Effingham County, Illinois - Biographical sketches, 1883 (part 11 of 13)

He had given up all hope of saving his country and race. After a time he endeavored to unite the Illinois tribe and those about St. Louis in a war with the whites. Ilis efforts were fruitless, and only ended in a quarrel between himself and some Kaskaskia Indians, one of whom soon afterward killed him. Ilis death was, however, avenged by the northern Indians, m-1io nearly exterminated the Illinois in the wars which followed.

Had it not been for the treachery of a few of his followers, his plan for the extermination of the wliites, a masterly one, would undoubtedly have been carried

It was in the spring of the year following Rogers' visit that Alexander Henry went to Missillimacnac, and everywhere found the strongest feelings against the English who had not carried out their promises, and were doing nothing to conciliate the natives. Here he met the chief, Pontiac, who after conveying to him in a speech the idea that their French father would awake soon and utterly destro}' his enemies, said: "Englishman, although you have conquered the French, you have not yet conquered us ! We are not joiiv slaves! These lakes, these woods, these mountains, were left us by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we will part with them to none. Your nation supposes that we, like the white peojile, can not live without bread and pork and beef. But you ought to know that He, the Great Spirit and Master of Life, has pro\ided food for \is

He then spoke of the foct that no treaty had been made with them, no presents sent them, and that he and his people were yet for war. Such were the feelings of the Northwestern Indians immediately after the English took possession of their country. These feelings were no doubt encouraged by the Canadians and French, who hoped that yet the French arms might prevail. The treaty of Paris, however, gave to the English tlio riuht to this vast domain, and active preparations were going on to occupy it and enjoy its trade and emoluments.

In 1762, France, by a secret treaty, ceded Louisiana to Spain, to prevent it falling into the hands of the English, who were becoming masters of the entire West. The next year the treaty of Paris, signeil at Fontainbleau, gave to the English the domain of the country in question. Twenty years after, by the treaty of peace between the United States and England, that part of Canada lying south and west of the Great Lakes, comprehending a large territory which is the subject of these sketches, was acknowledged to be a portion of the United States; and twenty years still later, in 1803, Louisiana was ceded by Spain back to France, and by France sold to the United States.

In the half century, from the building of the Fort of Crevecceur by La Salle, in 1680, up to the erection of Fort Ghatres, manj' French settlements had been made in tliat quarter. These have already been noticed, being those at St. Vincent (Vincennes). Ivohokia or Cahokia, Kaskaskia and Prairie du Podier, on the American

By the treaty of Paris, the regions east of tlie Mississippi, incliuling all these and other towns of the Northwest, were given over to England, but they do not appear to have been taken possession of until 1705, when Captain Stirling, in the name of the Majesty of England, established himself at Fort Chartres bearing with him tlie proclamation of General Gace, dated Deeomljcr oO, 17tI4, wiiich ])roiiiised religions I'reedoin to all Catholics who worshipped here, and a right to leave the country witli their effects if they wished, or to I'cmain witli the privileges of Englishmen. It was shortly after tlie occupancy of the West by the British that the war with Pontiac opened. It is already noticed in the sketch of that chieftain. I>v it nu\ny a Briton lost his life, and many a frontier settlement in its infancy ceased to exist. This was not ended until tlie year 1761:, when, fiiiling to capture Detroit, Niagara and Fort Pitt, his coiifederac}' became disheartened, and, receiving no aid from the French, Pontiac abandoned the enterprise and departed to the Illinois, among whom he afterward lost his life.

As soon as these difficulties were definitely settled, settlers began rapidly t(j sui-- vey the country, and prepare for occupation. During the year 1770, a number of persons from Virginia and other British provinces ex|ilored and marked out nearly all the valuable laiuls on the Monongahela and along the banks of the Ohio, as tar as the Little Kanawha. This was followed by another exploring expedition, in which George Washingt(in was a party. The latter, accompanied by Dr. ('raik, Capt. Crawford and others, on tlie 20th of October, 1770, descended the Ohio from Pittsburgh to the mouth of the Kanawha ; ascended that stream about fourteen miles, marked out several large tracts of land, shot several buffalo, which were then abundant in the Ohio vallej', and returned to the fort.

Pittsburgli was at this time a trading post, abmit which was clustered a village of some twenty houses, inhabited by Indian traders. This same year, Capt. Pittman visited Kaskaskia and its neighboring villages. He found there about sixtyfive resident families, and at Cahokia only fort3'-five dwellings. At Fort Chartres was another small settlement, and at Detroit the garrison were quite prosperous and strong. For a year or two settlers continued to locate near some of these posts, generally Fort Pitt or Detroit, owing to the fears of the Indians, who still maintained some feelings of hatred to the English. The trade from the posts was quite good, and from those in Illinois large quantities of pork and flour found their way to the New Orleans market. At this time tlie policy of the British Government was strongly opposed to the extension of the colonies west. In 1763, the King of Eiigland forbade, by royal proclamation, his colonial subjects from making a settlement beyond the sources of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic Ocean. At the instance of the Board of Trade, measures were taken to prevent the settlement without the limits prescribed, and to retain the commerce within easy reach of Great Britain.

forces wrote in 1769 : " In the course of a few years necessity will compel the colonists, should they extend their settlements west, to provide manufactures of some kind for themselves, and when all connection uplield by commerce with the mother country ceases, an indcjKiuIency in their government will soon follow."

In accordance with this policy, Gov. (rU're issued a proclamation in 1772, commanding the inhabitants of Vincennes to abandon their settlements and join some of the Eastern English colonies. To this they strenuously objected, giving good reasons therefor, and were allowed to remain. The strong opposition to this policy of Great Britain led to its change, and to such a course as to gain the attachment of the French population. In December, 1773, influential citizens of Quebec petitioned the king for an extension of the boundary lines of that province, which was granted, and Parliament passed an act on June 2, 1774-, extending the boundary so as to include the territory lying within the present states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Michigan.

In consequence of the liberal policy pursued by the British Government toward the French settlers in the West, they were disposed to favor that nation in the war which soon followed with the colonies; but the early alliance between France and America soon brought them to the side of the war for independence.

In 1774, Gov. Dunmore, of Virgitiia, began to encourage emigration to the Western lands. He appointed magistrates at Fort Pitt, under the pretense that the fort was under the government of that commonwealth. One of these justices.

John Connelly, who possessed a tract of land in the Ohio Valley, gathered a force of men and garrisoned the fort, calling it Fort Dunmore. Tiiis and other parties were formed to select sites for settlements, and often came in conflict with the Indians, who yet claimed portions of the valley, and several battles followed. These ended in the famous battle of Kanawha, in Jutv, where the Indians were defeated and driven across the Ohio.

During the years 1775 and 1776, by the operations of land companies and the perseverance of individuals, several settlements were firmly established between the Alleghenies and the Ohio River, and western land speculators were busy in Illinois and on the Wabash. At a council held in Kaskaskia, on July 5, 1773, an association of English traders, calling themselves the Illinois Land Company," obtained from ten chiefs of the Kaskaskia, Cahokia and Peoria tribes two large tracts of land lying on the east side of the Mississippi River south of the Illinois. In 1775, a merchant from the Illinois country, named Yiviat, came to Post Vincennes as the agent of tlie association called the "Wabash Land Company." On the 8th of October he obtained from eleven Piankeshaw chiefs, a deed for 37,197,600 acres of land. This deed was signed by the grantors, attested by a number of the inhabitants of Vincennes, and afterward recorded in the ofiice of a notary public at Kaskaskia. This and other land companies had extensive schemes for the colonization of the West; but all were frustrated by the breaking out of the Revolution. On the 20th of April, 17S0, the two companies named consolidated under the name of the " Fnited Illinois and AVabash

In Ilntchins' To]^ography of Virginia, it is stated that at that time "Kaskaskia contained SO houses, and nearly 1,000 white and black inhabitants - the whites being a little the more nnmei'ous. Cahokia contains 50 houses and 300 white inhabitants and SO negroes. There were east of the Mississippi liiver, about the year 177J " - when these observations were made - " 300 wdiite men capable of bearing arms, and 230 negroes."

From 1775 until the expedition of Clark, nothing is recorded and nothing known of these settlements, save what is contained in a report made by a committee to Concress in June, 177S. From it the following extract is made:

"Near the mouth of the River Kaskaskia, there is a village which appears to have contained nearly eighty- families from the beginning of the late revolution. There are twelve families in a small village at la Prairie du Kochers, and near titty families at the Kahokia A'illage. There are also four or five fiimilies at Fort Chartres and 8t. Phillips, which is tive miles farther u]i the river."

St. Louis had been settled in ]''ebrnary, 17ti-i, and at this time contained, including its neighboring towns, over six hundred wlntes and one hundred and fift}' negroes. It must be remembered that all the country west of the Mississippi was now- under French rule, an<l remained so until ceded again to Spain, its original owner, who afterwards sold it and the country including New Orleans to the LTnited States. At Detroit there were, according to Capt. Carver, who was in the northwest from 1706 to 176S, more than one hundred houses and the I'iver was settled for more than twenty miles, although poorly cultivated - tlie people being engaged in the Indian trade. This old town has a history, wliich we will here relate.

