Morgan County, Illinois - The whole text, 1878 (part 5 of 21)

Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States ; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment according to law.

SEC. 4. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each state by the Legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choosing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.

SEC. 5. Each house shall be the judge of the election, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent members in such manner and under such penalties as each house may provide.

Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.

Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal.

Neither house, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting.

SEC. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective houses, and in going to and returning from the same ; and for any speech or debate in either house they shall not be questioned in any other place.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ; and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member of either house during his continuance in office.

SEC. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other bills.

Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President the United States; if he approve he shall .sign it ; but if not he shall return it, with his objections, to that house in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration two-thirds of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted), after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.

Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States, and before the same shall take effect shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill.

To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts, and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ;

And Its Amendments

To promote the progress of sciences and useful arts, by securing* for limited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ;

To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ;

To exercise legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings ; and

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.

SEC. 9. The migration or importation of such persons as any of the states now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.

The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.

No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports of one state over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one state be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.

No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expeditures of all public money shall be published from time to time.

No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States : and no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state.

SEC. 10. No state shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal ; coin money ; emit bills of -credit ; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ; pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.

No state shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection laws, and the net produce of all duties and imposts laid by any state on imports or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States ; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of the Congress.

No state shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another state, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent danger as will not admit of delay.

Article Ii

SECTION 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice-President chosen for the same term, be elected as follows :

Each state shall appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a number of Electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the state may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.

[ * The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by ballot one of them for President ; and if no person have a majority, then from the five highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the Electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice-President.]

The Congress may determine the time of choosing the Electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes ; which day shall be the same throughout the United States.

No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President ; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained the age of thirty -five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.

In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

The President shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the United States or any of them.

" I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."

SEC. 2. The President shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several states, when called into the actual service of the United States ; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices, and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardon for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.

He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law ; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments.

The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session.

SEC. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may on extraordinary occasions convene both houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement between them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.

SEC. 4. The President, Vice-President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

Abticle Iii

SECTION I. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.

SEC. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their authority ; to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls ; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; to controversies between two or more states ; between a state and citizens of another state ; between citizens of different states ; between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants of different states, and between a state or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.

In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction.

In all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the Congress shall make.

The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury ; and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been- committed ; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places as the Congress may by law have directed.

SEC. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court.

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted.

Article Iv

SECTION 1. Full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof.

A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice and be found in another state, shall, on demand of the executive authority of the state from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime.

No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on the claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.

SEC. 3. New states may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no /iew state shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other state ; nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the Legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the Congress.

The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United States or of any particular state.

SEC. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this. Union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and on application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature can not be convened), against domestic violence.

Article

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress. Provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.

All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Constitution shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the Confederation.

This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the Judges in every state shall be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any state to the contrary notwithstanding.

Constitution Of The United Stated

bers of the several state Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States.

Article Vii

The ratification of the Conventions of nine states shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the states so ratifying the same.

Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the states present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence, of the United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names.

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

Article Iii

No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized.

No person shall be held te answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.

Article Vi

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

Article Xi

The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.

Article Xii

The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person to be voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice- President, and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such num-ber be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest number not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from twothirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice- President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be the majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a major- ity, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.

Article Xiii

SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Article Xiv

SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

SEC. 2. Representatives shall be appointed among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed ; but when the right to vote at any election for the choice of Electors for President and Vice- President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged except for participation in rebellion or other crimes, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state.

SEC. 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or Elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath as a Member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state Legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability.

SEC. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall pay any debt or obligation incurred in the aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any loss or emancipation of any slave, but such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.

Constitution Of The United States

SECTION 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any state, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Electors Of President And Vice-President Practical Rules For Every Day Use

NOTE. - It Is generally assumed that the gross weight V>f Hogs diminished by 1-5 or 20 per cent of itself gives the net weight, and the net weight increased by X or 25 per cent, of itself equals the gross weight.

RULE. - Multiply (by short method) the number of cubic feet by 6308, and point off ONE decimal place - the result will be the correct answer in bushels and tenths of a bushel.

NOTE. - In estimating corn in the ear, the quality and the time it lias been cribbed must be taken into consideration, since corn will shrink considerably during the Winter and Spring. This rule generally holdi good for corn measured at the time it is cribbed, provided it is sound and clean.

RULE. - Multiply the square of the mean diameter by the depth (all in feet) and this product by 5681 (short method), and point off ONE -decimal place - the result will be the contents in barrels of 31£ gallons.

RULE. - Under the square of the mean diameter, write the length (all in inches) in REVERSED order, so that its UNITS will fall under the TENS ; multiply by short method, and this product again by 430 ; point off one decimal place, and the result will be the answer in wine gallons.

RULE. - Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches) and divide the product by 12 - the result will be the contents in square feet.

RULE. - Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length together (the width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet), and divide the product by 12 - the result will be square feet.

RULE. - Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide the product by 160 (carrying the division to 2 decimal places if there is a remainder) ; the result will be the answer in acres and hundredths.

Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and two inches thick ; hence, it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot without mortar, but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills 1-6 of the space.

Miscellaneous Information. '209

To find the length of the rafters, at ONE-FOURTH pitch, multiply the width of the building by .56 (hundredths) ; at ONE-THIRD pitch, by .6 (tenths) ; at TWO-FIFTHS pitch, by .64 (hundredths) ; at ONE-HALF pitch, by .71 (hundredths). This gives the length of the rafters from the apex to the end of the wall, and whatever they are to project must be taken into consideration.

NOTE. - By X or K pitch is meant that the apex or comb of the roof is to be K or % the width of the building higher than the walls or base of the rafters.

RULE. - Level the grain ; ascertain the space it occupies in cubic feet ; multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one place to the left.

If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer by 2, to find the number of bushels of shelled corn, because it requires 2 bushels of eai corn to make 1 of shelled corn.

In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is the contents of any given plot in square yards ; then, given the number of yards, find out the number of rods and acres.

The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step. Now, an ordinary-sized man can train himself to cover one yard at a stride, on the average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary purposes.

To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential to walk in a straight line ; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in a line straight ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote ; and, in walking, keep these objects constantly in line.

Farmers and others by adopting the following simple and ingenious contrivance, may always carry with them the scale to construct a correct yard measure.

Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger of the left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders of the left arm, pricking in the marks with indelible ink.

To find how many rods in length will make an acre, the width being given. RULE. - Divide 160 by the width, and the quotient will be the answer.

