Worcester County, Massachusetts - Chapter with an unread heading (no. 67 of those read), 1889 (part 1 of 2)

Medical History

In preparing this account of the medical men who have " fought the good fight and kept the faith," recourse has been had to genealogies, manuscripts, public records and to the memories of the oldest of those now living among us. To the kindness of the librarians of the Antiquarian Library and Public Library, who liave allowed free access to books and manuscripts ; to members of the families of deceased physicians ; to physicians themselves and particularly to Doctors Sargent, Chandler and Bemis, without whose aid the work would have been impossible, is due whatever of accuracy may liave been attained. Tlie necessary limits of the article render it necessary to omit all mention of those physicians now practising in Worcester who have not been at least twenty years in the harness, except as their names may appear in connection with societies and public institutions.

1675. - At the first laying out of Quinsigamog, twenty-five acres of land were granted to Dr. Leonard Hoar, to him and to his heyres." An ex-president of Harvard College, he, in 1671, had taken his degree at the University of Cambridge (England), and was then in j>ractice in the vicinity of Boston. His death, in the same year, prevented actual settlement. The name of no physician can be found in the records of either the first or second attempts to found a town.

1718. - Robert Crawford, who came with the Scotch-Irish colony of 1718, was in all probability the first physician of the place. He lived on the "Green Hill farm ; " was employed as surgeon in the military expeditions of the time (in 1722 he was with Major John Chandler's company of scouts), and was alive at least as late as 1760. His wife died in 1730, aged twenty-six years, and was one of those buried in the Thomas Street burying-ground.

1736. - Dr. Zachariah Harvey, who, " in 1740, slew 67 rattlesnakes,"* was here at least as early as 1736, when the birth of a son is recorded, and was still in town in 1747, The name appears also as Harney and Heiny.

1744. - Dr. Nahum Willard, son of Colonel Samuel Willard, of Lancaster, who commanded a regiment at the capture of Louisburg, and brother of Colonel Abijah Willard, mandamus councillor in 1774 and later Tory refugee, was born in Lancaster (Harvard), May 28, 1722; began practice in Worcester, at or about the time of his marriage to Elizabeth Townsend, of Bolton (January 17, 1744), and for more than thirty years lived on the south side of the Common, in a house standing on the present site of the French Catholic Church. With him boarded for some time, while teaching school here, John Adams, afterwards President of the United States, in whose diary is the following entry : " Three months after this (October, 1755) the selectmen procured lodgings for me at Dr. Nahum Willard's. This physician had a large .practice, a good reputation for skill and a pretty library. Here were the works of Dr. Cheyne, Sydenham and others, and Van Swieten's commentaries of Boerhaave." Adams " read a good deal in these books," and was so enamored of them, that he "entertained many thoughts of becoming physician and surgeon." Dr. Willard was surgeon in Colonel Chandler's regiment, which left Worcester August 10, 1757, " to give aid and assistance to his majestie's troops." He remained with the army for over three years, and his bill' against the province of Massachusetts Bay, for attendance on various members of diftereut companies during this time, amounted to £-l-l (i.s. 3d. He seems to have been a popular man, of good social position, on terms of intimacy with the Chandlers, Putnams and Paines, and always remembered by his former boarder, who, in his frequent journeyings through Worcester, never forgot to take dinner or tea with the " Dr." In 1771 Adams sees " little alteration in Dr. Willard or his wife in 16 years." But evil days came soon after to the popular physician. His best friends sided with the King. In 1774 he was one of the famous fifty-two "protestors" against "the treasonable doings" of the patriots in Worcester. With forty- two others he was obliged to sign a recantation, and May 8, 1775, was ordered "to prove his patriotism by either joining the American troops or providing a substitute, on pain of being considered willing to join an unlawful banditti to murder and ravage." A week later he was among those disarmed, and prevented from leaving town on any pretext whatever. Naturally embittered by these measures, his opinions were made known with a courage and boldness that brought upon him the wrath of the " Sons of Liberty," and he was compelled to sign a recantati<m of his " notorious scandals and falsehoods," and to acknowledge " the perverseness of his wicked heart," which led him to abuse and " most scandalously asperse" the proceedings of " Centiuental and Provincial Congresses, the selectmen of the town, and the Committee of Correspondence in general." His business was ruined, and he retired to Uxbridge, where his son. Dr. .Samuel Willard, A.B. (Harvard) 1767, had been in practice since 1770. Still a stout loyalist, his name appears, in 1777, at the head of a short list of persons " esteemed as enemies, and dangerous to this and the other U. S. of America." He died in Uxbridge, April 2(i, 1792.

1745. - Dr. Samuel Breck, A.B. (Harvard, 1742), son of Rev. Robert Breck, of Marlboro', where he was born May 17, 1723 ; married Elizabeth Cooley, of Springfield, in 1744; was for a short time surgeon in the Provincial army, and from 1745 to 1747'' in practice in Worcester. He afterwards went to Windsor, Ct., and later to Sheffield, where he was " much esteemed." He died in Springfield April 2.3, 1764. His house here, "on the common southeast from the mei ting-house," was purchased by the town September 25, 1747, and was afterwards the residence of Rev. Thaddeus Maccarty.

1756. - De. William Crawford, son of Robert, was in turn pedagogue, clergyman and physician. In 1757 he served as chaplain to a company sent to the relief of Fort William Henry. In 1758 he taught the village school, and boarded at Dr. Willard's, "47i weeks at 6 shillings a week." In 1759 he was chaplain of Colonel Abijah Ward's regiment, and in 1760 surgeon in the regiment of General Ruggles. No record of either birth or death remains. He was alive in 1770.

1757. - Dr. John Green was the son of Rev. Thomas Green, Baptist elder and physician, one of the earliest settlers of Leicester (Greenville), where he was born August 14, 1736.

Instructed in medicine by his father, he came to Worcester and built his house on the eminence now known as Green Hill, which, although relatively nearer town at that time, when many persons lived north of Lincoln Square, and " there were but seven houses on Main Street between that point and the old South church on the common," ' seems yet to have been at a distance that might well make prospective patients hesitate before storming the steeps in the dead of night or in bad weather. Patients came, however ; medical students, also, from Worcester and surrounding towns; Green Lane became a county road, and although, during the latter part of his life, his office was in a little wooden affair on the present site of the Five Cents Savings Bank, the doctor always lived in the Green Hill house, and there he died forty-two years later (October 29, 1799), aged sixty-three years.

An earnest patriot, he was, in 1773, a member (and the only medical member) of the American Political Society, which was formed " on account of the grievous burdens of the times," and did so much to bring about that change of public sentiment which expelled the adherents of the crown. He took a prominent part in all the Revolutionary proceedings, and, in 1777 was sent as Representative to the General Court. In 1778 and 1779 he was town treasurer, and, in 1780, one of the selectmen, the only physician who ever held that office. His first wife, Mary Osgood, died in 1761. His second wife, daughter of General Timothy Ruggles, of Hardwick, survived him, dying in 1814, at the age of eighty-four. A son, Dr. Elijah Dix Green, born July 4, 1769, A.B. (Brown) 1793, was a physician in Charleston, S. C.

1770. - Dr. Elljah Dix, student with Dr. John Green, was both physician and druggist, fitting himself for the latter business by study with Dr. Wil-

Ham Greenleaf, of Boston. Born in Watertown, Massachusetts, August 24, 1747, early dependent on his own exertions, and desirous of taking a respectable position in society, he hired himself out to that eccentric but thorough scholar, the Rev. Aaron Hutchinson, of Grafton, he to receive board and education in return for his services. He practised medicine in Worcester from 1770 to 1795, residing for the last part of the time on the estate next south of the Judge Jennison house on Court Hill, with his office and druggist's establishment in a two-story building near by. The house was pulled down when F. H. Dewey's was erected on its site, but the two magnificent elm trees planted at his gate are still standing. His reputation as a physician was good, his practice sufficient, and as his business tact was equal to his professional skill, he accumulated property which was invested in lands in Maine (Dixmont), and later in chemical works, and in the wholesale drug business in Boston. To the latter place he removed in 1795, and on one of his expeditions to his ]\Iaine i)roperty in 1809, was, as was more tlian suspected, foully dealt with. In 1784 he went to England on business, bringing back a large assortment of medicines, valuable books and philosophical and chemical apparatus. He was the originator of the stock company which purchased land on the west side of Main Street, built the " Centre School-house," and maintained there for some years a higher school, or academy. He was a member of the first board of councillors of the County Medical Society. He was the first to plant elms on Main Street, and, by inducing others to follow his example, gave the town that mile-long double line of these trees that once shaded the road. From his garden came the Dix pear. To him Dix Street owes its name. With him lived the children of General Warren at the time of the battle of Bunker Hill. The late Dorothea L. Dix, the " American Florence Nightingale," was his granddaughter. Fire warden in 1790, he was one of the original members of the Worcester Fire Society, and his garden fence was decorated with one of the six ladders belonging to the town. He married (October 1, 1771) Dorothy, sister of Dr. Joseph Lyude, afterwards of Worcester. Two of his sons were physicians, - William Dix, A. B. (Harvard) 1792, M. D. (Harvard) 1795, died at Dominica, West Indies, April 4,1799; and H. Elijah Dix, A.B. (Harvard) 181.3, student with Dr. John Warren and later surgeon in the United States Navy, died at Norfolk, Virginia, in 1822.