It is the oldest town in the Northwest, having been founded by Antoine Lademotte Cadillac, in 1701. It was laid out in the form of an oblong square, of two acres in length and an acre and a half in width. As described by A. D. Frazer, wlio first visited it and became a permanent resident of the place, in 1778, it comprised within its limits that space between Mr. Palmer's store (Conant Block) and Capt. Perkins' house (near the Arsenal building), and extended back as far as the public barn, and w-as bordered in front by the Detroit River. It was surrounded by oak and cedar pickets, about fifteen feet long, set in the ground, and liad four gates-east, west, north and south. Over the first three of these gates were block houses provided with four guns apiece, each a six pounder. Two six-gun batteries were planted fronting the river, and in a parallel direction with the hlock houses. There were four streets running east and west, the main street being twenty feet wide and the rest fifteen feet, while the four streets crossing these at ri'dit angles were from ten to fifteen feet in width.

tlie present northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and "Wayne Street. The citadel was inclosed by pickets, and witliin it were erected barracks of wood, two stories higli, sutHcient to contain ten ofKcers, and also barracks sufficient to contain four hundred men, and a provision store built of brick. Tlie citadel also contained a hospital and a guard-honse. The old town of Detroit, in 1778, contained about sixty houses, most of them one story, with a few a story and a half in heiglit. They were all of logs, some hewn and some round. There was one building of splendid appearance, crtlled the " King's Palace," two stories high, which stood near the east gate. It was built for Governor Hamilton, the first governor commissioned by the British. There were two guard-houses, one near tlie west gate and the otiier near the Government House. Each of the guards consisted of twent3'-four men and a subaltern, wlio mounted regularly every morning between nine and ten o'clock. Eacli furnished four sentinels, who were relieved every two hours. There was also an officer of the day, who performed strict duty. Eacii of the gates was shut regularly at sunset ; even wicket gates were shut at nine o'clock, and all the keys were delivered into tlie hands of the commanding officer. They were opened in the morning at sunrise. No Indian or squaw was permitted to enter town with any weapon, such as a tomahawk or a knife. It was a standing order that the Indians should deliver their arms and instruments of every kind before they were permitted to pass tlie sentinel, and they were restored to them on their return. No more tlian tweiitv-five Indians were allowed to enter the town at any one time, and they were admitted only at the east and west gates. At sundown the drums beat, and all the Indians were required to leave town instantl^'. There was a council house near the water side for the ])urpose of holding council with the Indians. The population of the town was about sixty families, in all about two hundred males and one hundred females. This town was destroyed by lire, all except one dwelling, in 1805. After which the present "new" town was laid out.

On the breaking out of the Revolution, the British held every post of importance in the West. Kentucky was formed as a component part of Virginia, and the sturdy pioneers of the West, alive to their interests, and recognizing the great benefits of obtaining the control of the trade in this part of the jSTew World, held steadily to their purposes, and those within the commonwealth of Kentucky proceeded to ex- - ercise their civil privileges, by electing John Todd and Ricliard Calloway, burgesses to represent them in the Assembly of the parent state. Early in 8e]iteinl>er of that year (1777) tlie first court was held in Ilarrodsburg, and Col. Bowman, afterward major, who had arrived in August, was made the commander of a militia organization which had been commenced the March previous. Thus the tree of loyalty was growing. The chief spirit in this far-out colony, who had represented her the year previous cast of the mountains, was now meditating a move unequaled in its boldness. He had been watching the movements of the British throughout the Northwest, and understood their whole plan. He saw it was through their possession of the posts at Detroit, Viucennes, Kaskaskia, and other places, whicli would give them constant and easy access to tlie various Indian tribes in the Xortiiwest, tliat the British intended to penetrate the country from tlie nortli and sontli, and annihilate tlie frontier fortresses. This moving, energetic man was Colonel, afterward General, (ieorge Rogers Clark. lie knew the Indians were not unaiiimonsly in accord with the English, and he was convinced that, could the British ho defeate 1 and expelled from the Northwest, the natives might he easily awed into neutrality ; and by spies sent for the ]nir]iosc, he satisfied himself that the enterprise against the Illinois settlements might easily succeed. Having convinced himself of the certainty of the project, he repaired' to the Cajiital of Viri^inia, which place he reached on November 5th. AYhile he was on his way, fortunately, on October 17th, Burgoyne had been defeated, and the spirits of the colonists greatly encouraged thereby. Patrick Henry M-as Governor of Virginia, and at once entered heartily into Clark's plans. The same plan had before been agitated in the Colonial Assemblies, but there was no one until Clark canio who was sufficiently .acquainted with thr condition of affairs at the scene of action to be able to guide them. Clark, havingisatisfied the Yirginia leaders of the feasibility of his plan, received, (in the 2d of January, two sets of instructions - one secret, the other open - the latter authorized him to proceed to enlist seven com]ianies to go to Kentucky', subject to his orders, and to serve three months from their arrival in the West. The secret order authorized him to arm these troops, to procure his powder ami lead of General

With these instructions Clark repaired to Pittshurgli, choosing rather to raise his men west of the mountains, as he well knew all were needed in the colonies in the conflict there. He sent Col. W. B. Smith to Holston for the same purpose, but neither succeeded in raising the required number of men. The settlers in these parts were afraid to leave their own firesides exposed to a vigilant foe, atid but few could be induced to join the proposed expedition. AYith three companies and several private volunteers, Clark at length commenced his descent of the Ohio, which he navigated as far as the Falls, where he took possession of and fortified Corn Island, a small island between the present cities of Louisville, Kentucky, and New Albany, Indiana. Remains of this fortification may yet be found. At this place he appointed Col. Bowman to meet him with such recruits as had reached Kentucky by the southern route, and as many as could be spared from the station. Here he announced to the men their real destination. Having completed his arrangements, and chosen his party, he left a small garrison upon the island, and on the Sith of June, during a total eclipse of the sun, which to them augured no good, and which fixes beyond dispute the date of starting, he with his chosen hand, fell down the river. His plan was to go by water as far as Fort Massac or Massacre, and thence march direct to Kaskaskia. Here he intended to surprise the garrison, and after its capture go to Cahokia, then to Viucennes, and lastly to Detroit. Should he fail, he intended to march directlv to the Miss- issippi River and cross it into the Spanish country. Before his start lie received two c;ood items of information ; one that the alliance had been foi-med between France and the United States ; and the other tliat the Indians tlu'oughont the Illinois country and the inhabitants, at the various frontier posts, had been led to believe by the British that the " Long Knives" or Virginians, were the most fierce, bloodthirsty and cruel savages that everscaljied a foe. With this impression on their minds, Clark saw that proper management would cause them to submit at once from fear, if surprised, and then from gratitude would become friendly if treated with unexpected leniencj'.

The march to Kaskaskia was accomplished through a hot July sun, and the town reached on tlieeveningof July 4. He captured the fort near the village, and soon after the village itself by surprise, and without the loss of a single man or by killing any of the enemy. After sufficient] v working upon the fears of the natives, Clark toid them they were at perfect liberty to worship as they pleased, and to take whichever side of the great conflict they would, also, he would protect them from any Ijarbarity from British or Indian foe. This had the desired effect, and the inhabitants, 60 unexpectedly and so gratefully surprised by the unlooked-for turn of afi'airs, at once swore allegiance to the American arms, and when Clark desired to go to Cahokia on the Gth of July, they accompanied him, and thrcmgh their influence the inhabitants of the place surrendered, and gladly placed themselves under his protection. Thus the two important posts in Illinois passed from the hands of the English into the possession of Yirij-inia.

In the person of tlie priest at Kaskaskia, M. Gibault, Clark found a powerful ally and generous friend. Clark saw that, to retain possession of the Xorthwest and treat successfully with the Indians within its boundaries, he must establisii a government for the colonies he had taken. St. Vincent, the next important post to Detroit, remained yet to be taken before the Mississippi Valley was conquered. M. Gibault told him that he would alone, by persuasion, lead Vincoiines to throw oft' its connection with England. Clark gladly accepted his offer, and on the litli of Julv, in company with a fellow- townsman, M. Gibault started on his mission of peace and on the 1st of August returned with the cheerful intelligence that the post on the "Oubache" had taken' tiie oath of allegiance to the Old Dominion. During this interval, Clark established his courts, placed garrisons at Kaskaskia and Cahokia, successfully re-enlisted his men, sent word to have a fort, which proved the germ of Louisville, erected at the Falls of the Ohio, and dispatched M. Ilocheblave, who had lieen comniaTider at Kaskaskia, as a prisoner of war to Richmond. In Oetoi)er the County of Illinois was established by the Lenfislature of Virginia, John Ti)dd a]ipointed Lieutenant Colonel and Civil Governor, and in November Geiierfil Clark and his men received the thanks of the Old Dominion through their Legislature.

In a speech a few days afterward, Clark made known fully to the natives his plans, and at its close all came forward and swore allegiance to the Long Knives. While he was doing this Governor Hamilton, having made his various arrangements, had left Detroit ami moved down the Wabash to

Vineennes inteiidiu!:^ to operate from that point in reducing the Illinois posts, and then proceed on down to Kentucky and dris'e the rebels from the West. Gen. Clark had, on tlie return of M. Gibault, dispatched Captain Helm, of Fauquier County, Virginia, with an attendant named Henry, across the Illinois prairies to command the fort. Hamilton knew nothing of tlie capitulation of the post, and was greatly surprised on his arrival to be confronted by Capt. Helm, who, standing at the entrance of the fort by a loaded cannon ready to fire upon his assailants, demanded upon what terms Hamilton demanded possession of the furt. Being granted the rights of a prisoner of war, he surrendered to the British General, who could scarcely believe his eyes when he saw the force in the garrison.