RULE. - Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in inches, by twice the length, in feet, and divide by n.44. Deduct 1-10 to 1-15 according to the thickness of the bark.

RULE. - The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the interest on any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the decimal point two places to the left ; for ten times that time, remove the point one place to the left; for 1-10 of the same time, remove the point three places to the left.

NOTE. - The reciprocal of the rate is found by inverting: the rate ; thus 3 per cent, per month, inverted, becomes % of a month, or 10 clays.

U. S. Government Land Measure

A quarter section, half a mile square - 160 acres. An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a quarter of a mile wide - 80 acres.

Miscellaneous Information

The sections are divided into quarters, which are named by the cardinal points. The quarters are divided in the same way. The description of a forty acre lot would read : The south half of the west half of the south-west quarter of section 1 in township 24, north of range 7 west, or as the case might be ; and sometimes will fall short and sometimes overrun the number of acres it is supposed to contain.

Surveyors' Measure

A league is three miles, but its length is variable, for it is strictly speaking a nautical term, and should be three geographical miles, equal to 3.45 statute miles, but when used on land, three statute miles are said to be a league.

How To Keep Accounts

Every farmer and mechanic, whether he does much or little business, should keep a record of his transactions in a clear and systematic manner. For the benefit of those who have not had the opportunity of acquiring a primary knowledge of the principles of book-keeping, we here present a simple form of keeping accounts which is easily comprehended, and well adapted to record the business transactions of farmers, mechanics and laborers.

Length Of Time

Multiply the principal (amount of money at Interest) by the time reduced to days; then divide this product by the quotient obtained by dividing 360 (the number of days in the interest year) by the per cent, of interest, and the quotient thus obtained will be the required interest.

Require the interest of $462.50 for one month and eighteen days at 6 per cent. An interest month is 30 days; one month and eighteen days equal 48 days. 3462.50 multiplied by .48 gives $222.0000; 360 divided by 6 (the per cent, of interest) gives 60, and

Virginia. - The oldest of the States, was so called in honor of Queen Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter Raleigh made his first attempt to colonize that region.

Florida. - Ponce de Leon landed on the coast of Florida on Easter Sunday, and called the country in commemoration of the day, which wa& the Pasqua Florida of the Spaniards, or " Feast of Flowers."

Texas is the American word for the Mexican name by which all that section of the country was called before it was ceded to the United States.

Topography And Geology

Morgan County is bounded on the north by Cass County ; on the east by Sangamon ; on the south by Macoupin and Greene, and on the west by Scott County and the Illinois River. It comprises about fifteen and two- thirds townships, or about five hundred and sixty-three square miles. Nearly or quite one-half of this is well wooded, the remainder is prairie. Besides the Illinois River, which forms a portion of its western boundary, the county is watered by several lesser streams, among which the Indian, Mauvaisterre, Sandy and Apple Creeks may be mentioned as the most important. Nearly all these streams head in the county, and attain considerable dimensions before passing beyond its limits. With their tributaries they afford good water facilities to the residents of the county, and carry off the surplus water in times of freshets.

The county, away from the streams, is, in most part, a gently undulating prairie, with a rich, dark colored surface soil, similar in all respects to that in the adjoining regions, and differing but little from the general character of all the prairie soils in this part of the State. On the broken land, along the streams, the soil is generally lighter colored and clayey, and generally bears a heavy growth of black, white, and red oak, with some laurel oak, pin oak, butternut and shell-bark hickory, black walnut, bitternut, white and slippery elm, iron wood, sassafras, hackberry, red bud, soft and sugar maple, linden, and hazel. On the narrow strip of land, which borders many of the streams, in addition to many of the above species, swamp white oak, chinquapin oak, sycamore, paw-paw, and cotton wood are found. In the extreme western portion of the county, the Illinois River is bordered by an extensive tract of bottom land, ranging from four to six miles in width at different points. In this bottom, with the exception of a few tracts of low sand ridge, covered with stunted black jack, the soil is a rich, arenaceous loam, which, whenever sufficiently elevated, is one of the best soils in the county. A considerable portion of this bottom, however, is flooded by the river, and certain tracts are so little elevated as to form permanent shallow lakes or sloughs. Along the edges of the bluffs, at their immediate base, there is generally a sandy slope, similar in soil and timber to the sand ridges in the bottom, the material of which is derived from the marly sand of the Loess, of which e bluffs are mainly composed.

The Loess, the most recent of the geological formations after the Alluvium, occurs in this county along the Illinois River bluffs, in which it attains a thickness of from sixty to eighty feet. Back from the bluffs A it rapidly thins out, and is seldom seen extending more than a mile or two up the side ravines, and indeed it frequently disappears entirely within a much less distance. The material is generally an ash or buff colored, marly sand, containing fossil fresh water shells of existing species, here as elsewhere, forming high conical bluffs, which constitute a peculiar feature in the landscape. So resistant is this material to atmospheric influences, that many of the bluffs are crowned by steep mural escarpments of compacted sand, which preserve their shape from year to year, despite the wearing action of the frosts and showers.

The deposits of the Drift extend over nearly the whole surface of the county, their thickness ranging all the way from twenty to eighty or one hundred feet, and at Jacksonville its thickness attains to even one hundred and forty-seven feet. The material of this formation is generally a blue or yellow clay, with occasional seams or strata of quicksand or gravel. Good sections of this formation are, however, rarely met with, both on account of the infrequency of shafts or wells of sufficient depth, and of the frequent lack of reliable information in regard to those wells which have been sunk. In general, however, the brown clays are uppermost, and are underlaid by bluish clays and hard-pan.

Boulders are abundant in all parts of the county, but in this region are seldom of such size as farther north. Many of the transported boulders show polished and striated, or streaked surfaces, on two or more sides, but no such surfaces were observed in any exposures of rock in situ.

The older geological formations which appear in the surface exposures of this county, are the Coal Measures and the St. Louis Limestone., Of the former, there is between the uppermost, and lowest exposures a considerable average thickness, it is difficult to state how much, but probably several hundred feet, including the horizon of two or three workable coal seams. Of the St. Louis Limestone only a limited thickness of the upper beds is exposed.

THE COAL MEASURES. - This formation underlies nearly the whole county; the only portion in which it is not the uppermost rock, being a comparatively limited area along the Illinois bottoms and bluffs. Considerable difficulty is experienced in forming a correct idea of the details of this formation in this county, on account of the wide separation and varying character of the outcrops. The aggregate thickness, however, may be set down as not less than three hundred feet, and probably more. Within this thickness there are at least three, and most probably four, beds of coal of sufficient thickness to be profitably worked.