1771. - William Paine, M.D., A.B. (Harvard, 1768), eldest son of Hon. Timothy Paine, was born in Worcester June 5, 1750. Graduated at Harvard in 1768, his name standing second in a class of forty, at a time when the names were arranged according to the dignity of families. He studied medicine for four years with the celebrated Dr. Edward A. Holyoke, of Salem, and began practice here in 1772. He opened the same year in a little wooden building on Lincoln Square, the first drug-store in the county. Early identified with the royal cause. Dr. Paine is supposed to have assisted his uncle, Attorney-General Putnam, in drawing up the bold protest of 1774. He soon after went to England to complete his studies, and in 1775 received the degree of M.D. from the University of Aberdeen. Returning in May of that year, he found, on landing at Salem, that the war had begun, that he had been proclaimed as a refugee, and included in an act of banishment, " to be " (if he returned) " transported back to some place within the possession of forces of the King of Great Britain,'' and if he should return a second time " to suffer the pains of death without benefit of clergy." It was, of course, impossible to go home, and he returned to England. In November of the same year (1775) he received the appointment of surgeon in the British Army, and joined the forces in America. He served in Rhode Island and New York until 1782, when he was appointed " Surgeon -General of the King's Forces in America,'' and ordered to Halifax. Here he remained until the reduction of the troops in 1783, when he was dismissed on half-pay with the grant . of La Tete Island in Passamaquoddy Bay as a place of residence. He soon removed to St. John, where he entered into practice. He was in 1785 elected to the New Brunswick Assembly, and appointed clerk of that body. The act of banishment having been rescinded in 1787, he returned to his native country, living in Salem until the death of his father, in 1793, when he returned to Worcester, and took possession of the house on Lincoln Street, still standing, and latterly known as "The Oaks." Here for forty years he lived, ]iractising medicine to some extent, but, in the latter part of his life, distinguished rather as a man of letters than as a physician. He received the halfpay of a British officer until the War of 1812, when, being called on for service, he resigned his commission, petitioned the Legislature of JIassachusetts for naturalization as a citizen of the United States, and, on the granting of the petition, took formal possession of his jiroperty, hitherto held by his brother, Judge Paine. He died April 19, 1833, at the age of eightythree. Dr. Paine became a member of the College of Physicians of I^ondon in 1781, and in 1790 was made an honorary member of the Miissachusetts Medical Society. He was a member of the Society of Northern Antiquities of Copenhagen, of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, of the Lin- Q;ean, and of the Essex Historical Society. He was one of the founders of the Antiquarian Society, and from 1813-16 its vice-president. He was also one of the incorporators of Worcester Bank, the first bank in the county. He married, September 23, 1773, Lois Orue, daughter of Timothy Orne, of Salem. As a young man of twenty-one, " Dr. Billy Paine " was, by the evidence of John Adams, his whilom schoolmaster, very civil, agreeable and sensible. In his later life he was considered " to possess extensive and profound learning and a refined literary taste, and was equally respected as physician and as citizen.'"

1776. - Dr. Joseph Lyxde, in practice here from 1775-83, was born in Charlestown, Mass., February 8, 1749, and came to Worcester with his father, Joseph Lynde, A.B. (Harvard, 1723), after the burning of the former town by the English. He lived on Main Street, on the present site of Bangs Block, was for some time in partnership with his brother-in-law, Dr. Dix, and finally went to Hartford, Conn., where he died January 15, 1829, aged eighty. These Lyndes were related to John Lynde, of Leicester, from whom Lynde Brook derives its name.

1781. - Dr. John Greex, the secon<l of the name, was a tall, strong man of fine proportions, who seemed eminently qualified to endure the hardships of a practice that extended far into the surrounding country. For the last nine years of his life he was practically the only physician in the place, and his death, after an illness of but a few hours, at the early age of forty-five, made a gap that it seemed for a time impossible to fill. Born in Worcester March 18, 1763, and instructed by his father, the first Dr. Green, he began practice at the age of eighteen, and for twenty-seven years devoted himself exclusively to his profession. Particularly skilled in surgery, his steady hand and keen eye were in demand for many an important operation, "while daily could be seen," says Charles Tappan, " Dr. Green and his half-dozen students mounted on horseback and galloping through the streets as if some one or more were in peril." Of the appearance of the doctor and his "students" something more may be learned from the " Reminiscences "of the Hon. Levi Lincoln, who, in describing him as one of the original members of the Worcester Fire Society, claims that Dr. Green would " often be followed in his queer-looking two-wheeled vehicle by a pack of dogs, or, superb horseman that he was, be seen on the backs of all manner of ungainly half-broken colts, at full gallop, accompanied by the pack giving mouth as if half a score of huntsmen were at their heels, to the infinite delight of all the urchins in the village." He lived at first in the little wooden office of his father, afterwards in the house next south, built by him and later occupied by his son. His wife was Nancy Barber, granddaughter of Robert Barber, of Northville. "To his funeral," says the Massachusetts iSpy of August 17, 1808 (he died on the 11th of this month), " came the largest concourse of people from this and neighboring towns ever known to be collected here on a similar occasion." " Few have been so loved while living or so mourned when dead."

Worcester, December 19, 1747. His early instructors were John Adams and the Rev. Aaron Hutchinson, of Grafton. His account of the former leads to the conclusion that Adams was a better President than pedagogue. " He used to sit at his desk nearly all the time engaged in writing (sermons, thinks Maccarty) and seemed, when not actually writing, absorbed in profound thought and abstracted from everything about him. He kept his school by setting one scholar to teach another." ^ Dr. Maccarty studied medicine with the eminent Dr. Frink, of Rutland, for four years, and in 1770 began practice in Dudley, in partnership with Dr. Eben Lillie. In 1773 he went to Fitchburg, being the first and for some years the only practitioner there. None of the five surrounding towns boasted a physician, and he was consequently called upon to do an astonishing amount of work. His nearest medical neighbor was Dr. Shattuck, of Templeton. In 1775 he was inoculated for the small-pox at a hospital in Great Barrington, by a certain Dr. Latham, who had at that time great reputation in the treatment of the disease by what was known as the method of Dr. Sutton. The method being a secret, a contract was made, by which Dr. Maccarty was empowered to use it in Fitchburg for twenty-one years, Dr. Latham to furnish medicines and to receive one-half the profits, while Dr. Maccarty was neither to sell the medicines nor to try, by analysis or otherwise, to discover their composition. He was also allowed to attend patients anywhere in Worcester County until Dr. Paine (then in England) should return. Escaping, by tact, a warm reception prepared for him on his return to Fitchburg (he was suspected of Toryism) and obtaining the necessary license from the Court of Sessions, he opened a small-pox hospital, where over eight hundred patients were inoculated and treated by Dr. Atherton, of Lancaster, and himself. His books showthat the moderate fee £1 10s. was all that was demanded from each person for medical services.

In 1781 his father's fiiiling health called him to Worcester, where he remained eight years, living, after his father's death, in the house on Park Street, east of Portland, formerly belonging to Dr. Samuel Breck. In 1784 he was town ph3'sician ; in 1785 he was greatly honored by election to membership in the Massachusetts Medical Society, then in the fourth year of its existence; but his success in Worcester was not great, and, on the death of his wife, in 1789, he went to Keene, N. H., where he was for some time engaged in trade. In the epidemic of 1793-94 he managed successfully smallpox hospitals in Charlestown, N.H.and in Keene. In 1796 he became interested in the once famous Perkins "tractors," - metal points, which, drawn over the skin, were supposed to cure neuralgia, rheumatism, and all manner of diseases, later shown

2 Manuscript of Jolin W. Stiles prepared for Mr. Lincoln's liistorj-. Cupy in possession of Mrs. Henry Clarke, a descendant of Dr. Maccarty.

to be as valueless as was the "blue glass" of a few years since, but then eagerly bought at fifty dollars the pair. He died November 21, 1802, aged fifty-five. His wife, to whom he was married in 1775, was Experience, daughter of Thomas Cowdin, of Fitchburg.

1783. - Dr. Samuel Prentiss, son of Col. Samuel Prentiss, of the Revolutionary Army, was born in Stonington, Conn., in 1759. For a time "military waiter " to his father, he then studied medicine with Dr. Philip Turner, of Norwich, and when qualified, re-entered the army as assistant surgeon and remained until peace was declared. From 1783-80 he was in Worcester, but there were already too many physicians here, and he removed to Northfield, where for more than twenty years he was almost the only operating surgeon iu that section. He died in 1819, aged fifty-nine. Lincoln states that he was secretary of a short-lived medical society in 1785. Of this Society, which, if it existed, wa.s the first association of physicians in the county, no trace remains.

179U. - Oliver Fiske, M.D. A.B. (Harvard, 1787), was the son of the " well-beloved '' Rev. Nathan Fiske, of Brook field, where he was born, September 2, 1762. His prompt enlistment in the patriot army iu 1780, at the age of eighteen, by stimulating others to follow his example, prevented a draft from the Brookfield company of militia already paraded for that purpose. After the expiration of his term of service he returned home and continued his preparation for Harvard College, which he entered in 1783. He taught school in Lincoln during the winter vacation of 1786-87, but procured a substitute and hastened to Worcester when Shays and his men appeared here, arriving in time to make the march to Petersham with General Lincoln. Returning to college, he graduated with his class, and after studying medicine three years with Dr. Atherton, of Lancaster, began practice in Worcester in 1790. He at once took a leading position, and was active in forming the County Medical Society, of which he was secretary from 1794-1802, and librarian from 1799-1804. He was the first president of the district society, councillor of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and in 1811 delivered the annual address in Boston, taking for his subject "Certain epidemics which prevail in tlie county of Worcester," describing the small-pox of 1796 and " spotted fever " of 1810. In 1824 Harvard honored him with the degree of " doctor of medicine." Popular, and as Bradford, in the "N. E. Biog." says of him, "a scientific physician, well acquainted with natural Philosophy, Chemistry and Physiology," Dr. Fiske, had he devoted himself to his profession, would undoubtedly have made his mark, both as practitioner and medical writer. But his profession soon became secondary to other objects. An ardent Federalist, he exerted no small influence in the party, and terse and epigrammatic articles from his pen, on the questions of the day, are scattered through tlie current literature of the time. An orator of no mean ability, he was often called on. Some of these orations and political articles have been printed ; more remain in manuscript. They have been described as useful and practical in matter, and singularly elegant in manner. In 1798 he was town treasurer; from 1800-1803 town clerk, and, in 1803, was appointed special justice of the Court of Common Pleas. From 1813-15 he was a member of the Executive Council, and from 1816-1821 register of deeds. He was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, corresponding secretary of the Linnpean Society of New England, and from 1824-37 of the Worcester Agricultural Society also. He was a member of the Fire Society, and a councillor of the Antiquarian Society. Increasing deafness caused him to retire from active life about 1822, and the next fifteen years were largely devoted to horticulture and agriculture. He lived in the old Judge Jennison house on Court Hill, removed when State Street was opened, with an estate reaching from the Dr. Dix place to the Second Church, and extending up the hill as far as Harvard Street. He died in Boston, January 25, 1837, age seventy-four. A son, R. Treat Paine Fiske, A.B. (Harvard, 1818), was a physician in Hingham, where he died in 1866.