Hamilton, not realizing the character of the men with whom he was contending, gave up his intended campaign for the winter, sent his four hui\dred Indian warriors to prevent troops from coming down the Ohio, and to annoy the Americans in all ways, and sat quietly down to pass the winter. Information of all these proceedings having reached Clark, he saw that immediate and decisive action was necessary, and that unless he captured Hamilton, Hamilton would capture him. Clark received the news on tlie 29th of January, 1779, and on February -tth, having sufficiently garrisoned Kaskaskia and Cahokia, ho sent down the Mississippi a " battoo," as Major Bowman writes it, in order to ascend the Ohio and Wabasli, and operate with the land forces gathering fur the fray.

force of one hundred and twenty men, set out for the post, and after incredible hard marching through much mud, the ground being thawed by the incessant spring rains, on the 22ad reached the fort, and being joined by his " battoe," at once commenced the attack on the post. The aim of the American backwoodsmen was unerring, and on the 24th the garrison surrendered to the intrepid boldness of Clark. The French were treated with great kindness, and gladly renewed their allegiance to Virginia. Hamilton was sent as a prisoner to Virginia, where he was kept in close confinement. During his command of the British frontier posts, he had oflTered prizes to the Indians for all the scalps of Americans they would bring to him, and had earned in consequence thereof, the title "Hair-buyer General," by which he was ever afterward known.

Detroit was now without doubt within easy reach of the enterprising Virginian, could he but raise the necessary force. Governor Henry being apprised of this, promised him the needed reinforcement, and Clark concluded to wait until he could capture and sufficiently garrison the posts. Had Clark failed in this bold undertaking, and Hamilton succeeded in uniting the western Indians for the next spring's campaign, the West would indeed have been swept from the Mississippi to the Allegheny Mountains, and the great blow struck, which had been contemplated from the commencement, by the British.

"But for this small army of dri])])ing, but fearless Virginians, the union of all the tribes from Georgia to Maine against the colonies might have been effected, and the whole current of our historv changed.''

At this time some fears were entertained by the Colonial Governments that the Indians in the North and Northwest were inclinins; to the British, and nnder the instructions of Washington, now Commanderin-Chief of the Colonial army, and so bravely fighting for American independence, armed forces were sent against the Six Nations, and upon the Ohio frontier, Col. Bowman, acting under the same general's orders, marched against Indians within the present limits of that State. These expeditions were in the main successful, and the Indians were compelled to sne for peace.

During the same year (1779) the famous 'Land Laws " of Virginia were passed. The passage of these laws was of more consequence to the pioneers of Kentucky and the Northwest than the gaining of a few Indian conflicts. These laws confirmed in main all grants made, and guaranteed to all actual settlers their rights and privileges. After providing for the settlers, the laws provided for selling the balance of the public lands at forty cents per acre. To carry the Land Laws into effect, the Legislature sent four Virginians westward to attend to the various claims, over many of wliich great confusion prevailed concerning their validity. These gentlemen opened their court on October 13, 1779, at St. Asaphs, and continued until April 26, 17S<), when thev adjourned, having decided three thousand claims. They were succeeded by the surveyor, who came in the person of Mr. George May, and assumed liis duties on the loth day of the month whoso name he bore. With the opening of the next year (1780) the tr(Mibles concerning the navigation uf the Missis#ip[ii commenced. The

Spanish Government exacted such measures in relation to its trade as to cause the overtures made to the United States to be rejected. The American Government considered they had a risrht to navigate its channel. To enforce their claims, a fort was erected below the mouth of the Ohio on the Kentucky side of the river. The settlements in Kentucky were being rapidly filled by emigrants. It was during this year tliat the first seminary of learning was established in the West in this young and enterprising Commonwealth.

The settlers here did not look upon the building of this fort in a friendly manner, as it aroused the hostility of the Indians. Spain had been friendly to the Colonies during their struggle for independence, and though for a while this friendship appeared in danger from the refusal of the free navigation of the river, yet it was finally settled to the satisfaction of both nations.

The winter of 1779-80 was one of the most unusually severe ones ever experienced in the West. The Indians always referred to it as the " Great Cold." Numbers of wild animals perished, and not a few pioneers lost their lives. The following summer a party of Canadians and Indians attacked St. Louis, and attempted to take possession of it in consequence of the friendly disposition of Spain to the revolting Colonies. They met with such a determined resistance on the part of the inhabitants, even the women taking part in the battle, that they were com]ielled to abandon the contest. They also made an attack on the settlements in Kentucky, but, becoming alarmed in some unaccountable . manner, thev fled the conutrv in ijreat haste.

About this time arose the question in the Colonial Congress concerning the western lands claimed by Yirgiiiia, New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut. The agitation concerning tliis subject finally led New York, on tlie 19th of February, 17S0, to pass a law giving to the delegates of that State in Congress the power to cede her western lands for the benefit of the United States. This law was laid before Congress during the next month, but no steps were taken concerning it until September 0th, when a resolution passed that body calling upon the States claiming western lands to release their claims in favor of the whole body. This basis formed the nnion, and was the first after all of those legislative measures which resulted in the creation of the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, "Wisconsin and Minnesota. In December of the same year, the ])lan of conquering Detroit again arose. The conquest might have easily been effected by Clark ha<l the necessary aid been furnished him. Nothing decisive was dtine, yet the heads of the Government knew that the safety of the Northwest from B'itish invasion lay in the capture and retention of that important post, the onlv uiiconquered one in the territory.

Befijre the close of the year, Kentucky was divided into the Counties of Lincoln, Fayette and Jefferson, and the act establishing the Town of Louisville was passed. This same year is also noted in the annals of American history as the year in which occurred Arnold's treason to the United States.

the United States upon certain conditions, which Congress would not accede to, and the act of Cession, on the part of the Old Dominion, failed, nor was anj'thiug further done until 1783. During all that time the Colonies were l)usily engaged in the struggle with the motlier country, and in consequence thereof but little heed was given to the western settlements. Upon the IGth of A])ril, 1781, the first birth north of the Ohio River of American parentage occurred, being that of Mary Ileckewelder, daughter of the widely known Moravian missionary, whose band of Christian Indians suffered in after years a horrible massacre by the hands of the frontier settlers, who had been exasperated by the murder of several of their neighbors, and in their rage committed, without regard to humanity, a deed which forever afterward cast a shade of shame upon their lives. For this and kindred outrages on the part of the whites, the Indians committed many deeds of crucltv which darken the j'ears of 1771 and 1772 in the history of the Northwest.

During the 3'ear 1782 a number of battles among the Indians and frontiersmen occurred, and between the Moi-avian Indians and the AVyandots. In these, horrible acts of cruelty were practiced on the captives, many of such dark deeds transpiring under the leadership of the notorious frontier outlaw, Simon Girty, whose name, as well as those of his brothers, was a terror to women and children. These occurred chiefly in the Ohio valleys. Contemporary with them were several engagements in Kentucky, in which the famous Daniel Boone engaged, and who often, by his skill and knowledge of Indian warfare, sav^ed the outposts from cruel destruction . By the close of the year victory had perched upon the American banner, and on the SOtii of November, provisional articles of peace had been arranged between the Commissioners of England, and her unconquerable Colonies. Cornwallis had been defeated on tiie 19th of October preceding, and the liberty of America was assured. On the 19ch of April following, the anniversary of the battle of Lexington, peace was proclaimed to tlie army of tlie United States, and on tlie 3d of the next September, tlie definite treaty which ended our revolutionary struggle, was concluded. By the terms of that treaty, the boundaries of the AVest were as follows: On the nortii the line was to extend along the center of the Great Lakes; from the western point of Lake Superior to Long Lake; thence to the Lake of the Woods; thence to the head of tlie Mississippi River, down its center to the 31st parallel of latitude, then on that line east to the head of the Appalacliicola Biver; down its center to its junction with the Flint; thence straight to the head of St. Mary's River, and thence down along its center to the Atlantic Ocean.

Following the cessation of hostilities with England, several posts were still occu- ]iied by the British in the North and West. Among these was Detroit, still in the hands of the enemy. Numerous engagements with the Indians throughout Ohio and Lidiaua occurred, upon whose lands adventurous whites would settle ere the title had been acquired by the proper treaty.

To remedy this latter evil. Congress ap- ]i(iinted commissioners to treat with the natives and purchase their lands, and prohibited the settlement of the territory until this could be done. Before the close of the year another attempt was made to capture Detroit, which was, however, not pushed, and Virginia, no longer feeling the interest in the Northwest she had formerly done, witiidrew her troops, having on the 20th of December preceding authorized the whole of her possessions to be deeded to the United States. This was done on the 1st of ilarch following, and the Northwest Territory passed from the control of the Old Dominion. To Gen. Clark and his soldiers, however, she gave a tract of one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, to be situated anywhere north of the Ohio wherever they chose to locate them. They selected the region opposite the falls of the Ohio, where is now the dilapidated village of Clarksville, about midway between the Cities of New Albany and Jeffersonville, Indiana.