The only surface outcrops of No. 1 of the Illinois River section are along the Illinois River bluffs near the northern line of the county, in sections 2, 3 and 4, township 16, range 12 west, where it has been worked to a slight extent by drifts driven horizontally into the hillside, and has, at least at one point, been worked by stripping along the outcrop.

The sandstone No. 3, of this section, has been worked to some extent as a building stone, and is exposed in several places along the river bluffs in this vicinity. The other beds are only to be seen at one or two points, and the outcrop of the coal vein itself is every where covered by soil and debris from the beds above.

Creek, which has been worked by stripping during seasons of very low water. A little distance below the point where the coal was said to occur, the geologist observed masses of nodular, argillaceous limestone, which he judged to have been derived from the under-clay of the coal. Still further up the creek, in the northeast part of section 15, he observed an outcrop of reddish, concretionary sandstone, which may perhaps be the equivalent of the sandstone No. 3, in the same section.

A coal bank, situated in the northwest quarter of section 33, township 16, range 12, was for some time worked. The distance from the surface of the ground to the bottom of the coal in the shaft was about twenty-six feet. After passing through fifteen feet of soil and drift clay, about eight feet of dark colored shale and black slate, containing heavy ironstone concretions are met with, and still under this, the coal - at this point only twenty inches in thickness. The fragments of black slate, which had been thrown out of the shaft, contained few fossils.

A bed of coal, which may possibly be the same as that in the localities already mentioned, is reported to occur in about the center of the western part of section 20, township 16, range 12. The coal is said to occur at a depth of about twelve feet below the bed of Coon Run, where it has been struck by excavations, although it was found impossible to work it on account of the water. The bed of the creek a short distance above this point is composed of rather irregularly bedded, light gray limestone. Below, along the banks and bed of the stream, in the eastern part of section 19, there appears a light colored, shaly limestone in the bed of the stream, and about two hundred yards still farther down the stream, but higher in actual position, heavy beds of a soft, massive, ferruginous sandstone appear in the sides of the ravine. The coal No. 2 of the Illinois River section is worked in this county at one of its typical localities, and probably at several other points. At Neeleyville, on the Wabash railroad, near the western border of the county, this seam of coal immediately underlies the Drift at a depth below the surface, at the principal diggings, of from ten to fifteen feet. A shaft sunk upon the top of the hill a short distance south of the railroad, passed through eighty-five feet of the brown and blue clays of the Drift before reaching the coal. The seam varies from four to four and half feet in thickness, of which about three and one-half feet is available - the remainder being required to be left to support the roof. In the eastern part of the village a shaly sandstone, varying in color from light reddish to gray, is exposed in the bottom and sides of the ditches along the railroad for a distance of three hundred yards or more. The whole thickness exposed is not over eight feet, and the beds appear to be nearly horizontal.

Other localities, of probably the same vein of coal, are in the northwest corner of section 34, township 16, range 12, and in the southern part of sections 21 and 22 in the same township. In the former of these localities, the coal was worked by drifting into the side of a small ravine. The bed was reported to be about four feet in thickness. This coal bank is about half or three quarters of a mile from McPhersoirs shaft, already noticed as a locality of the lowest seam of No. 1 of the Illinois River section. Its level is probably from forty to fifty feet above the coal seam opened by the shaft.

the bank of Coon Run for a distance of about half a mile. The coal was worked by horizontal drifts in the side of the bluff, all of which have long been discontinued. The seam is reported to be about three feet in thickness. In the northwest corner of section 18, township 15, range 11, at a point where the Wabash railroad crosses the Mauvaisterre, there is an exposure of thirty feet or more of shaly sandstone and arenaceous shales. The shaly beds may be traced along the stream for a distance of nearly a half mile from the bridge, where they finally disappear, and above this point along the stream, and indeed in the whole northeastern portion of the county, there are no prominent exposures of any of the beds of the older formations.

No. 2 of this section is the bed which is here worked as a building stone. It is extremely soft and easily worked when first taken out, but is said to harden on exposure to the weather. It is considerably used for building purposes in the vicinity. Below the quarry, exposures of shaly sandstone and arenaceous shales occur along the banks of the creek wherever it touches the bluffs which edge the narrow bottom as far as the county line, a distance of about one mile, and probably continue to appear along the lower course of the branch in Scott County. Above the quarry there are no prominent outcrops, although the same beds undoubtedly occur in the hill sides.

Passing southward from this point along the western side of the county, the next exposure of the Coal Measures is on the south side of Sandy Creek in the western part of section 16, township 14, range 11. The outcrop is only of limited extent, and consists of light colored, rather argillaceous shale, overlaid by sandstone,. The vertical thickness is, perhaps, four feet. The sandstone is only seen in tumbling masses. Proceeding up the ravine of Sandy Creek, in the bottom of one of the side ravines opening from the northward in the northwest quarter of section 11, township 14, range 11, a large tumbling mass of light colored, brittle limestone is seen, which evidently had not been far removed from its original bed. Similar masses often occur in one or two side ravines of this stream and some of its tributaries in this vicinity, but no good outcrop of beds in place, occur in this part of its course. In the western half of section 9, township 14, range 10, there are exposures of light colored fossiliferous limestone which has been quarried in several places along the bluffs on the south side of the creek. Underneath this limestone at one or two points, a little west of the center of the section, appear exposures of a light colored shale, apparently entirely destitute of fossil remains. The whole exposed thickness of the shale is about ten feet ; that of the limestone is not so easily ascertained, as the exposures are not continuous, and the whole thickness is not exposed at any one place. Judging from the difference of level in the different exposures it would seem to be not less than that of the shale, and probably much more. A little farther up the stream, near the center of the section, at the crossing of the railroads (St. Louis, Jacksonville and Chicago), a shaft has been sunk about half way up the side of the bluff, penetrating the Drift and underlying beds about eighty feet.

No prominent exposures of rock occur on any of the tributaries of Sandy Creek, lying to the southward. The nearest point where they appear is on the left bank of Coal Creek, in the northwest corner of section 16, township 14, range 10, where a foot or two in thickness of a light colored, calcareous shale, or shaly limestone, has been laid bare by the wash of the stream in the overhanging bank. The same occurs at several points below along the stream. Farther down the stream, near the center of the south part of section 30, is a coal bank. Here the coal ranges in thickness from three feet eight inches to four feet, and is overlaid at one or two points with decomposing dark slate. Perhaps this is generally the case, but the exposures do not show it well. The limestone No. 1 is well exposed, and the vein of coal has been slightly worked by stripping in one of the side ravines, a little distance below the main coal banks.

