the 23d of December, 1856, discussion rvas had, and local preferences seemed to be intensified. Finally West Liberty was chosen. Trustees reported in 1857. Satisfaction was expressed with progress and the time extended to 1858. But then the funds needed were not secured and the synod of Cincinnati said "the body of the churches could not be brought to co-operate in building at West Liberty.'' The synod of Ohio reluctantly concurred, but declared that its action must not be "misunderstood as abandoning the founding at an early day of such an institution as may be worthy of the church and the country."

It was a time of discouragement and the "wiser and older men grew anxious." [Dr. Taylor.] Attempts to unite synods and churches seemed to fail and without such united action success was impossible. But in 1859 a joint committee was again appointed, as, indeed, even in 1858 an arrangement had been made for correspondence and conf'erence. The joint committee of 1859 I'eported in i860 on what had seemed an admirable movement toward Springfield. Ohio, and a possible purchase of Wittenberg College. Both synods took great interest in this possibility (and doubtless the location would have been ideal), but the negotiations failed. [The rvriter well remembers meeting Drs. Floge and Robinson present in Springfield about this enterprise in November, 1859, at a prayer meeting of the First Presbyterian church, to the pastorate of which church he was called a year later].

Thus we reach another pause in Wooster's genesis, which was to be longer than any since the beginning. The war conditions (1861-65) were altogether unfax'orable. A good many things beside the "laws" must be "silent in war." Only in 1864 the synod of Ohio demonstrated the truth of its decision of 1858 not to be misunderstood as abandoning the projected college and resolving that the time had come to resume, directed the trustees (formerly appointed) to receive offers and asked the other synods to co-operate. In 1865 nothing effective had been accomplished, apparently, yet London citizens and those of Wooster were disposed to make offers. The current is on again and incandescence is nigh. Ohio synod, without answer from the synods of Cincinnati or Sandusky (lately organized), resolved to go on alone if any place offered one hundred thousand dollars, and it "invited any synod of the New School Presbyterian church that might be willing, to unite with it in this work." The other synods (O. S.) \'oted to co-operate. Thus we reach 1866 when the floating project was to be anchored. Yet it was odd that in that synod the experiment of establishing professorships in Miami University "to be held and controlled" by the synods, was entered upon by Ohio and Cincinnati. Trustees were appointed for this purpose, hut nothing resulted - as might have been anticipated. Too much had been done in the main channel to permit any deflection. Just now, also, all donbts were to be dispelled by the Wooster offer of one hundred thousand dollars ( including the cost of the site) with the two very proper conditions: ( i ) the concurrence of the three synods, and (2) the pledge to endow the institution to the amount of three hundred thousand dollars, including the amount offered by AVayne county. The synod of Ohio was in session at AAToster (and it may be noted that the S}'nod has brought a blessing to the University at every occasion of its meeting here). AA^hat may be called the flrst pecuniary crisis now occurs. The subscription lacked thirty-two thousand dollars of completion. A committee of synod was appointed. It viewed "the landscape o'er" from the charming campus-site and accepted it as representing twentyfive thousand dollars, an increased hut fair valuation. This, however, left a deficit in the seventy-fi\'e thousand dollars subscription of seventeen thousand dollars. That the whole affair might be closed, Mr. Ephraim Ouinby, Jr., and others came promptly forward with a guarantee for the needed sum. which was afterwards contributed and the guarantors released. The offer in this form was promptly and gratefully accepted lyv the .synod of Ohio, which engaged in the work at once with that of Sandusky. The synod of Cincinnati did not receive the proposal in time for intelligent consideration, but gave in the following year the same pledge and co-operated with the trustees appointed by the other synods. These trustees "met in November, invited members of the synod of Cincinnati to meet with them, appointed the required numl)er of citizens of AVayne county as meml)ers of the l)oard. and with prayer for dix'ine guidance made arrangements to secure a charter." At the same meeting they declared the object for which and the basis upon whicli the University should be founded. They initiated efforts both to secure endowment and to erect Imildings. "Tn 1867 the three synods entered into cordial co-operation, arranged for the peiqietuation of the board of trustees and entered earnestly into the work."

Turning now for a moment to the liberal and enterprising citizens of AA^ooster and AAkiyne county, whose intelligence and wise-hearted energy and sacrifice made the Ihiiversity possible, one is filled with admiration for them and the work they accomplished. There must ha\e been a line s]>irit of thoughtful liene\'olence to lead them to make what was at that time an extraordinary offer. The enthusiasm of expectancy w-as also well developed. Denominational lines were largely ignored in giving to a frankl}-' denominational institution. The name of Ephraim Quinby, Jr., heads the list with twenty-five thousand dollars. R. B. Stibbs subscribed three thousand dollars. There are nine subscribers of one thousand dollars each. One pledges seven hundred and fifty dollars, and there are ten down for five hundred dollars each. More money was needed and much of it given, for furnishing the central portion of the main building. S. C. Bragg's donation of five thousand dollars ( in books) and the Purdy gift from Mansfield came in this first period and the Mercer and Johnson professorships, twenty-five thousand dollars each, followed soon.

While the people had a mind to the work in raising the funds and the building, the trustees were busied in poising the institution upon its true basis, and preparing the way for the opening of its doors. No part in the control of the University was given to any state officials nor to any one outside of the synods concerned, though the way was held invitingly open for any likeminded ecclesiastical bodies of Presbyterian 'lineage.

Agents were appointed at once and began their work with the dawn of 1867. These were Doctor J. W. Scott (ex-president of Washington College), Dr. T. K. Davis (pastor at Mansfield, Ohio), and the Rev. Silas Dunlap. Doctor Scott wearied of the w'ork in three months and was convinced that the churches could not then be brought to such unity and liberality as would secure success. The others persevered and were successful. In 1868 (June 30th ) the corner-stone was laid cvith considerable local enthusiasm. Addresses were delivered by the Rev. W. P. Marshall, of Columbus, and the Rev. W. M. Baker, of Zanesville. After this an effort was made to attach to the nascent University the Agricultural College of the state, but it did not succeed. In 1869 the synods heard the announcement that the snm below which they would not open the University had been reached and passed. Two hundred fifty-one thousand six hundred and fourteen dollars was the amount reported. It was "secured mainly from members of Presbyterian congregations" ( Doctor Taylor). This result was in large measure owed to the year's energetic labor of Dr. George P. Hays and the wisely-planned organization by which he reached the churches. On the very last day conditioning the subscription a certain large donation was received on which seemed to hang the hopes of the indefatigable promoter. The writer has heard him relate the drive of that day which brought him into communication and enabled him to announce the completion of the great effort. It has been suggested that Doctor Hays should have been the first president of the institution, to which he was so largely instrumental in giving actuality. Whether this be so or not, it is a privilege to say that, judged in the light of his noble and successful subsequent career as president of Washington and Jeft'erson and in varied lines of Christian work, he would have proven exceedingly well adapted to the exigencies of the institution's earlier years. Never was born, perhaps, a man with more executive talent, more purposeful energy or inore real consecration to the work in hand.

The largeness of the plans of the founders was made visible in the projected building, the pictured presentation of which went into so many churches and homes of the state. Its proportions and capacity, its adaptation for a department of medicine as well as for the arts and sciences were marked. Its massive foundations and lofty stories and complete finish from cellar to mansard rooms were such and so expensive as to overgo all estimates and make the construction of anything beyond the central section impossilile. But there it stood, conspicuous, upright and downright, provocative of many a quip and jest, but a solid witness to the intense desire of the founders to build an institution both broad and deep and high. The year 1870 was a busy one for all concerned. There was the faculty to be chosen, the curriculum to be planned, the building to be finished, the students to be secured. But each was accomplished. Doctors Dickson and Goodrich declined the presidency and David Swing the professorship of English literature, while the faculty was being sought. Professors Kirkwood and Stoddard, who accepted, were wellknown in Ohio as educators, and their names gave strength to the selection, as did the name of that graceful writer, Thomas Fullerton, and the genial, polished and ])rofound president. Doctor Lord. The plan of endowing a professorship by the Sabbath schools of the state (through scholarships) was admirable in theory but only partially successful. During the previous vear Doctor Plays had made a characteristically bold, Init certain to be unsuccessful attempt to carry over to the new enterprise the \ enerable \\"ashington and Jefferson College, that institution being then in some emliarrassment through the infelicities of a union of the two colleges as yet imperfectly consummated. The writer well rememliers the energy and skill displayed by the irrepressil)le agent of Wooster, as he unrolled the great ])lan of the new Wooster building and plead for yet larger ])ossibilities if all could lie induced to combine at the new and jiromising centre. But the result only proved that Presbvterian colleges ne\'er die or resign.