While the trontier remained thus, and Gen. Haldimand at Detroit refused to evacuate, alleging that he had no orders from his King to do so, settlers were rapidly gathering about the inland forts. In the spring of 1784, Pittsburgh was regularly laid out, and from the journal of Arthur Lee, who passed through the town soon after on his way to the Indian council at Fort Mcintosh, we suppose it was not verv prepossessing in appearance. He says:

" Pittsburgh is inhabited almost entirely by Scots and Irish, who live in paltry log houses, and are as dirty as if in the nortli of Ireland or even Scotland. There is a great deal of trade carried on, the goods being brought at the vast expense of fortyfive shillings per pound t'roni Philadelphia and Baltimore. They take in the shops flour, wheat, skins and money. Tliere are in tlie town four attorneys, two doctors, and not a priest of any persuasion, nor church nor chajieL"

Kentucky at this time contained tliirty thousand inhabitants, and was beginning to discuss measures for a separation from Virginia. A land office was opened at Louisville, and measures were adopted to take defensive precaution against the Indians who were yet, in some instances, incited to deeds of violence by the British. Before the close of this year, 1784, the military claimants of land began to occupy them, although no entries were i-ecorded until ITST.

The Indian title to the Northwest was not yet extinguished. They held large tracts of lands, and in order to prevent blpodshed Congress adopted means for treaties with the original owners and pi'ovided for the surveys of the lands gained therebj', as well as for those north of the Ohio, now in its possession. On Januarv 31, 1786, a treaty was made with the AVabash Indians. The treaty of Fort Stanwix had been made in 1784. That at Fort Mcintosh in 1785, and through these much land was gained. The Wabash Indians, however, afterward refused to comply with the provisions of the treaty made with them, and in order to compel their adherence to its provisions, force was used. During the year 1786, the free navigation of the Mississippi came up in Congress, and caused various discussions, which resuited in no definite action, only servin<j to excite speculation in regard to the western lands. Congress had ])romised bounties of land to the soldiers of the Revolution, but owing to the unsettled condition of aiFairs along the Mississippi respecting its navigation, and the trade of the Northwest, that body had, in 1783, declared its inability to fultill these promises until a treaty could be concluded between the two Governments. Jjcfore the close of the year 17St), however, it was able, through the treaties with the Indians, to allow some grants and the settlement thereon, and on the 14th of September, Connecticut ceded to the General Government the tract of land known as the "Connecticut Reserve," and before the close of the following year a large tract of land north of the Ohio was sold to a compan}', who at once took measures to settle it. By the provisions of this grant, the company were to pay the United States one dollar per acre, subject to a deduction of one-third for bad lands and other contingencies. They received 750,000 acres, bounded on the south by the Ohio, on the east by the seventh range of townships, on the west by the sixteenth range, and on the north by a line so drawn as to make the grant complete without the reservations. In addition to this. Congress afterward irranted 100,000 acres to actual settlers, and 214,285 acres as army bounties under the resolutions of 1789 and 1790.

While Ur. Cutler, one of the agents of the company, was pressing its claims lieforo Congress, that body was bringing into form an ordinance for the political and social organization of this Territory. When the cession was made by Yirginia, in 1784. a plan was offered, but rejected. A motion had been made to sti'ike from the ))roposed plan the prohibition of slavery, which prevailed. The plan was then discussed and altered, and fiinilly passed unanimously, with the exception of South Carolina. By this proposition, the Territory was to have been divided into states by parallels and meridian lines. This, it was tliouglit, would make ten states, which were to have been named as follows - begiuTiinj^ at the northwest corner and going southwardly: Savlynia, Michigania, Chersonesus, Assenisipia, Metropotamia, Illenoia, Saratoga, Washino-ton, Polypotamia and Pelisipia.

There was a more serious objection to tliis plan than its category of names, - the boundaries. Tlie root of the difficulty was in the resolution of Congress passed in October, 17S0, which fixed the boundaries of the ceded lands to be from one hundred to one hundred and fifty miles square. These resolutions being presented to the Legislatures of Virginia and Massachusetts, they desired a change, and in July, iTSti, the subject was taken up in Congress, and changed to favor a division into not more than five states, and not less than three. This was approved by the State Legislature of Vircinia. The subject of the Government was again taken up by Congress in 1786, and discussed throughout that year and until July, 1787, when the famous "Com])act of 1787" was passed, and the foundation of the government of tlie Northwest laid. This compact is fully discussed and explained in the history of Illinois in tills book, and to it the reader is referred.

The passage of this act and the grant to the New England Company was soon followed b^' an application to the Government by John Cleves Synimes, of New Jersey, fur a grant of the land between the Miamis. This gentleman had visited these lands soon after the treaty of 1786, and, being greatly pleased with them oftcrcd similar terms to tliose given to the New England Company. The petition was referred to the Treasury Board with power to act, and a contract was concluded the following year. During the autumn the directors of the New England Company were preparing to occupy theiv grant the following spring, and upon the 23d of November made arrangements for a party of forty-seven men, under the superintendency of Gen. Eufus Putnam, to set forward. Six boat-builders were to leave at once, and on the first of January the surveyors and their assistants, twenty-six in number, were to meet at Hartford and proceed on their journey westward ; the remainder to follow as soon as possible. Congress, in the mean time, upon the 3d of October, had ordered seven hundred troops for defense of the western settlers, and to prevent unauthorized intrusions; and two days later appointed Artliur St. Clair Governor of the Territory of the Northwest.

The civil organization of the Northwest Territory was now complete, and notwithstanding the uncertaint}' of Indian affairs, settlers from the East began to come into the country rapidly. The New England Company sent their men during the winter of 1787-8 pressing on over the AUeghenies by the old Indian path which had been opened into Braddock's road and which has since been made a national turnpike from Cumberland westward. Through the weary winter days they toiled on, and by April were all gathered on the Tohiogany, where boats had been built, and at once started for the Muskingum. Here they arrived on the 7th of that month, and unless the Moravian missionaries be regarded as the pio-

Tiik Northwest Teurituuv

General St. Clair, the appointed Governor of the Northwest, not having yet arrived, a set of laws were passed, written out, and published by being nailed to a tree in the embryo town, and Jonathan Meigs appointed to administer them.

Washington in writing of this, the first American settlement iij the Northwest, said: "No colony in America was ever settled under such favorable auspices as that which has just commenced at iluskingnai. Information, property and strength will be its characteristics. I know many of its settlers personally, and there never were men better calculated to promote the welfare of such a community."

On the 2d of July a meeting of the directors and agents was held on the banks of the Muskingum, " for the purpose of naming the new-born city and its squares." As yet the settlement was known as the "Muskingum," but that was now changed to the name Marietta, in honor of Marie Antoinette. The square upon which the block-houses stood was called Martins;" square number 19, square number 61, '-Cecilia;'''' and the srreat rough road throuirh the covert way, "Sacra Via." Two days after, an oration was delivered by James M. Varnum, who with S. H. Parsons and John Armstrong had been appointed to the judicial bench of the Territory on the IGth of October, 1TS7. On July 9, Gov. St. Clair arrived, and the Colony began to assume form. The act of 1787 provided two distinct grades of government for the Northwest, under the first of which the whole power was invested in the hands of a governor and three district judges. This was immediately formed upon the governor's arrival, and the first laws of the Colony passed on the 25th of July. These provided for the organization of the militia, and on the next day appieared the Governor's proclamation, erecting all that country that had been ceded by the Indians east of the Scioto Kiver into the County of AVashington. From that time forward, notwithstanding the doubts yet existing as to the Indians, all Marietta prospered, and on the 2d of September the first court of the Territory was held with imposing ceremiinies.

The emigration westward at this time was very great. The commander at Fort Ilarmar, at the month of the Muskingum, reported four thousand five hundred persons as having passed that post between February and June, 17SS - many of whom would have purchased of the "Associates," as the New England Company was called, had they been ready to receive them.

On the 2Cth of November, 1787, Symnies issued a pamphlet stating the terms of his contract and the plan of sale he intended to adopt. In January, 1788, Matthias Denman, of New Jersey, took an active interest in Symmes' purchase, and located among other tracts the sections upon which Cincinnati has been built. Eetaining onethird of this locality, he sold the other two-thirds to Robert Patterson and John Filson, and the three, about August, commenced to lay out a town on the spot, wliich was designated as being opposite Licking Hi ver, to the mouth of which they proposed to have a road cut from Lexington. The miming of the town is thus narrated in the "Western Annals": "Mr.

Filson, who bad been a schoolmaster, was appointed to name the town, and in respect to its situation, and as if with a prophetic perception of the mixed racea that were to inhabit it in after days, he named it Losantiville, wliicli being interpreted, means: ville, the town; anti, against or opposite to; OS, the month; L. of Licking."

Meanwhile, in July, Symmes got thirty persons and eight four-horse teams under M'ay for the "West. These reached Limestone (now Maysville) in September, where were several persons from Kedstone. Here Mr. Symmes ti-ied to found a settlement, but the great freshet of 1789 caused the "Point," as it was and is yet called, to be fifteen feet nnder water, and the settlement to be abandoned. Tlie little band of settlers removed to the mouth of the Miami. Before Symmes and his colony left the "Point,"' two settlements had been made on his purchase. The first was by Mr. Stiltes, the original projector of the whole plan, who, with a colony of Redstone people, had located at the mouth of the Miami, whither Symmes went with his Maysville colony. Here a clearing had been made by the Indians owing to the great fertility of the soil. Mr. Stiltes with his colony came to this place on the ISth of November, 1788, with twenty-six persons, and, building a blockhouse, prepared to remain through the winter. They named the settlement Columbia. Here they were kindly treated by the Indians, but suffered greatly from the flood of 1789.