Geo. H. Hall, A.B. (Harvard, 1781), M.B. (Harvard, 1788), who was in practice here for three years, married Sarah, daughter of Gardner Chandler, and in 1791 removed to Brattleboro', Vt., where he died in 1807.

Dr. Samuel Willard, one of the Lancaster Willards, here from 1790-92, and the two Walkers, George and William, sons of Captain John Walker, who commanded a company of foot in the provincial army. Wm. Walker, born in 1718, was in the army in Nova Scotia in 1755, and in AVorcester in 1778, while from 3IasaachuKe(ls Spy of June 5, 1777, we learn that "Last Monday night sennight, George Walker, commonly called doctor, and one Galloway, two toriea, were taken at Bristol and last Saturday were brought back and committed to goal here."

1794. - Worc^ester Medical Sooiety. - The charter of the Massachusetts Medical Society, granted in 1781, by its limitation of membership to seventy, practically excluded from its benefits the majority of physicians not in the immediate vicinity of Boston.'

1 John Friak, of Rutland, was the only incorporator from Worcester County, and in the twenty-two years from 1781 to 1803 but four other Worcester County men were elected to membership, viz., Israel Ather-

The physicians of the county of Worcester, therefore, at a meeting held December 18, 1794, voted to form themselves into a fraternity by the title of the Worcester Medical Society, for their " own improvement" and to make such knowledge as they might possess as generally useful as possible. By-laws were adopted, and the signers bound themselves to impress upon all their pupils the advantages of a regular medical education, and to recommend attendance upon the medical lectures annually given at the University of Cambridge. The society met semi-annually, alternately at Reed's tavern, in Rutland, and at Daniel Heywood's, in Worcester, until 1804, when it was merged in the district organization of the Massachusetts Medical Society.

The list of members includes the majority of those then prominent in the profession, and is as follows : Elijah Dix (Worcester), John Frink (Rutland), Eben H. Phillips (Charlton), John Green (Worcester), Oliver Fiske (Worcester), Abraham Lowe, John Green, Jr. (Worcester), Spencer Field, Seth Field (Brookfield), Jonathan Shearer, Estes Howe, Robert Cutler (last three county of Hampshire), Silas Allen (Leominster), William Cutler, Abraham Haskell (Ashby), Francis Foxcroft, Eras Babbit, Daniel Fiske, Jona. Learned, Israel Whitin (Winchendon), Daniel Beard, Amasa Scott, Austin Flint (Leicester), William Lamb, Peter Snow (Fitchburg), Tilly Rice, Jr. (Brookfield), John Frink, Jr. (Rutland), Asa Miles, Thomas Babbitt (Brookfield), Amasa Beaman, Richard S. Bridge, Hezekiah Eldridge, Eddy Whittaker(Monson), Josiah Howe, William Stone, Matthias Rice, Rev. Jonathan Osgood (Gardner), John Field (Rutland), Nasou Spoouer (Templeton), Moses Phelps (Hubbardston), Israel Atherton (Lancaster), Nelim. Hinds (Pelham), Israel Trask (Greenwich), Ebenezer Morse (Boylston), Samuel Willard (Uxbridge), Robert Cutler (Amherst), Jonas Prescott (Templeton), William Stone (Greenwich), Samuel Guthrie (Brimfield). 1803. - Dr. Joseph Trujibull, born in Suffleld^ Conn., October 12, 1756, and for a long time in practice in Petersham, came to Worcester and, in partnership with Isaiah Thomas, managed the drug-store originally established by Dr. Paine, and afterwards in the hands of Drs. Levi Sheppard and Eben Hunt, and of " Drs." Abraham Lincoln and Benjamin Green. He was married, February 14, 1786, to Elizabeth, daughter of Hon. Timothy and Sarah (Chandler) Paine, this marriage being the first solemnized in the Second (Unitarian) Church, and died at his residence in Trumbull Square, March 2, 1824. A martyr to gout, which, for seventeen years, confined him to his chair, he was unable to follow the active life of a physician, and in Worcester, when able to do anything, devoted himself to his drug business. 1804. - Worcester District Medical Society. -

The Worcester Medical Society had for several years been before the Legislature by petition and committee for an act of incorporation, but had been constantly thwarted by the Massachusetts Medical Society, which considered such action detrimental to its interests. A conference was finally held with a committee of the Worcester society, and after an act of Legislature (approved March 8, 1803) had been obtained, by which the powers of the older society were extended, it was agreed that four districts should be established - Middle, Southern, Eastern and Western ; Worcester district to be the we.stern, and to include those fellows living in the counties of Worcester, Hampshire, Hampden, Franklin and Berkshire. At a meeting of the County Society held September 26, 1804, an organization after this plan was effected ; fourteen members of the local society became fellows of the Massachusetts Medical Society, elected officers and acquired the right t(j establish their own regulations "so that they be not repugnant to the bye-laws of the general society," to hold property and to dispose of the same. Although by the act the "Western District" included the physicians of five counties, all but one of the three hundred and forty-eight names on the rolls are those of Worcester County men, and no loss of members by the establishment of new districts occurred until the Worcester North District was set off, iu 1858. Meetings, always in Worcester, were at first held semi-annually in June and September; later there were quarterly meetings, and still later a meeting was held every two months. Officers elected annually in May consist of a president, vice-president, secretary, treasurer, librarian, five censors (who examine candidates for admission) and a variable number of councillors, who represent the society at the general meeting of councillors in Boston. The present membership is one hundred and twenty-three. In 1845 six thousand dollars was given to the society by the Hon. Daniel Waldo, and in 1851 Dr. Charles W. Wilder, of Leominster, left five hundred dollars in his will. The income of these sums, together with that of a bequest of one thousand dollars from the late Harrison Bliss and the interest of another small sum of money called the Available Reserved Fund, is now devoted to the increase of the library, the third largest medical library in the State. The presidents of the society since 1804 have been : Oliver Fiske, of Worcester, 1804-07; Thomas Babbitt, of Brookfield, 1807-13; Abraham Haskell, of Ashby, 181.3-14; Jonathan Osgood, of Gardner, 1814-20; Abraham Haskell, of Ashby, 1820-25 ; Stephen Bacheller, Jr., of Royalston, 1825-29 ; John Green, of Worcester, 1829-37; Edward Flint, of Leicester, 1837-40; Benjamin F. Heywood, of Worcester, 1840-42; Charles W. Wilder, of Leominster, 1842-44 ; Joseph Stone, of Hardwick, 1844-46; William Workman, of Worcester, 1846-49; John G. Metcalf, of Mendon, 1849-51 ; Benjamin Pond, of Westboro', 1851-53; Thomas R. Boutelle, of Fitchburg, 1853-55; Charles M. Fay, of Charlton, 1855-57 ; Joshua J. Johnson, of Northboro',

P>en of those physicians claiming Worcester as a home it will be manifestly impossible to mention all. An attempt will be made to give attainable particulars of the leading men only.

1807. - John Green, M.D., A.B. (Brown, 1804), born in Worcester, April 19, 1784, who began practice in 1807, less than a year before the death of Dr. John Green, his father, and but eight years after that of the Revolutionary Dr. John Green, his grandfather, is destined to be longer remembered than either ; for, with that enduring monument, a public library, his name will always be associated. Having early decided to devote a liberal portion of his fortune to the founding of such an institution, he was, for many years, personally engaged in collecting books, which, in 1859, he presented to the city, adding continually to the number afterwards, and leaving, by will, thirty thousand dollars as a fund for further increase. He studied medicine with his father, succeeded on the latter's sudden death to his large practice, and continued for more than half a century the recognized leader of the profession in the county. Prudent and cautious almost to a fault, he is said to have realized Thomas Fuller's idea of the " good physician " : " He hansels not his new experiments on the bodies of his patients, letting loose mad receipts into the sick man's body to try how well nature in him will fight against them, while himself stands by and sees the battle."

Holding no public office, and devoting himself entirely to his profession, few men were better known than Dr. John Green. "His name," says Judge Thomas, " was a household word. Not to have seen him, as, under that brown, broad-brimmed soft hat, he rolled from side to side, in that old time-honored gig, through the streets of the village, town and city, was to have missed one of the most striking institutions of Worcester."

His personal appearance, at least in old age, is well-known to all frequenters of the " Green library," where statue and picture well represent his slight and stooping figure and intelligent features. His modesty was such that he wished this statue removed, as it seemed to him to suggest a " kind of arrogance " that he did not feel. His manner was quiet ; his tastes simple; he cared nothing for display.

In 1815 he was granted the degree of M.D. by Harvard College, and in 1826 Brown followed the example of her sister university. Of the district medical society he was three years treasurer, seven librarian, five vice-president, and seven president, when he declined further service. He was vicepresident of the American Jledical Society in 1854. He was the first president of the Horticultural Society, councillor of the Massachusetts Medical and of the American Antiquarian Societies, and an early and constant patron of the Natural History Society. Feeble health and increasing age compelled him to retire from active practice about ten years before his death, which took place after several weeks' illness, October 17, 18(J5, he being then in his eightysecond year. Early in life he marri^l Dolly, daughter of David Curtis, but survived her many years. He left no children, and was the last of the line of doctors of his name' that, for more than one hundred years, had been largely responsible for the health of the inhabitants of Worcester.

1808. - Dr. Benjamin Chapin, son of Captain Thaddeus Chapin, was born in* Worcester, May 29, 1781. He studied medicine with the second Dr. Green, practised in Marlborough until 1808, when he returned to Worcester, and remained here until his death, January 15, 1835, at the age of fifty-four. His office and drug-store stood at the corner of Front and Carlton Streets. He was town clerk from 1818-1833 and in 1830 a member of the Legislature.