Following down the stream, below the coal bank, a reddish, shaly sandstone is exposed in its bed, which, at a point a mile below, forms a perpendicular bank ten feet high. Similar exposures of the same light reddish or brown sandstone occur here and there along the creek to the county line, and below into Greene County. In the village of Murrayville and its immediate vicinity, two or three borings have been made, in two of which coal is reported to have been met at depths of one hundred and seven and one hundred and twenty feet. This coal is reported as overlaid by sandstone and black slate ; but in neither case did the boring penetrate the coal more than twenty-three inches. It may possibly be the same vein as that worked on Coal Creek.

The principal natural exposures of the Coal Measures in this county, which remain to be noticed, are those on the main Apple Creek and its principal tributaries. The greater portion of the eastern and northeastern townships of Morgan County are upland prairie, where all the older formations are deeply buried under the heavy accumulations of Drift, and where none of the streams, which here take their rise, have cut down through these quarternary deposits to any considerable extent.

In the northeast quarter of section 18, township 13, range 8, on the north fork of Apple Creek, an exposure in the side of the bluff is observed of about twenty-five feet in vertical height. The upper twenty feet is an arenaceous shale. The remaining lower portion consists of one or two thin beds of limestone, with black carbonaceous shale and fire clay, and in some places one or two inches of coal between the dark colored shale and fire clay. The limestone affords but few fossils. The lower beds m&y be traced along the banks of the creek near half a mile, although the exposure is not continuous, and then the dip of the strata being apparently a little greater than the fall of the stream, and in the same direction - about southwest - it finally disappears beneath its bed. Heavy exposures of a massive brownish or reddish sandstone is observed in one of the side ravines a little below the place where these beds disappear, running from the northward, having probably a total thickness of over thirty feet. A similar sandstone is said to occur some two miles above this point on the creek. Down the ravine about half a mile distant, appearances indicate that limestone has been quarried at one time, though the ledges are not now visible. Below this place, outcroppings of the older rocks are not frequent along the fork of Apple Creek, until near its junction with the main creek. Below the forks of the creek, as far as the county line, a bed of hard, bluish limestone appears at the water's edge, and at a few points it may be seen that this is overlaid by argillaceous shales. On a small branch which comes down from the northwest and enters the creek bottoms near the county line, a coal seam has been worked by stripping. A little farther up the shale is exposed with thin beds of limestone, and over all a massive grayish sandstone and sandy shale. Passing up the east fork of Apple Creek, above the junction, a continuation of the hard, bluish limestone before mentioned, is found, appearing along the banks of the stream for more than a mile, sometimes in place, and sometimes in large tumbling masses in the bed of the creek. It also appears in some of the side ravines, and has been somewhat quarried in the southwest quarter of section 31, township 13, range 8, at a distance of nearly three-quarters of a mile from the creek. This limestone is probably the same as that observed farther down stream, as it is identical with it in appearance and thickness. Still farther up stream it appears still higher in the side of the bluffs, and has been considerably quarried, while at a little above this point it disappears entirely, and is seen no more along the stream.

Up a small branch which enters Apple Creek from the southwest, near the center of the south line of section 27, outcrops of shale, limestone, etc., with a small vein of coal are seen. A little below this point there is a continual ledge of the shale, from five to eight feet in height, extending along the bank of the river for a distance of twenty or thirty rods. Still further up the ravine, in the northeast quarter of section 34, the coal again outcrops, and still above this, near the Macoupin County line, in the southwest quarter of section 35, there is an exposure of ten or fifteen feet of shale, overlying the thin limestone No. 1 , of the above section.

North of these exposures, in the eastern part of the county, there are but one or two points where the older rocks appear above the surface, or are artificially exposed. One of these occurs in the northeast quarter of section 25, township 13, range 8, where a reddish sandstone, in layers varying from two inches to a foot in thickness, has been quarried as a building stone. This stone also occurs in the bed of a small branch running north into Apple Creek, and four or five feet of gravel has to be removed before reaching the valuable portions of the rock. To the northward of this, in the vicinity of Waverly, sandstone is said to have been met in digging wells, at a depth of sixteen or eighteen feet, possibly the same beds that are exposed at this point.

Near Prentice, in the northeast corner of the county, a shaft has been sunk in the beds of the Coal Measures and the overlying Drift, to the depth of about two hundred and twent}r feet, and has been continued by boring over one hundred feet more. It passes through three veins of coal, none of which are three feet in thickness.

The only point remaining to be mentioned in Morgan County, as a locality, where the beds of the Coal Measures have been penetrated, is at the city of Jacksonville, where a bed of coal, thirty inches in thickness, is reported to have been struck by a boring made on the grounds of the Insane Asylum, at a depth of one hundred and ninety feet. Another boring, made near the track of the Wabash railroad, just east of the city limits, is reported to have struck coal at nearly the same depth. The Drift here is over one hundred and forty feet in thickness.

different beds of coal appear in the surface outcrops and artificial excavations of this county, several of which have been more or less extensively worked. In fact, the whole surface of the county, excepting the Illinois bottoms and a small area immediately adjoining, is probably underlaid by one or more veins of coal. The lowest of these, the No. 1, or Exeter coal, has been mined to some extent along the river bluffs, near the northern border of the county, where the seam is about two and a half feet thick. It is probably the seam that has been worked on Indian Creek, in section 4, township 16, range 11, but beyond it is not identified in any exposures within the county. Although the coal of this seam is of a good quality, it is not generally of sufficient thickness to be profitably mined, except along the natural outcrops, or where it is only of comparatively insignificant depth below the surface.

The next seam above this, the Neeleyville coal, is rather extensively worked at that place. The seam here is about four feet thick, and only twelve or fourteen feet below the surface of the principal diggings along the railroad. However, as it has no good natural roof, but is overlaid immediately by the clays of the Drift, from six to twelve inches of coal^has to be left for a roof, and much trouble and expense must be incurred in cribbing. The coal is of good quality, and is much used on the Wabash railroad, and is also sent elsewhere to market. The four-foot vein, which -outcrops along Coal Creek, in section 30, township 13, range 10, has been mined to some extent, but the works have been abandoned. This bed contains some pyrites, disseminated throughout the mass ; but when sufficiently free from this material, the coal is reported to be of a very good quality. The other veins of coal which are worked at all in this -county, probably belong to the middle and upper Coal Measures, and, as far as they have been opened, are generally of comparatively slight thickness. It would seem probable, however, considering these beds to belong to the upper and middle parts of the formation, that other and heavier seams of coal may be met with at greater depths beneath the surface. All the borings which have been made in the central part of the county seem to confirm this, as far as they go. The small vein outcropping along Apple Creek, in the southeastern part of the county, is not easy to place in the general section. It probably is, also, in the middle portion of the series, if not higher. The thickness is too slight to admit of its being

ST. Louis LIMESTONE. - The outcrops of this formation are confined to the base of the bluffs, along the eastern edge of the Illinois bottoms in this county. In lithological characters it is also rather variable, consisting of reddish and light colored sandstones, and a hard, impure, reddish, calcareous rock, which appears in several places. It nowhere presents such a development as may be met farther south, and disappears entirely before reaching the northern limits of the county. The most northern exposures observed by the geologist were in the southwest corner of section 19, township lb', range 12, where a light gray sandstone -appears on the sides of the bluff road, and a little higher up the side of the bluff large tumbling masses of a light colored sandstone are seen. About a quarter of a mile below this point ledges of a reddish, splintering, calcareous sand rock appear on the side of the bluffs, and have been 'mewhat quarried.