On the 4th of March, 1789, the Constitntion of the United States went into operation, and on April "Otli, George Washington was inaugurated President of tlie American people, and during the next summer, an Indian war was commenced by the tribes nortli of the Ohio. The President at first used pacitic means; but these failing, he sent General liarmar against tiie hostile tribes. He destroyed several villages, bnt was defeated in two battles, near the present City of Fort Wayne, Indiana. From this time till the close of 1795, the principal events were the wars with the, various Indian tribes. In 1796, General St. Clair was appointed in command, and marched against the Indians; but while he was encamped on a stream, the St. Mary, a branch of the Maumee, he was attacked and defeated with the loss of six hundred men.

General Wayne was now sent against the savages. In August, 1794, he mot them near the rapids of the Maumee, and gained a complete victory. This success, followed by vigorous measures, compelled the Indians to sue for peace, and on the 30th of July, the following year, the treaty of Greenville was signed by the principal chiefs, by which a large tract of country was ceded to the United States.

Before proceeding in our narrative, we will pause to notice Fort Washington, erected in the early part of this war on the site of Cincinnati. Nearly all of the sreat cities of the Northwest, and indeed of the whole country, have had their nuclei in those rude pioneer structures, known as forts or stockades. Thus Forts Dearborn, Washington, Ponchartrain, mark the original sites of the now proud cities of Chicaffo, Cincinnati and Detroit. So of most of the flourishing cities east and west of the Mississippi. Fort Washington erected by Doughty in 1790, was a rude bnt highly interesting structure. It was composed of a number of strongly-built liewed log cabins. Those designed for soldiers' barracks were a story and a half high, while those composing the officers' quarters were more imposing and more conveniently arranged and furnished. Tlie whole were so placed as to form a hollow S(juare, enclosing about an acre of ground, with a block house at each of the four angles.

The logs for the construction of this fort were cut from the ground upon which it was erected. It stood between Tiiird ami Fourth Streets of the present city (Cincinnati) extending east of Eastern Row, now Broadway, which was then a narrow alley, and the eastern boundary of the town as it was originally laid out. On the bank of the river, immediately in front of the fort, was an appendage of the fort, called the Artificer's Yard. It contained about two acres of ground, enclosed by small contiguous buildings, occupied by workshops and quarters of laborers. AVithin this enclosure there was a large two-story frame house, familiarly called the " Yellow House," built for the accommodation of the Quartermaster General. For many 3'ears this was the best finished and most commodious edifice in the (^ueen City. I'cirt AVashington was for some time tiie head(|uarters of both the civil and military governments of the Jfortliwestern Territory.

Following the consummation of the treaty, various gigantic land speculations were entered into by different persons, who hoped to obtain from the Indians in Michigan and northern Indiana, large tracts of lands. These were generally discovered in time to prevent the outrageous schemes from being carried out, and from involving the settlers in war. On October 27, 1795, the treaty between the United States and Spain was signed, whereby the free navigation of the Alississippi was secured.

No sooner had the treaty of 1795 been ratified, than settlements began to pour rapidly into the AYest. The great event of the year 1796 was the occupation of that part of the JS^orthwest including Michigan, which was this year, under the ]irovisions of the treaty, evacuated by the British forces. The United States, owing to certain conditions, did not feel justified in addressing the authorities in Canada in relation to Detroit and other frontier posts. AVhen at last the British authorities' were called to give them up, they at once complied, and General AYayne, who had done so much to preserve the frontier settlements, and who, before the year's close, sickened and died near Erie, transferred his headquarters to the neighborhood of the lakes, where a county named after him was formed, which included the northwest of Ohio, all of Michigan, and the northeast of Indiana. During this same year settlements were formed at the present City of Chillicothe, along the Miami from Middletown to Piqua, while in the more distant AVest, settlers and speculators began to appear in great numbers. In September, the City of Cleveland was laid out, and during the summer and autumn, Samuel Jackson and Jonathan Sharpless erected the first manufactory of paper - the " Redstone Paper Mill " - in the AYest. St. Louis contained some seventy houses, and Detroit over three hundred, and along the river, contiguous to it, were more than three thousand inhabitants, mostly French Can-

The election of representatives for the Territory had taken place, and on the 4th of February, 1799, they convened at Losantiville - now known as Cincinnati, having been named so by Gov. St. Clair, and considered the capital of the Territory - to nominate persons from whom the members of the legislature were to be chosen in accordance with a previous ordinance. These nominations being made, the Assembly adjourned until the 16th of the following September. From those named, the President selected as members of the council, Henry Yandenbnrg, of Yincennes, Robert Oliver, of Marietta, James Findlay and Jacob Burnett, of Cincinnati, and David Vance, of Vanceville. On the 16th of September the Territorial Legislature met, and on the Slth the two houses were duly organized, Henry Yandenburg being elected President of the Council.

The message of Gov. St. Clair was addressed to the Legislature September 20h, and on October 13th that body elected as a delegate to Congress, Gen. Wm. Henry Harrison, who received eleven of the votes cast, being a majority of one over his opponent, Arthur St. Clair, son of Gun. St. Clair.

The whole number of acts passed at this session, and approved by the Governor, were thirty-seven - -eleven others were passed, but received his veto. The most important of those passed, related to the militia, to the administration, and to taxation. On the 19th of December, this protracted session of the first Legislature in the West was closed, and on the 30th of December, the President nominated Charles Willing Bryd to the office of Secretary' of the Territory vice Wm. Henry Harrison, elected to Congress. The Senate confirmed his nomination the next day.

Division Of The Northwest Tereitoey

The increased emigration to the Northwest, the extent of the domain, and the inconvenient modes of travel, made it very difficult to conduct the ordinary operations of government, and rendered the efficient action of courts almost impossible. To remedy this, it was deemed advisable to divide the territory for civil purposes. Congress, in ISOO, appointed a committee to examine the question and report some means for its solution. This committee, on the 3d of March, reported that:

" In the three western countries, there has been but one court having cognizmce of crimes, in five years, and the immunity which offenders experience attracts, as to an asylum, the most vile and abandoned criminals, ! and at the same time deters useful citizens from making settlements in such society. The extreme necessity of judiciary attention and assistance is experienced in civil as well as in criminal cases. * * * * To minister a remedy to these and other evils, it occurs to this committee that it is expedient that a division of said territory into two distinct and separate governments should be made: and that such division be made by a line beginning at the mouth of the Great Miami River, running directly north until it intersects the boundary between the United States and Canada.''

"That t'roia and after July Ith next, all that part of -the territory . of tiie United States, iiortliwest of tiie Ohio River, which lies to the westward, of a line heginning at a foiiit on the Ohio, opposite to the mouth of the Kentucky River, and running thence to Fort Recovery, and thence north until it shall intersect the territorial line between the United States and Canada, shall, for the purpose of temporary government, constituteaseparate territory', and be called the Indiana Territory."

" Tliat until it shall otherwise be ordered by the Legislatures of the said Territories, respectively, Chillicothe on the Scioto River shall be the seat of government of the Territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio River; and that St. Vinceniies on tiie Wabash River shall be the seat of govei-nment for the Indiana Territory."'

(Jen. Wm. Henry llai'rison was a])]iointcd Governor of tint Imliiuia Territory, and entered upon his duties about a year later. Connecticut also about this time released her claims to the reserve, and in March a law was passed accepting this cession. Settlements had been made upon thirtvfive of the townships in the reserve, mills had been built, and seven hundred miles of road cut in various directions. On the 3d of November, the General Assembly met at Chillicothe. Near the close of the year, Uie first missionary of the Connecticut

Reserve came, who found no township coutaitiing more than eleven families. It was upon the, first of October that the secret treaty had.|been made between Napoleon and the Kiiig.of Spain, whereby J;he latter agreed to cede to .France the prgvince of Louisiana.

In .laniuuy, 1S02, the assembly of the Northwestern Territory chartered the college at Athens. From the earliest dawn of :he western colonies, education was promptly provided for, and as early as 17S7, newspapers were issued from Pittsburgh and Kentucky, and largely read throughout the frontier settlements. Before the close of this year, the Congress of the United States granted to the citizens of the Northwestern Territory, the formation of a State government. One of the provisions of the " compact of 1787 " provided that whenever the number of inhabitants within prescribed limits exceeded 45,000, they should be entitled to a separate government. The prescribed limits of Ohio contained, from a census taken to ascertain the legality of the act, more than that number, and on the 30th of April, ]S02, Congress ))assed the act defining its limits, and on the 29th of November the Constitution of the new State of Ohio, so named from the beautiful river forming its southern boundary, came into existence. The exact limits of Lake Michigan were not then known, but the territoi-y now include<l within the State of Michigan was wholly within tlic territory of Indiana.

General Harrison, while residing at Yincennes, made several treaties with the Indians, thereby gaining large tracts of lands. The next year is memorable in the histiiry of the West for the ]nirehase of

Louisiana from France by the United States lor $15,000,000. Tlius by a peaceful mode, tlie domain of the United States was extended overa large tract of country west of the Mississippi, and was for a time under the jurisdiction of the Northwest government, and as has been mentioned in the early part of this narrative, was called the "New Northwest." The limits of this history will r,ot allow a description of its territory. The same year large grants of land were obtained from the Indians, and the House of Representatives of the new State of Ohio signed a bill respecting the college township in the disti'ict of Cincinnati.

Before the close of the year. General Harrison obtained additional grants of lands from the various Indian nations in Indiana and the present limits of Illinois, and on the ISth of August, ISOi, a treaty at St. Louis, whereby over 51,000,000 aci'es of lands were obtained from the aborigines. Measures were also taken to learn the condition of affairs in and about Detroit.