1815. - Benjamin F. Heywood, M.D., A.B. (Dartmouth, 1812), son of Hon. Benjamin Heywood, a graduate of Harvard College, officer in the Revolutionary army, and judge of the Court of Common Pleas, was born in Worcester, April 24, 1792. He attended lectures at the medical schools of Dartmouth and Yale, graduated from the latter in 1815, and began practice in Worcester immediately afterwards. For more than fifty years he was in active business, twenty of them in partnership with his brother-inlaw. Dr. Green, and, at the time of his sudden death, December?, 1869, at the age of seventy-seven, was the oldest physician in Worcester, and had been longest in practice. A permanent member of the American Medical Association, he held in turn, and for long periods of time, all the offices in the gift of the District Society, and was for many years councillor in the State Society. He was for forty years a trustee of the Worcester County Institution for Savings, and was a director of the Worcester Bank, of which bis father was one of the founders. In 1848 he served one term in the Common Council, and from 1848-185G was a member of the Board of Aldermen. In 1859 he became, by right of his father, a member of the Society of the Cincinnati. His first wife, sister of Dr. John Green, died Aug. 4, 183(5 ; his second wife, also a sister of Dr. Green, still lives in this city. IsWi. - O. H. Blood, M.D., A.B. (Harvard, 1821), was the son of Gen. T. H. Blood, of Sterling. He studied medicine with Dr. Lemuel Capen, of that place, and attended lectures at the Harvard Medical School, where he graduated in 182(1. He practised in Worcester until 1828, when he went to Brookfield. In 1831 he returned, but soon turned his attention to dentistry, in which business he continued until his death, April 8, 1858, at the age of fifty-seven. His wife, now living, is a sister of Mr. H. G. <). Blake.

1829. - John S. Butler, M.D., A.B. (Yale, 1825), is a son of Daniel Butler, of Northampton, where he was born October 12, 1803. From 1825-28 he attended lectures in Boston and Philadelphia, and after receiving his degree spent one more year in study, finally opening his office in Worcester in 1829. Early in his career he became interested in the subject of insanity, and, as he himself says, was " a frequent visitor to the newly-established Insane Asylum, and a careful observer in its wards." In 1839 he was appointed resident medical officer of penal, charitable and reformatory institutions, and superintendent of the Insane Asylum of Boston, where he remained until 1842. In 1843 he became superintendent of the Hartford Retreat, which position he resigned in 1873, after nearly thirty years' service. He resides in Hartford ; is a member of the State Board of Health, of the American Academy and of the Medico-Psychological*Society of Great Britain. From 1870-73 he was

1831. - George Chandler, M.D., A.B. (Union, 1829), son of Major John W. Chandler, was born in Pomfret, Conn., April 8, 1806. He attended the academies of Dudley and Leicester, spent two years at Brown University and graduated at Union College, Schenectady, N. Y., in 1829. He read medicine with Dr. Holt, of Pomfret, attended lectures in Boston and New Haven, and received his medical degree from Yale College in 1831. The same year he opened an office in Worcester. For part of one year he was in practice in Auburn, and in March, 1833, became Dr. S. B. Woodward's assistant at the Lunatic Hospital. In 1842 he was appointed superintendent of the New Hampshire State Lunatic Asylum, at Concord, erected after the plans submitted by himself. Three years later he resigned this position against the expressed wish of the trustees, and the next year (1846) succeeded Dr. Woodward as superintendent of the Worcester Hospital. This institution was successfully managed by him for ten years, when he gave up his charge and at the same time retired from practice, having devoted twenty-five years to care of the insane. Dr. Chandler has been a member of the Msssachusetts, New Hampshire and Connecticut State Medical Societies. In 1859 he represented Ward 8 in the Legislature, and in 1862 was a member of the Board of Aldermen. He is a member of the Antiquarian and Worcester Fire Societies and has devoted much time to the voluminous "Chandler family records." In 1862 he responded to the call for volunteer surgeons, weut to Fortre.'-s Monroe and returned in medical charge of a transport. His first wife, Josephine Rose, who died in 1868, was a granddaughter of Dr. Wm. Paine. He married, April 8, 1874, Mary E. Douglass, widow of Charles A. Wheeler.

183L - Dr. John Park, A.B. (Dartmouth, 1791), although never in active practice, resided here for many years. He was born in Windham, N. H., in 1775. From 1793 to 1801 he served in the West Indies, at first as surgeon in the English service and later in the United States Navy. He settled in Newburyport and later moved to Boston, retired from practice, and, in 1811, opened the Boston Lyceum for young ladies, which he successfully managed for twenty years. From 1831 to his death, in 1852, he was in Worcester. He was a member of the Antiquarian Society, to which he presented the greater part of his library. A daughter was the wife of the late Benjamin F. Thomas. Another became the second wife of Rev. Dr. E. B. Hall, of Providence, R. I., father of Rev. Edward H. Hall, who from 1869-82 was the pastor of the Second (Unitarian) Church.

- Dr Samuel Woortwaid was in practice iu Torrlngford for nearly Kiily yiiira, lie wan disliligiiislieil not only in his jirofession, bill iu was born in Torringford, Conn., June 10, 1787. He studied medicine with his father, and, having been licensed to practice by the Connecticut State Medical Society in 1809, assisted him for a year or more, and then remoTed to WethersSeld, near Hartford. Here he remained twenty-two years, for a large part of the time the only physician in the place. During this period he was elected secretary of the Connecticut Medical Society; vice-president of the Hopkins Medical Society, and one of the medical examiners of Yale College, from which, in 1822, he received the degree of M.D. From 1827-33 he was physician to the Connecticut State Prison. He became early interested in the subject of insanity, and, in 1824, w.is strongly urged for the position of superintendent of the Bloomingdale Asylum, then opened in the State of New York. He was largely instrumental in the establishment of the Hartford Retreat for the Insane, traveling over the greater part of the State of Connecticut in his doctor's gig, e.xpLaining its necessity and soliciting funds. Some negotiations took place for his taking charge of this institution, but he used his influence in favor of his friend. Dr. Eli Todd, who was appointed. On the latter's death, in 1834, the position was again offered him, and in 1840 the offer was repeated, with the promise of a home outside the hospital walls. These offers, as well as a similar one, in 1842, from the trustees of the then new asylum in Utica, N. Y., were declined ; but while in Wethersfield he served on the Board of Visitors of the Hartford institution, and "devoted to its prosperity the weight of his personal exertions and influence." In 1832 came the call to take charge of the asylum then in process of erection in Worcester, which call he accepted, came here in 1833, and remained almost without rest for fourteen years. In 1846, with shattered health, he retired to Northampton, where he died .January 3, 18.50, at the age of fifty-three. Dr. Woodward was an honorary member of the Massachusetts Medical Society from 1833, and of the Connecticut State Society from 1835. In 1832 he represented the Hartford district in the State Senate, his object in accepting the position being the furtherance, by legislation, of the interests of the insane, whose acknowledged champion he already was. In 1838 he became a fellow of the Albany Medical College. He was the first president of the Association of Insane Asylum Superintendents and the founder of the society ; a member of the Ohio State Medical Society and Ohio Historical Society. He wrote much for medical and other scientific journals, and, from 1828-43, delivered occasional lectures on temperance and education throughoutConnecticut and Massachusetts. Of the Massachusetts School for Idiotic Youth he was a firm friend, and, as early as 1840, had prepolitical life ; w.ts for twenty yeara a member of tlie Legislature, ami from 1800-10 Democratic candidate for Congresa. He died Jauuai-y 2(1, 1836, aged eighty-four. Of his six sous four studied medicine, and all were in practice in Connecticut atone and the same time.

pared a plan for an asylum for inebriates, of which he would willingly have been superintendent. The times were, however, not ripe; the plan was considered chimerical and the project abandoned. An authority on the subject of insanity, and occupying the position of a reformer in its treatment, his private correspondence .shows that his opinion was sought by physicians of reputation, not only in this State, but throughout America. Dr. Edward Jarvis, in 1842, calls him "the leader in the great reform in the management of the insane," and says that the example of the hospital and its reports " have done more than any other thing to extend this reformation throughout the Union." Personally popular, on his removal to Worcester six hundred and seventy of the inhabitants of Wethersfield signed a memorial of their regard for his person, respect for his talents and regret at his removal ; and, after his departure for Northampton, his bust was placed in the corridor of the Lunatic Hospital by the people of Worcester, while the trustees individually subscribed for the portrait now at the asylum. Six feet two and onehalf inches in height, and weighing two hundred and sixty pounds. Dr. Woodward commanded attention wherever he appeared. Of his personal appearance, Mr. Stanton, in his reminiscences, says: "I boarded in Boston at the United States Hotel. Whenever he visited the city, Dr. Samuel B. Woodward, principal of the Insane Asylum at Worcester, dined there. As he walked, erect and majestic, through the long room to the head of the table, every knife and fork rested and all eyes centred on him. He received similar notice when appearing as an expert in the courts. The reason was this: young men who saw George Washington after he passed middle life traced the very close resemblance between him and Dr. Woodward."

1834. - Aaron G. Babcook, M.D., son of Amos Babcock, of Princeton, where he studied medicine with Dr. Chandler Smith, graduated at the Bowdoin Medical School in 1830. For four years he practised medicine in Holden, then came to Worcester, where he was at first physician, and later physician and druggist. From his drug-store was developed the present extensive establishment of Jerome Marble & Co.

1835. - William Workman, M.D., was born in Colraine, Mass., in 1798, and was fitted for college at Hopkins Academy, in old Hadley. His health failed, lie was unable to graduate and was twenty-four years of age before he began to study medicine. After a three years' course with Drs. Washburn, of Greenfield, Flint cfe Mather, of Northampton, and at the Harvard Medical School, he received his degree in 1825, and immediately opened an office in Shrewsbury. In 1835 he came to Worcester and continued in active practice until 1869, when, at the age of seventy-one, he retired. He died sixteen years later (October 17, 1885), at the age of eighty -seven. Dr. Workman was a member of the American Medical Association, and for twenty-four years councillor of the Massachusetts Medical Society. In 1854 he delivered the annual address before that body, it being the second time that the honor had been conferred upon a Worcester physician. In 1862, requested to send out surgeons to care for the wounded of the " Seven Days' Fight," he attended to that duty, and although in his sixty-fourth year, went himself to the front. He was connected with the School Board of town and city from 1840 to 1859, was president of the Worcester Lyceum, and from 18(i2 to '72 trustee of the Worcester Lunatic' Hospital. He married, in 1S28, Sarah P. Hemenvvay. His son, William H. Workman, M.D., was in practice here from 1873 to '87.