Here endeth, then, the story of the period of incejition and prejiaratiou. But it has in it material for reflection. 44ie founding of the Lniversity when it was founded, after what had preceded the founding and all the circumstances surrounding the founding, may well be counted an event of great signihcance in the history of education both as related to Ohio and to general principles.

I. All men who trace this history must be struck with the fact that the University owes its origin to no casual impulse nor even to local or even denominational pride, though lioth these motives had their place, no doubt. The founders were actuated by the deepest Christian convictions, as \vell as by profound attachment to their own faith and order. They felt the call of Christ and His kingdom and therefore of all humanity. The original trustees made this manifest at their first meeting by those remarkable and unexampled resolutions, fragments of which are so constantly quoted, and wdiicii, it must be borne in mind, have become our fundamental law, because they present our ultimate object. They are more properly to be denominated constituent principles than anything which either has been or can be subsequently written, d'hey must be quoted here in full as they occur in an appeal to the churches, issued coincidently with the organization of the trustees.

"Whereas, We are deeply convinced that education is a real blessing only when imbued with the spirit of Christianity and that any enterprise may hope for success only as it enjoys the Divine blessing and is devoted to the promotion of the Divine glory ; therefore

"Resolved : That we enter upon the work of estahlishing the Universit}^ of Wooster with the single ]jur])ose of glorifying God, in promoting sanctified education, and thus furthering the interests of the church, and its extension over the wdiole earth.

"Resolved : That we will in every way possible strive to imbue all our operations with the spirit of Christianity and bring religious influences and instruction to I'.ear earnestiv u])on all wdio mav be connected with the Universitv.

"Resolved : That in addition to a thorough literary and scientific course of study we will aim to endow a chair for instruction in the evidences of Christianity and the relation of science to religion, and also a chair for instruction in the languages, religions, and literature of the modern Pagan nations with special reference to the preparation of young men for the foreign missionary field."

These resolutions deserve to stand for all time, not only as descriptive of a denominational ideal for a single institution and as a prophecy of what that institution has already so richly and specifically realized, but as an unassailable definition of the nobler education, a clear index to the path of the largest real success, and a stimulus for all institutions of higher learning to acknowledge as their final reason for being, the winning of the world for Him who is King of Kings and Lord of Lords.

Thus the way was opened to the building of an institution so frankly Christian and churchly that it could never be charged with any "lack of candor," or questioned as to the "propriety or intensity" of its measures to make religion a vital force in all the culture it could ever impart. A real necessity was felt and only a real creation - even almost a new type - could meet that need. Kever were ideals more distinct, more intelligently held, or more jiervasix e of the efficient body. The synod of Cincinnati voiced the feeling of need in 1868 thus, "Resolved, That in the judgment of this synod the cause of Presbyterianism in this state is seriously affected by our want of educational facilities for the young men of our. communities, and it behooves us to take the deepest interest. * * * early history of our church our fathers laid special stress on this matter and, learning from their wise example, other denominations are now devoting themselves with the most commendable zeal to this great cause." Equally clear and earnest the words of the same synod in October, 1869: "The synod having heard of the prosperous condition of the Uni^'ersity of WToster as an enterprise closely connected with our interests as a church expresses its gratification and thanksgiving to the head of the church for such a cheering result of effort and prayer in that behalf." Then follows the commendation of the institution to the churches for patronage, and the welcome to canvassing agents. The denominationalism of the founders was frank, hut it was not narrow. The charter is often referred to as providing that "any synod of our own, or of any other ecclesiastical connection, may liecome a participant in this enterprise," said participation not to be limited to "patronage" but to mean real "partnership." Trustees of anv added synod would \'ote influence and control with those originally designated. Synods were asked to commission the board to act ad interim in place of the ecclesiastical body itself, and the permission was readily granted so that extension bevond our own denomination ( l)ut not interfering with other institutions) was always possible.

The (lee]i religious spirit of the enter])rise was constanth- made manifest. In 1868 the synod of Oliio commended "this interesting and all-im])ortant concern" with all their [our] hearts to the fa\-or and blessing of the gracious (lod of the co\euant, hoping that all our agents will remember that this is a religions enter])rise, that we are endeavoring to found a trulv Christian nni- versity for all our people; * * * and that many of God's dear children, out of their deep poverty are contributing freely, making sacrifices as they do, so that the church ma}' at length ha\'e such an institution." Deep-rooted faith kindled this enthusiasm and created a holy confidence competent for the struggle which was clearly foreseen. They welcome co-operation of friends "who have heretofore l;een friendly," but now are liecoming "equally hopeful and enthusiastic with ourseh'es," as well as the aid of others indifferent or doubtful.

2. It is moreoc'er to be noted that the founders were deeply impressed with the "great events" which were taking place in the world during the close of this first period. The preceding decades were crowded with stirring changes. From 1848 to 1870! What a whirl of things in Europe and America. The troubled current led through the "terrible year"; the rebuke of Russian schemes by the Crimean war; the far-reaching pact of Paris (1856) ; the Schleswig-Holstein affair significant of the final exclusion of Austria from the hegemony of Germany ; the humiliation of the Hapsburgs in the partial liberation of Italy by France, whose presumption led to her defeat at Sedan with the resulting unification of Italy, the exaltation of united Germany and the shattering of the Pope's temporal power - all culminating, together with the constitutional changes which consecrated America to freedom, just as our founders quietly opened the doors of the University in 1870. Here were the signs of new life among the peoples in the midst of the pulses of which we are yet living. They were beginning almost coincidently with the closing quarter'of the great nineteenth century. The)-' recognized the stress and meaning of their times and made them the basis of endeavor and appeal. They knew that "the universities had concpiered at Sadowa and Sedan" and needed no prophet to assure them that the world was surging forward by education, that the sciences were blossoming with amazing splendor ; that ideas w'ere going to rule the world more certainly than ever; that the need for such leaders as \vould not lie "blind leaders of the blind" was upon them, and that the opportunity was as Ijrilliant as the need was urgent. They saw' the meaning of all this - God Idess their memory for it - as touching the interests of men's souls as well as toward things political and social and economic ; and they builded e\'en l.etter than they knew, for even they could only faintly forsee what these torty years in the world's pilgrimage would bring forth.

3. Nearer than some of these things to the rank and file of the churches came the great and happily helpful reunion of the two branches of the church of their fathers. Clearly recognized was the fact that even the delays to wdiich the great undertaking had been subjected had fallen out in this matter rather to final success. Those wTo were leading knew' that they were moving in the line of denominational consolidation and development. Subsequent events have shown them to have been wise and far-sighted. If one branch of the Presbyterian church could succeed in passing the first difficulties and founding the University, a fortiori a united and then reinforced church can maintain and develop it. The history of this important movement cannot here be given, though that would be a pleasing task for the writer, who was present at the Newark Assembl}' in 1864, at the great nonofficial but heart-to-heart Philadelphia meeting of 1866, and wdio was pastor of the church (Pittsburgh) whence the Old School Assembly filed out to take the New School brethren in public procession to the church in w'hich the reunion was made visibly manifest. That which concerns the University is that the Ohio synods constituted by the reunion were "made legal successors of the synods formerly united in the control of the University.'' By terms of the act they became "entitled to the possession and enjoyment of all the rights and franchises, and liable to the performance of all the duties of the preceding synods" (Dr. Taylor). Trustees resigned. Successors immediately appointed. Resolution "accepting the trust" adopted. Thus the University passed under the control of the reunited church. While at the beginning the enterprise was confined to synods in connection wdth the Old School body, it was felt that the \var had removed the chief difficulty in the way of reunion by obliterating the pro-slavery tendencies in the Old School church, and that experience had brought the New School churches into harmony with the other branch as to conducting all great missions of the section by agencies under its own care and control. Reunion w'as in the air in October, 1865, when the college project was effectively revived. There was good reason for the early extension of w^elcome (already noted) to any synods disposed to join in the enterprise.