C. Jouette, the Indian agent in Michigan, still a part of Indiana Torritor3-, reported as follows upon the condition of matters at that post:

"The Town of Detroit. - The charter, which is for fifteen miles square, was granted in the time of Louis XIV of France, and is now, from the best information I have been able to get, at Quebec. Of those two hundred and twentj'-five acres, only four are occupied by the town and Fort Lenault. The remainder is a common, except twenty-four acres, whicli were added twenty' years ago to a farm belonging to Wm. Macomb. * « * * A stockade encloses the town, foi-t and citadel. The pickets, as well as the public houses, are in a state of gradual decay. The streets are narrow, straight and regular, and intersect each other at right angles. The houses are for the most part low and inelegant."

During this year Congress granted a township of land for the support of a college, and began to offer inducements for settlers in these wnlds, and the country now comprising the State of Michigan began to fill rapidly with settlers along its soutiiern borders. This same year, also, a law was passed organizing the Southwest Territory, dividing it into two portions, the Territory of New Orleans, which city was made the seat of government, and the District of Louisiana, whiali was annexed to the domain of Gen. Harrison.

On the nth of January, 1805, the Territory of Michigan was formed. AVm. Hull was appointed governor with headc|uarters at Detroit, the change to take effect on June 30th. On the 11th of that month, a fire occurred at Detroit, which destroyed almost every building in the place. When theofticers of the new Territory reached the post, they found it in ruins, and the inhabitants scattered throughout the country. Rebuilding, however, soon commenced, and ere long the town contained more houses tlian before the fire, and many of them much better built.

While this was being done, Indiana had passed to the second grade of government, and through her Gt:neral Assembly had obtained large tracts of land from the Indian tribes. To all this the celebrated Indian, Tecumthe or Tecumseli, vigorously protested, and it was the main cause of his attemiUs to unite the various Indian tribes in a conflict with tlie settlers. To obtain a fnll account of tliese atcenipts, the workini^s of the British, and the signal failure, culminating in the death of Tecnniseh at the battle of the Thames, and the close of tlie warof 1S12 in the >«\)rth\vest, we will step aside in our story, and relate the principal events of liislife, and his connection with this conflict.

This famous Indian chief was liorn about the year ITfiS, not far from the site of the ])resent City of Pic^ua, Ohio. Ills father, Puckeshinwa, was a member of the Kisopok tribe of the Shawanoese nation, and his mother, Methontaske, was a member of the Turtle tribe of the same people. They removed from Florida about the middle of the last century to the birthplace of Tecnmseh. In ITTJr, his father, who had risen to be chief, was slain at the battle of Point Pleasant, and not long after, Tecumseh, by his bravery, became the leader of iiis tribe. In 1795 he was declared chief, and then lived at Deer Creek, near the site of the present City of Urbana. lie remained here about one .year, wlien he returned to Piqua, and in 1798, he went to White River, Indiana. In 1805, he and his brother, Lanlcwasikan (Open Door), who had announced himself as a prophet, went to a tract of land on the Wabasii Iliver, given them by tlie Pottawatomies and Kickapoos. From this date the chief comes into prominence. He was now about thirty-seven years of age, was five feetand ten inches in height, was stoutly built, and possessed of enormous powers of endurance. His countenance was naturally pleasing, and he was, in general, devoid of those savage attributes possessed by most Indians. It is stated he could read and write, and had a confidential secretary and adviser, named Billy Caldwell, a half-breed, who afterward became chief of the Pottawatomies. He occupied the first house built on the site of Chicago. At this time, Tecumseh entered upon the great work of ins life. He had long objected to the grants of land made by tlie Indians to the whites, and determined to unite all the Indian tribes into a league, in order that no treaties or grants of land could be made save by the consent of this confederation.

He traveled constantly, going from north to south; from the south to the north, everywhere urging the Indians to this step. He was a matchless orator, and his burning words liad their eftect.

Gen. Harrison, then Governor of Indiana, by watching the movement of the Indians, became convinced that a grand conspiracy was forming, and made preparations to defend the settlements. Tecuraseh's plan was similar to Pontiac's, elsewhere described, and to tiie cunning artifice of that chieftain was added his own sagacity.

During the year 1S09, Tecumseh and the prophet were actively preparing for the work. In that year. Gen. Harrison entered into a treaty with the Delawares, Kickapoos, Pottawatomies, Miamis, Eel River Indians and Weas, in which these tribes ceded to the whites certain lands upon the Wabash, to all of whicii Tecumseh entered a bitter protest, averring as one principal reason that he did not want the Indians to give up any lands north and west of the Ohio River.

Tecumseh, in August, 1810. visited the General at Vincennes and held a council relating to the grievances of the Indians. Becoming unduly angry at this conference

Gen. Harrison determined to move upon the chief's headquarters at Tippecanoe, and for this purpose went about sixty-five miles up the Wabasli, where he built Fort Harrison. From this place he went to the ])rophet's town, where he informed the Indians he had no hostile intentions, ]>rovided they were true to the existing treaties. He encamped near the village early in October, and on the morning of November 7th, he was attacked by a large force of the Indians, and the famous battle of Tippecanoe occurred. The Indians were routed and their town broken up. Tecumseh returning not long after, was greatly exasperated at liis brother, the prophet, even threatening to kill him for rashly precipitating the war, and foiling his (/fecumseh's) plans.

Tecumseh sent word to General Harrison that he was now returned from the South, and was ready to visit the President, as had at one time previously been proposed. Gen. Harrison informed him he could not go as a chief, which method Tecumseh desired, and the visit was never made.

In June of the following year, he visited the Indian agent at Fort Wayne. Here he disavowed any intention to make a war against the United States, and reproached Gen. Harrison for marching against his people. The agent replied to this ; Tecumseh listened with a cold indifference, and after making a few general I'emarks, with a liaughty air drew his blanket about him, left the council house, and departed for Fort Maiden, in upper Canada, where he joined the British standard.

He remained under this Government, doing effective work for the Crown while engaged in the war of 1812 which now opened. He was, however, always humane in his ti-eatment of the jirisoners, never allowing his warriors to ruthlessly mutilate the bodies of those slain, or wantonly murder the captive.

In the summer of 1S13, Perry's victory on Lake Erie occurred, and shortly after active preparations were made to ca]ituro Maiden. On the 27th of September, the American army, under Gen. Harrison, set sail for the shores of ('anada, and in a few hours stood around the ruins of Maiden, from which the British army, under Proctor, had retreated to Sandu'ich, intending to make its way to the heart of Canada by the Valley of the Thames. On the 29th Gen. Harrison was at Sandwich, and Gen. McArthur took possession of Detroit and the Territory of Michigan.

On the 2d of October, the Americans began their pursuit of Proctor, whom they overtook on the 5th, and the battle of the Thames followed. Early in the engagement, Tecumseh who was at the head of the column of Indians was slain, and they, no longer hearing the voice of their chieftain, fled. The victory was decisive, and practically closed the war in the Northwest.

Jnst who killed the great chief has been a matter of much dispute ; but the weight of opinion awards the act to Col. Richard M. .Idhnson, who fired at him with a pistol, the shot proving fatal.

In ISOo occurred Purr's Insurrection. He took possession of a beautiful island in the Ohio, after the killing of Hamilton, and is charged by many with attempting to set lip an independent government. His

In January, 1807, Governor Hull, of Michigan Territory, made a treaty with the Indians, whereby all that peninsula was ceded to tiio United States. Before the close of the year, a stockade was built about Detroit. It was also during this year that Indiana and Illinois endeavored to obtain tlie repeal of that section of the compact of ITS 7, wliercby slavery was excluded from the Northwest Territory. These attempts, however, all signally failed.

In 1809 it was deemed advisable to divide the Indiana Territory'. This was done, and the Territory of Illinois was formed from the western part, the seat of government being fixed at Kaskasia. The next year, the intentions of Tecumseh manifested themselves in open hostilities, and then began the events already narrated.

While this war was in progress, emigration to the West went on with surprising rapidity. In ISll, under Mr. Roosevelt of Kew York, the first steamboat trip was made on tlie Ohio, much to tlie astonishment of the natives, many of whom fled in terror at the appeai'ance of the " monster." It arrived at Louisville on the tentli day of October. At the close of the first week of January, 1812, it arrived at Natchez, after being nearly overwhelmed in the great earthquake which occurred, while on its downward tri]).

The battle of the Thames was fought on October Gth, 1813. It 6flectually closed hostilities in the Northwest, altiiough peace was not fully restored until July 22d, 1814, when a treaty was formed at Greenville, under the direction of General Harrison, between the United States and the Indian tribes, in which it was stipulated that the Indians should cease hostilities against the Americans if the war were continued. Such, happily, was not the case, and on the 24th of December, the treaty of Ghent was signed by the representatives of England, and the United States. This treaty was followed the next year by treaties with various Indian tribes throughout the West and Northwest, and quiet was again restored in this part of the new world.

On the ISth of March, 1816, Pittsburgh was incorporated as a city. It then had a ])opulation of 8,000 people, and was already noted for its manufacturing interests. On April 19th, Indiana Territory was allowed to form a State government. At that time there were thirteen counties organized, containing about sixty-three thousand inhabitants. The first election of State officers was held in August, when Jonathan Jennings was chosen Governor. The officers were sworn in on November 7tli, and on December 11th, the State was formally admitted into tlie Union. For some time the scat of government was at Corydon, but a more central location being desirable, the present capital, Indianapolis (City of Indiana), was laid out January 1, 1825.