X83(5._joHN A. Andrews, M.D., who is the oldest physician in the city, was born in Hopkinton, September 30, 1802, and has been fifty-two years in practice here. In 1850 and '51 he was connected with the Worcester Medical Institution.

lg3(;._CHANL)LER SMITH, M.D., born in Peru, Berkshire County, in 1803, graduated at the Berkshire Medical School in 1825, and for ten years practised in Princeton. From 1836 until his death - June 28, 1843_he lived in Worcester, and for four years of the time was town physician. He was a trustee of the Worcester Manual Labor High School.

1840. - Joseph Saegent, M.D., A.B. (Harvard, 1834), son of Colonel Henry Sargent, was born in Leicester, December 31, 1815. He studied medicine one year with Dr. Edward Flint, of Leicester, and three at a private school in Boston, of which Dr. James Jackson was the head, attending lectures at the medical schools of Harvard University and in Philadelphia. After receiving his degreeof M.D. from Harvard, in 1837, he spent one year as house-officer in the Massachusetts General Hospital, and two years in study in Paris, and in 1840 opened an office in Worcester. In 1850 he spent another year in study in Europe, and visited it again in 1868.

For forty-eight years Dr. Sargent has been a leader in the medical profession. Holding, in turn, all the offices in the District Society, he was councillor in the State Society for a long time, and in 1874-76 vicepresident. He was one of the original members of the Boston Society for Medical Observation, and the first out-of-town member of the Boston Society for Medical Improvement. He founded the Worcester Medical Improvement Society. To his exertions is largely due the present prosperity of the City Hospital of which he was trustee from 1871 to 1886, serving at the same time as a member of the consulting stafl". From 1843 to 1848 he was a trustee of the Worcester Lunatic Hospital, and is at present, and has always been, a trustee of the Memorial Hospital and Dispensary. He has been medical director of the State Mutual Life Insurance Company since 1844. At his suggestion gas was introduced into Worcester, and he is president of the Worcester Gas Company. He is a

[The death of Dr. Sargent, on October 13, 1888, since the above sketch was prepared, makes it proper here to add a few words. It is impossible, however, within the limits imposed upon us, to do justice to the character and position of the doctor. He brought to Worcester a store of knowledge and skill, which made him pre-eminently the most conspicuous member of the profession in Central Massachusetts, and which would have secured for him fame and success in whatever field of practice he should have selected anywhere. This position he maintained throughout his lifetime. He was, at the same time, a publicspirited citizen, and his services to leading local institutions, as well as to the body politic, were of the highest value. The natural refinement of his character served to elevate the tone of any circle or any business interest with which he was connected. A more full acquaintance with the life of Dr. Sargent may be obtained from the biographical sketches and the procsedings of the various bodies with which he was connected, which appeared in the Worcester Spij and Evening Gazette immediately following his death, and also from the printed " Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society," at their meeting on October 22, 1888.-C.]

1840. - Calvin Newton, M.D., was born in Southboro' in 1801, and was educated for the ministry. For a number of years he was settled over a church in Great Barriugton, and was later Professor of Rhetoric and Hebrew in Waterville College, Waterville, Maine. Deciding to study medicine, he attended lectures at the Berkshire Medical School, where he graduated in 1840. He immediately opened an office in Worcester- In 1846 he established a medical journal, known as the N. E. Medical Eelectic, and later as the Worcester Journal of Medicine. This he continued to edit until his death. He lectured to classes of students, and devoted all his energies to the establishment of a school which should raise the standard of practice of those persons known as eclectic or botanic physicians. In this he succeeded, against great oi)position, but wore himself out in the attempt, and died in August, 1853, aged fifty-two. He was president of the Worcester Medical Institution and Professor of Pathology. He was, also, in 1852, president of the National Eclectic Medical Society.

1845. - Ben.tamin Heywood, M.D., A.B. (Harvard, 1840), son of Dr. Benjamin F. Heywood, was born in Worcester, July 16, 1821. He .studied medicine four years at the University of Pennsylvania, graduated in 1844, and after one year spent in study in Europe, came to Worcester, where his ability was soon recognized, both by the profession and the community. He practised medicine here for fifteen years ; was from 1847-54 secretary, treasurer and librarian of the District Society, and in 1859, surgeon of the Tenth Regiment of Militia. He died July 21, 1860, aged thirty-nine.

1845. - Rurus Woodwakd, M.D., A.B. (Harvard, 1841),was thesonof Dr. Samuel B. Woodward, and born in Wethersfleld, Connecticut, Octobers, 1819. He was fitted in the Worcester schools for Harvard College, which he entered in 1837. After graduation he began the study of medicine with Dr. Joseph Sargent, and in 1842 entered the Harvard Medical School, where he graduated three years later. For three years he was assistant physician at the State Lunatic Hospital, and then spent two years in study in Europe, devoting much time to the subject of insanity, with the intention of assisting his father in a private a.sylum for mental diseases in Northampton. His plans were changed by the latter's sudden death, in 1850, and on his return to this country, soon after, he established himself in general practice in Worcester. For thirtythree years he devoted himself to his profession, seeing patients on the very day of his own sudden death, December 30, 1885, at the age of sixty -six. A member of local and State Medical Societies, he was, during the war of 1861-65, examining surgeon for volunteers, and in 1862 volunteer surgeon under theSanitary Commission. From 1863-66 he was city physician and on the formation of the Board of Health, in 187?' was induced to again accept this position, which he held at the time of his death, being also chairman oi the board, of which he was ex-qfficio a member. From 1871-1880 he was visiting surgeon to the City Hospital, consulting surgeon to the Washburn Dispensary from 1874 until his death, and was also physician to the House of Correction, and to the Orphans' Home. For twelve years he was a member of the School Board, and from 1861 a member of the Antiquarian Society. In natural history and botany he was always greatly interested; he was, in college, a member of the Harvard Natural History Society, and was one of the founders and for many years president of the local society. Much of his spare time was spent in his garden, and that wild flower whose haunts, in the neighborhood of Worcester, he did not know, was rare indeed.

1845. - Samuel F. GEEEa\, M.D., a grandson of the first Dr. John Green, was born here October 10, 1822, studied medicine with Dr. McVicker, in New York, graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1845, and immediately settled in Worcester. A year later he became physician to the American Board, and went to Ceylon. Learning the Tamil language, he established a college for the education o( young men in European medicine and surgery. For twenty-one years he lived there, teaching, attending to an extensive practice, and at the same time performing the tremendous task of editing, in Tamil, a complete set of works on medicine. His health was undermined by the climate; he was obliged to return to America, and the last years of his life were spent in Worcester. Wishing to continue his work, the manuscript was, for a long time, prepared here, sent to India, and the proofs in Tamil returned for revision and correction. He completed text-books on Obstetrics, Surgery, Anatomy, Physiology, Physics and Chemistry, and parts of works on the Pharmacopceia of India, and Medical Jurisprudence - in all three thousand six hundred pages. Many of these are standard in India, and a small annual appropriation to assist in defraying the expense of preparing them was allowed him by the English Government. He died in the Green Hill house. May 28, 1884.

1845. - George A. Bates, M.D., son of Dr. Anson Bates, of Barre, where he was born in 1820, studied medicine with his brother. Dr. Joseph N. Bates, in that town, and with Dr. N. S. Perry, of Boston, attending also lectures at the Berkshire and Harvard Medical Schools. He graduated from the latter in 1844, and began practice in Barre. In 1845 he came to Worcester, where, with one interval of five years, he remained until his sudden death, August 9, 1885* In 1856 he removed to Washington, D. C, returning in 1861, when his brother left Worcester as surgeon of the Fifteenth Regiment. From 1844 he was a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society ; from 1871-83 surgeon at the City Hospital, and, at the time of his death, surgeon of the Worcester Continentals. Never married, he almost lived in his oflice, where he surrounded himself with old furniture and curiosities of every description. In fact, so great was the accumulation that many were, of necessity, packed away and unearthed only after his death.

1845.-SAMUEX. FLA(ai, M.D., A.B. (Dartmouth, 1841), son of Samuel Flagg, was born in Worcester July 16, 1821. He studied medicine with Dr. Amos Twitchell, in Keene, N. H., and at the University of Pennsylvania, where he graduated in 1845. In practice in Worcester until 1861 ; he was from 1852 connected with the militia, at first as assistant surgeon of the Eighth Regiment, and later as surgeon of the Third Battalion of RiHes. He went to the front in 1861 as hospital steward in the Twenty-fifth Regiment, and in 1862 was commissioned assistant surgeon. For two years he was on detail duty in various hospitals and forts in North Carolina. In 1863 he resigned on account of ill health, but soon after went as contract surgeon to the Government Hospital on Long Island, Boston Harbor, remaining there and at Galloupes Island until 1865. Since 1881 he has lived in his cottage on the shores of Lake Quinsigamond. From 1867-69 he was surgeon of the Tenth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, and from 1869-77 surgeon and medical director of the Third Brigade.

1845. - Worcester Society por Medical Improvement, organized for " medical improvement and the cultivation of good-fellowship." It was discontinued in 1846, revived in 1857, and continued until 1874. In 1876 it was re-organized, and until 1886 meetings were held every alternate Wednesday evening, from September to June, at the house of members in turn. Each member was chairman of his own meeting and read a paper on some scientific subject. There were usually about twenty medical men connected with the society. Its meetings are for the present suspended.

1846. - R. L. Hawes, M.D., was born in Leominster, March 22, 1823. After graduating at the Harvard Medical School (1845), where he took high rank, he began practice in Worcester ; but, having invented a machine for folding envelopes, soon turned his attention to business. He died in travelling in Europe in 1867.