4. The strong faith and high purpose of this period had their tests as well as their triumphs. Much encouragement was experienced when the corner-stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies and vigorous addresses by Doctor Marshall of Columbus and Doctor Baker of Zanesville. On this, the first occasion admitting manifestations of popular interest, the demonstrations were quite satisfactory. Wayne county, ])erhaps antici])ating as certain to come immediately what would take many years to realize, smiled benignantly on that thirtieth of June, 1868. That foundation and that corner-stone were characteristically massive and solid. One could wish fervently that the art of photography had been then sufficiently developed to have presened for us the faces of that group of earnest, self-sacrificing, hopeful and far-seeing men who must have been at the centre of the multitude of that day. The trustees say, in the report of that year; "'I'he effect of the demonstration was most marked and the public, taking confidence that the enterprise was a reality and promised success, have taken constantly more and more interest in it." The entrance of that incarnation of energy and executive talent, George P. Hays, into the fiscal secretaryship, took the public to the point of assurance "of starting not as a child to grow through long years of painful struggling, but like a full grown man in all the vigor of his strength and energy." Aluch was expected from the projected professorship to be contributed by the Sunday schools. "The prospect" was pronounced "most promising." But difficulties soon a])])eared. Adjustments were to be made among ecclesiastical bodies which were themselves changing their organization, and whose future boundaries were still uncertain having besides various local affinities with other colleges. One of the newly-constituted synods (Cleveland) declined a share in control and the resulting responsibilities though heartily commending the enterprise to the "sympathies, contributions and prayers" of the churches under its care. There was still hard work to be done in further arousing the half-awakened sections of the state. One of the agents (Dr. J. \'V. Scott, former president of Washington College) retired at the end of three months, convinced that the churches were not prepared to co-operate in such an enterprise. Other and older denominational colleges were pressing on with new life. The State University at Columbus was making its mark, though founded so lately as 1862 - as a result of the congressional grant for an Agricultural college. It began to be apparent in 1869 that the earlier endowment subscriptions were not being paid in with the promptness necessary to secure needed interests for ojiening the institution. A strong and touching appeal was made by the trustees : "Our ]ieople, by the unanimity and generosity with which they have subscribed, have won an enviable reputation among sister denominations and before the world." Pastors and elders and leading members were entreated to form a "strong public opinion" for a "performance" of wbat there had been such "readiness to wnll." and to "employ their infiuence both official and social to secure prompt payment." In the earlier part of 1869 "times became so hard and money so scarce," that the culminating point of the endowmient (conditional ) subscription was about to be deferred for a year. Finishing the central building free from debt seemed doubtful. All was jiivoted "upon the promptness with which the subscriptions" would be paid, and yet prompt payment was uncertain. Naturally the.se were trying times but a "comfortable issue" was at last found.

5. It is also to be noted that the whole enterprise stood in the minds and hearts of our founders, as a most promising provision for the "defense and confirmation of the common evangelical faith." They felt that "false philoso- phy'' and "science falsely so called" were rapidly developing. They saw the danger of attack upon the very citadels of the "like-precious faith," and dreaded the approach of a secularized and de-christianized public education. For that reason the denominational college became to them a prime necessity. This appears in the first resolutions passed by the original trustees and finds frequent expression in the documents of this period, coming naturally to fullest declaration in the opening addresses of the next period.

6. It was equally in the thought of .our founders that the denominational college should be the distincti^'ely proper annex to the Christian home. "Our sons" appear as the basal plea. That plea was plead in thousands of homes and from hundreds of pulpits. It stirred many a heart to prayer and opened many a hand to gi\'e. In those days of family altars and the consecration of serious covenant vows, parents felt some an.xiety concerning the spiritual environment into which their children were to lie sent. They knew how much it meant for youth's plastic years and how much would be determined by that environment concerning the life-work to be undertaken by those in whom home affections and church expectations and state needs would meet. When this sentiment is as true and deep as Presbyterian doctrine and earlier practice would have it, there can be no wonder that the yearning of the home is for a college as nearly like the home conditions under which the new generation has been born and trained, prayed for and prayed with : as can possibly be found or made.

7. Nor did the founders lack educational aspiration in the midst of their religious inspiration. They meant to do their best (and they did surprisingly well, all things considered) to found an institution which should set forward the higher education in a state already well provided with facilities for that purpose. It "must be," they said, of higher standing in organization and scholarship than some of the then existing neighboring colleges. They dared to hope for ecpiality with leading Eastern institutions. As Western Reserve liked to be called "the Yale of the West," so YYoster aspired to be called "the Princeton of the West." It was not another college they desired, but a superior college. They declared that they dared uot claim a distinctively Christian and denominational character without putting forth every possible effort to attain this high rank. They were sincere in emphasizing both terms in the <ledicatory motto Christo et Uteris. Wdien in 1869 they put forth more decided claims for half a million endowment, the trustees said, "No less sum will enable the board to ])ay such salaries as will enalde them to command the best talent in the country in filling their professorships." They had elexated conce])tion of the faculty they were to choose. They must be "such as would send the students away vacation after vacation rehearsing the excellencies of their professors." Thev owed such instruction to the students and thus only could they gather, they said, "the best students." They owed such a faculty to the most sacred interests entrusted to a Christian college. The synod of Sandusky (T868) and urged its people "to exercise enlarged liberality in aid of this effort to secure a large and ample endowment so that the board of trustees may place in the institution a faculty composed of men endowed with the highest order of talent and the ripest scholarship."

So then, it is plain that our founders were no strangers to the times m which they lived, to the compass and meaning of the higher education, to the consecrating touch of sacredness in their trust, to the immense and world-wide interests sure to be served and conserved by a well appointed Christian college. They realized that they were building along the line of the world's progress, as well as in harmony with the best traditions of their Presbyterian ancestors. They noted that all Christians in our noble state were willing with them, to accent every w'ord of that inseparable trinity of the Ordinance of 1787, "Religion, morality and knowledge." Nobler motives never actuated any deed of collective wisdom than those which created the University of Wooster. Each motive illumines each of the others. Nothing is lacking and nothing is redundant That undertaking is best which brings out the best in the men who undertake it. They hold the ideal and the ideal holds them.

More fitting close to this first period's history cannot be made than to cite the closing words of Dr. John Robinson's review of it. uttered at the first inauguration (1870) : "Such is the genesis of the idea realized before us today in this University. With what intense earnestness this idea possessed the minds and hearts of many members of these synods, is manifested by the fact that action was taken by one or more of these synods every year (except 1850-51 and 1862-63) foi' l^st twenty-three years. It is evident, moreover, from this sketch that God baffled our efforts and plans until the very best time for success had come. In these recent years, a higher conception of the kind of institution which the age demands has been formed; the conviction of the need of such a Universitv has become more deep and wide-spread ; reunion has given us greater strength and called us to mightier effort in this world's evangelization: pecuniary means are more abundant and a larger spirit of liberality prevails. This is evidently God's time for this work. * * *

The our own country, the church, struggling and rising, our own beloved Zion, the Father, Son and Spirit, look with interest, demand fidelity and energy, and expect success."