On the 2Sth of December, the Bank of Illinois, at Shawneetown, was chartered, with a capital of $300,000. At this period all banks were nnder the control of the States, and were allowed to establish branches at different convenient points.

Until this time Chillicotiie and Cincinnati had in turn enjoyed the privileges of being the capital of Ohio. But the rapid settlement of the northern and eastern portions of the State demanded, as in Indiana, a more central location, and before tlie close of the 3'ear, the site of Columbus was selected and surveyed as the future capital of the State. Banking liad begun in Ohio as early as ISOS, when tlie first bank was chartered at Marietta, but here as elsewhere it did not bring to the State the hoped-for assistance. It and other banks were subse- (jeiitly unable to redeem their currency, and were obliged to suspend.

In ISIS, Illinois was made a State, and all the territory north of her northern limits was erected into a separate territorj' and joined to Michigan for judicial purposes. By the following year, navigation of the lakes was increasing with great rapidity and aftbrding an immense source of revenue to the dwellers in the Northwest, but it was not until 1826, that the trade was e.xtended to Lake Michigan, or that steamships began to navigate the bosom of that inland sea.

Until the year 1S32, the commencement of the Black Hawk War, but few hostilities were experienced with the Indians. Roads were opened, canals were dug, cities were built, common schools M-ere established, universities were founded, many of which, especially the Michigan University, have achieved a world-wide reputation. The people were becoming wealthy. The domains of the United States had been e.\'- tended, and had the sons of the forest been treated with honesty and justice, the record of many years would have been that of peace and continuous prosperity.

Black Hawk And The Black Hawk Wak

This conflict, though confined to Illinois, is an important epoch in the Northwestern history, being the last war with the Indians in this part of the United States.

Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or Black Hawk, was born in the principal Sac village, about three miles from the junction of Rock River with the Mississippi, in the year 17(37. His father's name was Py-e-sa or Pahaes; his gi'andfather's, Na-na-makee, or the Thunderer. Black Hawk early distinguished himself as a warrior, and at the age of fifteen was permitted to jiaint, and was ranked among the braves. About the year 17S3, he went on an expedition against the enemies of his nation, the (Usages, one of whom he killed and scalped, and for this deed of Indian bravery he was permitted to join in the scalp dance. Three or four years after, he, at the head of two hundred braves, went on another expedition against the Osages, to avenge the murder of some women and children belonging to his own tribe. Meeting an equal number of Osage warriors, a fierce battle ensued, in which the latter tribe lost one-half tlieir number. The Sacs lost only about nineteen warriors. He next att;ickeil the Cherokees for a similar cause. In a severe battle with them, near the present City of St. Louis, his father was slain, and Black Hawk, taking possession of the " Medicine Bag," at once announced himself chief of the Sac nation. He had now conquered the Cherokees, and about the year 1800, at the head of five hundred Sacs and Foxes, and a hundred lowas, he waged war against the Osage nation and subdued it. For two years he battled successfully with other Indian tribes, all of whom he conquered.

Black Hawk does not at any time seem to have been friendly to the Americans. AVhen on a visit to St. Louis to see his "Spanish Father," he declined to see an v

The treaty at St. Louis was consummated in 1804. The next year the United States Government erected a fort near the head of the Des Moines Rapids, called Fort Edwards. This seemed to enrage Black Hawk, who at once determined to capture Fort Madison, standing on tiie west side of the Mississippi above tlie mouth of the Des Moines River. The fort was garrisoned by about fifty men. Here lie was defeated. The difficulties with the Britisli Goveruinent arose about this time, and the War of 1812 followed. That government, extending aid to the Western Indians, by giving them arms and ammunition, induced them to reinain hostile to the Americans. In August, 1812, Black Hawk, at the head of about five hundred braves, started to join the British forces at Detroit, passing on his way the site of Chicago, wiiere the famous Fort Dearborn Massacre had a few days before occurred. Of his connection with the British Government but little is known. In 1813, he with his little band descended the Mississi]ipi, and attacking some United States troops at Fort lldwai'd, was defeated.

In the early part of 1815, the Indian ti-ibes west of the Mississippi were notified that peace had been declared betweeu the United States and England, and nearly all hostilities had ceased. Black Hawk did not sign any treaty, however, until May of the following year. He then recognized the validity of the treaty at St. Louis in ISO-l. From the time of signing this treaty in 1810, until the breaking out of the war in 1S32, he and his band passed their time in tlie ciininiiin pur--\iit< nf Indian lil'o.

Ten years before the commencement of this war, the Sac and Fox Indians were urged to join the lowas on the west bank of the Father of Waters. All were agreed, save the band known as the Britisli Band, of which Black Hawk was leader. He strenuously objected to the removal, and was induced to comply only after being threatened with the power of the Government. This and various actions on the part of the white settlers provoked Black Hawk and his baud to attempt the capture of his native village now occupied by the whites. The war followed. He and his actions were undoubtedly misunderstood, and had his wishes been acquiesced in at the beginning of the struggle, much bloodshed would have been prevented.

Black Hawk was chief now of the Sac and Fox nations, and a noted warrior. He and his tribe inhabited a village on Rock River, nearly three miles above its confluence witli the Mississippi, where the tribe had lived man}' generations. Wiien that portion of Illinois was reserved to them, they remained in peaceable possession of their reservation, spending their time in the enjoyment of Indian life. The fine situation of their village and the qualitj' of their lands incited the more lawless white settlers, who from time to time began to encroacli upon the red men's domain. From one pretext to another, and from one step to another, the crafty white men irained a foothold, until through whisky and artifice they obtained deeds from many of the Indians for their possessions. The Indians were finally induced to cross over the Father of Waters and locate among the lowas. Black Hawk was strenuously opposed to all tliis, hut as the authorities of Illinois and the United States tlioujjlit this the best move, he was forced to coni]ilj'. Moreover otlier tribes joined the whites and urged tlie removal. Black Hawk would not agree to the terms of the treaty made with his nation for their lands, and as soon as the military, called to enforce his removal, had retired, he returned to the Illinois side of the river. A large force was at once raised and marched against him. On the evening of May li, 1833, the lirst engagement occurred between a band from this army and Black Hawk's band, in which the former were defeated.

This attack and its result aroused the whites. A large force of men was raised, and Gen. Scott hastened from the seaboard, by way of the lakes, with United States troops and artillery to aid in the subjugation of the Indians. On the 2J:th of June, Black Hawk, with 200 warriors, was repulsed by Major Dcniont between Eock Iliver and Galena. The American army continued to move up Rock River toward the main body of the Indians, and on the 21st of .Inly came upon Black Hawk and Ids band, and defeated tliem near the Blue Mounds.

Before this action, Gen. Henry, in command, sent word to the main army by whom he was immediately rejoined, and the whole crossed the Wisconsin in pursuit of Black Hawk and his band who were ileeing to the Mississippi. They were overtaken on tlie 2d of August, and in the battle which followed the power of the Indian chief was completel}' broken. He fled, but was seized by the Winnebagoes and delivered to the whites.

with the Winnebagoes, Sacs and Foxes, by which they ceded to the United States a vast tract of country, and agreed to remain peacealjle with the whites. For the faithful performance of the provisions of this treaty on the part of the Indians, it was stipulated that Black Hawk, his two sons, the prophet Wabokieshiek, and six other chiefs of the hostile bands should be retained as hostages during the pleasure of the President. They were confined at Fort Barracks and put in irons.

The next spring, by order of the Secretary of War, they were taken to Washington. From there they were removed to Fortress Monroe, " there to remain until tlie conduct of their nation was such as to justify their being set at liberty." They were retained here until the 4th of June, when the authorities directed them to be taken to the princijial cities so that tliey might see the folly of contending against the white people. Everywhere they were observed by thousands, the name of the old chief being extensively known. By the middle of August they reached Fort Armstrong on Rock Island, where Black Hawk was soon after released to go to his countrymen. As he passed the site of his birthplace, now the home of the white man, he was deeply injved. His village where he was born, where he had so happily lived, and where he had hoped to die, was now another's dwelling place, and he was a wanderer.

On tlie next day after his release, he went at once to his tribe and his lodge. His wife was yet living, and with her he passed the remainder of his days. To his credit it may be said that Black Hawk ahvavs remained true to his wife, and

BLack Hawk now passed iiis titao hunting and fisliing. A deep melancholy htnl settled over him from wliich he could not be freed. At all times when he visited tiie whites he was received with marked attention. He was an honored guest at the old settlers' reunion in Lee County, Illinois, at some of their meetings, and received many tokens of esteem. In September, 1S3S, while on ins way to Rock Island to receive his annuity from the Government, he contracted a severe cold which resulted in a fatal attack of bilious fev^er which terminated Ills life on October -Bd. His faithful wife, who was devotedly attached to him, mourned deeply during his sickness. >\fter his death he was di-essed in the uniform presented to him by the President wiule in Washington. He was buried in a grave six i'eet in depth, situated upon a beautiful eminence. " The body was placed in the middle of the grave, in a sitting posture, upon a seat constructed for the purpose. On his left side, the cane, given liim by Henry Clay, was placed upright, with his right hand resting upon it. Many of the old warrior's trophies were placed in the grave, and some Indian garments, together with his favorite weapons.