1846._Armet B. Delano, in practice here for forty-three years, was born in Brookfield in 1823. He studied medicine with Dr. George Bates and attended lectures at Pittsfield, Mass., Castleton, Vt., and Charleston, S. C.

1847. - Henry Saroent, M.D., A.B. (Yale, 1841), son of Colonel Henry Sargent, was born in Leicester, November 7, 1821. His medical studies were pursued with his brother. Dr. Joseph Sargent, with Drs. Bowditch, of Boston, and Gerhardt, of Philadelphia, and at the Harvard Medical School, from which he graduated in 1847, having previously spent two years in Europe, largely in the hospitals of Paris. His health was never good after 1844, when he was poisoned at an autopsy, and he was repeatedly obliged to withdraw from business, visiting Europe in 1851 and again in 1854. With these exceptions, he was in practice in Worcester from the time of his graduation until his death, April 26, 1858, at the age of thirty-six. He was highly esteemed by the profession in Worcester, and to an unusual degree beloved by the community. His wife was Catherine Whitney, to whom he was married in May, 1849. She died in September of the same year.

1848. - Pierre B. Miunaui.t (of Acadian ancestry) was born in the parish of Chambly, Province of Quebec, August 28, 1818. He became involved in the " Rebellion of '37," and was forced to flee the .country. He reached the frontier after various adventures, worked his way to Burlington and later to Boston, and entered the Harvard Medical School, where he graduated in 1846. For two years he practised in Boston, and then came to Worcester, where he remained until 1871, living on Trumbull Square. He now resides in Montreal. In Worcester he was widely known as "The French doctor," and was largely interested in the Sisters' Hospital.

1848._MerMCK Bemis, M.D., was born in Sturbridge, Mass., in 1820 ; studied medicine with Drs. Gilmore, of Brookfield, and Winslow Lewis, of Boston, and received his degree from the Castleton (Vt.) Medical School in 1848. For eight years he was assistant to Dr. Chandler, at the Lunatic Hospital, and in 1856 succeeded him as superintendent. In 1872 he resigned the position and established the private asylum known as Herbert Hall. A member of various medical societies, Dr. Bemis is president of the Worcester Medical Association. During the War of 1861-65 he did much to encourage recruiting. He has served on the School Committee and in 1860 was a member of the Board of Aldermen. For years he has been prominently identified with the Natural History Society.

1850. - Oraimee Martin, M.D., was born in Hoosick, N. Y., July 21, 1810. He attended lectures at the medical schools of Pittsfield, Mass., and Castleton, Vt., from 1829 to 1832, receiving diplomas from both places. In 1833 he began practice in New Braintree. The years 1845-46 he spent in study in the hospitals of Paris. Returning, he practised two years in North Brookfield and two in Hopkinton, and in 1850 removed to Worcester, where he has since remained. " He participated largely in the Anti-Slavery movement and in the formation of the Republican party." In 1861 he went to the fiont as airgeou of the Third Battalion of Rifles. In August of the same year he was commissioned brigade surgeon by President Lincoln. Invalided after four mouths' service at Fort McHenry, he no sooner recovered his health than he went to Missouri on General Hunter's statt', and was placed in charge of the hospital village of Olterville, with twelve hundred patients. He was then sent to Kansas, and, after the battle of Pittsburgh Landing, was placed in charge of the Pacific Hospital in St. Louis. Later he was on General Granger's start' in Mississippi, but his health again gave out, and he was obliged to send in his resignation in June, 1862. Until the end of the war he was surgeon of the Board of Enrollment. From 1862 he was also examiner of pensioners ; at first alone, and afterwards as one of a board of three, until 1886, when, with one of his colleagues, Dr. J. M. Rice, he was, for political reasons, removed. He is a member of the American Medical Society and of the Massachusetts and Vermont State Societies. He was surgeon of the City Hospital until 1882, and is now a member of the consulting stafl". He is also consulting physician to the Washburn Dispensary.

1850. - Dean Towne, M.D., born in Windsor, Vt. February 7, 1810 ; studied medicine in Woodstock, Vt., and graduated at Castleton in 1833. He practiced twelve years in Windsor, Vt.,six years in Shrewsbury, and has, since 1850, been in Worcester. He practically retired from business many years ag(j.

1851. - Henry Clarke, M.D., was the son of Benjamin Clarke, a prosperous farmer of Marlboro', Mass., where he was born October 3, 1824. Spending some years at the academies of Marlboro' and Leicester, he "began his professional studies in the office of Dr. Henry Sargent in 1847. In 1848 he entered the Harvard Medical School, where he distinguished himself and received the Boylston prize. He graduated iu 1850, and, after a year spent in the hospitals of Paris and Vienna, began practice in Worcester in 1851. To his practice he devoted himself with a zeal and industry that often overtaxed his physical strength, never very robust, and, in 1861, in 1867, and again in

1876, he went to Europe for rest and study. In 1862 he was, for some months, at the front as vohinteer surgeon. He was city physician for several of his first years in Worcester; a member of the School Board, and, for fourteen years, physician to the county jail. He was one of the original trustees of the Memorial Hospital under Mr. Washburn's will, and surgeon at the City Hospital from the beginning. He died after a short illness, April 17, 1880, aged fiftyfive years. Though at his death he had barely passed middle life, and in aspect and manner younger than his years, he stood in the very first rank of Blassachusetts physicians. As a surgeon he was remarkably bold and skillful, and his services were often in demaud for difficult cases. Working long after he should have rested, he died " in harness," and prematurely, for his patients - to him his world. -

1851. - >Seth Rogers, M.D., born in Danby, Vt., February 13, 1823; graduated in medicine at Castleton in 1849. He had been previously assistant to Dr. Joel Shew, and was, for two years more, with him in a " hydropathic " establishment in New York City. lu 1851 he came to Worcester, and established the Worcester Water Cure, which he maintained for some thirteen years. He gave lectures at the Worcester Medical Institution on hydro-therapeutics in 1850 and 1851, and from 1852 to 1854 studied in Paris, leaving Dr. George Hoyt in charge of the hospital here. In 1858 his health failed, and he spent a year in Brazil and France. F^rom 1850 to 1862 he was again in Worcester. In 18G2 he joined Colonel T. W. Higginsou in youth Carolina, and was for a year surgeon of the First Regiment South Carolina (Colored) Volunteers. In 1864 he left Worcester permanently, ex- (lecting to live but a short time, but is now in Pomfret, Ct., where, since 1883, he has received at his house patients suffering from chronic disease. In 1867, and later, he was in i)ractice in Florida in the winter. In Worcester he was in general practice, and while using water extensively, was not a " hydropathist."

1851. - Albin J. Eaton, M.D., was born in Ashburnham June 19, 1809 ; graduated at the school in Pittsfield in 1836, and was in practice in various places in Massachusetts (among others, in Oakham) until 1851, when he came to Worcester. In 1855 he entirely withdrew from the profession.

1852. - F. H. Kf:LLBY, M.D., was born in New Hampton, N. H., September 9, 1827. He began the study ol medicine in Dover in 1847 ; attended lectures in Cincinnati, Ohio, and at the Harvard Jledical School : came to Worcester in 1851, and graduated from the Worcester Medical Institution in 1852. Soon after he formed a partnership with Dr. Calvin Newton, which lasted until the latter's death the next year. Dr. Kelley was in active practice (somewhat interfered with by his oificial duties) until 1883, and in 1874 became a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society. In December, 1879, he was elected mayor of Worcester, .and re-elected in 1880, having previously served the city four years in the Common Council and six on the Board of Aldermen. He was a member of the first Board of Trustees of the City Hospital ; was elected presiding officer, and served in this capacity until 1883. F'rom 1877 he was one of the commissioners of the " Jacques " and other funds of the hospital, and chairman of the committee.

1852. - John E. Hathaway, M.D., son of Samuel Hathaway, was born in Worcester in 1828. In 1846 he left home to take a position in the apothecary store of Theodore Metcalf & Co., in Boston, and not long after received an appointment as house apothecary to the Massachusetts General Hospital. Here he became interested in medical pursuits, and, connecting himself with the Tremont Street Medical School, began the study of medicine. As a student he took high rank, and received the Boylston prize. He was for a few months house physician at the hospital, and graduated from Harvard with the medical class of 1852. In the .same year he came to Worcester, and, after the usual struggle of the young doctor, had just acquired a good practice when, in 1859, the first symptoms of the disease from which he afterwards died, appeared. Receiving no benefit from either the South or Europe, in April, 1861, he removed to Shrewsbury, to try the effect of an out-door life, but gradually sank, and died January 12, 1862, at the age of thirty-four. He was a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society, of the Worcester Society for Medical Improvement, and from 1855 to 1858 secretary of the District Medical Society.

1854. - J. Marcus Rice, M.D., was born in Milford, N.Y., July 31, 1827 ; he graduated in medicine at Castleton, Vt., in 1853, and, after a year spent in the hospitals of London and Paris, opened an office in Worcester. He was for several years city physician, and in 185',> was appointed coroner by Governor Banks, which position he held until the coroner system was abandoned, since which time he has been "medical examiner" for this district. In 1861 he examined recruits for the Twenty-first Regiment, and went with it as far as Annapolis, but declined a commission and returned, to become surgeon of the Twenty-fifth, with which he went to the front September 16th. He served throughout the war, and spent the summer of 1865 as health officer to the port of Norfolk. At the battle of Roanoke Island he was wounded in the chest. While on outpost duty near Newbern, N. C, in 1863, he was captured and spent six weeks in Libby Prison. He was successively regimental, brigade and division surgeon, acting medical inspector of the Eighteenth Army Corps, and medical inspector of the Army of the James. At the expiration of his term of enlistment his application to be mustered out was returned, endorsed as follows : "The services of this officer are so valuable that his application is returned in the hope that he will retain his present appointment, with the assurance that he shall be mustered out at any future time, should he so desire." Dr. Rice is a member of the American Medical Society of Paris ; of the Massachusetts Medico-Legal Society, and of the Royal Geographical Society of London. He served fifteen years as surgeon to the City Hospital, and is now a member of the consulting board. During 1879-80, and again in 1880-81, he represented Ward Eight in the Legislature.