Period Of Experiment

II. 'J'he second period ma}' be designated as that of experiment. The long course of inception and preparation had done much, despite variations of progress, to make the conditions favorable. The idea had become familiar to the people as well as to their natural leaders - the pastors. The University had grown from a felt necessity to a partially realized achievement. General passive consent, however, was far from universal and self-sacrificing cooperation. The way was just open for a fair experiment. Faith was strong and success was promised. But many conditions must be met. A mere name, even though that of a venerable and enlightened Christian denomination, would not answer to conjure with. There must be a real college and one of high grade or - bitter disappointment. Yet the means were not on hand to execute the large plans or make good the confident promises of ardent advocates. The superstructure was yet to be erected though the foundations had been well and truly laid. The church's persistence was to be tested. The state area had not as yet been fully penetrated. AVill the endowment notes be paid as they mature? How can the expenses of the initial years be met? Will the counsel to patronize given by the synods be ratified by the community in which so many deep-rooted attachments to neighboring and eastern institutions presented such positive claims? Wdll the southern part of the state come so far - passing on the w'ay old and tried opportunities? Can the high ideals of excellence, professed and promised, be made actual all at ouce? AAdll the distinctly Christian and denominational character of the University detract from or aid its development? Can another college adhering to the lines of the older classical curriculum (though not wholly neglecting the sciences, yet insufficiently ecjuipped for modern methods of scientific instruction) succeed in the midst of the abounding and increasing enthusiasm for the natural sciences and the clamor for a practical education? (The Federal government's grants were going in this direction.) Can the denominational college be planted and flourish in view of the neu' development of the state uni- \'ersities? The situation was full of thorny interrogatories, despite the atmosphere laden with interest and hope.

Well, certainly an answer would be found to all such tpiestions if sturdy confidence in and outs])oken announcement of their fundamental motives and meaning could a\'ail. AAdioe\'er ])oiiders the declarations with which this period of experiment wuis entered upon will conclude its failure to have been ini])ossible if grit and grace go for anything in this world. "AA'e aim at more than this," the trustees say [that is more than a high rank among the eolleges of the land], "It is a Christian college. It is a Presbyterian college. The first thought of its founders was born of the necessities of the church. ***=*" E\ erything pertaining to it has been dedicated to Christ and His kingdom. In this day of rationalism and ritualism and vain philosophy, this day in which so much of the cultivated intellect and so many of the great schools of the country are drifting away into infidelity and false religion, it is our purpose to plant here a firm bulwark for God's truth, and to lift high aI)o\'e all its towers the lianner of the cross." Again they refer to "this day of wonderful events, of Christian progress and missionary enterprise," together witli the "one hundred and fifty \acant pulpits of Ohio" as calling imperative- 1}- for j'ust such an institution. "AT would make it," they say, "not only a Christian college but a missionary college, a college of revival, a college within whose walls the converting, sanctifying power of the Holy Spirit shall reign and from w.hose doors there shall go forth streams of cultivated, regenerated, consecrated intellect to make glad the city of our God." They mention the joy of the reunion, and emphasize the definite relationship of the church and the college thus ; "Our doors were not opened until all our interests, the entire control of the institution and every .dollar of its property had lieen placed in th.e hand of the reunitetl synod." Existence is considered as secured, hut whether the "high vantage ground which the wants of the church and the exigencies of the times demand shall be attained; whether we shall be alile to 1)uild upon the soil of Ohio a Christian university that shall equal leading institutions and shall be an honor to the Christian liberality and the consecrated wealth of the Presbyterian church in this great state, depends largely upon the spirit in which the whole church shall now lay hold of the work." Information is to be laid before the synods. "In this way," say the trustees, "the religious character of the University, its general direction and the safe im-estment of all its property is perpetually secured to the Presbyterian church - the disadz'antages and dangers both of a close corporation and of state control on the one hand, and if minute and excessive ecclesiastical management on the other are effectively avoided."

But the greatest document of this period containing the clearest explanation and most forcilile indication of the Wooster ideas, meanings and moti\es is the inaugural address of Doctor Lord - the first president. It was deli \'ered on the opening day, September the eleventh, 1870. He congratulates the assembled officers and friends upon the success thus far obtained: "For the difficulties of your design," he said, "were commensurate with its greatness. That design was no less than to build another strong bulwark against the winds and tides which are blowing and drifting the men of this generation from truth and life to the shores of error and death; to rear, on broad and deep foundations, another fitting temple of literature and science conceived of in their highest forms and widest reach, and ennobled and glorified by the pervading presence and power of religion. But how formidable the attempt!" Comparing the situation of three short years liefore that day, he was amazed to see the building and to know of the pledged endowment "inadequate indeed, but revealing a profound interest in collegiate education that is to be broad and liberal l;ut to be filled with Christian ideas and the Christian spirit, recognizing thus the prime fact that all truth, natural as well as revealed, has its source and end in God." Doctor Lord was hopeful that other departments would be added, constituting in time, a true University. He demanded a democratic freedom of accessibility to all men. The place for "all studies" should be the place of studies "for all men." "The essential test of citizenship in the comonwealth of science and letters should be character, mental and moral (juality and attainments, not condition, race, color or sex." With advocacy of co-education and criticism of the proposed curriculum in favor of more modern languages, English literature and natural science. Keep the classics, but do not keep out the "moderns" fas commissioner Harris used to call them). He denies all fear of the cultivation of the sciences in a Christian college. "All knowledge leads to truth and all truth leads to God." Pages of eloquent discussion of this theme follow. Proving that knowledge is theistic. Dr. Lord advances to claim the L^niversity for all essential truth properly called Christian. "But also," he adds, "the Lbiiversity has organic connection with the Christian church." This is not for a narrowly sectarian purpose, but that "the most direct and powerful influence of Christianity and its highest safeguards may be thrown around education in the future." Anticipating the results of the drift from the spiritual to the material. Doctor Lord says: "The danger is that, if the church has no institutions of its own, where its voice may be heard and its power felt, there may come a complete divorcement between education and religion, an issue from which the citizen and the state may well recoil in horror as from a supreme calamity." =)= * *

"In the pre.sence of so great a danger it were not wise to trust alone in individual Christian men or in small and close cor])orations to meet and ax'ert it. Individuals and corporations may change. Tire limits of a single life ha\e sometimes proved sufficient to revolutionize cherished opinions and effect the diversion of great and sacred interests. If there are any surer means or greater securities by which the aims and benefactions of enliglitened liberality may be guarded, and by which, also, the alliance of education with religion may be welded and made permanent, most certainly we ought to have them. Such means and securities, zve believe, are found in the church. If they are not there, they do not exist. This university, therefore, has its distinctive character as a temple of learning in its direct and vital connection with the Temple of God." Dr. Lord would have brought into the University halls all the volumes "in which are embalmed the achievements of their learning and genius, who have added to the sum of human thought and kno'vvledge." But he would place above them all the inspired word of God. This he would do, not to restrict inquiry nor fetter mind, but because we knozv that "the God of creation is also the God of revelation ; that the hand which laid the foundations of the earth and balanced and lighted the stars, is the same hand that traced the lines and pages of the Bible." * * * * belief we have founded and today dedicate this University." * * * jg our desire and will be our aim to make this University an ornament and power to the church, a pillar and bulwark to the state." The writer has been anew impressed with the rich content, the forcible diction, the elevated conceptions and cogent reasonings of this first inaugural. He wishes it might be republished from time to time and widely circulated among students and patrons as a clear and convincing statement and vindication of the "things most surely believed among us."

The opening day reached its close in the strong address of the Hon. John Sherman. He outlined his own broad view of what a university should be, and hoped we might have one in Ohio. His special charge was to build in with the tendency of the age, which was severely practical, in order to make the institution really serviceable. The address was, in its pithy and pointed brevity, its wise counsel to concentration and in its assurance that every discovery in nature deepens and strengthens the profound reverence of the educated mind for the Almighty Ruler and Maker of us all, worthy of its author and of his distinguished career as a statesman. Impressively did he say: "Under modern lights the Christian faith shines higher and purer than before. The inscrutable mysteries of our being - its dependence only on Almighty power, its Yearnings for the dim. invisible life to come, are the ties of human nature to religious faith. Let the mind be instructed and the preacher and the hearer alike be left free and as sure as the earth moves in its course the true religion will prevail." Such were the sentiments and convictions of Wooster's first day.