Passing still farther to the south and west along the bluff road, a light reddish, shaly sandstone appears at various points in the ditches alongside the road, and in the bottoms of some o'f the small ravines which come down through the bluffs. Mention has already been made, in the earlier part of this chapter, of a reddish sandstone occurring in heavy ledges in the ravines of Coon Run, which may possibly belong to this formation, but more probably to the Coal Measures. About a half mile north of the southern line of the county, in the western part of section 36, there is a small quarry on the edge of the bottom in a rather coarser grained, light colored sandstone, which has been excavated to the depth of about four feet. In none of the exposures of the rocks of this age in Morgan County were any good fossils obtained ; but ledges of rock containing some of the characteristic fossils of this group in tolerable abundance occur a short distance over the boundary in Scott County.

CLAYS. - Some of the underclays of the different coal seams in this county will furnish a good material for fire-brick, tile, or pottery. The clay beds under the different coal seams, however, generally appear at the surface only along the sides of high blutts, or in the bottoms of deep ravines, and have not as yet been turned to economical account. Good clays for ordinary brick making are found in the beds of the Drift, under the surface soils in all parts of the county.

BUILDING MATERIALS. - The sandstone over coal No. 1 in the northwestern part of the county, has been worked to some extent as a building stone, and, in some instances, appears to answer the purpose well, and when a proper selection is made of this material, it appears durable. The stone abutments of a bridge over Indian Creek at Arenzville, just over the line in Cass County, which were built for the Rock Island and St. Louis Railroad, are of this sandstone, quarried within the limits of Morgan County, and after many years exposure, appeared as whole and sharply cut as when first laid. In some parts of these beds, however, the rock seems to crumble on weathering, and should, therefore, be rejected as a building stone. The sandstone worked on Willow Branch in section 19, township 15, range 11, is probably near the same geological horizon. It is very similar in appearance, being a light brown or gray sandstone, weathering to a rather lighter color than that from the previously mentioned localities. It is quite easily worked when first quarried, but hardens on exposure.

The limestone beds of the Coal Measures, and their use as a building material, have been briefly noticed in the preceding pages. Their use has been mainly local and limited, and from the restricted nature of the exposures in the sides of high bluffs or bottoms of ravines, and the general inconsiderable thickness of the strata, it seems probable that it could not well be otherwise. The sandstone beds of the Coal Measures, when sufficiently resistant to atmospheric influences, are likely to afford the principal home supply of building material in this county. The sandstones of the St. Louis group, which outcrop in this county, have also been used to some extent, but no such quarries as are found in this group in the adjoining counties, have as yet been opened in Morgan County. Some of the limestone beds in this county appear suitable for the manufacture of quick lime. Most of this article, however, is derived elsewhere, its manufacture not being carried on to any extent in any place in the

RAILROADS. - The first railroad in the West was built in this county, the Northern Cross Railroad, from Meredosia to Springfield. Eight miles east from Meredosia was laid in 1838, the first rail being laid May 9. There are now, including main and side tracks, 104 miles of railway in the county, distributed as follows : Chicago and Alton, 31 ; Jacksonville, Northwestern and Southwestern, 20 ; Peoria, Pekin and Jacksonville, 10 ; St. Louis, Rock Island and Chicago (C.B.& Q.), 9 ; and the Wabash, 34. The entire value of these roads in the county, including their buildings, right of way, and rolling stock, is $535,527.55.

POPULATION. - By the school census of 1877, 7,765 males, and 7,634 females under twenty-one years of age, 15,399 in all, were reported. 5,479 males, and 5,247 females - 10,726 - were between the ages of six and twenty-one years. If those under twenty-one years of age be taken as three-eighths of the population, it is 40,058. If those of school age be taken as one-fourth, the aggregate population is 41,904. Each calculation approximates the same result, and either is not far from the truth. If the wealth as heretofore given was proportioned among the inhabitants of the county, each one's share would be about two hundred arid fifty dollars.

Agriculture

As the majority of our readers are among the farmers, a short resume of the history of agriculture will be interesting and appropriate in these pages. From a paper piepared by Hon. W. C. Flagg, of Moro, Illinois, in 1870, we learn very many interesting details regarding the introduction of this most important branch of industry, and from it we glean our items.

The agricultural history of the State covers nearly two centuries of time, the first of which is hardly less mythical than that of its savage predecessors. Yet in the last century Illinois promises to lead the van of agricultural production in the United States. Geographical position has much to do with this pre-eminence. South of the State it is too hot for wheat, north of it, it is too cold for corn. Accordingly in the latitude of Illinois. American agriculture can be diversified more than anywhere else. " State has an area, according to the census report, of 55,410 square miles, or according to the State Auditor, of 55,872 square miles, or 35,758,080 acres. It is twelfth in area of the organized States; but probably has as many arable acres as any of the eleven that precede it in nominal area, while it excels them all in soil, climate, or position. Its area is equal to nearly one-half that of the British Isles, or one-quarter that of France. It is equal to forty-two Rhode Islands, or twenty-six Delawares. It is said that with the exception of Louisiana and Delaware, to be the most level State in the Union. Cairo is but 350 feet above the level of the sea, and Jo Daviess County, in which are the most elevated portions of the State, is barely 600 feet higher.

The soil of this vast plain is said to be mainly founded on Drift from more northern localities. Among the most characteristic soils are those of the river bottoms, whose fertility seems inexhaustible. These comprise large tracts, some of which - those on the "American Bottom" - have been in cultivation for a century, without perceptible deterioration. The midland Counties of Morgan, Sangamon, Menard, Macon, etc., have proved best suited, of the upland regions, for corn culture. Others, south of these, lead in winter wheat. Both of these seem to be results of peculiarity of soil. However various, the soils of Illinois are remarkable for their fertility. Bayard Taylor, who has seen as large a proportion of the earth's surface as most men, pronounced it the largest body of equally fertile land that he had seen. The agriculturalist chemist, Volcker, stated that he had never analyzed nor heard of soils so rich in. nitrogen.