No sooner was the Black Hawk war concluded than settlers began rapidly to pour into the northern parts of Illinois, and into Wisconsin, now free from Indian depredations. Chicago, from a trading post, had grown to a commercial center, and was I'apidly coming into prominence. In 1835, the formation of a State Government in Michigan was discussed, l)ut diil

The main attraction to that portion of the Northwest lying west of Lake Michigan, now included in the State of Wisconsin, was its alluvial wealth. Copper ore was found about Lake Superior. For some time this reo-ion was attached to Michiijan for judiciary purposes, but in 1836 was made a Territory, then including Minnesota and Iowa. The latter State was dctaihed two years later. In 1848, Wisconsin was admitted as a State, Madison being made the capital. We have now traced the vai-ious divisions of the Northwest Territory (save a little ia Minnesota) from the time it was a unit comprising this vast territory, until circumstances compelled its present division.

Otuee Indian Troubles

In August, 1862, the Sioux Indians living on the western borders of Minnesota fell upon the unsuspecting settlers, and in a few hours massacred ten or twelve hundred persons. A distressful panic was the immediate result, fulh' thirty thousand persons fleeing from their homes to districts suppo-sed to be better protected. The military authorities at once took active measures to punish the savages, and a large number were killed and captured. About a year after. Little Crow, the chief, was killed by a Mr. Lampson near Scattered Lake. Of those captured thirty were hung at Mankato, and the remainder, tlirough fears of mob violence, were removed to Camp McClellan, on the outskirts of the City of Davenport. It was here that Big Eagle came into prominence and secured Jiis release by tlie following order:

" Washington, Dec. 3, 1864. " Big Eagle, an Indian now in confinement at Davenport, Iowa, will, npon the receipt of this order, be immediately released from confinement and set at liljerty.

Another Indian v.dio figures more prominently than Big Eagle, and wiio was more cowardly in his nature, with his band of Modoc Indians, is noted in the annals of the New Northwest: we refer to Captain Jack. This distinguished Indian, noted for his cowardly murder of Gen. Canby, was a chief of a Modoc tribe of Indians inhabitina; the border lands between California and Oregon. This region of country comprises what is known as the " Lava Beds," a tract of land described as utterly impenetrable, save by those savages who had made it their home.

The Modocs are known as an exceedingly fierce and treacherous race. The^' had, according to their own traditions, resided here for many generations, and at one time v.-ere exceedingly numerous and powerful. A famine carried off nearly half their numbers, and disease, indolence and the vices of the white man have reduced them to a poor, weak and insignificant tribe.

of massacres of emigrant trains passing through the Modoc country. In 1847, an emigrant train, comprising eighteen souls, was entirel}' destroyed at a place since known as "Bloody Point." Tliese occurrences caused the United States Government to a]>point a peace commission, who, after repeated attempts, in 1864, made a treaty with the Modocs, Snakes and Klamaths, in which it was agreed on their part to remove to a reservation set apart for them in the southern part of Oregon.

AYith the exception of Captain Jack and a band of his followers, who remained at Clear Lake, about six miles from Klamath, all the Indians complied. The Modocs who went to the reservation were under chief Schonchin. Captain Jack remained at the lake without disturbance until 1869, when he was also induced to remove to the reservation. The Modocs and tlie Klamaths soon became involved in a quarrel, and Captain Jack and his baud returned to the Lava Beds.

Several attempts were made by the Indian Commissioners to induce them to return to the reservation, and finally becoming involved in a difficulty with the commissioner and his military escort, a fight ensued, in which the chief and his band were routed. They were greatly enraged aiul on their retreat, before the day closed, kiiled eleven inoffensive whites.

The luition was aroused and immediate action demanded. A commission was at once appointed by the Government to see what could be done. It comprised the following persons: Gen. E. H. S. Canby, Rev. Dr. E. Thomas, a leading Methodist divine of California; Mr. A. B. Meacham, Judge Kosborough, of California, and a Mv.

Dyer, of Oregon. After several interviews, in whicli tlie savages were always aggressive, often appearing with scalps in tlieir belts, Bogus Charley came to the commission on the evening of April 10, 1873, and informed them tliat Capt. Jack and his band would have a " talk " to-morrow at a place near Clear Lake, about three miles distant. Here the Commissioners, accompanied by Charley, Riddle, the interpreter, and Boston Charley, repaired. After the usual greeting the council proceedings commenced. On behalf of the Indians there were present: Capt. Jack, Black Jim, Schac Nasty Jiin, Ellen's Man, and Hooker Jim. Tliej' had no guns, but carried pistols. After short speeches by Mr. Meacham, Gen. Canby and Dr. Thomas, (Jiiief Schonchin arose to speak. He had scarcely proceeded when, as if by a preconcerted arrangement, Capt. Jack drew his pistol and shot Gen. Canby dead. In less than a minute a dozen shots were fired by the savages, and the massacre completed. Mr. Meacham was shot by Schonchin, and Dr. Thomas by Boston Charley. Mr. Dyer barely escaped, being fired at twice. Riddle, tlie interpreter, and his squaw escaped. The troops rushed to the spot wiiere tliey found Gen. Canby and Dr. Tliomas dead, and Mr. Meacham badly wounded. The savages had escaped to their impenetrable fastnesses and could not be pursued.

The whole country was aroused by this brutal massacre; but it was not until the following May that the murderers were brought to justice. At that time Boston Charley gave himself np, and offered to guide the troops to Capt. Jack's stronghold. This led to the capture of his entire gang, a number of whom were murdered bv Oregon volunteers while on their way to trial. The remaining Indians were held as prisoners until July, when their tria! occurred, which led to the conviction of Capt. Jack, Schonchin, Boston Cliarley, Hooker Jim, Broncho, tilias One- Eyed Jim, and Slotuck, who were sentenced to be hanged. These sentences were approved by the President, save in the case of Slotuck and Broncho whose sentences were commuted to imprisonment for life. The others were executed at Fort Klamath, October 3, 1873.

These closed the Indian troubles for a . time in the Xorthwest, and for several 3'ears the borders of civilization remained in peace. They were again involved in a conflict with the savages about the country of the Bhick Hills, in wliicli war the gallant Gen. Custer lost his life. Just now the borders of Oregon and C'alifoi'nia are again in fear of hostilities; but as the Government has learned how to deal with the Indians, they will be of short duration. The red man is fast passing away before the march of the white man, and a few more generations will read of the Indians as one of the nations of the past.

The Northwest abounds in memorable places. We have generally noticed them in the narrative, but our space forbids their description in detail, save of the most important places. Detroit, Cincinnati, Yincennes, Kaskaskia and their kindred towns have all been described. But ere we leave the narrative we will present our readers with an account of the Kinzie house, the old landmark of Chicago, and the discovery of tlie st)urce of the Mississippi River, each of which mav well find a place in the annals of the Northwest.

established a trading house at Fort Dearborn in ISOi. Tiie stockade had been erected the year previous, and named Fort Dearborn in honor of the Secretar}' of War. It had a block house at, each of tlie t\TO angles, on tlie southern side a sallyport, a covered way on the north side, that led down to the river, for the double purpose of providing means of escape, and of procuring water in the event of a siege.

Fort Dearborn stood on the south bank of the Ciiicago Kiver, about half a mile from its mouth. When Major Whistler built it, his soldiers hauled all the timber, for he had no oxen, and so economically did he work that the fort cost the Government only fifty dollars. For a while the garrison could iret no grain, and Whistler and his men subsisted on acorns. Now Chicago is the greatest grain center in the world.

Mr. Kinzie bought the hut of the first settler, Jean Baptiste Point au Sable, on the site of which he erected his mansion. Within an inclosure in front he plante 1 some Lombardy poplars, and in the rear he soon had a tine garden and growing orchard.

In 1812 the Kinzie house and its surroundings became the theater of stirring events. The garrison of Fort Deai-born consisted of fifty-four men, under the charge of Capt. Nathan Ileald, assisted by Lieutenant Lenai T. Helm (son-in-law to Mrs. Kinzie), and ensign Ronan. Tlie surgeon was Dr. Yoorheea. The only residents at the post at that time were the wives of Capt. Heald and Lieutenant Helm and a few of the soldiers, Mr. Kinzie and his family, and a few Canadian voyageurs with their wives and children. The soldiers and Mr. Kinzie were on the most friendly terms with the J'ottawatomies and the Wiunebagpes, the principal tribes around them, but they could not win them Irom their attachment to the British. ,

After the battje of Tippecanoe it was observed that some of tlie leailing chiefs became sullen, for some of their people had perished in that conflict with American troops.

One evening in April 1812, Mr. Kinzie sat playing his violin and his children were dancing to the music, when Mrs. Kinzie came rushing into the house pale with terror, exclaiming, "The Indians! the Indians! " " What { Where ? " - eagerly inquired Mr. Kinzie. " Up at Lee's, killing and scalping," answered the frightened mother, who, when the alarm was given, was attending Mrs. Burns, a newly-made mother, living not far off. Mr. Kinzie and his family crossed the river in boats, and took refuge in the fort, to which place Mrs. Burns and her infant, not a day old, were conveyed in safet}' to the shelter of the guns of Fort Dearborn, and the rest of tlie white inhabitants fled. The Indians were a scalping party of Winnebagoes, who hovered around the fort some days, when they disappeared, and for several weeks the inhabitants were not disturbed by alarms.

Chicago was then so deep in the wilderness, that the news of the declaration of war against Great Britain, made on the 19th of June, 1812, did not reach the commander of the garrison at Fort Dearborn till the 7th of August. Now the fast mail train will carry a man from New York to Chicago in twenty-seven hours, and such a declaration might be sent, every word, by the telegraph in less than the same number of minutes.