The conditions favorable for this period of experiment were the fact of opening with a property (deducting the cost of the campaign) estimated at four hundred thousand dollars; a faculty of five professors ''eminently qualified for their work," ecclesiastical relations settled, a medical department previously organized in Cleveland and now accepting the new charter without any fixed pecuniary responsibility resting upon the University ; a collegiate department organized and the hoped-for addition of "Law Science." The building, unfinished, but massive and adapted in many regards to educational needs, was highly praised on all sides. Quotations might be made which would now seem extravagant and yet at that time there was perhaps no superior single building provided for any Ohio college. Its position and outlook were justly celebrated by contemporary journals. Apparatus and library were being rapidly provided. There were some indications of increase in the endowment.

But reconstruction of the church boundaries (presbyteries and synods) seemed to distract attention to a certain degree. The disposition of the large memorial fund then being raised to signalize the reunion of the branches was held in suspense, and, so far as I am advised, ne\ er brought to the new enterprise any considerable sum. Yet the work went bravely forward. Admission standards were at once placed on the same grade with many Eastern colleges and with all neighboring ones, and admission was w'holly by examination. Of the new faculty. Doctors Lord, Stoddard and Kirkwood had already won wide and deserved reputations as scholars and professors. Special personal talent had been recognized in Professors JelYers and Fullerton. The peculiar clearness and teaching power of the former has been recognized in every position he has since occupied, and the exquisite taste and refined personality of the other - together with his skill in writing and criticism - remain with those who mourn for the touch of his vanished hand as the beams of the dying sun linger long after the flaming disc has disappeared.

The medical department was confidently announced and there -were connected with it some of Cleveland's most distinguished physicians. Four classes were at once organized and a "Commencement" assured for the following June. The prevailing spirit was that of congratulation. To quote one expression : "It was four years' from nothing to a Lhiiversity which takes rank with the foremost institutions of the land." A remarkaldy full curriculum was offered, based, it is thought, upon that of Princeton. Classical studies were prominent of course, and intellectual and moral science, yet Fngli.sh and the natural sciences were not neglected. Doctor Stoddard ga\ e special lectures on "Mind and IMatter," which were of recognized a])ologelic value. Constitutional and iuternational law were ])rovided for, though later the latter was neglected. Differential calculus was a recpiired study. Ci\il engineering was hinted at. The scientific course, parallel in many things with the classical, provided for the modern languages. Special courses in history were promised, associated with other studies, but distinguished by outlines during the term and examinations at the close. Biblical instruction was to form a part of every course. Daily religious services were at once established upon which, as upon Sabbath chapel, the attendance of all was expected. The Bragg donation of fi\'e thousand dollars for the library began to be realized. Orders for apparatus from abroad were only somewhat delayed by the P'ranco-Prussian war and a confidential assurance was given that more would be provided as needed. Two literary societies were formed at once. The attendance for the first year reached sixty-one, tw'O of whom were young women, and from the beginning the character of the students was fixed as that of men of character, with the very slightest infusion of rowdyism. The graduating class numbered six : Messrs. W. A. Irvin, H. L. Henderson, J. E. Kuhn, J. C. Miller, J. H. Packer, W. R. Taggart. All had taken the classical course. Three are yet living and in efficient service of church and state.

During the second year a notable addition was made to the faculty in the person of Dr. D. A. Gregory as profe*ssor of mental and moral science. He took charge also of the English when Dr. PTdlerton resigned at the close of this year. Mr. H. .T. Rowland, afterwards famous in connection with Johns Hopkins E'niversity, was made instructor in natural science. The curriculum was changed by adjustments which were advantageous. Tuition was slightly reduced, and remission of it to candidates for the University entrusted to the discretion of the e.xecutive committee and the faculty. Scholarships were still offered covering tuition perpetually for the modest sum of fi\'e hundred dollars, and four years for two hundred dollars. Doubtless the e.xperience of such colleges as Washington and Jefferson and Hanover had proved a warning to our founders. I once asked, being then a member of the board of trustees, the treasurer of Washington and Jefferson how many students paid tuition. "Eight," rvas the reply. The rest w-ere being taught on the ruinous system of perpetual scholarships sold at twenty-five dollars. The same svstem comiielled Hanover ultimatelv to grant free tuition while recoupine itself in part bv an increase of incidental fees. (I may be pardoned for injecting here the statement that during my father's presidency at Hanover the scholarship policy was discontinued.) During this second vear there was an increase in the number of students, and there were eight graduates.

The third year was marked by the opening of the preparatory department. It was at hrst conhned to a two years' course. The hrst superintendent was the Rev. J. A. 1. Lowes, an approved and experienced teacher. More young women were enrolled and the attendance reached one hundred and seventy-four. The medical department reported an attendance of seventyone, making a total of two hundred and forty-five. Preparatory seniors numbered seventeen and juniors eighteen. Elective courses were now opened after the sophomore year. The "Brainard" Missionary Society appears. Tuition was brought up again to $15 per term, and expenses for room, fuel, light and boarding need not exceed four dollars weekly, and might be lessened in various ways. A new and most competent instructor in modern languages was secured, the Re\-. Mr. Lippert. A contemporary assures us that "classes were more thoroughly organized and the work better systematized." There were thirteen graduates, twelve of whom had pursued the classical course. President Lord resigned at the close of the year, partly liecause the demands of the work were growing lieyond his ])hysical strength and jiartly on account of his desire to ]irepare for publication the results of his former labors in the chair of theology at the Northwestern (now McCormick) Theological Seminary.

Despite financial difficulties, partly solved by the recall into fiscal service of the Rev. T.. K. Davis, so successful at the beginning; these experimental years were eminently successful. Dr. Lord was ]ire-eminent for personal affabilitv as for mental resources. Organization made progress. The students met treatment at once courteous and firm. The doctrine of the LIniversitv, founded on the duty of the church to care for the higher education of her own children bv an institution so wholly under her own care and control as to admit of no (|uestion concerning its religious character and influence, had been successfullv commended to the mind and heart of the great bodv of Ohio Presbvterians, and was alread\- obtaining credit throughout the denomination. The future was secure: however, much patience might be recpiired for a slower ])ace of develo])inent than a first enthusiasm had ex])ected. fldie aide facultv had ])roven that men of fir.st-class abilitv could be procured for this service of the church, as for other services, without offering any brilliant ])ecuniary reward. .\ spirit of great confidence had been ini])arted to the whole inner circle of the founders and was penetrating wider areas. Tt was becoming clearly evident that this enterprise was neither "state'' nor pri\-ate in its origin, meaning and reliance, but represented the church awaking to a rcjK'ated call of one of the greatest needs of hunianitv and of Christ's kingdom. Coeducation had been \indicated. Reputation had been established. Discipline of a specifically moral and religious type, founded not so much on "honor" as on conscience and justice, had been successfully introduced. Local and interdenominational interest had been shown to be not only possible but actual in connection with a church college. The careful inculcation of moral and religious principles had been proven to be thoroughlv consistent with true liberty of opinion. All the main Cjuestions had been raised and answered. The period of experiment closed with wellascertained results and therefore with high hopes.

The Third Period

III. This ue may term the period of establishment. What had been promised and liegun must be performed and carried forward. The C|uestion of means was perplexing, for it must be recognized that necessary exiienditures had to be made before the needed funds had been paid in, while the income from student fees was inconsiderable. The Cleveland synod's refusal to share responsibility uas not without its effect in a region somewhat unconvinced of the need of another institution appealing directly to Presbyterians, and already stronglv clraun upon for patronage and support by two wellestablished institutions in their more immediate neighborhood. Other colleges in the state were continuing to report to the synods thus claiming, though with no thought of submitting to control, a certain recognition for commendation and consideration. There was still, in the eastern and southeastern sections of the state, a considerable leaning toward Washington and Jefferson College and Marietta, and the old affection for Miami, which had been so largely sustained by members of our churches. Popular favor was still to be won in larger circles. Sufficient progress must be made, both in buildings and endowment, to show advancement sufficiently rapid to secure the larger donations. The third period fitted down upon the second accurately. There was to be no change of principle and none of practice except such as should more closely conform to and illustrate principle. But that meant deepening the hold of the university idea upon the whole ecclesiastical connection from which the chief support of every kind must come. It meant the constant magnifying of the work committed to the University. It meant securing wider recognition and co-operation in homes and schools as well as in churches and synods. It meant making actual that which the period of experiment had made possible.