In 1870, 50.7 per cent, of the people of Illinois were engaged in agricultural pursuits. It is hardly probable the percentage has decreased. On the other hand, many large farms in the State, especially in Morgan County, have been divided and sold in smaller lots, and here the percentage is greater. In 1870, there were 202,803 farms. On these there were 376,441 persons engaged in agricultural pursuits. In this county the farms averaged, in 1870, 170 acres each. Alexander, Edwards, Greene, Macoupin, and Putnam, were in the same grade. The smallest farms are in the fruit producing regions, the largest where cattle raising is the principal occupation.

The State having passed through the pioneer period, when hunting and Indian fighting were the principal occupations of the population, and through the -pastoral period, when herds and flocks, running at large on the wild lands, were the principal source of agricultural wealth, may be -now said to have fairly entered upon field culture, or agriculture proper. This is still of the extensive rather than the intensive kind, and shows no such yields per acre as may properly be expected when' a larger amount of capital to the acre can be profitably invested in production.

CEREALS. - Maize is the first crop, both in importance and chronology. The origin of Indian corn, like that of wheat and barley, is lost in the twilight of antiquity. Bonafous, who wrote long ago, and is still the best authority, was of opinion that Indian corn was indigenous both in China and in southwestern South America. Says Mr. B. F. Johnson, of Champaign, Illinois : " The prehistoric evidence afforded by comparative philology, establishes the fact that wheat and barley were cultivated by a race dwelling somewhere on the plains of Central Asia, at a time so remote that out of their language as the mother tongue, grew, in the course of many centuries, the Latin, the Greek, the Sanscrit, and the whole tribe of Indo-European languages. The same kind of testimony, gathered from geological investigation in South America, and from ancient tombs, shows conclusively that Indian corn was there cultivated at a period long anterior to the dynasty of the Incas, which commenced in the twelfth century.

" However, Humbolt,the universal savant whose testimony is enormous, says there is no doubt in the minds of botanists, that Indian corn is a truly American plant, and that the new world gave it to the old. Those who are of his opinion, say it was on his return from his first voyage, in the year 1493, that Columbus brought to Europe the first grains of Indian corn, and thence its cultivation spread into Portugal," and the south of Europe. The Portuguese, who were at that time the great navigators of the world, having doubled Cape Horn previously, and discovered Java, in 1495, introduced it along the African coast, and into Java ; and thence its cultivation spread into India and China, arid Indian corn was. correctly figured in a Chinese work on agriculture, as early as 1552.

" Though the weight of Humbolt's testimony is great on any such question as this, is it not quite as reasonable to suppose that Indian corn may have been indigenous to China, and have been cultivated there, as to suppose that in the comparatively brief space of little more than half a century it should have been transferred from America to Europe ; thence to Java, thence to China ; and have been so generally adopted and cultivated by that cautious and slow-moving people, as to have been figured in a book so short a time after its introduction to the country.

" The arguments derived from vegetable physiology strongly favor its eastern origin ; because, while Farther India and China contain many native plants of related genera, like sorghum and millet, very little, if any thing of the kind, is to be found among the botanical productions of South America. By the barest possibility, Indian corn may have been introduced into some portions of North America by the Chinese, some centuries ago. And the present remote probability may become a reasonable one, if modern antiquarians succeed in establishing the fact of the discovery of America by the Chinese at least a thousand years before its discovery by Columbus - a triumph of skillful and successful research which may not be far off.

" But whatever the origin of Indian corn may have been, whether on the slopes of the Andes, or in the fertile valleys of China, modern botanists and naturalists are pretty well agreed that the original Indian corn belonged to the species known as Zea Tunica, or clothed Indian corn ; each kernel of the ear being enveloped in a separate tunic, or husk, the grains of which may be of various shapes and colored white, yellow, or red. Descending and departing from this species, the varieties of Indian corn have become innumerable, each country and climate, every soil, situation, and parallel having one or more especially suited to the

I circumstances ; so that an extensive collection of the varieties of Indian corn would contain specimens from eighteen inches high to as many feet, with ears ranging in size from that of a lady's finger to that of the forearm of a strong man. No cereal accepts the modifications of soil and climate so easily and quickly as Indian corn. In a broad and general sense, every soil, situation, and climate, produces a certain normal development of stalk and ear ; and though cultivation and enriching the soil may increase the results, it does so simply by practically changing soil and climate both.

" The prairie soils of Illinois, underdrained and enriched by a liberab use of fertilizers, and seeded with the best common Indian corn of the country, produce a stock eight or nine feet high, which carries an ear breast high to a man, that will measure nine to ten inches in length, two to two and a half inches in diameter ; when bone dry, weighs fifteen to eighteen ounces, has twenty-two to twenty-four rows, and counts one thousand kernels." The same seed planted on other soils, produces other

Corn has been grown in the Mississippi valley since its earliest occupation by the French. Marquette, in 1673 ; Allouez, in 1676, and Membre, in 1679, all mention its cultivation by the Illinois Indians long before the coming of the white man. These missionaries fail to describe the varieties cultivated, so that we can identify them with the Pueblo Indians, or other aborigines. Charlevoix, in 1721, Du Pratz, in 1758, and Pitman, in 1770, seem to indicate that the early French settlers had not yet adopted its culture to an extent that made it an important product. The small grains are more mentioned than Indian corn. As early as 1800, however, according to Reynolds, it had begun to take a prominent place in the list of cereals. He states that in the war of 1812 the French obtained the knowledge from the Americans of the use of the small plows, to plow among the green corn. For more than one hundred years the French plowed in their corn about the first of June, and turned under the weeds, and not many grew until the corn was up out of the reach of them. They planted their seed corn in the furrows as they broke the ground, and turned the furrow on the corn planted ; plowed a few furrows more, and planted another row of corn, and so on until the field was all planted. The weeds were kept down with the hoe or briar scythe. The Americans grew the same varieties as now, but the French raised almost entirely the hard, flinty corn from which hominy was manufactured. Considerable quantities of corn were shipped to New Orleans in flat-boats, but both navigation and the market were uncertain. So long as swine found abundant mast in the woodlands, and cattle sufficient grazing, even in the winter, in Southern Illinois, the demand for home consumption was not large. The first settlers of the prairies now included in Morgan County, grew this cereal in considerable quantities, and hauled it to St. Louis in wagons, or shipped it thither by the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. It furnished their chief article for bread, and when ground in the old mill, or grated in the grater, and baked, as only women of those days could bake it, made an excellent and wholesome food. Corn is now one of the chief grains raised by the farmers, and on the prairies of Morgan County is as staple a product as cotton in the South. Illinois is far in advance of any State in the number of bushels raised, and ranks among the first as to quality.