1S55._Frank H. Rice, M.D., born in Rowe, Mass., in 1831, graduated at the Medical School at Woodstock, Vt., in 1854. From 1857-64 he was assistant physician at the Lunatic Hospital, and from 1864- 71 in general practice in the city. In the latter year he removed to Passaic, N. J., where he still remains.

1856. - Joseph N. Bates, M.D., was born in Barre, March 16, 1811, and began the study of medicine with his father. Dr. Anson Bates, of that town, in 1829. He attended lectures at Bowdoin, Me., in Philadelphia, and at the Dartmouth Medical School, where he graduated in 1831. For twenty-five years he practised medicine in Barre, and was well and favorably known throughout the whole of that section of country. In 1856 he came to Worcester, and in 1861 went to the front as surgeon of the Fifteenth Regiment, but was forced by ill health to resign in July, 1862. He remained in Worcester in active practice until his death, February 22,1883, at the age of seventy-two. He was a permanent member of the American Medical Association, a member of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and, in 1857-58 a trustee of the State Lunatic Hospital. A son of Dr. Bates is now in practice in Baltimore.

1856._Thomas H. Gage, M.D., is the son of Dr. Leander Gage, of Waterford, Me., where he was born May 22, 1826. He studied medicine at the Tremont Street Medical School, in Boston, and at the Harvard Medical School, where he graduated in 1852. He was for one year house-surgeon at the Massachusetts General Hospital. From 1853-56 he practiced in Sterling. In 1856-57 he was assistant physician at the Stiite Lunatic Hospital in Worcester, and has since that time been in general practice here. In 1880 he delivered the annual address before the Massachusetts Medical Society, of which he was in 1881-82 vice-president, and in 1886-88 president. He was for nine years a member of the visiting statf of the City Hospital, for seven years a member of the consulting stafl', since 1880 has been one of its trustees and is now the president of the board. Of the Memorial Hospital and Washburn Dispensary he was one of the original trustees under the will, and is vice-president of the board. Since 1876 he has been a trustee of the State Lunatic Hospital and of the Asylum for the Chronic Insane, is a trustee of the Old Men's Home, of the Worcester County Institution for Savings, a director of the City National Bank and of the State Safe Deposit Company, a past member of the Worcester Fire Society, member of

1858. - Anson Hobart, M.D., A.B. (Williams, 1836), was born in Columbia, N. H., in 1814. He fitted for college at the Meriden Academy. After graduating, he taught school for some years in Freehold, N. J., and then studied medicine with Dr. Lloyd, of that place. He graduated at Castleton, Vt., in 1843, spent some months in study in New York, and began practice in Southborough, where he remained fourteen years. In 1858 he came to Worcester, where he has since remained.

1858. - Samuel F. Haven, Jr., M.D., A.B. (Harvard, 1852), son of Samuel F. Haven, so long librarian of the American Antiquarian Society, was born atDedham May 20, 1831. He studied medicine with Dr. Henry Sargent, and at the Harvard Medical School, from which he graduated in 1855. In the school he took a leading position and received the Boylston prize. One year was spent as house physician in the Massachusetts General Hospital, and two in study in Europe, where he particularly devoted himself to diseases of the eye, visiting London, Paris, Vienna and Berlin. On his return, in 1858, he opened an office in Boston, but soon removed to Worcester. In 1861 he went out as assistant surgeon of the Fifteenth Regiment, and in July, 1862, was appointed surgeon, on the resignation of Dr. Bates. At the battle of Fredericksburg, December 13th of the same year, he was assigned to hospital duty, but, at his own earnest request, was allowed to go forward with his men, and while caring for the wounded, was so severely injured by a shell that he died on the field four hours later. His death in such a manner, at the age of thirty-one, made a profound impression, and his funeral in Worcester, December 24th, resembled that of some man long in public life. Flags were everywhere at half-mast, the Home Guards performed escort duty, and eight of the oldest physicians in the city acted as bearers.

1859._Peter E. Hubon, M.D., was born in Ireland about 1833. In 1848 he came to this country, by his own exertions acquired an education, studied medicine and graduated from the Albany Medical School in 1858. He was, for a few months, in practice in Springfield, but in 1859 came to Worcester, where he was the first, and for many years the only, Irish physician. In 1861 he was city physician. He served throughout the war in various regiments, being promoted for efficiency to the position of "Surgeon of Division." He resigned in 1865, and, after spending six months in Europe, resumed practice in Worcester, where he remained until his death, March 3, 1880. From 1865-71 he was in charge of the Sisters' Hospital on Shrewsbury Street.

59, and then entered the Harvard Medical School, from which he graduated in 1862. He was assistant surgeon of the Twenty-ninth Regiment Massachusetts Volunteers from July, 1862, to August, 1863; surgeon of the First Massachusetts Cavalry from August, 1863, to November, 186 i; and acting staff surgeon to the close of the war, when he settled in Worcester. He was city physician five years, surgeon at the City Hospital ten years and is now one of the trustees. He is now, and has been for thirteen years, treasurer of the Worcester Lunatic Hospital and, since 1877, of the Worcester Insane Asylum. He has been superintendent of the Washburn Dispensary since 1874, and is a trustee of the Memorial Hospital. He was director of the Public Library six years, and for one year a member of the State Board of Health, Lunacy and Charity. He is a director of thff State Mutual Life Assurance Company, surgeon to Post 10, G. A. R.,and a member of the Loyal Legion. He is one of the Board of Pension Examiners, connected with various medical societies, and councillor of the State Society.

1865. - George E. Francis, M.D., A.B (Harvard, 1858), son of James B. Francis, was born in Lowell May 29, 1838. He began the study of medicine in 1859 at the Harvard Medical School and Chelsea Marine Hospital. From June to September, 1861, he was assistant surgeon at Fortress Monroe. In Mgy, 1862, he was appointed house surgeon in the Massachusetts General Hospital. From August to October, 1862, he was at the front as volunteer surgeon. Receiving his medical degree from Harvard in 1863, he was, in May, appointed assistant surgeon in the navy. He served in the West, chiefly on the Mississippi River and at Cairo, and was in the Red River expeditions. He resigned his commission in October, 1865, and has since been in practice in Worcester. He is a member of various medical societies and councillor of the State Society. For a short time he was connected with the Washburn Dispensary, has been fifteen years surgeon to the City Hospital and is consulting surgeon to the Memorial Hospital. He is a member of the Antiquarian and Worcester Fire Societies, has served one term as director of the Public Library and was for some years a member of the School Board.

1866. - Emerson Warner, M.D., A.B. ( Wesleyan, 1856), was born in New Braintree in April, 1831. For five years he was instructor in Wilbraham Academy. Studying medicine as opportunity offered, he entered the Harvard Medical School in 1861, and graduated in 1863. He practised three years in Shrewsbury, and then removed to Worcester. He has been connected with the Washburn Dispensary and is consulting surgeon to the Memorial Hospital. He has been surgeon of the City Hospital seventeen years and is a councillor of the Massachusetts Medical Society. For twenty years he was a member of the School Board, and in 1888-84 and again in 1884-85

1866. - John G. Park, M.D., A.B. (Harvard, 1858), was born in Groton, Mass., in 1838. He studied medicine three years at the Harvard Medical School, and in 1861 was appointed interne in the Massachusetts General Hospital. In February, 1862, he became assistant surgeon in the navy, and served until November, 1865, when he was honorably discharged. He took his medical degree in 1866, and opened an office in Worcester. Five years later he was appointed superintendent of the Worcester City Hospital on Front Street. The next year (1872) he became assistant superintendent of the State Lunatic Hospital, in 1877 superintendent of the Asylum for the Chronic Insane and in 1879 superintendent of the Worcester Lunatic Hospital. He spent the summer of 1881 in Europe, devoting special attention to English methods for the care and management of lunatics. He is consulting physician to both the Memorial and City Hospitals.

1867. - H. Y. Simpson, M.D., was born in New Hampton, N. H., September 13, 1843. After one year's study at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, and two in the Harvard Medical School, where he received his degree, he opened an office in Worcester. He was one of the original members of the City Hospital staff, but resigned, and, at the same time, withdrew from the profession in 1872.

1869. - Wesley Davis, M.D., was born in Northfield, Vt., September 15, 1841. His father's death, in 1862, closed abruptly his academy lite and plans for college. In 1863 he joined the army, was detailed as hospital steward, and until the end of the war remained at the base of supplies of the Army of the Potomac. He studied medicine with Dr. Bradford, of Northfield, Vt., and attended lectures at the University of Vermont, taking his degree at the Berkshire Medical School in 1866. For three years he practised in Westport, N. Y., since then in Worcester. He is a councillor of the Massachusetts Medical Society, and since 1881 has been physician to the City Hospital.

1886. - Worcester Mej)ICAl Association. - October 27, 1886, a general meeting of the Worcester members of the Massachusetts Medical Society was called ''to consider the formation of an association to supplement the work of the district society." Such an association was formtd. Bi-monthly and monthly meetings are held, at each of which a paper on some medical subject is presented and discussed. Dr. Merrick Bemis has been president for the past two years and Dr. A. C. Getchell secretary. All Worcester members of the Massachusetts Medical Society are eligible for membership, together with those living within a radius of fifteen miles.

short periods only were John Homans, afterwards of Boston, for a few months in 1815; Erasmus D. Miller (in 1838-39), afterwards successful in Dorchester, Mass. ; Henry Bigelow (son of Captain Lewis Bigelow), A.B. (Harvard, 1836), M.D. (Harvard, 1839), afterwards a leading man in Newton ; ^mory Hunting, here for four or five years about 1840, and then in Kansas; H. F. Johnson, with a large business, from 1840 to 1849; Henry G. Davis (in 1839-41), later of New York, where he became known as an orthopedist; John R. Lee, assistant physician at the Lunatic Hospital from 1842 to 1854; E. A. Smith, nephew of Dr. Chandler, assistant at the hospital from 1852 to 1857, and later assistant to Dr. Kirkbride in Philadelphia, now living in New York City; Frederick Heywood, born in Worcester, June 30, 1823, A.B. (Dartmouth, 1845), M.D. (University of Pennsylvania, 1848), who soon went to Central America, where he died in 1855; H. C. Prentiss, A.B. (Harvard, 1854), at the hospital from 1858 to 1863, now of Boston; C. W. Whitcomb, for many years in practice in Barre; Joseph Draper, M.D. (Jefferson, 1858), since 1873 superintendent of the Vermont State Lunatic Hospital, who was assistant at the hospital here from 1865 to 1870; H. O. Palmer, M.D., for the last sixteen years in practice in Hubbardston, who was in general practice here from 1867 to 1870, and assistant at the asylum in 1870-71 ; Dr. L. S. Dixon, now of Boston, was in practice here from 1871 to 1887 ; Dr. G. J. Bull, now of Paris, France, from 1874 to 1881, and Dr. W. H. Workman, now of Nantucket, from 1873 to 1887.