All this Doctor Taylor was prepared to undertake, for he well understood the situation. In this he found a source of strength, and it certainly was a test of his courage and faith. He met the situation as to Wooster's exclusive relation to Ohio Presbyterianism with skill and tact. Without exciting animosities, he was gradually able to instil the conviction that no other college could possibly bear the relation to the church in this state which that college bore, the being and life of which sprang from the heart and purpose of that church after many years of discussion and determined effort. He made it evident that the "care" of the church could not properly be claimed when its "control" was rejected. This distinction made its way, and reports of other institutions finally ceased to be offered to the synods, though occasionally rendered until about 1885. But it may be noted that the habit of giving to institutions then considered as g;/as'i-Presbyterian has continued until some hundreds of thousands of dollars have reached channels of educational usefulness outside of denominational relations. This only proves what the Presbyterians of Ohio might have done ^'ery early in the engagement, and may yet do if they come to have a "mind to the work."

One could scarcely think out a man more exactly adapted to the situation he found than was Wooster's second president. His antecedents were of the best. He was born in Springfield, Ohio, in 1834. His remoter ancestors came from England in 1602, settling at Garrett's PI ill, Monmouth county, New Jersey. He was a descendant of Dr. James Waddell of Virginia, and a cousin to Drs. J. W. and J. A. Alexander. After their father, he was baptized Archibald Alexander and, after his own father, Edward. His father, born in this state, was one of the original trustees, aud in his honor the sophomore prizes were afterwards founded. President Taylor graduated from Princeton College in 1854 at the early age of nineteen. I'hree years later, having completed his theological studies in Princeton Seminary, he was licensed by the presbytery of Cincinnati in 1857. His first ministry was at Portland, Kentucky, then a suburb and now a ward of the city of Louisville. The writer's ministry liegan at the same time at Jeffersonville, Indiana, and a pleasant, though brief, ac(|uaintance was formed across the river. Sent out from Dubu(|ue, Iowa, six years his home after the two at Portland, the vigorous and witty sketches signed "Hawkeye" brought both usefulnes.s and reputation. At the close of 1865 the Bridge Street church of Ceorgetowu, District of Columl)ia, claimed him, and in 1869 he took charge of the Mount Auburn church (Cincinnati). His ministry there was much blessed for the four years which passed before Wooster in 1873 called him thence. He had been a member of the boards of education and of church extension and of the board of directors of the Northwestern (now (McCormick) Theological Seminary, and a member of the Reunion General Assembly, Pittsburg, 1869. His name appears in the list of Wooster's trustees with the opening year, 1870. His well-known literary cjuaiihcations, together with other (jualities, and his intimate knowledge of the University's affairs, made him the logical successor of the first president. Doctor Lord indicated him as his own first choice, and that choice was unanimously and enthusiastically ratified by the board of trustees. Another has described him as "of medium size and kindly aspect, of fine talents and impressive address, of unusually genial temperament and well adapted to win the affection of students and to interest all whom he meets in the University, to the building up of which he has devoted himself with all his energies." Able, like Aaron, to "speak well, " he was also able, like Moses, to legislate well. I'amiliar with what he was accustomed to call 'the spirit of youth," he gave it right of way whenever it kept the right way. Spirituallyminded and thoroughly loyal to the evangelical and e\'angelistic spirit, "a powerful work of grace," one writes, accdmpanied the first year and in it large proportion of the students were hopefully converted, some of whom have already turned their faces toward the ministry."

At the second inauguration the principles on which the university had l)een founded and which it was now successfully reducing to practice, find most ample and persuasive utterance in the address of the retiring president, of the board's president. Dr. John Robinson, and of the incoming president. They provide a new platform, but one constructed entirely of the tried and proved material of the institution's I)rief but satisfactory experience down to October 7, 1873.

Dr. Lord claims existence vindicated and foundation firmly laid. Faculty, curriculum, quality of instruction and government are held to have gained "the recognition and confidence of the intelligent public." He emphasizes three things which ha\ e "materially conduced to this success" : ( i) organic connection of the Lhiiversity with the Christian church, (2) its open door to all ((ualified students irrespective of sex, (3) the wide range and elevated character of its studies. Concerning the first of these. Doctor Lord maintained that it was "no new thing." Both in Europe and in the Lhiited States institutions of higher learning have been founded and sustained l)y influences distinctly Christian. This he abundantly proves by instances which need not be cited here. "They have all been begotten of Christian faith. They haue all been sacredly cherished by it." * * "This University owes its'existence to Christian men of large views and aims with reference to intellectual culture and attainments, but who at the same time have an intense belief in the necessity and supremacy of the moral and the spiritual; who believe that no degree of mere knowledge in the individual or in society can guarantee truth and right and social order or public lilierty, and that without Christianity states and nations, as surely as isolated men, will perish. They therefore brought the nnix ersity into Z'ital connection loith the church. They made this connection not one of a general and undefined description, hut of essential organism. * * * The intent was not that dogmatic forms should be visible and have sway here lint that the true spiritual life of the church should touch and consecrate the intellectual life and power of the University. * * And the immense value of this procedure cannot be overestimated. Every day adds to the certainty that in all our primary and pnlilic schools education will be wholly secular." Sure that this result must arrive, the retiring president argues that the necessity to which it will give rise will be "that homes shall be pervaded with Christianity and that Christian influences shall surround and fill our academies and colleges not connected with the state. Here they have full access and beneficent operation." Happily all that was then feared has not arrixed in these thirty-sex'en years since passed. There is still, for an awakening sense of our place and privilege as a Christian nation, a "fighting chance." That awakened sense can and will defeat secularism! The Bible is 1w no means driven from the large majority of the schools of America. But there A reason enough to cause anxiety and to summon the forces of truth and righteousness to the maintenance of the true theory of our national institutions. [See Story's comment on Amendment I to the h'ederal Constitution and the decision of the Supreme Court Iw Justice Brewer in 1892.] Meanwhile, for the danger's sake as well as for other weighty reasons, the penetration of our homes and our colleges with a profoundly Christian spirit is imperative. Doctor Lord's address closed with a peculiarly winning and solemn parting word to the students. He attriluites all satisfaction in the restros])ect of his life to having "spent it all, however imperfectly, in the senice and for the glory of the Son of Cod. In the light in which 1 now see and with the feelin gs which control me, had 1 a thousand lives to spend nothing could tenpit me to any other service. * * * op ;p] students of this new president by that veteran in the university's service of honor, Dr. John Robinson ; "We all feel intense interest in yonr call to the presidency of this university, around which cluster the affections and hopes, and upon which concentrate the prayers of so many of God's people. It is yet in adolescence. You are to bring it to manhood. It struggles with difficulties growing out of a want of full endowment, intensified by the commercial derangement and depression of the times. It is hoped you will relieve this ' condition.'' "This institution is designed as an exponent of the manner in which Presbyterian Christians would do the work of education. They would furnish the most complete culture, covering the whole field with deepest investigation, clearest analysis, most extended knowledge and, added to all, the elements of the science of salvation.'' The}^ would "teach all that may be taught of earthly science and mingle with this the rules of a stern morality and the directions and motives of a hearty consecration to God." It is to be the instrument of the church not only for preparing a ministry but to train men for "every profession and position of influence whose power may help to promote righteousness and salvation in the earth - to bless humanity and glorify God." Then Doctor Robinson's charge dwells impressively upon the serious position toward the students the president will occupy in respect to their age, their absence from home, the new lives and conditions of thought into which they would enter. Then his position would be similarly grave as toward the world at large in view of awakening mind and its incidental dangers. The church "needs to be felt" against all that confuses thought and destroys morals. "The church looks to you and this University for the influences and the men to do this work." Then followed the pledge and the delivery of the keys.