Wheat, although not an aboriginal grain, was introduced at an early day. Charlevoix, who went down the Mississippi in 1721, writing from Kaskaskia, speaks of the Illinois soil as " extremely proper for wheat," and that " if the trials made in some places have not succeeded because the corn has been blasted and mildewed, it is owing to this circumstance that the country not being cleared, the wind has not free access to disperse those noxious vapors which generate mildews. An evident proof of which may be drawn from this : that among the Illinois, where there is more meadow (prairie) than woodland, wheat thrives and ripens as well as in France." Du Pratz, who wrote a description of the country, then'called Louisiana, in 1758, says: " The French Post of the Illinois is, of all the colony, that in which, with the greatest ease, they grow wheat, rye and other like grains, for the sowing of which you need only to turn the earth in the slightest manner ; that slight culture is sufficient to make the earth produce as much as we can reasonably desire. I have been assured that in the last year, when flour from France was scarce, the Illinois sent down the river upwards of eight hundred thousand weight thereof in one winter." This would be about 4,000 barrels. Monette states, on the authority of Martin, that six hundred barrels of flour were sent to New Orleans from Illinois in 1746. Pittman, in 1770, mentions that " in the late war flour and other articles were sent down the Mississippi," and notes mills " for corn and planks " at Kahoquias and Saint Phillippe. Governor Reynolds, in his Life and Times, states that the French, in 1800, "sowed spring wheat, as their common fields were occupied all winter by the cattle. The Americans mostly raised fall wheat, and at times some spring wheat also. It was tolerably well plowed in with the ox team." Even as late as his day the sickle or the reap-hook was the only implement used to cut the grain. It was stacked by the Americans, and put in barns by the French. It was threshed by horses and winnowed with a sheet, which latter process the Governor pronounces the hardest work he ever performed. Woods, in 1820, writing from what is now Edwards County, says " that one bushel of wheat to the acre is sown. Most of the wheat sown by the Americans," he says, "was after Indian corn. It was sown before the corn was gathered, and plowed in between the rows of corn. It was sown in September, or early in October. They sowed some after oats or flax, and for some they made fallows. What they sowed after the last three was generally better than that after Indian corn, when sown in good time. Most of the backward wheat was touched with the blight, more or less - chiefly according to its thickness on the ground." He states that bearded wheat was then generally grown and preferred.

Rev. J. M. Peck, in 1831, says, " that wheat produces a good and sure crop, especially in Morgan, Sangamon and other counties north. Few of our farmers," he adds, " have barns or threshing floors ; the grain is put up in stacks, exposed to the weather, and trod out with horses on the ground, with considerable loss and injury. And yet, with all these disadvantages - which time and industry will overcome - the flour of Illinois and Missouri is superior to that of other Western States, when properly manufactured." As late as 1840, winter wheat was generally grown, and spring wheat was not much sown. As cultivation increased the lands became less easily worked ; the young growth was less luxuriant, and diseases, insects, and winter-killing became more common. About 1850, the introduction of the drill gave a powerful impetus to this declining industry. The deep sowing effected by the drill, and the protection afforded to the tender plant by the ridges left in the soil, secured comparative certainty for the crop. In Northern Illinois the transition was to the culture of spring wheat, and between 1840 and 1860 it was made a crop of great prominence. Since the latter date, however, it has declined generally, and is regarded as an uncertain and unprofitable crop, while the drill has not overcome the disadvantages of a colder climate and more open soil for winter wheat. If in the future the wheat-growing districts shall be transferred to the West, it will not be a drawback to the prosperity of the State. Southern Illinois, however, in common with much territory lying in the same latitude, will produce a quality of wheat that will be profitably grown, and here we may anticipate its al-

The culture of oats is not mentioned earlier than 1820. Seed was scarce, the crop was generally poor, and the grain much hurt by the dry weather. The oat crop is mainly confined to the northern part of the State, especially in Will, Cook and LaSalle Counties, and in 1870 exceeded any other State by six millions of bushels.

The cereals of minor importance in Illinois agriculture, are rye, barley, and buckwheat. The first culture of these is more difficult to trace than that of more important grains. Du Pratz mentions rye as cultivated by the French as early as 1758. Reynolds states, however, that in 1800 neither barley nor rye were cultivated in the country. Woods, in 1820, says : " I believe no barley has yet been cultivated near us, nor have I seen any growing anywhere in America ; but I saw some winter barley in a barn at Harmony, in Indiana." He had seen no rye, nor any buckwheat at the " Prairies," with the exception of about twenty rods of 4 his own. In 1831, Rev. J. M. Peck says, that " barley is raised in St. Clair County for the St. Louis breweries." By 1840, the quantity, though very small, began to appear in the census reports. Rye, in Illinois agriculture, has, to a limited extent, replaced winter wheat in some of the northern and central counties, on account of its hardiness. It has an increased use as winter pasture, in some of the southern counties, but is chiefly grown in the northern counties. Barley is grown mostly in the north. Buckwheat makes no progress, and seems rather diminishing than increasing in importance.

The cereal production of Illinois is enormous. According to the figures of 1872, over one hundred and thirty-eight bushels of grain were produced for each man, woman and child of the population of that year. For 1877, the yield was larger, and though the population was greater, the amount for each person was not in the least diminished.

GRASSES. - The large area covered with luxuriant herbage, in the pioneer days of Illinois, made it unnecessary for hay making for a long period. Along the Ohio, Mississippi, and Illinois Rivers extensive cane brakes grew, in which the cattle found abundant food and shelter during the winter months. As early as 1800, however, the settlers began to cut and stack prairie hay. . Woods and Peck are the first to describe the grasses found in the country as early as their day - 1820 and 1831.