Hospitals. - The first, and for more than one hundred years the only, hospitals were those for the treatment of the small-pox. Patients with this disease were, in the epidemic of 1752, and later, taken to Dr. Robert Crawford's house on the Green Hill farm. In 1776, when four per cent, of the inhabitants died (which in 1888 would mean three thousand deaths from the disease). Dr. Joseph Lynde had charge of the hospital. In 1794 so severe was the epidemic that several hospitals were opened in various parts of the town, and placed under the supervision of Dr. Elijah Dix. One of these stood near Nelson Place, in the northern part of the city, where a head-stone in a field still marks a solitary grave. Dr. Jenner's discovery of the protection afforded by vaccination in 1798 and the gradual abandonment of inoculation, made the small-pox hospital of less and less importance, and the present pest-house of the city of eighty thousand persons is little, if any, larger than was that of the hamlet of fifteen hundred. In 1888 five thousand dollars were appropriated for the purchase of land and the building of a hospital for contagious diseases. This appropriation has not yet been used.

State Hospitals. - 1832. - Worcester Lunatic Hospital (formerly State Lunatic Hospital). - ^The opening of this hospital was a notable event, as it was the third insane asylum in New England, antedated only by the Hartford Retreat and the McLean Asylum, in Charlestown, and was the first lunatic hospital established by a State government in this country, primarily for the reception of patients " who had committeed deeds, which, committed by persons in sane mind, are heinous crimes, of pauper lunatics, & of those who at large would be dangerous to the community." A large proportion of the one hundred and sixty-three patients admitted during the first year after it was opened had been confined in jails and almshouses, many of them in chains, and for long periods of time - some of them for more than twenty years.

Its establishment was largely due to the exertions of the Hon. Horace Mann, who, representing the town of Dedham in the Legislature in 1829, reported orders for the " appointment of a committee to ascertain the practicability of procuring an asylum for the keeping of lunatics and persons furiously mad, and to ascertain from the various towns of the Commonwealth the number, age, sex and color of persons reputed to be lunatics." Two hundred and sixty-nine insane persons were found in jails, almshouses and other places, besides sixty in Charlestown (McLean Asylum).

In 1830 it was determined to build, and the town of Worcester having, at an expense of two thousand five hundred dollars, purchased and presented to the State twelve acres of land to build here, thirty thousand dollars was appropriated for this purpose. To this sum twenty thousand dollars was afterwards added for furnishing. March 24, 1832, the Governor and Council appointed, as the first board of trustees, Horace Mann, Bezaleel Taft, Jr., William B. Calhoun, Eben Francis and Alfred D. Foster. Francis C. Gray was appointed in place of Mr. Francis, who declined to serve. Dr. Samuel B. Woodward, of Wethersfield, Conn., was selected as "Superintendent & Physician." The centre building of the Summer Street Asylum and two wings, ninety feet long and three stories high, were built on what is described as " land of a singularly regular and beautiful location, commanding a view of the town and the rich surrounding country, sufficiently near to the market, and yet so retired as to be secure from improper intrusion or disturbance, and within a short distance of the bead-waters of the Blackstone Canal." The first patient was received January 19, 1833, and by the end of the year the hospital was full to overflowing. Two lateral wings were built in 1 835, and other additions were made from time to time, generally by legislative action, but, in one notable instance, by private generosity,' until, in 1877, the number of patients had risen from one hundred and twenty to over four hundred. In the mean time the new hospital on Belmont Street had been built on land purchased by the State of various private owners at an expense of $110,000 (the buildings costing enough to bring the total cost of the completed hospital to nearly $1,200,000), and to it the patients were in this year transferred.

Two large wards for suicidal cases have been built since that time ; otherwise the hospital remains as then planned. Eight hundred patients can now be accommodated. Fifteen thousand have received treatment since 1833. The number of trustees has been increased to seven, two of whom are ladies.

The superintendents have been : Samuel B. Woodward, M.D., 1832-46 ; George Chandler, M.D., 1846- 56 ; Merrick Bemis, M.D., 1856-72 ; Barnard D. Eastman, M.D., 1872-79; John G. Park, 1879. There are at present five assistant physicians, - Dr. Alfred I. Noble, Dr. Frederick H. Daniels, Dr. Hartstein W. Page, Dr. Elmer E. Brown and Dr. Laure Hulme.

1877. - Worcester Insane Asylum (formerly Temporary Asylum for the Chronic Insane at Worcester). - After the transfer of patients to the new buildings of the Worcester Lunatic Hospital the deserted Summer Street Asylum was converted into an hospital for the chronic insane, and opened for this purpose under the superintendence of Dr. John G. Park, October 23, 1877. The inmates consist only of "such chronic insane as may be transferred thereto from other hospitals by the Board of State Charities." No private patients are or can be received. It was supposed that the Worcester Lunatic Hospital would eventually furnish accommodations for this class of patients and that the old buildings would be abandoned. Such has not proved to be the case, and in the ten years since its establishment nine hundred and twenty -three patients have been received. The hospital can accommodate about four hundred patients, and is kept constantly full. Dr. H. M. Quinby succeeded Dr. Park as superintendent, in 1879. Dr. Ernest Y. Scribner, appointed in 1884, is assistant physician ; Dr. Albert Wood, treasurer. The trustees are the same as for the Worcester Lunatic hospital.

1864. - Dale United Statei Army General Hospital. - Established by order of the War Department, in the spring of 1864, and designed to receive chiefly soldiers from Massachusetts regiments. This hospital was formally dedicated February 22, 1865, in the presence of the Governor and his staff, and many gentlemen distinguished in military and civil life. The brick Academy building on Providence Street served as a nucleus for offices, etc., and in the rear were erected fourteen wooden pavilions, each one hundred and sixty by thirty feet, all connected by a corridor along the frontage, and that again with the main building. Stables, carpenter shop and bakery were also built. The whole would accommodate one thousand patients, but there were never more than six hundred in the hospital at any one time.

charge from August, 1864, to October, 1865, when he left the service, and was succeeded by Surgeon Warren Webster, United States Army, who remained a few months longer, soon after which, the emergency for which the hospital was created having passed, it was discontinued.

1871. - C% Hospital. - Dr. Albert Wood, city physician, in his annual report to the city government in 1870, strongly advised the establishment, by the city, of a hospital to accommodate at least twenty-five patients.

After much agitation of the subject, an act of Legislature (approved May 25, 1871) provided that the city of Worcester might '' establish and maintain a hospital fur the reception of pereons who, by misfortune or poverty, should require relief during temporary sickness."

The Abijah Bigelow estate, on the northwest corner of Front and Church Streets, was rented and the old house altered to accommodate eight to ten persons. Dr. John G. Park was appointed superintendent of a staff of twelve physicians chosen, and the first patient received October 26th of the same year. The building was immediately crowded, and during the last three months of the first year twenty patients were rejected for want of room. In March, 1872, Mr. George Jaques, always interested in the hospital project, and secretary of the Board of Trustees, presented to the city the deed of three and a half acres of land, valued at thirty-five thousand dollars, on the south side of Prince Street (Jaques Avenue), as a site for a hospital. He died in August of the same year, leaving the bulk of his property - of the estimated value of over two hundred thousand dollars - for the furtherance of the same object.

This property included a large tract of real estate on Wellington and Chandler Streets, and in January, 1874, the Front Street property was abandoned and the hospital transferred to the Jaques homestead, on Wellington Street, as quieter and more commodious. This building stood at the head of the present Jaques Avenue. Sixteen patients could now be cared for, but there was still constant demand for more room, and in 1876 two pavilions of wood were added to the house, one accomodating eight and the other five patients. By the terms of Mr. Jaques' bequest, the city was obliged to pay a forfeit of two hundred dollars a month until a permanent building should be erected on the site bequeathed for that purpose. Strong objections to this site existed in certain quarters, but work on a permanent structure was begun in 1880, and, December 8, 1881, the patients were transferred to the present building, then consisting of the administrative building, and the two wards, known as F and M, with kitchen and laundry.

In 1882 an isolating ward - now a corridor - was added. In 1884 a new isolating ward of wood was built, and in 1885 the gift of Mrs. Sarah Gill and Mr. Stephen Salisbury enabled the trustees to build the Gill and Salisbury wards - both imperatively demanded by the great increase in applications for admission. A bequest of Mrs. Helen C. Knowles, of the amount of twenty-five thousand dollars, became available in 1887, and in 1888 the Knowles Lying-in Ward, admirably adapted for the purpose for which it is designed, was erected and is now in operation as part of the hospital. In seventeen years the number of beds has been increased from eight to sixty, and the yearly number of admi^8ions from one hundred and sixty-nine to eight hundred and forty-five. A training-school for nurses was established in 1883 ; during the last year extensive improvements were made in kitchen and general arrangements, and the hospital may now fairly be considered to fill the place, not only of a city, but, to a large extent, of a county hospital,' many of its patients coming from the neighboring and more distant towns.

More than six thousand patients have been treated since it was opened. Dr. John G. Park was superintendent in 1871-72, Dr. L. Wheeler in 1872-74, Dr. C. A. Peabody in 187-1-76, Dr. J. B. Eich in 1876-81, and. Dr. C. A. Peabody from 1881 to the present time.