When we reach the inaugural address we discover no failure to realize the solemnity of the obligations assumed, nor any difference of conception concerning the fundamental principles. Specially responding to the genetic idea of the University, Doctor Taylor takes the office "as a minister." "If liberal education may not be combined rightfully with religious instruction, what place have we here?" Three answers to the cjuestion as to this combination are given. The first is from "state institutions or independent corporations which have fallen under no denominational control and wherein no direct religious influence is brought to bear upon students, or, if at all, in the most formal method." The second answer comes from "institutions under general religious influence but not directly connected with any branch of the church and under no ecclesiastical control." The third answer comes from "institutions belonging to and managed by some branch of the church. This position wc occupy." Then the inaugural proceeds to sustain this position. For the sake of the state it is important. Quoting from Washington's "Farewell Address'' and the great "Ordinance of 1787,'' and emphasizing the authority of Story and Webster that Christianity has been inherited through the English common law as an integral portion of the law of our land, he is led to affirm : "We need offer no excuse for the defense of education as already bound up with religion in its application to American youth." "In proportion as free men are educated they must needs be more religious." They endanger us who "attempt the unnatural divorce of education from religion." The land fares ill when its men are "trained through non-religion to irreligion." He quotes Huxley and Cousin; as well as Cicero and Quintilian, to show that such a divorce should be counted as "inconceivable for any nominally Christian people." "From the irreligious college you bring the youth home without religion in his heart and with irreligion in his head." This introduces the second argument, that drawn from the student himself. If education be defined in terms of the intellect alone, you "obscure the moral nature" and that means disaster. "What we want from our universities is not minds so much as men." This argument finds its logical successor in the appeal to symmetry of development. Neglecting or lessening the moral sensibilities dwarfs the man. Then follows the argument based on the need of the church for such institutions. The laity, in the midst of current unbelief and plied everywhere with the facilities of infidelity, need Christian education. Neglect this and many young men are "lost to the church." "Religious stability" in every congregation demands that our youth be "taught by those who fear God and keep his commandments, and under the shadow of her own healthful institutions." The need of more numerous and yet better educated ministers presses for the Christian college the more the church is learning to press out into the masses of the non-Christian world. Our theological seminaries are half empty for want of more and more pronounced Christian colleges."

Then the incoming executive reaches the special Wooster feature of a "peculiar relation to the church." "The property of this University and its endoxvments belong absolutely to the Presbyterian church of this state - to its highest ecclesiastical body. Is there anything inconsistent or perilous in this fact? Rather ought not the church to glory in it and seek to make her own institution in every respect worthy of her piety, her jiower and her resources? d'he best method of ecclesiastical control, whether direct or in- direct, has been the subject of much dispute and variable practice. The discussion need not be reopened. Our plan is established and seems to be working well. Let us have the opportunity and the means to put it thoroughly to the test, since it has proved valuable in other quarters. If the church is to have control of colleges at all, it must he either by the hand of a single denomination or by the united hands of more than one. We rejoice heartily in all manifestations of the spirit of Christian unity. * * . * But our way is no less directly toward real unity and the blessing of the whole church of God because, like our own pulpits, it is under our own immediate direction. The authority of ex-President Woolsey on this point may be deemed decisive : 'There is no practical difficulty,' he says, 'arising myself observed, that in a long acquaintance with officers of colleges controlled by various religious sects, I have discovered no spirit of proselytism, and no important disagreements in regard to the meaning and essence of our common Christianity. They may cling and possibly wdth fondness to their own modes of church government, to the distinctive points of doctrine which come down to them from their fathers, but they do not differ as to the realities of sin and forgiveness, nor as to the qualities essential to the perfect life.' Our work is thus recognized by us, not as educating youth for the sake of making Presbyterians, but as educating through the efficiency of our own methods the young for the sake of the whole church of Jesus Christ, of which we are but a single element. It is not sectarian any more than it is secular." * * *

Then the incoming executive defines the Wooster ''mode of alliance of education and Christianity." It is to he effective ''through the faith, testimony and examples of teachers who love the Lord Jesus and who desire to lead every student, both by direct and indirect personal influence, to the same loving Savior: and through the pursuit of secular studies from the position and under the constant light of religion. More and more we desire to introduce the study of the Scriptures and of the evidences of Christianity and to choose for text-hooks those in which the spirit of Christianity is positive and prominent." With these will be joined the daily and Sabbath worship: and a government ''founded upon the quiet recognition of conscience in every student. * * Thus we desire to create and maintain among the whole body of our students a devout and firm Christian spirit which shall exert its vigorous and positive power upon e^'ery one brought within our circle."

The administration so well begun continued prosperously. The catalogue of 1873-4 bears euidence of the literary taste of the new president and is adorned with a fine portrait. A decided gain in attendance was realized. Doctor Taylor took the biblical chair. J. O. Notestein appears as instructor in Latin. No professor of English has been found, but Doctor Gregory continues to teach that important subject with remarkable analytic and suggestive power. His "outlines" are cherished still by those who came under his instruction. Adolph Schmitz, an accomplished teacher, subsequently an author, takes the chair of modern languages. The seniors numbered thirtyone. Among them our fellow-citizens. Attorney Metz, Alayor Freeman and Judge Taggart. Juniors are thirty-seven. Sophomores are fifty-five and freshmen are forty-seven. The preparatory department enrolls fifty-three; the medical department eighty-seven. The grand total reaches three hundred and ten. The annual schedule is published. Three courses now run in parallel lines, the classical, the philosophical and the scientific. The AVestminster church is established. The location and advantages are more fully set forth and the "congenial and cultivated society of the city'' is noted. Some emphasis is laid upon the lectures in hygiene and anatomy, delivered by Dr. Leander Firestone. There are twenty-eight graduates, and among them the first young woman to complete the course. Miss Emily Noyes, now a missionary in China. At the close of the collegiate year Doctor Stoddard conducts a party of young men on an expedition to the Rx)cky Mountains, taking twenty members of the junior class. The fifth year, 1874-5, witnesses a slight decrease of collegiates, attributable to pecuniary stress and some advanced entrance requirements, but there is an increase in the preparatory department. Mr. J. S. Notestein appears as adjunct professor of Latin, and Mr. James Wallace as principal of the preparatory department. The sixth year, 1875-6, brings increased attendance. Junior contest in oratory for prize, offered by the class of 1875, takes its place. Dr. James Black is added to the faculty as ])rofessor of Greek, and Mr James Wallace is made adjunct for the same language. The seventh year, 1876-7, shows steady increase. The senior class numbers thirty-five, of whom thirty-one graduate. Miss Ella Alexander (Mrs. Boole), afterwards so well known as speaker and organizer for the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and secretary for our Women's Home Mission Board, takes the junior prize. Through self-denying efforts, with lectures and collections by the faculty, the observatory is built and the telescope installed. Dr. T. K. Davis begins his work as lihrarian. Prosperity continues in the eighth year, 1877-8. ddiere are three hun- dred and twenty-two students in all and thirty-one graduates, but Professor Gregory, the forceful teacher and author, is called away to be president of Lake Forest College. With the ninth year, 1878-9, success is yet more pronounced. There are three hundred and fifty-three students and thirty-one graduates. Professor Schmitz retires and Mr. R. C. Dalzell returns to modern languages. Strong religious influences are manifest and a gracious revival is experienced. Testimony is given to the manly character of the student-body. In the ninth year, 1879-80, new work in oratory is introduced under Instructor Sharpe, and Prof. W. O. Scott is added to the faculty. The teaching body is made more complete with Leotsakos, from the Athens University, as instructor in Greek and Latin, and Joseph Collins, honor man of 1879, as instructor in mathematics. The medical department has one hundred and six students. The summer term is instituted, mainly for those who wish to make up collegiate work in arrears. Expenses are represented as extremely reasonable. Boarding as low as $1.90 per week may be found, and unfurnished rooms from twenty-five to fifty cents. For $2.50 we are assured "one may live in comparative munificence" (?). The elective study plan, permitting no variation before junior year, is found satisfactory. The first term of the tenth year, 1 880-8 1 , is pronounced "one of the best and the most successful in faithful study and good order." Progress is quiet and steady and prospects were never more full of promise for extended prosperity and usefulness. Thus we go forward through the next years, finding evidences of continued success. In the last year of this period, 1882-3, these evidences were abundant. The gymnasium building is added and the commencement exercises are held therein, for it is also an auditorium. Field day is established and physical culture is expected to obtain more recognition. The catalogue enrolls 500 students in all departments. The department of music, under care of the distinguished teacher and writer, Karl Merz, is established. With his admirable instruction and entertaining lectures, the department becomes at once a great culture force in the university's life. The three hundred and fifteen graduates number half as many at our thirteenth year as "some other colleges have graduated in fifty years." The classical course has been especially well maintained. The triennial catalogue, '80-83, shows a total attendance from the opening of one thousand five hundred and ten students. In the collegiate department there have been five hundred and ninety-nine. Of these four hundred and seventy-seven have been men and one hundred and twenty-two women. The preparatory department has enrolled nine hundred and eleven. Of these six hundred and ninety- four were men, two hundred and seventeen women. Students were present from more than twenty states. Ten other states than Ohio were represented by one hundred students, forty of them being from Pennsylvania. Fourfifths of Ohio's counties were represented. Of the three hundred and fifteen graduates, two hundred and seventy-fi\'e were men, women forty. Among them ministers and theological students numbered one hundred and fifteen, attorneys and law students sixty-seven, physicians and medical students seventeen, teachers thirty-eight. The preparatory department had given efficient service in furnishing two-thirds of those who entered the collegiate courses. The standard of scholarship had been so well maintained that students were "admitted to corresponding classes in the larger and more influential colleges of the East."