Woods says, " Prairie grass is a very strong grass ; cattle are very fond of it, but mowing or feeding soon destroys it." He describes other kinds, called by the early settlers, "Nimble-Will," "Crab-grass," and " Yard-grass." " Red or white clover," he says, " I have not seen, but I have heard there are small patches of the latter in the prairies. Both sorts are said to be extremely pernicious to horses, cattle, and pigs. I have not seen trefoil, rye-grass, sanfoin, and cock's-foot, or English grass, with the exception of a little lucern, just come up, which I think is likely to succeed. The grass most commonly cultivated here is timothygrass. It belongs to the English meadow-grass, but grows here a larger size. It does not appear to be a good pasture grass. Blue-grass is highly prized, but as a pasture grass is, I believe, unknown in England." Mr. Peck, in 1831, says, " timothy-grass is already cultivated with much success." He also says, "a species of blue-grass is cultivated by some farmers for pastures." According to Robert Aldrich, of Madison County, bunches of white clover began to appear as early as 1818, along the road between Goshen settlement and St. Louis, and the blue-grass came almost immediately in its train. The list of early known pasture and meadow forage plants has not been much increased by subsequent experience in Illinois. Timothy, red-top, blue-grass, and orchard-grass, and the clovers will about exhaust the list of those in common use to-day. The area of land in tame grasses and the production has, however, been immensely extended.

ROOT CROPS. - In 1679, Father Allouez says of the Kaskaskia Indians : " They eat fourteen kinds of fruits, which they find on the prairies. They made me eat them ; I found them very good and sweet." Reynolds says that, " in early times the French cultivated only a scanty supply of potatoes. Carrots were grown in their gardens," he adds, " and turnips sometimes sown in the corn, but sweet potatoes were not seen in the country." In pioneer times, Irish potatoes were raised in abundance, and hardly ever failed of a sure crop. In 18 °0, Woods speaks of Swedish and common turnips, potatoes, onions, and shallots, as grown in the Wabash country. He had not seen a sweet potato. Peck, however, mentions this last as yielding abundantly, especially on the river bottoms and rich sandy prairies. He barely mentions potatoes and turnips. The potato crop appears in the census reports of 1840, and from that time on. It has greatly increased, and is now one of the staple productions of the State.

The legumes are thus far of not much more importance than the root crops, though aboriginal in their use. Marquette found the Indians cultivating, at the mouth of the Des Moines, the bean, in 1673, and as it was also found among the aborigines in Massachusetts and Florida, his story is not improbable. Peas and beans were grown by the French settlers in their gardens. In Woods' time - 1820 - small beans, of the kidney kind, were cultivated by the Americans. " They are generally planted to climb on the corn," he says, " and are of many sorts and different colors. There are some dwarf ones, called bunch beans, and they all appear to do better than in England. Here are a few Indian peas, in growth, leaf, and blossom much like the kidney bean. The pods are very long, and contain from nine to sixteen peas in each ; but they resemble but little either peas or beans." In our later culture the white bush bean is mostly grown. The southern countries seem to be best adapted to its culture, and here it is chiefly raised. Textile plants were introduced at a very early day, and were cultivated in a much greater proportion to population than at present. Pittman mentions hemp, cotton, and flax as cultivated at " Kaoquias," - Cahokia - as early as 1770, and Reynolds asserts that cotton was introduced as early as 1750. Flax and cotton, he says, were cultivated in early times considerably. Flax was pulled at the time wheat was harvested, and the work was made a frolic of, as was much of the work of pioneer days. Woods says, " Flax was cultivated by most of the Americans near us for home use. It is sown in April, and after the flax is pulled the land is often plowed and sowed with turnips, about the end of July. Cotton is planted in rows nearly

Peck says, of these crops : " Hemp is an indigenous plant in the southern part of the State, as it is in Missouri. It has not been extensively cultivated, but, wherever tried, is found very productive and of excellent quality. Cotton, for many years, has been successfully cultivated in this State, for domestic use, and some for exportation. Flax is produced, and of a tolerable qualtity, though not equal to that of the Northern States. It is said to be productive and good in the northern counties."

Among the earliest residents of this county, cotton and hemp were extensively grown, and furnished clothing for all. The weaving and spinning were done by the women, who also made all the clothing worn. Linsey-woolsey, as it was called, was a common article of clothing, and, being strong, afforded good clothing. The spinningwheel was then as much or more of an adjunct of the cabin than the sewing machine of to-day is of the mansion, and every maiden then was proud of the roll for spinning or woven articles she had ready for her future home. It was more to her than the piano accomplishment of today, and one without these articles would be classed improvident. These were new homes then, and, in the simple home life of these people, there was very much that their successors might well imitate. Yet human nature is ever the same, in all ages, among all people, and in all lands, and the young people of to-day, did occasion ^require, would exhibit the same qualities as those of their predecessors.

The cucurbitaceous plants, according to early travelers, were cultivated by the Indians, when first encountered by white men. Marquette speaks of " melons, which are excellent, especially those with a red seed." "Their squashes," he says, " are not of the best; they dry them in the sun, to eat in the spring and winter." Reynolds says, the French planted sometimes, strange looking pumpkins among their corn. Woods says, " pompoins, or pumkins, are another highly prized production of this country. They often grow to an immense size, and weigh from forty to sixty pounds. I have heard of a single vine that in 1818, grew a load of pumkins. It grew on the Big Prairie, about thirty miles south of us, on some rotten chaff, where wheat had been trodden out the year before. They make good sauce, and excellent pies, and are much eaten here. They are sliced and dried for winter use. Squashes are a sort of a gourd, frequently boiled for sauce. There are a variety of gourds, but of little use, except one sort, which has a hard rind, or shell, which serves for many uses, as bottles, pans, ladles, and funnels. Cucumbers grow well and are more wholesome than in England and more productive.

" Pomegranates grow on a vine much like a cucumber, the size of an orange, or rather larger ; a beautiful fruit, of a yellow or orange color, of a most fragrant smell. They are said to be most delicious when preserved. There are many sorts of sweet melons, and much difference in size in the various kinds. Watermelons are also in great plenty, of vast size. They are more like pumkins than melons, in outward appearance. They are round, or oblong, generally green, or a green and whitish color on the outside, and white or pale on the inside, with many

What reader does not readily recognize the rich watermelon, of today, in the foregoing description, and whose mouth does not thirst for one while reading it?

Other agricultural products have had an early culture. Du Pratz, in 1758, said tobacco throve in the Illinois country, but came to maturity with difficulty. Pittman mentions hops and tobacco as coming to great perfection. Reynolds speaks of lettuce, in the French gardens. Woods mentions broom-corn, as "planted in rows, on the side of cornfields," hops, as growing in the woods, and parsley and radishes as thriving. Some of these products have since become sufficiently important, to take their place in the census reports, and sorghum, and the tomato have made their history in a comparatively late period. Hops, in 1870, were produced in sixty-six counties ; tobacco in seventy-four ; maple sugar in sixty, and sorghum in every county, save one.