The only regret concerning this period is awakened by the financial difficulties with which it had to contend. The situation at the inauguration of Doctor Taylor, as noted in Doctor Robinson's address, was bravely met. Overdrawn funds were made good. Two professorships were contributed, one by Mr. Ejihraim Quinby, Jr., and the other by Mr. J. TI. Kauke. The president not only gave himself but a generous subscription of $5,000 beside. Dr. T. K. Davis' agency was successful. Nevertheless, the general financial depression made the collection of many of the smaller endowment notes impossible. There can be little doubt that the difficulties in the triple ( or quadruple) official responsibility for the pulpit of Westminster church, professorial work, internal management and external representation of the institution among the churches, together with maintaining the indispensably constant pressure for patronage and funds, led finally to Doctor Taylor's resignation at the close of ten years of most effective and essential service. The board of trustees earnestly attempted to dissuade him from retiring. But in vain. No review' can be made of this period without ascribing, after due honor to its able faculty and devoted trustees, very much of its satisfactory issue to the strong convictions, and winning personality and literary talent and wise methods of the university's second i)resident. He believed heartily in the fundamental theory of the institution, making this clearly evident so lately as in his address (as president of the hoard of trustees) at the inauguration of the fourth president. He commended the university from every point of \'iew to its own immediate constituency and to the general pubdic. Its character and meaning were cstal>/islic(f during the ten years of his devoted ser\ice along the e.xact lines of its ])eriods of inception, ])re])aration and experiment. It would he the most grateful tribute we could pay to quote here striking passages from the inaugural address and tlie liaccalaureate sermons of this period. They are fully abreast of anything wdiich has ever been said at Wooster and of all it has been the privilege of the writer to read of similar literature issuing from more pretentious sources. There was a specially affectionate seriousness in the farewell address to the class of 1883, and penetrating wisdom and full knowledge of the whole situation in what may be termed his to the board of trustees which stands written out in full upon its records. It may be added here that Doctor Taylor's interest in the university continued long after his retirement from the executive chair. He taught in one and another of its subjects, became dean of its post-graduate department ( founded during his administration), gave it the larger part of his valuable library, and was the president of its board for many years ( 1895-1902). As pastor and editor, his usefulness to the church continued also to the closing days of life. Wooster will keep his memory green always. Many testimonials to the confidence and affectionate respect entertained for Doctor Taylor by the board of trustees stand recorded in the minutes. We find one, passed after his death, which occurred at Columbus on the 23d of April, 1903, closes by quoting the expression of two of his editorial friends, as follows : "Doctor Taylor was a man of great versatility of talent and wide range of thought, efficient and capable in all the positions in which he was placed." Another says, "He was a distinguished preacher, a sympathetic pastor, a charming u'riter, a skilled executive, a forceful leader and a delightful Christian gentleman. Versatile, accomplished, wdtty and genial, he was a welcome comrade and a \'alued friend."

In July, 1883, the trustees called to the vacancy created by the regretted resignation of Doctor I'aylor, Sylvester F. Scovel, then pastor of the First Presbyterian church of Pittsburgh. He was the son of Sylvester Scovel, D.D., a pioneer missionary who had come from the East in 1829, taking in charge a rural district near Cincinnati, in which, within seven years, he planted or nourished ( or both ) five churches. Thence he had been called to the superintendence of domestic missions for the Old School Presbyterian church over a large portion of four central states. For convenience, headquarters of the mission were fixed at Louisville, Kentucky, whither he removed in 1836. Finding slavery intolerable, his family were made residents of New Albany, Indiana, while the agency was continued until 1846, at which time he accepted the presidency of Hanover College, Indiana. He may be said to have saved the life of this valuable institution, but his iron constitution, slightly impaired by severe labors, yielded when the scourge of cholera came in 1849 (July 4th). The son, Sylvester F. (born in Harrison, Ohio, December 29, 1835), graduated in 1853. The family removed the same year to New Albany. Four years in the theological seminary there brought him to licensure in April, 1857, and at Jeffersonville, Indiana, he was ordained as pastor in October of the same year. From January, 1861, to January, 1866, he was pastor at Springfield, Ohio, and from the latter date until October, 1883, of the First church at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He had no special preparation for the work committed to him at Wooster, except a close connection with four educational institutions as a member of the board of trustees (or directors). He wonders now, in the twenty-seventh year of his connection witli the university, how he obtained courage to undertake the task and accounts for his acceptance by some enthusiasm for learning", a deep interest in young people and the natural presumption of unimpaired health, to which must be added a considerable share of happy ignorance of just what the situation and its conditions would require.

The third inauguration in the university's history took place on the 24th of October ( 1883) in presence of the synod of Ohio - the body resulting from the union of all synods of the state in 1882. The fundamental principles upon which the institution had been founded came most appropriately to expression on the occasion. Dr. John DeWitt (then professor at Lane Theological Seminary and now at Princeton ) made an address as representative of the synod, the fine rhetoric of which, and still more its condensed but massive argument, would warrant much fuller republication than can be given in the following extracts.

"In speaking in behalf of the synod of Ohio," he said, "I desire to say something in justification of the intimate relation which this ecclesiastical body sustains to the academic body whose chief executive officer we have assembled to inaugurate. The synod of Ohio, an organized portion of the church which Christ has founded, is the proprietor and guardian, and is ultimately the governor of this university.

"We have here an example of a relation common enough in the history of the Christian church - organized Christianity inspiring, directing and (|ualifying the instruction intended to jiromote the higher learning. Here the liberal arts and the physical sciences submit themselves to the guidance of religion and here religion appears both as the inspiration and the ultimate rcf/ula citrriculi, intended to secure to the students a humane and lil)cral training.

"I state the relation between the two bodies, represented on this interesting occasion and united in fulfilling this great trust, in the boldest language I can select. For it is just this relation of religion to education in which religion inspires and governs education that, so far as time will permit, I desire to justify."